DOCSLIB.ORG

Aerobic Endospore Procedure

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aerobic Endospore Procedure Office of Research and Development Photos Aerobic Endospore Procedure Laura A. Boczek Microbiologist US EPA – Office of Research and Development Aerobic Endospore Background Aerobic endospores are protective structures that some genera of bacteria have the ability to produce in response to a stressful environment. These genera are in general harmless to humans and are saprophytic organisms that are ubiquitous in many soil and water environments. These organisms can stay in the endospore form until conditions are favorable for them to germinate out of the endospore state to a vegetative state. This allows them to persist in their environment and resist many environmental stressors such as heat, desiccation, disinfection, and irradiation. 2 Aerobic Endospores Procedure Standard Methods 9218 A & B – outlines how to culture and measure aerobic endospores. Basic steps : 1. Obtaining a representative sample 2. Killing off any vegetative cells that could be in the sample by heat treatment 3. Using membrane filtration to concentrate endopsores in sample and then allow them to grow to enumerate Representative sample Samples should be collected using sterile wide mouth containers and care should be taken not to contaminate the samples during collection by using aseptic technique. Samples that contain a disinfectant residual such as chlorine should have sodium thiosulfate added to the sample bottle prior to collection in order to quench the chlorine. Samples should include a sufficient volume that can be processed to adequately determine treatment efficacy. • Sample waters will contain various amounts of endospores. Therefore if treatment efficacy is the reason why aerobic endospores are being measured a larger volume of sample may need to be collected and processed to determine efficacy. Samples should be shipped to laboratory in a cooler held at <10°C, but not freezing within 24 hours of collection. Aerobic Endospore Procedure Materials needed for Aerobic Endospore Analysis 1. Bottles or Erlenmeyer flasks with closures that are able to withstand high heat immediately followed by chilling in an ice bath. Glass is the preferred material due to its ability to transfer heat efficiently and care must be taken to ensure bottles won’t shatter during processing. 2. Membrane filtration apparatus as listed in SM 9222B.1.F 3. Water bath – preferably a shaking water bath, capable of heating samples to 80°C. 4. Thermometer – capable of measuring 25°C to 90°C. 5. Container for ice bath slurry. 6. Media – nutrient agar plus trypan blue dye / Incubator. 7. Wide field dissecting microscope, or other optical device. Aerobic Endospore Procedure First step in processing a sample for aerobic endospores is heat treatment. • Aseptically pour the sample into a sterile vessel that is able to adequately transfer heat in a water bath as well as withstand hot and cold temperature changes without breaking. Turn on water bath temperature 10 degrees higher temperature than heat treatment will be processed. If water bath is set to same value as the treatment temperature, the sample bottles will not be able to reach the appropriate temperature. • Samples should be processed at either 75°C for 15 minutes or 80°C for 10 minutes. Use a temperature control bottle. Temperature Control Bottle Important to have thermometer that will reach target temperature. Don’t place thermometer so that it touches the bottom of the bottle, you only want to measure the temperature of the water! Water in the control bottle should be the same level as in the sample bottles. Sample and Temperature Control Bottles Temperature and sample bottles should be the same type of bottle, and should be able to withstand temperature shock without breaking. Care should be taken to label bottle where it will not be submerged in the water bath (the label can come off if under water). I like to label both the bottle and the foil. Bottles should have a weight placed on them prior to being put in water bath to minimize the chance of flipping over in water bath. This will cause contamination and the sample must be discarded. Aerobic Endospore Procedure Place all bottles including the temperature control bottle into the water bath and start shaking (60 to 80 rpm). You may cover the samples with aluminum foil to hold in the heat and allow for bottles to come up to temperature faster. Take care when placing bottles into the water bath, make sure that the water level in the water bath is not too high so that the bottles would be contaminated. If shaking water bath is not accessible bottles need to be manually stirred periodically. When the temperature in the temperature control bottle reaches 73°C (if treatment is 75°C for 15min, or 78°C if treatment is 80°C for 10 min) then remove foil and turn down temperature on water bath setting. Start timer for either 10 or 15 minutes to correspond with correct temperature. Aerobic Endospore Procedure Water Water not above above sample sample level level Ice Bath Slurry Prepare ice bath slurry, by adding ice and water, but make sure that ice water level is not too high that it would contaminate the sample. Cool sample on ice water until it has reached at least room temperature or lower. Sample should then be safe to start membrane filtration. Membrane Filtration Follow SM 9222B for membrane filtration procedure, use a .45µm gridded filter to concentrate sample. Aseptically place filter onto nutrient agar plates supplemented with Trypan blue dye. Incubate plates at 35°C for 24 ± 2hrs, observe plates for bacterial growth. Use a wide-field dissecting scope, or other optical device to assist in counting bacterial colonies. Any colony growth is considered positive for aerobic endospore forming bacteria. Aerobic Endospore Procedure Nutrient Agar with trypan Nutrient Agar blue dye Nutrient Agar with trypan blue dye (color Nutrient Agar imparted onto filter) Aerobic Endospore Procedure Laboratory Testing Commercial Labs do exist to perform aerobic endospore testing! EMSL Analytical – many labs located throughout the US. Sound Microbiology Lab – located in Pacific northwest CH Diagnostic & Consulting – Located in Colorado This list is not exhaustive, and the quality of these labs has not been verified by EPA. Questions? Laura Boczek Microbiologist [email protected] 513-569-7282.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Micromasters of the Earth
    Micromasters of the Earth Anna WĘGRZYN – the Department of Environmental Biotechnology at the Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering at the Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Please cite as: CHEMIK 2011, 65, 11, 1182-1189 Introduction membrane constitutes about 25% of the whole bacterium mass. It is estimated that our planet was formed about 4.6 billion Peptidoglycan (murein) is a fundamental substance of the bacterial cell years ago. At the very beginning, it was just a lifeless ball of melted wall. In their cell walls, bacteria can contain different quantities of murein magma. The Earth surface was gradually getting cool until reaching which is connected with a diversified sensitivity to dyes. Depending the temperature at which water and other chemical compounds on the number of peptidoglycan layers, the applied dyes (e.g. crystal could have been created. First traces of life are being discovered in violet) are retained inside the cell wall or leached from it. This is the rocks formed about 3.85 billion years ago. Stromatolites - biogenic basis for classifying bacteria into a group of Gram-positive or Gram- rocks dated at about 3.4 billion years which formation was connected negative bacteria (originating from the name of the Danish scientist with activities of cyanobacteria – autotrophic organisms being able to Gram who was the first person to perform the complex staining with XII Conference Environmental produce oxygen in the process of photosynthesis, constitute the fossil crystal violet in 1884). The cells of Gram-negative bacteria contain trace of the prokaryotic structure1 of primitive forms. The creation of lower quantities of murein than in case of Gram-positive bacteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Journal of Microbiology
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Journal of Microbiology Kroppenstedtia pulmonis sp. nov. and Kroppenstedtia sanguinis sp. nov., isolated from human patients --Manuscript Draft-- Manuscript Number: ANTO-D-15-00548R1 Full Title: Kroppenstedtia pulmonis sp. nov. and Kroppenstedtia sanguinis sp. nov., isolated from human patients Article Type: Original Article Keywords: Kroppenstedtia species, Kroppenstedtia pulmonis, Kroppenstedtia sanguinis, polyphasic taxonomy, 16S rRNA gene, thermoactinomycetes Corresponding Author: Melissa E Bell, MS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia UNITED STATES Corresponding Author Secondary Information: Corresponding Author's Institution: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Corresponding Author's Secondary Institution: First Author: Melissa E Bell, MS First Author Secondary Information: Order of Authors: Melissa E Bell, MS Brent A. Lasker, PhD Hans-Peter Klenk, PhD Lesley Hoyles, PhD Catherine Spröer Peter Schumann June Brown Order of Authors Secondary Information: Funding Information: Abstract: Three human clinical strains (W9323T, X0209T and X0394) isolated from lung biopsy, blood and cerebral spinal fluid, respectively, were characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed the three strains belonged to two novel branches within the genus Kroppenstedtia: 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of W9323T showed closest sequence similarity to Kroppenstedtia eburnea JFMB-ATE T (95.3 %), Kroppenstedtia guangzhouensis GD02T (94.7 %) and strain X0209T (94.6 %); sequence analysis of strain X0209T showed closest sequence similarity to K. eburnea JFMB-ATE T (96.4 %) and K. guangzhouensis GD02T (96.0 %). Strains X0209T and X0394 were 99.9 % similar to each other by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The DNA-DNA relatedness was 94.6 %, confirming that X0209T and X0394 belong to the same species.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 20 the Proteobacteria
    Fig. 20.21 Chapter 20 purple photosynthetic sulfur bacteria The Proteobacteria may have arose from a single photosynthetic ancestor 16S rRNA shows five distinct lineages 12-27-2011 12-28-2011 Class α-proteobacteria Most are oligotrophic (growing at low nutrient level) Fig. 20.11 Genus Rhizobium motile rods often contain poly-β- hydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules become pleomorphic under adverse conditions grow symbiotically as nitrogen- fixing bacteroids (Æ ammonium) within root nodule cells of legumes Genus Agrobacterium Figure 20.12 transform infected plant cells (crown, roots, and stems) into autonomously proliferating tumors Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall disease by means of tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid Crown gall (冠癭) of a tomato plant Agrobacterium Ti (tumor inducing) plamid Transfer the T-DNA to plant and lower fungi Can also mobilize other plasmid with to plant cells A vector used for transgenic plant Fig. 29.13 Genus Brucella important human and animal pathogen (zoonosis) Brucellosis- undulant fever 波型熱 A select agent as biocrime ingestion of contaminated food (milk products); inhalation, via skin wound, rare person-to-person Acute form: flu-like symptom; undulant form: undulant fever, arthritis, and testicular inflammation, neurologic symptom may occur; chronic form: chronic fatigue, depression, and arthritis Class β-proteobacteria Nitrogen metabolism Nitrifying bacteria- Nitrification oxidation of ammonium to nitrite, nitrite further oxidized to nitrate Nitrobacter (α-proteobacteria) Nitrosomonas (β-proteobacteria) Nitrosococcus (γ-proteobacteria) Nitrogen Fixation Burkholderia and Ralstonia (β-proteobacteria) both form symbiotic associations with legumes both have nodulation genes (nod) a common genetic origin with rhizobia (α-proteobacteria) obtained through lateral gene transfer Order Burkholderiales Burkholderia cepacia degrades > 100 organic molecules very active in recycling organic material plant and human pathogen (nosocomial pathogen) a particular problem for cystic fibrosis patients B.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview: Development in Bacteria: Spore Formation in Bacillus Subtilis
    CMLS, Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 59 (2002) 389–391 1420-682X/02/030389-03 $ 1.50 + 0.20/0 © Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 2002 CMLS Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences Overview: development in bacteria: spore formation in Bacillus subtilis A. Driks Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, Illinois 60153 (USA), Fax +1 708 216 9574, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. Like eukaryotes, bacteria possess complex de- toplasm coalesce into the various complex structures that velopmental programs that drive environmental adapta- comprise the spore. The resulting cell is metabolically tion and morphological differentiation. In some species, dormant and as close to indestructible as any cell found these morphological changes are quite elaborate and re- on earth. Nonetheless, the spore retains the ability to re- sult in major changes in cell appearance, including the vive almost immediately when nutrient returns to the en- formation of ornate appendages. The ease with which vironment. Here, we review the genetic control of spore some bacteria can be manipulated makes them highly at- formation, the structure and assembly of several major tractive model systems for developmental analysis. In this spore components, the process of germination, and the set of reviews, we tackle the best studied of these systems, environmental and disease implications of spores. As spore formation in Bacillus subtilis. Construction of a these reviews document, spore formation in B. subtilis spore initiates in response to starvation, takes each cell has been among the most productive systems for under- about 8 h and is directed by a tightly controlled genetic standing both the broad themes and the molecular basis program.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Size, Shape and Arrangement & Cell Structure And
    Lecture 13, 14 and 15: bacterial size, shape and arrangement & Cell structure and components of bacteria and Functional anatomy and reproduction in bacteria Bacterial size, shape and arrangement Bacteria are prokaryotic, unicellular microorganisms, which lack chlorophyll pigments. The cell structure is simpler than that of other organisms as there is no nucleus or membrane bound organelles.Due to the presence of a rigid cell wall, bacteria maintain a definite shape, though they vary as shape, size and structure. When viewed under light microscope, most bacteria appear in variations of three major shapes: the rod (bacillus), the sphere (coccus) and the spiral type (vibrio). In fact, structure of bacteria has two aspects, arrangement and shape. So far as the arrangement is concerned, it may Paired (diplo), Grape-like clusters (staphylo) or Chains (strepto). In shape they may principally be Rods (bacilli), Spheres (cocci), and Spirals (spirillum). Size of Bacterial Cell The average diameter of spherical bacteria is 0.5- 2.0 µm. For rod-shaped or filamentous bacteria, length is 1-10 µm and diameter is 0.25-1 .0 µm. E. coli , a bacillus of about average size is 1.1 to 1.5 µm wide by 2.0 to 6.0 µm long. Spirochaetes occasionally reach 500 µm in length and the cyanobacterium Accepted wisdom is that bacteria are smaller than eukaryotes. But certain cyanobacteria are quite large; Oscillatoria cells are 7 micrometers diameter. The bacterium, Epulosiscium fishelsoni , can be seen with the naked eye (600 mm long by 80 mm in diameter). One group of bacteria, called the Mycoplasmas, have individuals with size much smaller than these dimensions.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Isolation of Bacteria
    Professor Diane Hilker I. Exp. 3: Collection of Microbes 1. Isolation of bacteria Where you successful in isolating individual bacterial colonies with the T-Streak method? Colony: a visible mass of microbial cells originating from one cell. Mixed Culture Broth: 3 species of bacteria ◦ Med., pink-red, creamy colonies: Serratia marcescens ◦ Large, beige, dry-like colonies: Escherichia coli ◦ Small, pin-point or dot-like, white colonies: Staphylococcus epidermidis Mixed Culture Broth: 3 species of bacteria Serratia marcescens Escherichia coli Staphylococcus epidermidis Professor Diane Hilker Purpose: To become familiar with several staining procedures and to compare morphological features, such as size & shape of various bacteria. Today: 1. Wet Mount 2. Heat Fixation: required prior to staining 3. Simple Stain 4. Gram Stain 5. Review Stains: Endospore, Capsule & Acid-Fast Stains Wet Mount: observing living cells ◦ Motility and size of cells Place 1 drop dH2O on center of slide Using a sterile loop, remove a small amount of growth from the colony. Mix cells in the drop of H2O; spread to ½ inch Focus on edge of coverslip with Scan (dim light) Move toward center of slide Observe under Low & High Powers Slides will dry out quickly Wet Mount ◦ Bacteria: E. coli Must observe under 400x Very small & motile Looks like specks of sand Hard to discern shape Smaller than yeast & protozoa Instructor to provide demonstration & instructions Heat Fixation ◦ Done prior to staining a slide ◦ Done for 2 reasons: 1. Allows organism to attach to the slide 2. Kills bacteria by denaturing proteins ◦ Refer to Lab Manual for directions Instructor to provide demonstration & instructions Simple Staining ◦ Stain bacteria to make them more visible ◦ One reagent: Crystal Violet ◦ All cells will stain blue/purple ◦ Must be viewed under Oil-immersion Power ◦ Allows you to see: Shape Size Arrangement Shape & Arrangement Size: large or small cocci long or short rods/bacilli Staph.: cocci in clusters E.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative in Silico Analysis of Butyrate Production Pathways in Gut Commensals and Pathogens
    fmicb-07-01945 November 30, 2016 Time: 12:40 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 02 December 2016 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01945 Comparative In silico Analysis of Butyrate Production Pathways in Gut Commensals and Pathogens Swadha Anand†, Harrisham Kaur† and Sharmila S. Mande* Bio-Sciences R&D Division, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Pune, India Biosynthesis of butyrate by commensal bacteria plays a crucial role in maintenance of human gut health while dysbiosis in gut microbiome has been linked to several enteric disorders. Contrastingly, butyrate shows cytotoxic effects in patients with oral diseases like periodontal infections and oral cancer. In addition to these host associations, few syntrophic bacteria couple butyrate degradation with sulfate reduction and methane production. Thus, it becomes imperative to understand the distribution of butyrate metabolism pathways and delineate differences in substrate utilization between pathogens and commensals. The bacteria utilize four pathways for butyrate production with different initial substrates (Pyruvate, 4-aminobutyrate, Glutarate and Lysine) which follow a polyphyletic distribution. A comprehensive mining of complete/draft bacterial Edited by: genomes indicated conserved juxtaposed genomic arrangement in all these pathways. Joerg Graf, University of Connecticut, USA This gene context information was utilized for an accurate annotation of butyrate Reviewed by: production pathways in bacterial genomes. Interestingly, our analysis showed that Benoit Chassaing, inspite of a beneficial impact of butyrate in gut, not only commensals, but a few Georgia State University, USA gut pathogens also possess butyrogenic pathways. The results further illustrated Venugopal Reddy Venna, University of Texas Health Science that all the gut commensal bacteria (Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Butyrivibrio, and Center at Houston, USA commensal species of Clostridia etc) ferment pyruvate for butyrate production.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gram Positive Bacilli of Medical Importance Chapter 19
    The Gram Positive Bacilli of Medical Importance Chapter 19 MCB 2010 Palm Beach State College Professor Tcherina Duncombe Medically Important Gram-Positive Bacilli 3 General Groups • Endospore-formers: Bacillus, Clostridium • Non-endospore- formers: Listeria • Irregular shaped and staining properties: Corynebacterium, Proprionibacterium, Mycobacterium, Actinomyces 3 General Characteristics Genus Bacillus • Gram-positive/endospore-forming, motile rods • Mostly saprobic • Aerobic/catalase positive • Versatile in degrading complex macromolecules • Source of antibiotics • Primary habitat:soil • 2 species of medical importance: – Bacillus anthracis right – Bacillus cereus left 4 Bacillus anthracis • Large, block-shaped rods • Central spores: develop under all conditions except in the living body • Virulence factors – polypeptide capsule/exotoxins • 3 types of anthrax: – cutaneous – spores enter through skin, black sore- eschar; least dangerous – pulmonary –inhalation of spores – gastrointestinal – ingested spores Treatment: penicillin, tetracycline Vaccines (phage 5 sensitive) 5 Bacillus cereus • Common airborne /dustborne; usual methods of disinfection/ antisepsis: ineffective • Grows in foods, spores survive cooking/ reheating • Ingestion of toxin-containing food causes nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea; 24 hour duration • No treatment • Increasingly reported in immunosuppressed article 6 Genus Clostridium • Gram-positive, spore-forming rods • Obligate Anaerobes • Catalase negative • Oval or spherical spores • Synthesize organic
    [Show full text]
  • An Astrobiological Study of an Alkaline-Saline Hydrothermal Environment, Relevant to Understanding the Habitability of Mars
    An astrobiological study of an alkaline-saline hydrothermal environment, relevant to understanding the habitability of Mars A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Lottie Elizabeth Davis Department of Earth Sciences University College London March 2012 1 I, Lottie Elizabeth Davis confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Declaration Abstract The on going exploration of planets such as Mars is producing a wealth of data which is being used to shape a better understanding of potentially habitable environments beyond the Earth. On Mars, the relatively recent identification of minerals which indicate the presence of neutral/alkaline aqueous activity has increased the number of potentially habitable environments which require characterisation and exploration. The study of terrestrial analogue environments enables us to develop a better understanding of where life can exist, what types of organisms can exist and what evidence of that life may be preserved. The study of analogue environments is necessary not only in relation to the possibility of identifying extinct/extant indigenous life on Mars, but also for understanding the potential for contamination. As well as gaining an insight into the habitability of an environment, it is also essential to understand how to identify such environments using the instruments available to missions to Mars. It is important to be aware of instrument limitations to ensure that evidence of a particular environment is not overlooked. This work focuses upon studying the bacterial and archaeal diversity of Lake Magadi, a hypersaline and alkaline soda lake, and its associated hydrothermal springs.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on the Biotechnological Applications of the Operational Group Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens
    microorganisms Review A Review on the Biotechnological Applications of the Operational Group Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Mohamad Syazwan Ngalimat 1 , Radin Shafierul Radin Yahaya 1, Mohamad Malik Al-adil Baharudin 1, Syafiqah Mohd. Yaminudin 2, Murni Karim 2,3 , Siti Aqlima Ahmad 4 and Suriana Sabri 1,5,* 1 Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] (M.S.N.); radinshafi[email protected] (R.S.R.Y.); [email protected] (M.M.A.-a.B.) 2 Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] (S.M.Y.); [email protected] (M.K.) 3 Laboratory of Sustainable Aquaculture, International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Port Dickson 71050, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 4 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] 5 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +603-97698298 Abstract: Bacteria under the operational group Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (OGBa) are all Gram-positive, endospore-forming, and rod-shaped. Taxonomically, the OGBa belongs to the Bacillus subtilis species complex, family Bacillaceae, class Bacilli, and phylum Firmicutes. To date, the OGBa comprises four bacterial species: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus siamensis, Bacillus velezensis and Bacillus Citation: Ngalimat, M.S.; Yahaya, nakamurai. They are widely distributed in various niches including soil, plants, food, and water. A R.S.R.; Baharudin, M.M.A.-a.; resurgence in genome mining has caused an increased focus on the biotechnological applications Yaminudin, S.M..; Karim, M.; Ahmad, of bacterial species belonging to the OGBa.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Spores: Mechanisms of Stability and Targets for Modern Biotechnologies
    Review Article ISSN: 2574 -1241 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2019.20.003500 Bacterial Spores: Mechanisms of Stability and Targets for Modern Biotechnologies Andryukov BG1,2*, Karpenko AA3, Lyapun IN1, Matosova EV1 and Bynina MP1 1Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russia 2Far Eastern Federal University, Russia 3A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (NSCMB FEB RAS), Vladivostok, Russia *Corresponding author: Andryukov Boris G, Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), School of Biomedicine, Vladivostok, Russia ARTICLE INFO Abstract Received: August 09, 2019 Published: August 21, 2019 in two alternative states: vegetative and in the form of endospores, which are divided into Some gram-positive bacteria of the genus Bacillus spp. and Clostridium spp. can exist have been studied for a long time and yet they remain not fully recognized as objects of Citation: Andryukov BG, Karpenko AA, thetwo microworld.types: having These an outer resting shell (dormant) (exosporium) cells, and recognized not having as it. the Bacterial most stable controversies form of Lyapun IN, Matosova EV, Bynina MP. Bac terial Spores: Mechanisms of Stability - and Targets for Modern Biotechnologies. mainlife on distinguishing Earth, are formed feature in fromthe mother vegetative cell forms,with a andlack their of nutrients. life cycle The contributes extraordinary to the resistance of spores to extreme physical and chemical conditions of existence is the BJSTR. MS.ID.003500 Biomed J Sci & Tech Res 20(5)-2019. wide spread of spore-forming bacteria in various ecosystems. The unique properties Keywords: Bacterial Spores; Endospores; stateof bacterial for tens spores and hundreds cause increased of years.
    [Show full text]
  • Differential Staining of Bacteria Microbiology Lab 3 Exercise
    About Science Prof Online PowerPoint Resources • Science Prof Online (SPO) is a free science education website that provides fully-developed Virtual Science Classrooms, science-related PowerPoints, articles and images. The site is designed to be a helpful resource for students, educators, and anyone interested in learning about science. • The SPO Virtual Classrooms offer many educational resources, including practice test questions, review questions, lecture PowerPoints, video tutorials, sample assignments and course syllabi. New materials are continually being developed, so check back frequently, or follow us on Facebook (Science Prof Online) or Twitter (ScienceProfSPO) for updates. • Many SPO PowerPoints are available in a variety of formats, such as fully editable PowerPoint files, as well as uneditable versions in smaller file sizes, such as PowerPoint Shows and Portable Document Format (.pdf), for ease of printing. • Images used on this resource, and on the SPO website are, wherever possible, credited and linked to their source. Any words underlined and appearing in blue are links that can be clicked on for more information. PowerPoints must be viewed in slide show mode to use the hyperlinks directly. • Several helpful links to fun and interactive learning tools are included throughout the PPT and on the Smart Links slide, near the end of each presentation. You must be in slide show mode to utilize hyperlinks and animations. •This digital resource is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Tami Port, MS Alicia Cepaitis, MS Creator of Science Prof Online Chief Creative Nerd Chief Executive Nerd Science Prof Online Science Prof Online Online Education Resources, LLC Online Education Resources, LLC [email protected] [email protected] From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Image: Compound microscope objectives, T.
    [Show full text]