DOCSLIB.ORG

Háziasítás (Zöldág

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Háziasítás (Zöldág 2019.09.26. UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE - BUDAPEST DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL BREEDING NUTRITION AND LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE SECTION FOR ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS Gene effects, Mendelian exceptions László Zöldág prof. emer. Mendel’s laws in simple inheritance (for monogenic traits!) Preconditions: monogenic, single locus, location on different chromosomes, not X-linked! 1. Homozygosity of parents • 2. Uniformity and reciprocity (criss-cross) in F1 generation: – identity of genotype and phenotype in case of homozygous parents, – independently which of parents carries the dominant or the recessive genes. • 3. Segregation in F2 generation (1:2:1, 3:1): reappearance of parental characteristics in F2 generation • 4. Independent and free segregation and new combinations of genes at diff. loci (9:3:3:1 segregation in case of two loci): inter-chromosomal or Mendelian recombination in mono-, di-, tri- and polyhybrid crossings. 1 2019.09.26. Exceptions for Mendelian Rules: Terminology • Varied expressivity of dominant genes (white spotting and grey colour in horses, epigenetics) • Incomplete penetrance of dominant genes (%, canine JKD) • Multiple alleles, allelic polymorphism (on the same locus) • Epistasis (interlocal interaction of genes, coat colours - oligogenie) – Complementary or epistatic oligogenie (comb types of fowl, coat colours) • Genetic heterogeneity (mimic genes, diff. genotypes the same phenotype) • Linkage and crossing over (intrachromosomale recombination) • Pleiotropy (dosage effect or linkage, „side” effects of genes, Polledness in goats, lethal genes, FecX in sheep) • Sex-X(Z)-linked inheritance (sexing, auto-sexing chicks, X-linked diseases) • Uniparental inheritance (genomic imprinting, maternal inheritance – mtDNA) Changes in gene effects: Mendelian inheritance is not true (?) • Expressivity of genes: – Varied manifestation of dominant genes in heterozygotes, and recessive genes in homozygotes. – Varying expression of the same gene in individual phenotype is possible. • Explanation: mRNA transcription and translation (transcription factors, epigenetics). • By chance phenomenon: migration of melanocytes during embryonic development. – Examples: grey colour in horses, white colour and white spotting in more species (horses and dogs). 2 2019.09.26. Grey-horses (G-, varying expressivity with age) Thoroughbred-Arab „White” horse (Shagya) Dapple grey Flea bitten (Lipizzan) (Hung. Sporthorse) Tobiano and Overo white spotting (varying expressivity of dominant gene in Paint/Pinto horse breeds: Tobiano homozygote/heterozygote (To/To; To/to) Overo homozygote/heterozygote (O/O; O/o) 3 2019.09.26. Varying gene-expressivity of white (p, piebald) spotting in dogs (English Bulldog, Landseer, Pyrenean Shepherd, The same genotype: spsp) Epigenetics • Epigenetics, epigenomics: changes, modifications to DNA in gene expression and transcriptions. Not DNA-based inheritance: – Transcription factors. – (miRNA). – Influence of cytoplasmatic factors on nuclear DNA • DNA-methylation, acetylation, • histone modifications and associations to DNA, • cell memory. – Individual and transgenerational inheritance and environmental effects: acquired characteristics (not DNA- based) can be inherited through cell memory for 2-3 generations. – X-chromosome inactivation, maternal effects, environmental effects (nutrition) – Genomic imprinting (uniparental inheritance): gene inactivation, gene silencing: regulation, switching on and off of gene expressions in gametes. 4 2019.09.26. Changes in gene effects: Mendelian inheritance is not true (?) • Penetrance of genes: – Differences of the dominant gene in heterozygotes. – Penetrance may be complete (100%) or – Incomplete (?%), percentage at population level. – Example: JKD, juvenile kidney disease of dogs, histology positive, clinical signs only 5-10%). Dominance with incomplete penetrance (Example: JRG, Juvenile Renal Dysplasia in dogs) • Many breeds of dogs are affected with JRD, common phenotype: characterized by immature glomeruli, and/or tubules. • Penetrance refers to the population frequency that the phenotype (or some characteristics of the disease) is observed. • If, for example, the penetrance is 75%, then the chances of offspring to develop a disease are 3 out of 4. • In the case of JRD, the penetrance is low. – Estimated to be about 2-5% (max 10%). – Therefore only a small number of individuals with the mutation will show clinical signs of the disease. • However, they can pass the disease on to their offspring (dominance!). • This is why a genetic test is crucial to manage JRD; this is the only way to eliminate this disorder. 5 2019.09.26. Changes in gene effects: Mendelian inheritance is not true (?) • Multiple alleles, allelic series, allelic variants = polymorphism on the same locus; serial genes – allelic variants in order of dominance or co-dominant inheritance. – One pair (gene – allele) in an organism (on homologous chromosomes). – Increase of combinations in populations. – Examples: colour inheritance, albinism (alleles: C, cch , ch, cb, c), blood group systems, MHC haplotypes etc.) – SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism = point mutation): very common sort of multiple alleles. Genotype (DNA) polymorphism (more allelic variants on the same locus at population level) • Prerequisite for variability and diversity of populations! • General feature of genome and individuals, detectable: – In genotype: chromosome structures and molecular level (genes, alleles, microsatellites etc) and – in phenotype: colour, biochemical constituents, proteins and enzymes, blood groups. • Co-dominant inheritance: blood groups, proteins, enzymes. • Gene/allele (coding DNA sequences): polymorphic systems based frequently on SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism = point mutations). • Microsatellites (not coding, inactive DNA sequences): polymorphism on different number of repeating units. 6 2019.09.26. Polymorphic „c” alleles of C-locus (tyrosinase), allelic series in dominance hierarchy in rabbits: C: normal pigment synthesis cch: chinchilla ch=cs: Himalayan, Siamese, colourpoint California rabbits (heat sensitive tyrosinase, OCA2) cb: blue-eyed albinism c: true or red-eyed albinism (OCA1) OCA = oculocutaneous albinism Polymorphic „c” alleles of C-locus (tyrosinase), allelic series in dominance order in cats: C: normal pigment synthesis (tabby) ch=cs: Himalayan, Siamese, colourpoint cats (heat sensitive tyrosinase, OCA2) cb: blue-eyed albinism c: true or red-eyed albinism (OCA1) 7 2019.09.26. Alleles and genotypes of locus C: cch, cs (=ch), cb, c. (heat sensitive tyrosinase variants, colourpoints, Siamese, Himalayan cats, Albinism) cscs, Siamese cscs, Himalayan cc: red-eyed albino • Allelic polymorphism and varying gene expression (in age, pups are born dark!) • A (agouti, agouti signaling protein, ASIP): polymorphic alleles, dominance hierarchy: Ay > Aw or A+> at > a. Colours: DNA-test. – Ay, fawn/sable (yellowish, reddish, darker tips), – aw or a+: wild, wolf colour, pale grey, banded; – at: black and tan, tan points; saddle or blanket; at at or ata – aa: only recessive black (Shetland Sheepdog and German Shepherd). 8 2019.09.26. Phenotype polymorphism (gene products, proteins) • Colour inheritance: in a single locus more than two allelic variants, polyallelism, allelic or gene polymorphism (agouti and albino locus, tyrosinase mutations) • Blood groups: blood group systems (in a system more than two alleles or factors) • Biochemical (protein and enzyme) polymorphic systems: albumin, transferrin, lactoferrin, alpha-, beta- and kappa-caseins, LDH, GPX etc. • MHC (major histocompatibility complex, immunsystem, HLA, LA, human leukocyte antigen, BLA, bovine): linked groups/units of polymorphic genes, haplotypes, inherited as „single gene or locus” – MHC class I: β2-microglobulins, – MHC class II: B-lymphocytes and macrophage’s histoglobulins, presentation of antigens to T-lymphocytes, – MHC class III: complements, heat shock proteins, TNF: tumour necrosis factor Changes in gene effects: Mendelian inheritance is not true (?) • Epistasis (modifiers): epistatic/hypostatic relation of genes at different loci (interlocal interaction of genes) frequently at coat colours (oligogenie). • Epistasis - complementary or epistatic oligogenie: comb types of fowl, coat colours e.g. – Combless (bdbd), – Combed (BdBd, Bredas fowl breed): • rose (R), • pea (P), • walnut (R-P-) and • simple (rrpp) comb 9 2019.09.26. Epistatic relation (interlocal interaction) between three gene loci (grey, G, agouti, A, and extension- melanokortin receptor, E) • Epistasis (modifiers): epistatic/hypostatic relation of genes at different loci (interlocal interaction of genes) frequently at coat colours (e.g. grey colour of horses, G) Varied gene expressivity of grey colour: territorial/ age (dapple grey, flea bitten grey) Interlocal interactions: G- and A-/aa locus A-/G-/E- ee/G- aa/G-/E- G- and E-/ee locus Complementary or epistatic oligogenie: comb types and forms of fowl: loci included: combed (Bd) from Bredas breed; rose (R), pea (P), walnut (R-P-) and simple (rrpp) comb. Possible genotypes (3 gene loci included), allelic combinations: Combless: bdbd Combed: BdBd rose (BdBd; R-/pp), walnut (BdBd; R-/P-), pea (BdBd; rr/P-), simple (BdBd; rr/pp). 10 2019.09.26. Changes in gene effects: Mendelian inheritance is not true (?) • Genetic heterogeneity (mimic genes, different genotypes - the same or similar phenotype): – frequently at genetic diseases (COL, collagen diseases - dermatosparaxis, PRA, progressive retinal atrophy of dogs, colours etc).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • List of Horse Breeds 1 List of Horse Breeds
    List of horse breeds 1 List of horse breeds This page is a list of horse and pony breeds, and also includes terms used to describe types of horse that are not breeds but are commonly mistaken for breeds. While there is no scientifically accepted definition of the term "breed,"[1] a breed is defined generally as having distinct true-breeding characteristics over a number of generations; its members may be called "purebred". In most cases, bloodlines of horse breeds are recorded with a breed registry. However, in horses, the concept is somewhat flexible, as open stud books are created for developing horse breeds that are not yet fully true-breeding. Registries also are considered the authority as to whether a given breed is listed as Light or saddle horse breeds a "horse" or a "pony". There are also a number of "color breed", sport horse, and gaited horse registries for horses with various phenotypes or other traits, which admit any animal fitting a given set of physical characteristics, even if there is little or no evidence of the trait being a true-breeding characteristic. Other recording entities or specialty organizations may recognize horses from multiple breeds, thus, for the purposes of this article, such animals are classified as a "type" rather than a "breed". The breeds and types listed here are those that already have a Wikipedia article. For a more extensive list, see the List of all horse breeds in DAD-IS. Heavy or draft horse breeds For additional information, see horse breed, horse breeding and the individual articles listed below.
    [Show full text]
  • Show Spur Steel Gold Silver Bronze Platinum Diamond Spur Spur
    Corporate Partner Program Show Spur Steel Spur Bronze Spur Silver Spur Gold Spur Platinum Spur Diamond Spur the purpose of breeding superior colored horses. The registry they About PtHA created is the basis of what is The Pinto horse originated in the wild herds to develop a stockier now known as the Pinto Horse Spain and was introduced to North and heavier muscled horse that Association of America Inc. America by Spanish and other would be more suited to the rugged It took several years and several European explorers. and arduous conditions. more organizations to form today’s The Spanish explorers brought Often referred to as piebald or PtHA. Tired of the discrimination over Barb horses that had been skewbald horses in literature about Pintos received in the show ring, crossed with other European breeds the Wild West, the Pinto horse Kay Heikens, Helen Hammond and including Russian and Arabian was a favorite among American other Pinto lovers decided to start strains, which are thought to give cowboys and Native Americans. a new organization and registry. the horses their color patterns. Many famous Pintos include The determined group finalized When the Spanish herds were Tonto’s Scout, Little Joe’s Cochise their hard work on May 18, 1956, brought to North America, these and Frank Hopkins’ Hidalgo. in New Jersey when the PtHA was horses mixed with the wild horses The Pinto Horse Association incorporated. and were later domesticated by the started from a grassroots movement Today, the Pinto Family Native Americans. to selectively breed horses for good encompasses more than 47,000 Later, when the West was being color and conformation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Color Breed 2017 Ptha Youth Judging Contest
    the Color Breed 2017 PtHA Youth Judging Contest Youth from all over the nation gathered at the Built Ford Tough Livestock Arena for the 4th annual Youth Judging Contest. Participants judged Western Pleasure, Ranch Riding, Western Horsemanship, Western Riding, Hunter Under Saddle, Hunt Seat Equitation, Halter Performance Geldings and Halter Performance Mares classes. Not only did participants judge classes they also gave reasons for selected classes. The Youth Judging Contest, held in conjunction with the Pinto World Championship, consisted of team competition and individual competition. This year there were over 10 teams that competed. photo by: Pinto Horse Association Illinois Quarter horse took the top spot Above: the Illinois Quarter Horse Team in the Senior Youth Overall division and Below: Chouteau Team the Chouteau team became the overall winner within the Junior Youth division. The top teams took home Gist Silversmith belt buckles, trophies and several plaques. The PtHA would like to say a big thank you to all of those who donated their time to exhibit their horse during the Youth Judging Contest. This event would not be possible without members’ support and willingness to volunteer. Congratulations to all 2017 Youth Judging Contest Winners! TODAY’s ClAsses, Tomorrow’s CHAMPIONS 28 OP - Hunter Over Fences In-Hand, Miniature 7:30 a.m. Arena 1 29 OP - Hunter Over Fences In-Hand, B Mini 1 YA Jr - English Pleasure, ST/HN Type Horse 30 OP - Hunter Over Fences In-Hand, Solid Miniature/B Mini 2 YA Sr - English Pleasure, ST/HN Type Horse
    [Show full text]
  • Iowa Pinto Horse Association Spring Fling Iowa Equestrian Center, Cedar Rapids, Iowa April 30Th, May 1-2, 2021 Trisha Shorten, Butch Watson, Tina White (NSBA)
    Iowa Pinto Horse Association Spring Fling Iowa Equestrian Center, Cedar Rapids, Iowa April 30th, May 1-2, 2021 Trisha Shorten, Butch Watson, Tina White (NSBA) FRIDAY CLASSES 10:00 am 60. Pinto Horse Overo Color SUNDAY CLASSES (8:00 AM Start) 1. Pinto Ranch Pleasure 62. Pinto Horse Tobiano Color 116. ABO 18 & U Western Showmanship 2. Am Ranch Pleasure 117. ABO 19 & O Western Showmanship 3. Solid Ranch Pleasure 20 MIN BREAK 118. YA 10&U W/T Western Showmanship 1,2 4. ABO 18 & U Ranch Pleasure 62. ABO Pleasure Driving 119. YA 11-18 W/T Western Showmanship 1,2 5. ABO 19 & O Ranch Pleasure 63. AM Pinto Horse Pleasure Driving 120. AM W/T Western Showmanship 6. ABO W/T Ranch Pleasure – All Ages 64. Pinto Horse Pleasure Driving 121. Nov AM Western Showmanship 1 7. Mule Ranch Pleasure 65. AM Reinsmanship 122. Nov YA Western Showmanship 1 8. Donkey Ranch Pleasure 66. Pinto Solid Reg Yearling LL 123. YA 13&U Western Showmanship ** 9. ABO 18 & U Ranch Riding 67. AM Yearling LL 124. AM Sol. Reg Western Showmanship** 10. ABO 19 & O Ranch Riding 68. Pinto Yearling LL 125. YA Solid Reg Western Showmanship 11. Pinto Ranch Horse Riding** 126. YA 14 -18 Western Showmanship ** 12. Am Ranch Horse Riding 30 MIN RIDING BREAK 127. AM Jr. Western Showmanship** 13. Solid Reg. Ranch Horse Riding 69. ABO YA Leadline 8 & U 128. AM Sr/Elite. Western Showmanship** 14. ABO Yearling LL 70. YA 8&U Leadline 129. ABO 18&U English Showmanship 15.Pinto Ranch Trail 71.
    [Show full text]
  • And PHBA Horses, Established for Over 60 Years with Over 80,000 Horses and Over 90,000 Memberships Recorded
    PHBA offers these Golden Benefits The Golden Palomino Horse for You and your Palomino Horse: • PHBA provides a permanent registry for Palomino and PHBA Horses, established for over 60 years with over 80,000 horses and over 90,000 memberships recorded. 15253 E. Skelly Drive Tulsa, OK 74116-2637 • PHBA maintains computerized records of registra- tions, transfers of ownership, and the halter, perfor- mance and race records of Palomino horses. 918-438-1234 918-438-1232 fax • PHBA publications include Palomino Horses Magazine, The PHBA Rule Book, and an informative website: www.palominohba.com PHBA website at www.palominohba.com. email: [email protected] • Nearly 600 Palomino Hosre Shows are approved annually by PHBA. • Annual PHBA World Championship Horse Show and Youth World Championship Horse Show in Tulsa, OK PHBA AFFILIATE PALOMINO ASSOCIATIONS which attract thousands of entries from the all areas of PHBA has a network of over thirty-five Affiliate Palomino the United States, Canada, and from other countries. Associations (APA). These APAs link the member to the PHBA on a state or regional level. APAs host horse shows, he modern day Palomino Horse • PHBA offers national-level awards including ROMs, fund raising projects, clinics, futurities, and family activities. hashas a legacylegacy toto followfollow andand a Superiors, Championships, Supreme Championships, Tpromise to fulfill. This golden horse, Your local Honor Roll (Year-End National High Point), and more. who was the choice of ancient emper- PHBA Affiliate Palomino Association is: • PHBA Incentive Program rewards owners of nomi- ors, kings and queens, the beloved nated stallions and their nominated PHBA-registered steed in Greek mythology, the subject foals for PHBA points earned in Open and/or Amateur Horse Shows.
    [Show full text]
  • EQUINE COAT COLORS and GENETICS by Erika Eckstrom
    EQUINE COAT COLORS AND GENETICS By Erika Eckstrom Crème Genetics The cream gene is an incomplete dominant. Horse shows a diluted body color to pinkish-red, yellow-red, yellow or mouse gray. The crème gene works in an additive effect, making a horse carrying two copies of the gene more diluted towards a crème color than a horse with one copy of the gene. Crème genes dilute red coloration more easily than black. No Crème Genes One Crème Gene Two Crème Genes Black Smokey Black Smokey Crème A Black based horse with no "bay" A Black horse that received one copy A Black horse that received one copy gene, and no dilution gene, ranging of the crème dilution gene from one of the crème gene from both of its from "true" black to brown in of its parents, but probably looks no parents, possessing pink skin, blue eyes, and an orange or red cast to the appearance. different than any other black or brown horse. entire hair coat. Bay Buckskin Perlino A Black based horse with the "bay" Agouti gene, which restricts the A Bay horse that received one copy A Bay horse that received one copy of black to the mane, tail and legs of the crème dilution gene from its the crème gene from both of its (also called black "points") and no parents, giving it a diluted hair coat parents, and has pink skin, blue eyes, a ranging in color from pale cream, cream to white colored coat and a dilution gene. gold or dark "smutty" color, and has darker mane and tail (often orange or black "points".
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 9 Te Horse Industry
    Unit 9 Te Horse Industry OBJECTIVES KEY WORDS ¾ Discuss the history of horses and their colt points role today. dorsal stripe pony draft horse stallion ¾ Identify common breeds of horses and equine withers ponies, and their characteristics. feathers ¾ Discuss the use of equine for work and feral recreational uses. filly ¾ Locate the parts of the horse. foal gelding ¾ Identify horse colors and markings. hands light horse mare 113 Many people love horses. But just because people enjoy working with horses, does that mean they are suited for a horse-related career? More than likely, the answer is yes. In fact, an enthusiasm for horses is a tremendous bonus. However, the horse industry is very diverse, and the various jobs in the horse industry require diferent types of education, skills and interests. Some jobs require a college education, but many do not. Also, some jobs require a high level of horsemanship, while other jobs require a better ability to work with people than animals. Te equine industry is a multimillion dollar enterprise. Te business is more than just horses—it encompasses feed, tack and equipment, SAE IDEA publications, veterinary care, advertising, clothing, education, and Exploratory many other fields that are either directly or indirectly afected by the Coordinate and conduct equine industry. a horse safety camp. History of the Horse Industry Horses are, quite literally, the maker of legends. From Alexander the Great’s Bucephalus to Walter Farley’s mythical black stallion, people have seen the horse as the embodiment of freedom, power, strength, beauty, and nobility. Te scientific name for the modern domesticated horse is Equus caballus.
    [Show full text]
  • CORPORATE PARTNER OPPORTUNITIES ABOUT Ptha®
    CORPORATE PARTNER OPPORTUNITIES ABOUT PtHA® The Pinto horse originated in a stockier and heavier muscled purpose of breeding superior Spain and was introduced to North horse that would be more suited to colored horses. The registry they America by Spanish and other the rugged and arduous conditions. created is the basis of what is European explorers. Often referred to as piebald or now known as the Pinto Horse The Spanish explorers brought skewbald horses in literature about Association of America Inc. over Barb horses that had been the Wild West, the Pinto horse It took several years and several crossed with other European breeds was a favorite among American more organizations to form today’s including Russian and Arabian cowboys and Native Americans. PtHA. Tired of the discrimination strains, which are thought to give Many famous Pintos include Pintos received in the show ring, the horses their color patterns. Tonto’s Scout, Little Joe’s Cochise Kay Heikens, Helen Hammond and When the Spanish herds were and Frank Hopkins’ Hidalgo. other Pinto lovers decided to start brought to North America, these The Pinto Horse Association a new organization and registry. horses mixed with the wild horses started from a grassroots movement The determined group finalized Pinto Horse Association of America, Inc. and were later domesticated by the to selectively breed horses for their hard work on May 18, 1956, Native Americans. good color and conformation. in New Jersey when the PtHA was 7330 NW 23rd Street • Bethany, OK 73008 Later, when the West Several horsemen in the incorporated. (405) 491-0111 • (405) 787-0773 fax was being tamed, the 1930s formed the Pinto Today, the Pinto Family pioneers had to cross Horse Society encompasses more than 54,000 www.pinto.org their refined European with the members and 157,000 horses, horses with the ponies and miniatures.
    [Show full text]
  • AHP Style Guide for Equine Publications
    AHP Style Guide for Equine Publications A “A” License USTA “A” Tracks, “B” Tracks USTA A, AA, AAA, AAAT, B AAEP, American Association of Equine Practitioners A-B-C racing USTA AjPHA, American Junior Paint Horse Association ACE – acetylpromazine ACHA – American Cutting Horse Association AFA – American Farriers Association AHSA – American Horse Shows Association AI – artificial insemination ANHA – American Novice Horse Association, Cowboy Publishing Group APHA, American Paint Horse Association APHA Champion APHA Youth Champion Award APHA Superior All-Around-Horse Award APHA Superior Event Horse Award APHA Supreme Champion Award APHA World Championship Show ApHC, Appaloosa Horse Club AQHA, American Quarter Horse Association ASHA, American Saddlebred Horse Association ATPC, American Team Penning Association a half-mile track a five-eighths-mile track a three-quarter-mile track Academy – Upper case when in a proper name (The Academy of Arts and Sciences). Lower case on a second reference (the academy had a meeting). Avoid second references such as “The Cleveland academy.” accommodate account wagering Betting by phone, in which a bettor must open an account with a track or off-track agency. A euphemism for phone betting. Such systems should be identified as telephone-account wagering in the first reference. accoutrements acknowledgment acre – use numbers, 4-acre pasture acey-deucy Uneven stirrups, popularized by Racing Hall of Fame jockey Eddie Arcaro, who rode with his left (inside) iron lower than his right to achieve better balance on turns. Acronyms Letters that take the place of words or phrases that are pronounced as words. For instance, NYRA is an acceptable second reference for the New York Racing Association.
    [Show full text]
  • Horse Course # 50 - the American Paint Horse
    Horse Course # 50 - The American Paint Horse Assignment (All ages): Week number 16...Define the following 10 vocabulary words. Be able to list the 3 coat patterns of the American Paint Horse breed. Be able to explain the difference between pinto and paint. 1. Chrome...a term used to describe flashy white on a horse. 2. Color.......In the paint world...a term meaning that the horse has a spotting pattern. (The opposite of solid) 3. Loud.......a term meaning the horse has lots of “color” 4. Solid.......a horse with no spot pattern 5. Breeding Stock...A horse that would be eligible for registration as a Paint except that it is born a solid color and doesn’t have any white spot markings. They can be registered as paint breeding stock so if they give birth to a spotted foal, the foal can be registered 6. Paint...a spotted horse whose parents are registered as American Quarter Horse, American Paint Horse or Thoroughbred. 7. Pinto...a spotted horse of any breed (except the leopard spot) 8. Leopard spotting (leopard complex) ...A coat pattern where there is white patterning with spots that tend to be symmetrical (round) (The appaloosa horse) Three examples of Leopard Spot 9. Cropout...A spotted foal that is born to two solid-colored parents... usually within a breed that doesn’t allow spotted coloration. Example...Two registered Quarter horses produce a spotted foal....that would be a cropout foal. 10. Lethal White...Lethal White Overo Syndrome happens when a foal is homozygous (OO) for the frame overo gene.
    [Show full text]
  • Determining Breeds, Color, Markings, Size and Age
    CHAPTER 3: DETERMINING BREEDS, COLOR, MARKINGS, SIZE AND AGE What is a breed? A breed is a group of animals with a common origin. Each group, or breed, has definite breed characteristics not commonly found in other breeds. These characteristics are fixed in the genetic makeup of the breed and will be passed from parents to offspring. Many 4-H’ers can identify Chevrolets or Fords by body styles. You can recognize horse breeds the same way. Some popular pleasure breeds include Quarter Horse, Arabian, Appaloosa, Morgan, Thoroughbred, American Saddle Horse and Paint Horse. Popular pony breeds for smaller riders are Shetland, Welsh and Pony of the Americas (P.O.A.). Horses that are crossbred are produced from mating two or more breeds and on Table 1 there is more information about other breeds of horses. When you learn to recognize breed characteristics, you can identify if a horse is a Thoroughbred, Arabian or Quarter Horse. You will soon be able to tell when certain breed characteristics appear in crossbred horses. You are not required to purchase a purebred or registered horse for a 4-H project. Select a healthy, sound, well-mannered horse. As you learn more about horses, you may begin to prefer one breed over another. Remember every breed has good points, but no matter what its breed, your horse can only be as good as your ability to handle it. Owning a horse is an expensive commitment, requires time and is a big responsibility. Before buying a horse, keep in mind: • the rider’s age, size, interest and riding style, • the family’s knowledge of horses, • available facilities, and • what you can afford.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies of Genetic Variation at the Kit Locus and White Spotting Patterns in the Horse
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2006 STUDIES OF GENETIC VARIATION AT THE KIT LOCUS AND WHITE SPOTTING PATTERNS IN THE HORSE Samantha Ann Brooks University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Brooks, Samantha Ann, "STUDIES OF GENETIC VARIATION AT THE KIT LOCUS AND WHITE SPOTTING PATTERNS IN THE HORSE" (2006). University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations. 479. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/479 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSRACT OF DISSERTATION Samantha Ann Brooks The Graduate School University of Kentucky 2006 STUDIES OF GENETIC VARIATION AT THE KIT LOCUS AND WHITE SPOTTING PATTERNS IN THE HORSE ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Agriculture At the University of Kentucky By Samantha Ann Brooks Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Ernest Bailey, Department of Veterinary Science Lexington, Kentucky 2006 Copyright © Samantha Ann Brooks 2006 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION STUDIES OF GENETIC VARIATION AT THE KIT LOCUS AND WHITE SPOTTING PATTERNS IN THE HORSE There are numerous different white spotting patterns in the horse, including two of particular interest tobiano and sabino. In the mouse, genetic variation in the gene KIT causes many white spotting patterns.
    [Show full text]