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Armenian Activities in the Arch

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Armenian Activities in the Arch T.C. GENELKURMAY BAŞKANLIĞI ANKARA ARŞİV BELGELERİYLE ERMENİ FAALİYETLERİ 1914-1918 CİLT VIII (1914-1915) ARMENIAN ACTIVITIES IN THE ARCHIVE DOCUMENTS 1914-1918 VOLUME VIII (1914-1915) Genelkurmay Askerî Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı Yayınları ANKARA GENELKURMAY BASIMEVİ 2008 İNCELEME KURULU / INSPECTION COMMITTEE Prof.Dr. Hikmet ÖZDEMİR Doç.Dr. Yusuf SARINAY Dr. İlknur ALTINTAŞ Dr.Öğ.Yb. Zekeriya TÜRKMEN YAYIN KURULU / PUBLICATION COMMITTEE Yayına Hazırlayan / Editor Dr. Öğ. Alb. Ahmet TETİK İngilizce Çeviri ve Sayfa Düzeni / English Translation and Page Design Uzm. Yusuf Serdar DEMİRTAŞ Belge Araştırma ve Çeviri / Document Research and Transcription Uzm. Sema DEMİRTAŞ Uzm. İbrahim ÇAĞLAR Uzm. Ayşe SEVEN Uzm. Melike CEYHAN Uzm. Çiğdem ÇAĞLAR Uzm. F. Gökçen TOKEŞER Düzelti / Redaction Uzm. Yasemin TAŞCI Uzm. Mahmut Yüksel CANBAZ Belge Ayırım / Document Classification Uzm. Nuri BAYRAK Belge Onarım / Document Restoration Türkan YILMAZ Belge Çekim / Document Scanning Uzm. Erol SESİGÜR Erhan KANDEMİR Veri Hazırlama / Data Processing Nuray ÇALIŞKAN SUNUŞ Arşivlerin en önemli özelliklerinden birisi de bilginin paylaşılmasındaki temel kaynak olmasıdır. Önceki dönemlerin belleği olmasıyla, bugünden düne bakışı ve değerlendirme yapma imkânını bize sunmaktadır. Genelkurmay ATASE Başkanlığı Arşivi de dünyadaki sayılı askerî tarih arşivlerindendir. İşte bu arşivdeki bilgilerin kamuoyuna sunulması ve paylaşılması bakımından yayınlarıyla önemli bir hizmet ifa etmektedir. “Arşiv Belgeleriyle Ermeni Faaliyetleri 1914-1918” adlı belge yayını da bu düşüncenin bir ürünüdür. Kapalı bilginin bir değer taşımadığı gerçeğinden hareketle bu belgeler yayımlanmaktadır. Son çeyrek asırda, gerçekle hiç alakası olmayan şekilde, yanlış bilgiye ve bilgilendirmeye dayalı bir propagandayla gündeme getirilen Ermeni meselesinde gerçeklerin yansıdığı aynanın görüntüleri olan arşiv belgeleri konunun iç yüzünü ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu ciltte yer alan belgelerde, Devletin Ermeni vatandaşları için yaptıkları –olağanüstü savaş şartlarında– bütün çıplaklığıyla yer almaktadır. Belgelerde açıkça görülmektedir ki “koruyucu devlet” vatandaşlarına karşı ön yargıyla hareket etmemiştir. Tarihî Türk devlet geleneği de böyle bir yaklaşımı zaten hiçbir zaman öngörmemiştir. “Arşiv Belgeleriyle Ermeni Faaliyetleri 1914-1918” belge yayını bu ciltle sona ermektedir. Sekiz cilt içinde toplam 1047 adet belge asıllarıyla birlikte böylece bilim dünyasına ve kamuoyuna sunulmuş olmaktadır. Genelkurmay ATASE Başkanlığı, Türk ve dünya kamuoyuna belgeleri takdim ederken, doğru bilgilerin üzerinin örtülemeyeceği gerçeğini de ortaya koymaktadır. Ziya GÜLER Hava Korgeneral ATASE ve Dent. Başkanı PRESENTATION One of the most important characteristics of the archives is their being the primary sources where information is shared. They, as the memories of the past, enable us to look back in time and evaluate history better. The archive at the Turkish General Staff ATASE Directorate is one of the exceptional military history archives in the world. The archive is fulfilling an important function in sharing the information with the world public opinion through its publications. The documentary publication Armenian Activities in the Archive Documents 1914-1918 is a product of the vision put forward. These documents are published with the conviction “Closed information has no value at all.” The Armenian issue brought forward by a propaganda relying on falsified and groundless information in last quarter of the century finds its true ricochets in the archive documents, mirrors, where the eternal truth prevails. The documents taking place in the present volume reveal the naked truth about the sacrifices the State made for her Armenian citizens under the extraordinary conditions of war. Documents unveil the naked truth that the “Protective State” has never taken a biased stance towards her citizens. The historical Turkish concept of State had never foreseen such an approach whatsoever. The documentary publication Armenian Activities in the Archive Documents 1914-1918 has come to end with the present volume. 1047 documents have been submitted to the interest of the academia and world public opinion in these eight volumes. Turkish General Staff ATASE Directorate, in presenting the documents to the attention of the Turkish and world public opinion, reiterates its conviction that eternal truth can never be veiled. Ziya GÜLER Lieutenant General (Air) Chief of ATASE ve Dent. Directorate İÇİNDEKİLER / CONTENTS Birinci Bölüm / Part One ……………………………………………….. 3 Belgelerin Günümüz Türkçesi ve İngilizce Tercümeleri Turkish and English Translations of the Documents İkinci Bölüm / Part Two ……………………………………………….... 307 Belgelerin Tıpkıbasımları ve Çevrim Yazıları Facsimiles of the Documents and Transcriptions III VATANDAŞLARA KARŞI SORUMLULUK Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Doğu Cephesi’nde gelişen durumu ve ayrılıkçı Ermeni terör örgütlerinin cephe gerisindeki güvenliği tehdit eden eylemlerinin sonucu olarak tehcir tedbirinin alınması zorunluluğu doğmuştur. Burada gözden uzak tutulmaması gereken nokta, Devletin tehcire tâbi tutmak zorunda kaldığı Ermenileri, her daim “vatandaş” olarak kabul etmesi, başka bir yaklaşım içinde olmamasıdır. Ermeni vatandaşların can, mal, namus emniyetlerinin sağlanması mülki ve askerî idarecilerin üzerinde hassasiyetle durdukları bir konu olmuştur. 4’üncü Ordu Komutanı Cemal Paşa, 4 Temmuz 1915’te Başkomutan Vekili Enver Paşa’ya gönderdiği telgrafta konunun hassasiyeti üzerinde önemle durur ve aldığı tedbirleri şöyle açıklar: “4’üncü Ordu bölgesinden sürgün edilen Ermenilerin mal, can ve namuslarının tamamen korunmasını sağlamak için, tarafımdan ilgililere kesin emirler verilmiştir. Diğer bölge ve vilayetlerde de meseleye gereği gibi önem verdirmek ve sürgün edilen Ermenilerin güvenliklerini ve her türlü saldırıdan korunmalarını sağlamak için, özellikle sizin tarafınızdan sert emirler verilmesini istirham ediyorum…” (s.6) Cemal Paşa’nın, zorunlu olarak alınan tehcir tedbirinin dünya kamuoyuna anlatılması için de önerileri, meselenin ülke yöneticileri tarafından algılanışını göstermektedir. “Almanların, Belçika’daki halka yok edici tedbirler uyguladıklarına dair aleyhlerine oluşan tepkilere karşılık, kendilerini savunmak amacıyla yayımladıkları bildiriler gibi, Hristiyan ve yabancı kamuoyuna da Osmanlı Devleti tarafından belgeli ve ayrıntılı bir bildiriyle meselenin aydınlatılması gerektiği görüşündeyim. Bu bildiride, Ermenilerin ve onların savaş günlerinde Devlete karşı yaptıkları ihanetlerin yer, olay ve şahıs belirtilerek açıklanması ve hükûmet tarafından alınan tedbirlerin ülkenin savunulmasına yönelik ve bunun zorunlu olduğunun benimsenmesi görüşünde olduğumu arz ederim.” (s.6) Ermeni vatandaşların tehciriyle karşılaşılan problemlerin çözümü için kesin ve hemen uygulanabilecek tedbirlerin alınması her kademedeki yöneticiden sorumlulukları çerçevesinde yerine getirilmesi bütün mülki makamlara emredilir. Sadece 1915 Mayıs-Ağustos ayları arasında yayımlanan genelgelerde bile bu hassasiyeti görmek mümkündür. (s.11-14) Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda cephelerde ve cephe gerisindeki en büyük düşman salgın hastalıklarıdır. 4’üncü Ordu Komutanlığının sorumluluk bölgesindeki Halep’te bulaşıcı hastalıklara karşı alınan tedbirler paketi incelendiğinde, dönemin ağır şartları altında ne denli ciddi bir mücadeleye girişildiği görülmektedir. Halep’te bulunan Ermeni vatandaşların korunmasındaki titizlik de burada açıkça göz önüne konulmaktadır. (s.20-23, 134-144) V Yayımlanan emirlere rağmen, tehcir işleminde görevini aksatanlar hakkında ağır cezalar verilmekten kaçınılmaz. 4’üncü Ordu Komutanı Cemal Paşa’nın, 11 Aralık 1915’te yayımladığı bir emirde bu tutum sergilenmektedir: “Hasta ve düşkünlerin, Halep-Pozantı Lojistik Destek Hattı üzerinde pek acınacak bir hâlde, her türlü yokluk ve eziyet içinde sevk edildiklerini haber aldım. Bundan sonra bu gibi üzücü olaylara sebep olanların ağır bir şekilde cezalandırılacaklarının duyurulmasını ve aşağıda belirtilen hususların aynen uygulanmasını rica ederim. … Hasta ve düşkünler nekahethane olan yerlerde mutlaka hastanelerden nekahethanelere gönderilecekler; nekahethane bulunmayan yerlerde ise sevk edilebilecek duruma gelinceye kadar, hastanelerde açılacak koğuşlarda tedavilerine devam edilecektir. Bu koğuşun adı nekâhet koğuşu olacaktır. Sevk edilemeyecek kadar hasta ve zayıf olanlar kesinlikle gönderilmeyecektir. Sevkiyatlara gelen düşkünlerin rahat bir şekilde sevk edilmeleri sağlanacak ve kesinlikle gece yola çıkarılmayacaklardır.” (s.31) Tehcir işleminin, dünya kamuoyuna yanlı haberlerle olduğunun dışında anlatılmasına tepkiyi de yine Osmanlı vatandaşları gösterirler. Kudüs Patriği Kamazej’in şu satırları dikkatle değerlendirilmelidir: “Kudüs Hristiyanlarına ilişkin olarak yayılan haberleri hayretle karşıladık. Hükûmetin uygulamaları kesinlikle eleştirilemez. Durum çok iyidir. Tarım, emlâk ve bütün manastırların hepsi, olduğu gibi durmaktadırlar. Rahip ve rahibeler rahattırlar. Cemal Paşa, zorunlu ihtiyaçların karşılanması meselesini bizzat çözmüştür. Rum Ortodoks cemaatine şimdiye kadar 400.000 frank ve 300.000 kilo buğday dağıtılmıştır. Ermeni cemaatine 80.000 frank para ile 100.000 kilo buğday verilmiştir. Kudüs’teki diğer ihtiyaç sahiplerine de buğday bedeli olarak binlerce frank verildi.” (s.123) Ermenilerin, Devletin vatandaşı olarak hayatlarını sürdürdüklerine açık örneklerden birisini de Halep’teki “İmalât-ı harbiye”lerde çalışan kadınlara yönelik olarak yayımlanan 4’üncü Ordu emrinde açıkça görme imkânı vardır: “… Bunların tamamının sırayla her 15
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