XII Conference Environmental 1186 • f uaytc el i epand y h edsmitc theory endosymbiotic the by explained is cells creation eukaryotic The evolution. of biological the of stage next the was body, human alia inter making cells i.e. nucleus), (containing cells eukaryotic prokaryotic forms – precursors of mitochondria aerobic The isolated. was nucleus cell and the size; its form, increased cell this the inside appeared vesicles inner Membranous folded. became membrane its and wall cell its lost cell prokaryotic primitive a ae ad hy ey fe rl bt or ie n dah Ti paper This death. and life presents themostinterestingexamplesofmicromastersEarth. our both rule often very they and rate, the assume oddest shapes, perform can various processes, proliferate bacteria, at a phenomenal namely creatures”, “small which in world The exist. to expected ever had one no that world the himself.was It by constructed microscope a under raindrop a in tails and legs their Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch tradesman, discovered small creatures waving van Antonie Just microorganisms. of existence the of aware not was 4 3 2 1 of theEarth? What arecommonfeaturesofthemicromasters Introduction cell is surrounded with a flexible cell wall, which along with the cell the with along which wall, cell flexible a with surrounded is cell cylindrical (e.g. cocobacilli and bacilli) and helical shapes. The bacterial microscope. Eubacteria exist in spherical (cocci and their combinations), andvariability diversity activity, of theirmetabolismandecologicaldistribution[1]. structure, specific their as well as was decisive in isolating this group from Plantae and Animalia kingdoms micrometers, depending on their taxonomical classification.several Thisto 0.5 from feature ranges cell bacterial of size The size. microscopic structure prokaryotic the of trace fossil the constitute photosynthesis, of process the in oxygen produce to able being organisms autotrophic – cyanobacteria of activities with connected was biogenic formation which years billion 3.4 about at dated rocks - Stromatolites ago. years billion 3.85 about formed rocks in discovered compounds being are life chemical of traces other First created. been and have could water which at temperature reaching the until cool getting gradually was surface Earth melted The of magma. ball lifeless a just was it beginning, very the At ago. years rkroe – rcros f chloroplasts of precursors – prokaryotes ee. oee, ni te 17 the until However, level. cellular the at linked strongly very are worlds our and beings, human we, than earlier much Earth the on dominated microorganisms that formed structurebyendosymbiosis[1,2].

process. photosynthesis the in used energy light absorbing chlorophylls – dyes ing Chloroplast – a cell organelle present at plants and eukaryotic algae contain- Mitochondrion–anenergeticcentre intheeukaryoticcell. live withincellsortissuesoftheother. does not make any harm to the second one), in which cells of one organisms and side one for favourable is which species two least at between teraction in- close of phenomenon (a symbiosis of type specific a – Endosymbiosis cells). human (e.g. cells eukaryotic for typical organelles cell other and the nucleus) as acts nucleoid as known molecule, DNA (spherical nucleus cell the Prokaryotic organisms – usually unicellular microorganisms whose cell lacks hps f atra cls a b osre truh n optical an through observed be can cells bacterial of Shapes their is indicates, name their as microorganisms, of feature The billion 4.6 about formed was planet our that estimated is It h ter epann te ie vlto o or lnt shows planet our on evolution life the explaining theory The Please citeas:CHEMIK2011,65,11,1182-1189 and Energy of Faculty the Environmental EngineeringattheSilesianUniversityofTechnology, at Biotechnology Gliwice Environmental of Department the – WĘGRZYN Anna Micromasters oftheEarth th etr AD, h wrd f scientists of world the A.D., century 1 of primitive forms. The creation of creation The forms. primitive of 4 etrd no newly a into entered – 3 – and photosynthetic 2 :

as mesosomes[1,4]. known membrane, cellular of invaginations in place takes respiration and long appendages present at the cell surface. The process of cellular thin are They fimbriae. or pilii as known formations include cells their of thegeneticmaterialpresentinbacterialcell[1,4]. nw a bceil hoooe Plasmids chromosome. bacterial as known also nucleoid, by possessed is types function its And nucleus. a different contain not with does cell cells prokaryotic the mentioned, these previously As on microscopes. of studies the to due examined the periplasmicspace[1,4]. called is peptidoglycan and membrane outer the between space The phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) making up its inner tissue. bacteria. Gram-positive of They also contain case an additional outer in membrane consisting of proteins, than murein of contain quantities bacteria lower Gram-negative of cells The 1884). in violet crystal with staining complex the perform to person first the was who Gram scientist Danish the of name the from (originating bacteria negative Gram- or Gram-positive of group a into bacteria classifying for basis the is This it. from leached or wall cell the inside retained are violet) crystal (e.g. dyes applied the layers, peptidoglycan of number the on Depending dyes. to sensitivity diversified a with connected is which wall. In their mass. cell walls, bacteria bacterium can contain whole different quantities the of Peptidoglycan (murein) is murein a fundamental substance of the bacterial cell of 25% about constitutes membrane 5 Bacterial lilliputiansandgiants to 1000μm,i.e.1mm.So,theyare visibletothenakedeye[8]. observed under a microscope. The length of bacterial cells reaches up – it was named due to its distinctive picture of sulphur globules in cells at Namibia coast, was described. when year, sediment That bottom the from isolated species, namibiensis 1999. Thiomargarita until science in bacteria known biggest the family and have a symbiotic relationship with their host [7]. They were the of fish tropical of intestines inside present are they as them spot to improbable quite 200to is it eye, naked the to from visible them ranges species mentioned 80 about is diameter their and μm 700 of first the to belonging or fishelsoni microorganisms havenotbeenexaminedindetailssofar[6]. However, these identified. also was μm 0.3 than smaller diameter a with ultramicrobacteria of group A [5]. children young in pneumonia bacterial atypical causes it health; human to hazardous is pneumoniae size the to corresponds cocci these of biggest viruses, of and their diameter size is up The to about 0.3 bacteria. μm. of type forms. bigger and smaller of representatives much The both present are there Bacteria, 1 μm (i.e. 10

ics andheavymetals, hasanabilitytoindependentreplication. antibiot- to genes resistance things, other among encodes, it cells, bacterial in occurs usually which molecule DNA circular usually small, a – Plasmid Bacteria usually move by means of cilia or mucous coats. Moreover, h utatutr o te ne pr o bceil el cn be can cells bacterial of part inner the of ultrastructure The The bacterial giants include such species as, inter alia, The diameter of a “standard” bacterial cell is estimated to be about . The length of microorganisms of length The namibiensis. Thiomargarita -6 m) and its length does not exceed 5 μm. In the kingdom genus [1] belong to the smallest the to belong [1] genus Mycoplasma Thiomargarita nr 11/2011 • tom65 m. Despite their size making size their Despite µm. 5 r adtoa elements additional are means “sulphur pearl” Acanthuridae Epulopiscium Mycoplasma

• • • • 6 Bacterial toughies • adaptations duringtheevolution.Theyinclude[10÷12]: specific numerous developed have they because conditions extreme extremophilic microorganisms. of examples the presents 1 Table [9]. substances radioactive with contaminated substances, toxic other and metals heavy of content deeps) (ocean high a with deserts) cold and (hot environments dry pressure extremely in or under hydrostatic high are of which influence environments continuous (brines), environments saline in (areas environments lakes), (sodium environments alkaline in pyrites), and sulphur in rich acidic strongly in rock-core), water, with (geysers boiling environments hot in and ice) frozen polar and (permanently sea ground, environments cold in – under conditions also but extreme environment, moderate a in only not growing are

Metalophiles Radiophiles Basophils philes Psychro mophiles Hyperther Halophiles Alkalophiles Acidophiles Types ofextremophilic microorganisms,theirscientificclassification logical parameters duetoefficientactionsoftheregulation mechanisms. bio fundamental of balance the maintain to organism an of ability the ess, Homeostatis - a definition related to the semi-regulation of biological proc - Group name: and protectivedyes. production of protective substances – exopolymers, biosurfactans and proliferationofcells proper transport of ions and biomolecules required for the growth membrane components providing the liquidity other and stability of membranes and and lipids membrane of composition suitable tions condi- living to adapted is which reactions biochemical of kinetics extreme environmentalconditions homeostasis the maintaining and energy accumulating of mechanisms specific very under proliferate and grow often can extremophiles The on are the The They the organisms Earth. bacteria most common tblt o srcua ad ucinl lmns f el under cells of elements functional and structural of stability - - saline environment(soil very hightemperature high levelofradiation concentration 2-5M) alkaline environment of heavymetals,e.g. high concentrations and proliferation acid environment low temperature 6 ofintercellularenvironmentandmetabolism nr 11/2011 • tom65 high pressure (>40MPa) Conditions for growth (pH ≤3.0) (pH ≥10) (<15°C) (>80°C) Hg, Pb and examples [9] reactors soil, nuclear contaminated wastewater, radioactive sea deeps water ocean andinland glacier ice,cold mountain soils polar andhigh- volcanic areas thermal outlets, underwater hydro hot springs, with heavymetals soil contaminated brines pounds, coastal Saline lakesand hot springs piles atcoalmines, carbonates soils saturatedwith sodium lakes, of presence Places - (soilconcentration Photobacterium sp. Deinococcus radio Thermus aquaticus Picrophilus torridus Microorganisms Halobacteriaceae Pyrolobus fumarii Rhodococcus sp. (T (pH Bacillus firmus (pH up to5.2M) Polaromonas (T max vacuolata opt Family durans opt opt = 113°C) = 4°C) =0.7) = 10.5) Table 1 - -

7 Bacterial suppressorsoftoxins without the transformation into an endospore stage scientists, particularly due to its ability among to survive in interest extreme conditions deep a generated radiation intense such to resistant bacterium a of discovery The beings. human to lethal dose the than higher times thousand 3 is that rads m 1.5 of dose radiation a endure an atomic bomb. According to the literature data, such microorganisms of disposal, watertreatmentanddesalination[15]. waste of systems efficient highly in applied also be can enzymes their for thermostable enzymes produced in such a way. Extremophiles and ready are industries (food) processing and agents) (cleaning chemical paper,The conditions. environmental particular or factors additional any require not does exposure its and gene the in encoded is feature thermostable the Thus, [16]. bacteria “standard” this by temperature utilize radioactiveindustrialwasteinthenearestfuture. for particularly importance, practical environmental protectionandmedicine. have also cognitive may and This scientific matters. regarding crucial be to seems mechanisms genetic material damaged by the radiation. The understanding of in these mechanisms specific of but also ultraviolet and X-rays. Further research revealed the existence radiation, ionizing of doses high tolerate only not do microorganisms from originating ferredoxins, as known proteins encodes which introduction gene the a of that interesting is It 100°C. above even stable are namely, the bacteria which grow and proliferate at high temperatures, biotechnological processes[15]. various in them use and methods engineering genetic of means by enzymes “standard” the modify or new construct to possible be would it environments, extreme in acting enzymes and of structure properties the of knowledge the having And exists. from enzymes isolated under enzymes conditions activity similar to the ones highest in which the the organism producing such of demonstrate molecules because protein application these reasonable be to the seems environment. microorganisms the cases, extremophilic of pH such acidic or In salts of concentration high pressure, and/or temperature processeshigh require enzymes by supported industrial some However, followers. more attracting and is more catalysis industrial the in application Enzymes [14]. reactionactivation their reducing by times thousand few a by even reactions biochemical specific accelerate which catalysts protein mainly are Enzymes [13]. interest greatest the draw extremophiles nptaee peatee atrcn) n peo derivatives phenol and anthracene) phenantrene, (naphthalene, biological degradation. to resistant are compounds these why is which them, decompose to and donothaveequivalentsofnaturalorigin. Many xenobiotics used by people are obtained from chemical synthesis [18]. transformations biochemical proper in role any play not does It not being a natural element of a living organism exposed to its impact. compoud foreign a is Xenobiotic xenobiotics. of name common the under known compounds of amount vast a with environment natural (T

ie ne etee odtos dogt lw eprtrs radiation), temperatures, low coated withathick wallwithslowmetabolism. (drought, conditions extreme under vive sur to enable which cells microorganims of forms dormant - Endospores opt ″a microscopic Rambo ″ [17] which can even survive the explosion of enccu radioduran Deinococcus is anticipated to be successfully used to used successfully be to anticipated is radiodurans Deinococcus All enzymes which were isolated from the thermophile bacteria, thermophile the from isolated were which enzymes All of cells by produced enzymes issues, utilitarian the Regarding rmtc opud, nldn plcci hydrocarbons polycyclic including compounds, Aromatic adjusted not have organisms the evolution, of process the in As Human industrial activities have resulted in the contamination of the = 37 = hrohl bcei into bacteria thermophile furiosus Pyrococcus o C) resulted in the production of protein resistant to high to resistant protein of production the in resulted C) el repairing cells radiodurans Deinococcus atru i a itrsig example interesting an is bacterium 7 . Moreover, these shrca coli Eschericha • 1187 -

XII Conference Environmental XII Conference Environmental 1188 • catechol isharmfulanddangeroustotheenvironment. European the to According skin. Union classification, phenol is strongly poisonous and toxic, whereas and system respiratory the to irritating are substances these of Solutions microorganisms. of cells are (catechol) pyrocatechol examples of and xenobiotic compounds undergoing decomposition in Phenol the [22]. energy of and source the carbon as xenobiotics use to able are conditions, chemical and physical favourable under which, microorganisms by pollution of elimination the on focusing been has research recent The way. effective and quick a in environment natural the from eliminated be • • • • • include [20,21]: hazard to health and life of living organisms. Their common features to producesyntheticresins,dyesandplastics[19]. synthesis organic in used are hand, other the on derivatives, Phenol medicines, dyes, others. many and materials explosive fertilizers, artificial detergents, polymers, produce as: to such used compounds, materials organic raw various and fuel hydrocarbons of They components gas. Aromatic the natural and are tar scale. coal oil, crude industrial from obtained usually an are on produced environmentand the to dangerous xenobiotics of group important arean chlorophenols), aminophenols, nitrophenols, (methylphenols, involves the participation of enzymes from an oxygenase group. In In group. oxygenase an from enzymes of participation the involves In the cells of microorganisms, the decomposition of aromatic structure o mn seis f atra sc a, ne alia, inter as, such bacteria, of Alcaligenes, species many for Fig. 1.Decompositionpathwayof phenolandcleavageofcatechol Considering the above properties, aromatic compounds should compounds aromatic properties, above the Considering both nearandfarawayfromthesourceofpollution. humans, and environment the to effects adverse induce to ability (due tomoderatevolatilityandslowrateofevaporation) ability to perform atmospheric transport at a considerable distance ism fromsubsequentstagesofthefoodchain) xenobiotic compounds in tissues, of particularly in amounts fat tissue, increasing by organ- of (accumulation bioaccumulate to ability humans andanimals) ability to induce toxic effects (disorders of the endocrine system in solubility inwater, affinitytofatsandlowchemicalreactivity) (low properties chemical and physical and F) or Br Cl, usually is X structure (frequent their presence of to bonds C–C, due C–H and C–X, environment where the of element every in stability their serious a pose compounds aromatic substituted Different h aoe ois r te ore f abn n energy and carbon of source the are toxins above The Burkholderia, Rhodococcus aromatic ring[24] n mn ohr eea [23]. genera other many and Pseudomonas,

cats and dogs, rarely people. Cutaneous Anthrax - black spots - has - spots black - Anthrax Cutaneous people. rarely dogs, and cats sometimes camels, horses, sheep, cattle, are: They disease. Anthrax the from suffer animals herbivorous Mainly disease. the of symptoms factor. These exotoxins are responsible for specific changes and clinical Bacterial killers 9 8 2-hydroxymuconic acid semialdehyde, which is then converted into into inter aliapyruvicacidintroducedintotricarboxylicacidscycle. converted then is which semialdehyde, acid 2-hydroxymuconic of formation the in results cleavage a Such sub-class. second the into hydroxyl following atom carbon with adjacent and group carbon between ring aromatic splitting dioxygenases catapulting bodies of people who died of plague into the area the into plague of died who people of bodies catapulting besieging Caffa’s while fortress (nowadays Ages, Feodosiya) in Middle 1346, the the Tatars In were retreat. the during battle-fields in left were diseases infectious of died who soldiers and horses example, For times. food, potablewater. Butitisalwaystargetedtowardshumans. targets of the bioterrorist attack (e.g. breed animals, agricultural crops, various be can There [25]. bioterrorism as defined is weapon frightful a as substances toxic active biologically or microorganisms pathogenic of use The hands. unauthorized into fall they if weapon deadly a into converted be can which species pathogenic also are However,there industrial sectors and which are helpful in the environmental protection. Earth on the light side of the force, which can be “employed” in different decomposed to acetyl-CoA introduced into the Kreb’s cycle results in the formation of an adequate hydroxylated carbon atoms belong to the first sub-class. Such a cleavage Intradiol enzymes participating identified. in been have dioxygenases of sub-classes two ring, aromatic of formed catechol [24]. Depending on the cleavage method of catechol whereas oxygen ring, cleavage the in water.involved to is aromatic reduced molecular Dioxygenase is other the of structure of the One into incorporated 1). is atoms (Fig. monooxygenase hydroxylation by undergoes phenol catalysed decomposition, of stage early the rtis P - PA proteins: bacilli The of [27]. substratum microbiological adequate an into them revealed anthraxendosporesdatedatabout200years. ParkAfrica) National (South Kruger from bones animal on studies the the ensuring acid dipicolinic example, For [1]. long-lived are they as temperature), high to resistance (such coats in present substances effects of the environment. Due to its multilayer structure and specific of The bacilli Gram-positive a is [26]. anthrax, – terrorists of Americans hands the in weapon of minds the into and media news the across victims (five people are said to have died of infections). The panic spread TomBrokaw, PostNBC. at journalist a incidental were workers office bioterrorism wastheactofsendinganthraxsporesinUSA2001. of example media by publicized and remarkable most The [25]. War) wanted to infect plant crops in the area of former USRR during the Cold USA (the crops wheat of destruction rust, cereal causing spores fungal of stocks and 1945) in Germans the on revenge of act period. At that time, anthrax bombs were constructed (to be used in an the terrorism attacks took place during World War II and in in the used post-war be to intended weapons biological of development biggest the

as theresultofbiting rats,squirrelsorothersmallmammals. ing (mainly rat fleas - most common is Bubonic plague. The infection is usually caused by a flea bit- negative Gram- of infection the by caused humans and animals of disease a – Plague break-down formedfromthedecomposition ofmonosaccharides. The Kreb’s cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) – the final pathway of metabolites , specifically its spores, resistant tounfavourable resistant spores, its specifically anthracis, Bacillus rdc a ey tog oi cnann three containing toxin strong very a produce anthracis Bacillus The bioterrorism has been known to our civilization since ancient ancient since civilization our to known been has bioterrorism The far,So the of micromasters of examples the on focused paper this h got o atrx ail ws bevd fe transporting after observed was bacilli anthrax of growth The The letters were addressed to inter alia Senator Tom Daschle and Yersinia pestis L - LF antigen, protective Xenopsylla cheopis) which had been previously infected cocobacilli from the family of ortho cleavage occurring between two nr 11/2011 • tom65 cis, cis -muconic acid which is then n E - EF and factor lethal pathway are classified classified are pathway meta Enterobacteriaceae. The Pucinia gramidis Pucinia 8 . Extradiol 9 [26]. But But [26]. oedema

the Earthwhilesearchinglifeinuniverse. on present than elements of system different completely a with planets observe can scientists the that means discovery is This oxide. that (III) arsenic arsenic is compound arsenic common most The organisms. of its chemical similarity to phosphorus, arsenic is poisonous to the majority (this will, however, be confirmed after conducting further tests). Despite structure DNA their in arsenic place to likely are microorganisms these more, is What process.[13]. metabolic their in arsenic with phosphorus as determined Bacteria USA). GFAJ-1 (the (from the State family California in Lake Mono of sediments salt-water the in made was discovery fascinating a 2010, In muscle paralysislastsuptoabout6months[30]. of result the as effect smoothing The years. recent of hit cosmetic a is wrinkles, reduce to toxin botulinum of concentrations low very of the inhibits (it production of perspiration in hyperhidrosis sweat glands). Botox, that is the or injection spasms eyelid squint, treat to used medicine and cosmetology. Applied in suitable doses, it is therapeutically theoretically dealwiththewholemankind[29]. only 1 μg/kg of body mass. It is estimated that 450 g of this toxin could botulinum by produced toxin - should botulinum as products disposed absolutely Such be covers. tin of protuberance the as observed to is bacilli exposed toxin botulinum fish of presence The and temperature. ambient meat the undercooked meat, with tins improperly sterilized in proliferate they when humans to dangerous become They sediment. sea and soil the in found be can they – are omnipresent they and anaerobes to belong bacteria These anthracis. Bacillus by produced one the than stronger considerably is exotoxin Its [28]. is WorldRecords, of with thehighestmortalityrate(about95%)[27]. Other animals. types of infected the infection are to Gastrointestinal and breeders Inhalation Anthrax sheep and cattle surgeons, veterinary i.e. people, expose may which professions the with connected strictly 21 Literature Summary Bacteria “outofthisworld” been the predominant type observed at infected people in the 20 y h dvriy f irognss ter dpaie blte and microorganism cells. abilities adaptative their microorganisms, biotechnological usefulness of enzymes, and even toxins, produced by of diversity the by amazed are scientists of generations next The iceberg. the of just tip the is This [32]. taxon specific a to attributed and laboratory the in cultured be to estimated bacteria are nature in present microorganisms all of of number total of demonstrate the capability of 0.001-0.1% the to merely According data, secrets. literature their keep jealously ecosystems. micromasters global the The inhabit that bacteria of percentage minor a barely know still we us, surrounding world micro the of description 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. st century – 95% (the mortality rate is about 20%). Transmission20%). about is rate mortality is (the 95% – century Still, people made use of even such a strong toxin. It is applied in applied is It toxin. strong a such even of use made people Still, Book Guinness in top the at classified bacteria, lethal most The http://www.naukowy.pl/encyklopedia/Ultramikrobakterie, access:7.08.2011. access: 27.08.2011. http://www.zakazenia.org.pl/index.php?okno=7&id=109&art_type=10, Kunicki-Goldfinger W.: Życiebakterii.PWN, Warszawa 2001. 27.08.2011 http://www.nauka.gildia.pl/ludzie_nauki/antoni_van_leeuwenhoek; access: sition frombacterialtoeukaryoticgenomes. MicrobiologyToday 2004,31. Margulis L.: Schlegel H.G: coherent the provide to aiming research of years many Despite The world of microorganisms has amazed scientists more than once. has extremely strong effects; its lethal dose for humans is humans for dose lethal its effects; strong extremely has Serial endosymbiotic theory (SET) and composite individuality. Tran- Mikrobiologia ogólna.PWN,Warszawa 2005. nr 11/2011 • tom65 Clostridium botulinum Clostridium Halomonadaceae) were isolated. They substituted in vitro growth. Nowadays, less than 1% - bacilli of botulinum toxin botulinum of bacilli - Clostridium th and

26. 25. 28. 27. 24. 29. 23. 11. 32. 31. 30. 22. 21. 20. 13. 12. 10. 9. 8. 7. 19. 18. 17. 15. 14. 16. water treatment. E-mail: [email protected]. at theManagementBoardofPolish AssociationofChemicalEngineers. she is also involved in works of the Environmental Protection Topic operating Technologyof University Silesian Biotechnology at the Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering at the Environmental of Department the at studies postgraduate has the she doing been 2006 Since Microorganisms). and Plants of Biotechnology major: Biology,(specialization: Silesia of University the at Protection Environmental http://www.pm.microbiology.pl/web/archiwum/bioterroryzm.html, logii 2005,44-1,63-70. 2007, 61,513-518. Epidemiol. Przegl. patogeniczne. i epidemiologiczne etiologiczne, aspekty – http://nasze-choroby.pl/?act=statki&arty=902&opt=czytaj&id=552, html, access:28.08.2011. http://www.strony.univ.gda.pl/~bioakk/bioterroryzm2/bioterror_historia. access: 28.08.2011. drobnoustroje. przez aromatycznych związków rozkładu ilc . Mdzwk R.: Modrzewska D., Bielec access: 28.08.2011. Wojcieszyńska D., Greń I., Łabużek S.: Łabużek I., Greń D., Wojcieszyńska Biotechnologia 1991,3-4,90-101. Research interests include microbiology and biological methods of waste- and Biology of Faculty the from graduated M.Sc., – WĘGRZYN Anna cja insitu(FISH).Post. Mikrobiol.2006, 45(3), 183-193. stosowane w ekologii mikroorganizmów wodnych – fluorescencyjna hybrydyza- I.: Zmysłowska A., Skowrońska ziora-mono.read, access:29.08.2011. http://www.polityka.pl/nauka/natura/1511148,1,nowa-zywa-forma-z-je- 29.08.2011. http://www.wprost.pl/ar/143960/Twarz-bez-twarzy/?I=1351, access medical andpublichealthmanagement.JAMA2001,8(285),1059-1070. Arnon S.S. i in.: Łabużek S.: Warszawa 1998. Morís-VarasD.C., Demirjian F., C.S.: Cassidy tinue tomovethegoalposts.Environ.Chem.2006,3,77-93. Pakchung A.A Microbiol. 2006,157,37-48. E.J.: Javaux tial resources.J.Biosci.Bioeng.2002,94,518-525. V.,Bresler W.L.,Montgomery Pollak P.E.:L., Fishelson Chmiel A.: European JournalofLipidScienceandTechnology 2000,45-60. H.: Fiedler the Arctic.Toxicology Letters2000,112-113,87-92. Burkow I.C., Kallenborn R.: M.: Fikus Berg J.M.,StryerL.,Tymoczko J.L.:Biochemia.PWN.Warszawa 2007. Curr. Opin.Chem.Biol.2006,5(2),144-151. Fujiwara S.: Kosmos: 2006,55(4),307-320. TurkiewiczM.: 27.08.2011. access: http://www.naukowy.pl/encyklopedia/Thiomargarita_namibiensis, 1998, 5601-5611. Bacteriol.: J. DNA. of Segregation and Quantity ment. Complex with Correlates fishelsoni, Epulopiscium terium, Arrange- in Patterns McMurry J.: PWN, Warszawa 2002. Walker C.H., Hopkin S.P., Sibly R.M., Peakal D.B.: http://archiwum.wiz.pl/2001/01020500.asp, access:24.08.2011. M.: Koton-Czarnecka 1997, Purif. Expr.179-184. Protein furiosus. Pyrococcus from polymerase H.P.:Erickson C., Lu pl/1996/96122800.asp#PE, access:24.08.2011. ida Żce 96 1, http://archiwum.wiz. 12, 1996, Życie i Wiedza Ekstremofile. Biotechnologia. Podstawy mikrobiologiczne i biochemiczne. PWN, Res. beyond. possibly and present past, — Earth on life Extreme Persistent organic pollutants – chemical identity and properties. and identity chemical – pollutants organic Persistent Biodegradacja struktury aromatycznej fenoli przez drobnoustroje. Extremophiles: developments of their special function and poten- Chemia organiczna.PWN,Warszawa 2000. .H., Simpson P.J.L., Codd R.: Life Public health management botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: Drobnoustroje psychrofilne i ich biotechnologiczny potencjał. biotechnologiczny ich i psychrofilne Drobnoustroje Expression in Escherichia coli of the thermostable DNA thermostable the of coli Escherichia in Expression ida Żce 01 2 2001, Życie i Wiedza Rambo. Mikroskopijny Sources and transport of persistent pollutants to arce ae kebsay dwij dziś i dawniej kiełbasianym jadem Zatrucie Despite her research and academic works, academic and research her Despite Współczesne metody identyfikacji bakterii identyfikacji metody Współczesne Dioksygenazy – kluczowe enzymy kluczowe – Dioksygenazy on Earth. Extremophiles con- Enzymes from extremophiles. from Enzymes Podstawy ekotoksykologii. Gigantism in a Bac- a in Gigantism Postępy Mikrobio Postępy • 1189 180(21), 11(2), -

XII Conference Environmental