DOCSLIB.ORG

Bab 2 Tinjauan Pustaka

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bab 2 Tinjauan Pustaka BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1. Ulat Api (Setothosea asigna) Ulat api merupakan salah satu jenis ulat pemakan daun kelapa sawit yang paling sering menimbulkan kerugian besar di perkebunan-perkebunan kelapa sawit di Indonesia. Jenis-jenis ulat api yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah S. asigna, S. nitens, D. trima, D. diducta, dan D. bradleyi. Sedangkan jenis yang jarang ditemukan adalah Thosea vestusa, Birthoseabisura, Susica malaya, dan Birthamula chara. Ulat api yang paling merusak di Indonesia adalah S. asigna, S. nitens, D. trima, dan D. diducta (Susanto, dkk, 2010). Klasifikasi Setothosea asigna menurut Kalshoven (1981) adalah sebagai berikut : Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthopoda Class : Insecta Ordo : Lepidoptera Family : Limacodidae Genus : Setothosea Species : Setothosea asigna van Eecke 2.2. Siklus Hidup Ulat Api (Setothosea asigna) 2.2.1. Telur Telur berwarna kuning kehijauan, berbentuk oval, sangat tipis dan transparan (Gambar 2.2.1.). Telur diletakkan berderet 3-4 baris sejajar dengan permukaan daun sebelah bawah, biasanya pada bawah pelepah daun ke 6-17. Satu tumpukan telur berisi sekitar 44 butir dan satu ekor ngengat betina mampu menghasilkan telur 300-400 butir, telur menetas 4-8 hari setelah 4 diletakkan. Ulat yang baru menetas hidup berkelompok, mengikis daging daun dari permukaan bawah (Prawirosukarto, dkk, 2003) Gambar 2.2.1. Telur Setothosea asigna Sumber : Dokumentasi Pribadi 2.2.2. Larva Larva yang baru menetas hidup berkelompok, mengikis jaringan daun dari permukaan daun dan meninggalkan epidermis permukaan bagian atas daun. Larva berwarna hijau kekuningan dengan bercak-bercak yang khas (berbentuk pita yang menyerupai piramida) pada bagian punggungnya (Gambar 2.2.2.). Selain itu pada bagian punggungnya dijumpai duri-duri yang kokoh. Selama perkembangannya ulat berganti kulit 7-8 kali dan mampu menghabiskan helai daun seluas 400 cm2 (Prawirosukarto, dkk, 2003). Gambar 2.2.2. Larva Setothosea asigna Sumber : Dokumentasi Pribadi 5 2.2.3. Pupa Pupa berada di dalam kokon yang terbuat dari campuran air liur ulat dan tanah (Gambar 2.2.3.), larva sebelum menjadi pupa menjatuhkan diri pada permukaan tanah yang relatif gembur di sekitar piringan atau pangkal batang kelapa sawit. Pupa diselubungi oleh kokon yang terbuat dari air liur ulat, berbentuk bulat telur dan berwarna coklat gelap. Kokon jantan dan betina masing-masing berukuran 16 x 13 mm dan 20 x 16,5 mm. Stadia pupa berlangsung selama ± 39,7 hari (Purba, dkk, 2005). Gambar 2.2.3. Pupa Setothosea asigna Sumber : Dokumentasi Pribadi 2.2.4. Imago Imago jantan dan betina masing-masing lebar rentangan sayapnya 41 mm dan 51 mm. Sayap depan berwarna coklat tua dengan garis transparan dan bintik- bintik gelap, sedangkan sayap belakang berwarna coklat muda (Prawirosukarto, dkk, 2003). Gambar 2.2.4. Imago Setothosea asigna Sumber : Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit 6 2.3. Gejala Serangan Ulat Api (Setothosea asigna) Gejala serangan yang disebabkan ulat api yakni helaian daun berlubang atau habis sama sekali sehingga hanya tinggal tulang daun saja. Gejala ini dimulai dari daun bagian bawah. Dalam kondisi yang parah tanaman akan kehilangan daun sekitar 90%. Pada tahun pertama setelah serangan dapat menurunkan produksi sekitar 69% dan sekitar 27% pada tahun kedua (Fauzi, dkk, 2012). Umumnya gejala serangan dimulai dari daun bagian bawah hingga akhirnya helaian daun berlubang habis dan bagian yang tersisa hanya tulang daun saja. Ulat ini sangat rakus, mampu mengkonsumsi 300-500 cm² daun sawit per hari. Tingkat populasi 5-10 ulat per pelepah merupakan populasi kritis hama tersebut di lapangan dan harus segera diambil tindakan pengendalian (Lubis, 2008). Ambang ekonomi dari hama ulat api untuk Setothosea asigna pada tanaman kelapa sawit rata-rata 5-10 ekor per pelepah untuk tanaman yang berumur tujuh tahun ke atas dan lima ekor larva untuk tanaman yang lebih muda (Kurnia, 2012). Gambar gejala serangan ulat api Setothosea asigna pada tanaman kelapa sawit dapat dilihat pada gambar 2.3.berikut. Gambar 2.3. Gejala Serangan Ulat Api Setothosea asigna Sumber : Dokumentasi Pribadi 7 2.4. Metode Pengendalian Hama Ulat Api Setothosea asigna 2.4.1. Pengendalian Biologi Pengendalian hama ulat api secara biologis dapat dilakukan dengan menanam bunga Turnera subulata (bunga pukul delapan) bunga ini memiliki potensi sebagai habitat bagi organisme parasitoid dewasa karena memiliki nektar sebagai sumber makanan parasitoid. Ketika parasitoid akan bertelur, parasitoid akan mulai mencari host untuk meletakkan telur. Pasalnya bunga Turnera subulata, sebagai lokasi hidup parasitoid yang dapat membunuh larva ulat api (Lubis dan Widanarko, 2011). 2.4.2. Pengendalian Kimiawi Pengendalian Ulat Pemakan Daun Kelapa Sawit (UPDKS) dengan menggunakan insektisida kimia merupakan cara umum yang dilakukan di perkebunan kelapa sawit untuk mengatasi ledakan populasi ulat. Ulat api dapat dikendalikan dengan penyemprotan atau dengan injeksi baatang menggunakan insektisida. Untuk tanaman yang lebih muda (≤ umur 2 tahun), knapsack sprayer dapat digunakan untuk penyemprotan. Untuk tanaman ≥ 3 tahun, aplikasi insektisida dapat menggunakan fogging atau injeksi batang. Karena bahan bakunya adalah bahan kimia yang sangat berbahaya, izin harus diperlukan dari komisi pestisida untuk tujuan dan cara aplikasi saat ini sudah tidak dikeluarkan lagi (Latif, 2006). 2.4.3. Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT) Penerapan sistem pengendalian hama terpadu terhadap ulat pemakan daun diharapkan dapat mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Dalam sistem ini, pengenalan terhadap biologi hama sasaran diperlukan sebagai penyusunan teknik pengendalian. Tindakan pengendalian hama dilaksanakan sesuai dengan hasil monitoring populasi, dan hanya dilakukan apabila populasi kritis yang ditentukan, serta mengutamakan pelestarian dan pemanfaatan musuh alami yang ada dalam ekosistem di perkebunan kelapa sawit (Prawirosukarto, 2002). 8 Monitoring populasi ulat dapat dilakukan dalam jangka waktu satu bulan sekali, namun apabila dilakukan pengendalian maka monitoring populasi dilakukan sebelum dan seminggu setelah pengendalian. Hal ini dilakukan untuk menentukan perlu tidaknya pengendalian ulang (Prawirosukarto, 2002). Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT) yang apabila penggunaan pestisida disarankan seminimal mungkin dan menjadi pilihan terakhir, jika cara lain tidak dapat menghentikan laju populasi hama. Meskipun demikian sampai saat ini dalam prakteknya penggunaan pestisida sangat dominan. Oleh sebab itu pengetahuan mengenai pestisida dan cara apilikasinya sangat penting bagi perkebunan kelapa sawit di Indonesia untuk menjaga kelestarian agroekosistem pada perkebunan kelapa sawit yang berkelanjutan (Susanto, 2012). 2.5. Akar tuba (Derris elliptica Benth) 2.5.1. Klasifikasi Akar Tuba Gambar 2.5.1. Tanaman Tuba Sumber: Dokumentasi Pribadi 9 Klasifikasi tumbuhan tuba menurut Heyne (1987) adalah sebagai berikut : Kingdom : Plantae Divisi : Magnoliophyta Kelas : Magnoliopsida Ordo : Fabales Famili : Fabaceae Genus : Derris Species : Derris eliptica(Roxb.) Benth 2.5.2. Morfologi Akar Tuba Nama ilmiah tumbuhan tuba adalah Derris eliptica (Roxb.) Benth. Tumbuhan ini tersebar luas di Indonesia, biasanya banyak tumbuh liar di hutan-hutan, di ladang-ladang yang sudah ditinggalkan. Nama daerah tanaman tuba adalah tuba jenuh (Karo), tuba (Toba), tuba (Sunda), tuba jenong (Simalungun), tuba (Jawa). Tumbuhan tuba memiliki tinggi 5-10 meter, ranting berwarna coklat tua dengan lentisel yang berbentuk jerawat, daun tersebar bertangkai pendek, memanjang sampai bulat telur berbalik, sisi bawah hijau keabu-abuan, kelopak berbentuk cawan, polongan oval sampai memanjang, biji 1-2, biasanya berbuah pada bulan April-Desember (Charli, 2004). Tanaman tuba tersebar hampir diseluruh wilayah asia. Di Indonesia tanaman ini ditemukan di Jawa. Tanaman tuba tumbuh terpencar-pencar di tempat yang tidak begitu kering, di tepi hutan, di pinggir sungai atau dalam hutan belukar yang masih liar (Setiawati dkk, 2008). Morfologi pada tanaman tuba berupa daun, batang dan bunga memiliki karakter yang berbeda sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai acuan dalam analisa keragaman dan kekerabatan (Martono dkk,2004). Tumbuhan tuba dengan tinggi dapat mencapai 10 m. Tuba tumbuh liar dari India Bagian Timur sampai Papua Nugini. Di Indonesia, Tuba terdapat hampir di seluruh wilayah nusantara. Tumbuh terpencar-pencar, di tempat 10 yang tidak begitu kering, di tepi hutan, di pinggir sungai atau dalam hutan belukar yang masih liar (Kardinan, 2001). 2.5.3. Kandung Kimia Akar Tuba Kandungan kimia yang terdapat di dalam akar tuba: Tuba mengandung zat racun yang dapat digunakan untuk membasmi hama pada tanaman. Senyawa racun tersebut adalah sedeguelin, tefrosin, toksikarol, dan rotenon. Rotenon tersebar pada seluruh bagian kulit akar dan sangat beracun 15 kali lebih beracun dibanding nikotin (Kuncoro, 2006). Rotenone adalah salah satu anggota dari senyawa isoflavon, sehingga rotenone termasuk senyawa golongan flavanoida. Salah satu kandungan dari ekstrak tanaman tuba adalah rotenone dengan nama lain tubotoxin (C23H22O6). Tubotoxin merupakan insektisida alami yang kuat, titik lelehnya 163oC, larut dalam alkohol, karbon tetraclorida, chloroform, dan banyak larutan organik lainnya. Jika terbuka terhadap cahaya dan udara mengalami perubahan warna kuning terang menjadi kuning pekat, orange dan terakhir menjadi hijau tua dan akan diperoleh kristal yang mengandung racun serangga (WHO, 1992). Tuba memiliki kandungan zat yang beracun yang terdapat di dalam akar tuba. Zat beracun terpenting yang terkandung pada akar tuba adalah rotenon
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Universiti Putra Malaysia Genetic Diversity of Tuba
    UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA GENETIC DIVERSITY OF TUBA PLANTS, AND TOXICITY OF THEIR ROTENOIDS FORMULATED AS NANO-EMULSION AGAINST Plutella xylostella L. NORHAYU BINTI ASIB FP 2015 42 GENETIC DIVERSITY OF TUBA PLANTS, AND TOXICITY OF THEIR ROTENOIDS FORMULATED AS NANO-EMULSION AGAINST Plutella xylostella L. By NORHAYU BINTI ASIB UPM COPYRIGHT © Thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2015 Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy GENETIC DIVERSITY OF TUBA PLANTS, AND TOXICITY OF THEIR ROTENOIDS FORMULATED AS NANO-EMULSION AGAINST Plutella xylostella L. By NORHAYU BINTI ASIB UPM January 2015 Chairman : Professor Dzolkhifli Omar, PhD. Faculty : Agriculture Rotenone found in the crude extract from the roots of Tuba plants is commonly used as a bioinsecticide to control insect pests of horticultural crops. The control obtained on insect pests varies greatly and this could probably be due to the source and process of extraction, toxicant preparation and application in the field. The need to improve the quality of the rotenone as botanical insecticide and to obtain consistent control of insect pest led to the studies with following objectives; 1) to identify the diversity of Tubaplants based on Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, Internal Transcribe Spacer (ITS) marker and their morphological characteristics, 2) to extract, and characterize bioactive compound rotenone from Tuba plants, 3) to prepare the bio- based emulsion formulation of rotenone extract and 4) to evaluate the insecticidal properties of the emulsion formulation of rotenone against Diamondback moth (DBM).
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of the Chemical Defense Fluids of Macrotermes Carbonarius
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Evaluation of the chemical defense fuids of Macrotermes carbonarius and Globitermes sulphureus as possible household repellents and insecticides S. Appalasamy1,2*, M. H. Alia Diyana2, N. Arumugam2 & J. G. Boon3 The use of chemical insecticides has had many adverse efects. This study reports a novel perspective on the application of insect-based compounds to repel and eradicate other insects in a controlled environment. In this work, defense fuid was shown to be a repellent and insecticide against termites and cockroaches and was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC– MS). Globitermes sulphureus extract at 20 mg/ml showed the highest repellency for seven days against Macrotermes gilvus and for thirty days against Periplaneta americana. In terms of toxicity, G. sulphureus extract had a low LC50 compared to M. carbonarius extract against M. gilvus. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the M. carbonarius extract indicated the presence of six insecticidal and two repellent compounds in the extract, whereas the G. sulphureus extract contained fve insecticidal and three repellent compounds. The most obvious fnding was that G. sulphureus defense fuid had higher potential as a natural repellent and termiticide than the M. carbonarius extract. Both defense fuids can play a role as alternatives in the search for new, sustainable, natural repellents and termiticides. Our results demonstrate the potential use of termite defense fuid for pest management, providing repellent and insecticidal activities comparable to those of other green repellent and termiticidal commercial products. A termite infestation could be silent, but termites are known as destructive urban pests that cause structural damage by infesting wooden and timber structures, leading to economic loss.
    [Show full text]
  • The One Hundred Tree Species Prioritized for Planting in the Tropics and Subtropics As Indicated by Database Mining
    The one hundred tree species prioritized for planting in the tropics and subtropics as indicated by database mining Roeland Kindt, Ian K Dawson, Jens-Peter B Lillesø, Alice Muchugi, Fabio Pedercini, James M Roshetko, Meine van Noordwijk, Lars Graudal, Ramni Jamnadass The one hundred tree species prioritized for planting in the tropics and subtropics as indicated by database mining Roeland Kindt, Ian K Dawson, Jens-Peter B Lillesø, Alice Muchugi, Fabio Pedercini, James M Roshetko, Meine van Noordwijk, Lars Graudal, Ramni Jamnadass LIMITED CIRCULATION Correct citation: Kindt R, Dawson IK, Lillesø J-PB, Muchugi A, Pedercini F, Roshetko JM, van Noordwijk M, Graudal L, Jamnadass R. 2021. The one hundred tree species prioritized for planting in the tropics and subtropics as indicated by database mining. Working Paper No. 312. World Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/WP21001.PDF The titles of the Working Paper Series are intended to disseminate provisional results of agroforestry research and practices and to stimulate feedback from the scientific community. Other World Agroforestry publication series include Technical Manuals, Occasional Papers and the Trees for Change Series. Published by World Agroforestry (ICRAF) PO Box 30677, GPO 00100 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254(0)20 7224000, via USA +1 650 833 6645 Fax: +254(0)20 7224001, via USA +1 650 833 6646 Email: [email protected] Website: www.worldagroforestry.org © World Agroforestry 2021 Working Paper No. 312 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of World Agroforestry. Articles appearing in this publication series may be quoted or reproduced without charge, provided the source is acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • 3342-3346, 2010 Issn 1991-8178
    Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(8): 3342-3346, 2010 ISSN 1991-8178 Antifeedant Activity of Quercetin Isolated from the Stem Bark of Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Desv.) J.H.Kirkbr & Wiersema. (Caesalpiniaceae) 1Adeyemi, M.M., 2D.A. Adebote, 3J.O. Amupitan, 3A.O. Oyewale and 1A.S. Agbaji. 1National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Zaria. P.M.B. 1052, Zaria, Kaduna state, Nigeria. 2Dept. of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna state, Nigeria. 3Dept. of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna state, Nigeria. Abstract: The solvent extracted portions of the leaves, stem and root bark of the plant Bobgunnia madagascariensis were evaluated for antifeedant activity against the confused flour beetle of maize, Tribolium casteneum, Hbst; a storage pest of maize and its products. The compound, 3’, 4’, 5, 7- tetrahydroxy flavonol (Quercetin), a flavonoid isolated from the chloroform extract of the stem bark of B. madagascariensis was also evaluated for antifeedant activity against the confused flour beetle of maize, T. casteneum Hbst. using the wafer disc choice bioassay with over 50% feeding deterrent activity observed.A comparative study was also carried out using a known botanical, azadirachtin as a control. Key words: Antifeedant, Flavonoids, Quercetin, Bobgunnia madagascariensis INTRODUCTION Plant products are known to be effective means used by small scale farmers for protecting stored grain from insect damage. Tissues from various botanical species have been used to improve storage of grain in the rural areas, for example, the dried fruits of Capsicum spp., the powdered roots of Derris elliptica and the leaves and seeds of the Neem tree, Azadirachta indica.(Paneru, et al 1997) The pesticidal properties of many plants have been known for a long time and natural pesticides based on plant extracts were used in pest control during the early half of the last century.
    [Show full text]
  • Skripsi Full.Pdf
    UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK AKAR TUBA (Derris elliptica) SEBAGAI ANTIFEEDANT TERHADAP HAMA WERENG COKLAT (Nilaparvata lugens) SKRIPSI Diajukan untuk Melengkapi Tugas-tugas dan Memenuhi Syarat-syarat Guna Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd) Dalam Ilmu Biologi Oleh : ANIS SEPTIANA NPM : 1411060014 Jurusan : Pendidikan Biologi PENDIDIKAN BIOLOGI FAKULTAS TARBIYAH DAN KEGURUAN UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI RADEN INTAN LAMPUNG 1440 H/ 2019 M UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK AKAR TUBA (Derris elliptica) SEBAGAI ANTIFEEDANT TERHADAP HAMA WERENG COKLAT (Nilaparvata lugens) SKRIPSI Diajukan untuk Melengkapi Tugas-tugas dan Memenuhi Syarat-syarat Guna Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd) Dalam Ilmu Biologi Oleh : ANIS SEPTIANA NPM : 1411060014 Jurusan : Pendidikan Biologi Pembimbing 1 : Dr. Yetri, M.pd Pembimbing 2 : Yessy Velina, M.si PENDIDIKAN BIOLOGI FAKULTAS TARBIYAH DAN KEGURUAN UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI RADEN INTAN LAMPUNG 1440 H/ 2019 M ABSTRAK UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK AKAR TUBA (Derris elliptica) SEBAGAI ANTIFEEDANT TERHADAP HAMA WERENG COKLAT (Nilaparvata lugens) Oleh ANIS SEPTIANA 1411060014 Tumbuhan merupakan sumber kehidupan bagi manusia, banyak tumbuhan yang bermanfaat bagi manusia diantaranya sebagai obat, sumber oksigen, sebagai bahan baku industri, dan sebagai bahan pangan. Salah satu tumbuhan penghasil pangan yaitu tanaman Padi, yang merupakan sumber karbohidrat bagi manusia. Namun produksi padi saat ini memiliki kendala yang disebabkan oleh adanya serangan hama, salah satunya yaitu wereng coklat (Nilaparvata lugens). Wereng coklat merusak
    [Show full text]
  • Larval Host Plants of the Butterflies of the Western Ghats, India
    OPEN ACCESS The Journal of Threatened Taxa is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows unrestricted use of artcles in any medium, reproducton, and distributon by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publicaton. Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Monograph Larval host plants of the butterflies of the Western Ghats, India Ravikanthachari Nitn, V.C. Balakrishnan, Paresh V. Churi, S. Kalesh, Satya Prakash & Krushnamegh Kunte 10 April 2018 | Vol. 10 | No. 4 | Pages: 11495–11550 10.11609/jot.3104.10.4.11495-11550 For Focus, Scope, Aims, Policies and Guidelines visit htp://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-0 For Artcle Submission Guidelines visit htp://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions For Policies against Scientfc Misconduct visit htp://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-2 For reprints contact <[email protected]> Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 10 April 2018 | 10(4): 11495–11550 Larval host plants of the butterflies of the Western Ghats, Monograph India Ravikanthachari Nitn 1, V.C. Balakrishnan 2, Paresh V. Churi 3,
    [Show full text]
  • Botanical Insecticides from Readily Available Ghanaian Plants: a Novel Approach for Sustainable Management of Cabbage Pests
    Botanical insecticides from readily available Ghanaian plants: A novel approach for sustainable management of cabbage pests Blankson Wadie Amoabeng B Sc. (Hons) Agric A thesis submitted for the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy Faculty of Science School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences August 2013 Table of contents Page Table of contents ii List of tables v List of figures vi Abbreviations used in this thesis viii Publications produced from this thesis ix Certificate of Authorship x Acknowledgements xi Dedication xiii Abstract xiv Chapter One 1 1.1 General introduction 1 1.2 General overview of pest management in Ghana 8 1.3 The status of the use of botanical insecticides in Ghana 10 1.4 Prospect for wider use of botanical insecticides in Ghana 12 1.5 General overview of cabbage production in Ghana 14 1.6 Conclusion 18 1.7 Thesis aim and objectives 19 Chapter two 21 2.1 Literature review 21 2.2 The need for safer pest management options 21 2.3 Botanical insecticides 22 2.4 A brief history about botanical insecticides 22 2.5 Active compounds in botanical insecticides 23 2.6 Modes of action of botanical insecticides 24 2.7 Advantages and disadvantages of botanical insecticides 27 2.8 Extraction and purification of plants’ secondary metabolites 31 ii 2.9 Parts of plants used as botanical insecticides 33 2.10 Management of cabbage pest with botanicals 34 2.11 Insecticidal plants used in this study 34 2.11.1 Ageratum conyzoides (Asterales: Asteraceae) goat weed 34 2.11.2 Chromolaena odorata (Asterales:
    [Show full text]
  • Pemanfaatan Ekstrak Akar Tuba (Derris Elliptica) Sebagai Insektisida Ramah Lingkungan Untuk Mengendalikan Populasi Ulat Bulu (Lymantria Beatrix)
    PEMANFAATAN EKSTRAK AKAR TUBA (DERRIS ELLIPTICA) SEBAGAI INSEKTISIDA RAMAH LINGKUNGAN UNTUK MENGENDALIKAN POPULASI ULAT BULU (LYMANTRIA BEATRIX) Eko Budiyanto, Arvana Rifki Aditya, dan Ardi Yuli Wardani Mahasiswa FMIPA Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta Abstract This experimental research was aimed at determining the effectiveness of using tuba root extract (Derris elliptica) on the mortality of caterpillar pests (Lymantria Beatrix) and to find out the optimum concentration of plant‐based insecticide to reduce Lymantria Beatrix’s activity. The method used in this research included four steps, namely making of extracts, dry time test, the spray test to the leaves (to determine the damage level the leaves caused by pesticides), and testing the larva of Lymantria Beatrix. The results of this research showed that the tuba root extract (Derris elliptica) could potentially be used as an environment friendly insecticide. Making tuba root extract using maceration process with 90% ethanol solvent. Drying time test results for the standard synthetic pesticides, 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% extracts, obtained results of 60 minutes, 25 minutes, 29 minutes, 40 minutes and 120 minutes respectively. While the results of the test spray to the leaves showed that the standard synthetic pesticides causing damages to the side and the top of the leaves looked burnt and the pesticides from Tuba root extract showed the damage was only on the top of leaves that looked burnt after 6 days. Based on the results of the test to the larva of Lymantria Beatrix it could be concluded that the effectiveness of the extract of the roots of the tuba (Derris elliptica) on the optimum mortality of caterpillars (Lymantria Beatrix) at a concentration of 50% with the least damage to leaves and gave LD50 value of 69.99%.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Hostplants of Moths
    LIST OF HOSTPLANTS OF MOTHS Sr.No Name of species Host Plant Family Attevidae 1 Atteva fabriciella Swederus, 1787 Acacia sp., Ailanthus sp. Family Brahmeaedidae 2 Brahmaea wallichii Gray, 1831 Ligustrum sp. Family Callidulidae 3 Pterodecta anchora Pagenstecher, 1877 Ferns Family Cossidae 4 Azygophleps scalaris Fabricius, 1775 Sesbania bispinosa Callicarpa sp., Clerodendrum sp., Gmelina sp., Tectona sp. , Erythrina sp., Sesbania sp., Spathodea 5 Duomitus ceramicus (Walker 1865) sp., and Duabanga sp. Coffee, Tea, Casuarina, Erythroxylum, Acalypha, Phyllanthus, Hydnocarpus, Annona, Cinnamomum, Persea, Phoebe, Amherstia, Cassia, Pericopsis, Xylia, Gossypium, Hibiscus, Cedrela, Chukrasia, Melia, Swietenia, Psidium, Grevillea, Crataegus, Eriobotrya, Citrus, Santalum, Filicium, Nephelium, 6 Polyphagozerra coffeae (Nietner, 1861) Schleichera, Clerodendrum, Tectona, Vitex. Cassia fistula, C. javanica, C. renigera, Senna 7 Xyleutes persona (le Guillou, 1841) siamea, Premna sp. 8 Xyleutes strix Linnaeus, 1758 Sesbania grandiflora 9 Zeurrora indica (Herrich-Schäffer, 1854) Phoebe sp., Litsea monopetala 10 Zeuzera multistrigata Moore, 1881 Cherry Family Crambidae 11 Aetholix flavibasalis Guenée, 1854 Duabanga grandiflora, Mangifera indica Erythrina vespertilio, E. Variegata, E. suberosa, E. 12 Agathodes ostentalis Geyer, 1837 subumbrans Syzygium nervosum, Lagerstroemia microcarpa, L. 13 Agrotera basinotata Hampson, 1891 parviflora, L. speciosa, Pavetta indica 14 Ancylolomia sp. Grasses 15 Antigastra catalaunalis (Duponchel, 1833) Sesame(Sesamum indicum).
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Tannery Phase Diagram of Rotenone Derris Elliptica (Fabales: Fabaceae): a Novel Approach of Insecticide Formulation
    Asian Journal of Chemistry; Vol. 25, No. 9 (2013), 4718-4722 http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2013.14045 Study of Tannery Phase Diagram of Rotenone Derris elliptica (Fabales: Fabaceae): A Novel Approach of Insecticide Formulation 1 1,* 2 1 S.N.B. AHMAD , M.T. ISLAM , D.K. ABDULLAH and D. OMAR 1Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author: Fax: +60 3 89464151; Tel: +60 3 89464172; E-mail: [email protected] (Received: 10 May 2012; Accepted: 4 March 2013) AJC-13056 The present study was conducted for evaluating the tannery phase diagram of microemulsion formulation of rotenone. In this paper, oil-in-water microemulsions were obtained by the titration method through ternary phase diagram study. The widest oil-in-water microemulsion region (48 % isotropic area) in phase diagram system was obtained in Tween 20/Agnique BL 7001/water system compared with others, while the narrowest oil-in-water microemulsion region (6 % isotropic area) was obtained in Agnique PG 9116/Edenor ME/ water system. This novel approach for insecticide formulation of rotenone might be useful for the control of insect. This study will provide the maximum utilization of botanical insecticide concerning environmental friendly strategy. Key Words: Microemulsion, Derris elliptica, Insecticide formulation, Isotropic area, Titration. INTRODUCTION chemicals use for pest control, the environmental problems caused by over use of agrochemicals have brought scientists Rotenone is a bio-active compound that has a strong and publics much concern in recent years5.
    [Show full text]
  • Wedelia Trilobata (L
    Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 14(2): 101-115, 2007 (December) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROXIMAL TO DISTAL REGIONS OF THE PETIOLES TO IDENTIFY 15 TREE SPECIES OF PAPILIONOIDEAE-FABACEAE 1 2 SAMIA HENEIDAK AND ABDEL SAMAI M. SHAHEEN Botany Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Suez Canal University, Suez, Egypt Key words: Accessory ridge bundles, Crystals, Papilionoideae, Petiole anatomy, Petiole vasculature, Ridge bundles, Secretory cavities Abstract Comparative studies on the structure of the vascular supply of stem-leaf transitional zone of the petioles were carried out in 15 papilionoid tree species. Anatomical characteristics and changes in the main vascular trace were recorded. The anatomical features of significance include outline; epidermal cell; pericyclic fiber patterns; main petiolar vasculature; presence, number and separation of ridge vascular bundles; presence of additional accessory ridge bundles; crystal types; secretory elements and multicellular trichomes. Erythrina variegata and Pterocarpus indicus show no change in the petiole trace structure throughout their petioles from proximal to distal, while the rest of the species have minor to major changes. Sophora secundiflora has the highest number of ridge vascular bundles (5-6), while these are absent in the two Dalbergia species, E. variegata, Derris robusta, Sophora davidii and S. japonica. Only Derris robusta and Sophora japonica show unusual petiole trace structure by having two additional accessory ridge bundles adaxial of the main trace enclosing with it by a complete ring of pericyclic fibers. The studied species of tribe Millettieae show the presence of secretory cavities lined by epithelial cells. The usefulness of these character states is shown for assessing, identifying and delimiting these examined species.
    [Show full text]
  • My Ly - Nam Mo Hydropower JSC
    My Ly - Nam Mo Hydropower JSC Environmental and Social Impact Assessment NAM MO 1 HYDROPOWER PROJECT Volume II Agreements, Approvals and Specialist Reports 29 September 2017 ENVIRO-DEV With Input from PECC1 Volume II Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Nam Mo 1 Hydropower Project Date Revision Document No. and Name Issued by History 2017 Name and Signature 30 June First Issue ENVIRO-DEV Doc03-2017: ESIA Volume II Agreements, Approvals and Previously signed Specialists reports 29 Final Issue ENVIRO-DEV Doc03-2017: September ESIA Volume II Agreements, Approvals and Specialists reports Shivcharn Dhillion International Consultant: Input from National Consultant: Power Engineering Consulting Joint Stock ENVIRO-DEV Company I (PECC1) Contact: Olsbergsveien, Contact: Km 9+200 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh N-2510 Tylldalen Xuan Nam Ward, Thanh Xuan Norway District, Ha Noi, Vietnam [email protected]; [email protected] +47 90267958 +84 3 8542270; +84 904230082 DISCLAIMER: This report has been prepared by ENVIRO-DEV with all reasonable skill, care and diligence with the terms of the Contract with the Client. We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside the scope of work, and if containing any error or omission which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other parties. This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility of whatsoever nature to third parties to whom this report, or any part thereof is made known. Any such party relies on the report at their own risk. This document contains confidential information and proprietary intellectual property.
    [Show full text]