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Vânia Catarina Vieira Baptista Influence Of VÂNIA CATARINA VIEIRA BAPTISTA INFLUENCE OF OCEANOGRAPHY AND LARVAE BEHAVIOUR ON RECRUITMENT OF TEMPERATE FISHES: THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICS-BIOLOGY LINKS TO MANAGE FISHERIES AT A LOCAL SCALE UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia 2019 VÂNIA CATARINA VIEIRA BAPTISTA INFLUENCE OF OCEANOGRAPHY AND LARVAE BEHAVIOUR ON RECRUITMENT OF TEMPERATE FISHES: THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICS-BIOLOGY LINKS TO MANAGE FISHERIES AT A LOCAL SCALE Doutoramento em Ciências do Mar, da Terra e do Ambiente (ramo Ciências dos Mar, especialidade em Ecologia Marinha) Trabalho efetuado sob orientação de: Prof. Dra. Maria Alexandra Teodósio Dr. Francisco Leitão Prof. Dr. Eric Wolanski UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia 2019 DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP INFLUENCE OF OCEANOGRAPHY AND LARVAE BEHAVIOUR ON RECRUITMENT OF TEMPERATE FISHES: THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICS- BIOLOGY LINKS TO MANAGE FISHERIES AT A LOCAL SCALE I declare to be the author of this work, which is original and unpublished. Authors and works consulted are duly cited in the text and are included in the list of references. Declaro ser a autora deste trabalho, que é original e inédito. Autores e trabalhos consultados estão devidamente citados no texto e constam da listagem de referências incluída. i © Vânia Catarina Vieira Baptista, 2019 A Universidade do Algarve tem o direito, perpétuo e sem limites geográficos, de arquivar e publicitar este trabalho através de exemplares impressos reproduzidos em papel ou de forma digital, ou por qualquer outro meio conhecido ou que venha a ser inventado, de o divulgar através de repositórios científicos e de admitir a sua cópia e distribuição com objetivos educacionais ou de investigação, não comerciais, desde que seja dado crédito ao autor e editor. ii SUPPORT Funding Vânia Catarina Vieira Baptista was funded by a PhD grant (Reference: SFRH/BD/104209/2014) from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia). Institutional support This work would not be possible without the support from the following Institutions: Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve (CCMAR) Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA, I.P.) iii iv “We all come from the sea, but we are not all of the sea. Those of us who are, we children of the tides, must return to it again and again, until the day we don't come back leaving only that which was touched along the way.” (Chasing Mavericks) v vi Aos meus pais vii viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Ao logo destes quatros muitas pessoas contribuíram param para a realização deste projeto. Gostaria de deixar um agradecimento especial… …aos meus orientadores: Prof. Alexandra Teodósio por aceitar ser minha orientadora, por ter acreditado em mim, pelo apoio, por todos os desafios que me colocou aos longo destes quatro anos e pelas oportunidades que me deu, ainda um agradecimento especial pela força e coragem nos momentos mais difíceis, e pela amizade; Dr. Francisco Leitão por ter acreditado em mim, por me proporcionar oportunidades de desenvolver a minha carreira como investigadora, por me ter lançado este desafio de fazer um Doutoramento e por todo o apoio; to Prof. Eric Wolanski for having accepted to co-supervise this project, it was an honour for me to have him as supervisor, and for all the knowledge that he transmitted to me. …to Claudio Carere, for helping me within the ‘world’ of animal personality, it was a pleasure to work with you. Grazie mille!!! …aos investigadores e técnicos do Estação Piloto de Piscicultura de Olhão (EPPO) – Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA, Portugal), em especial: à Dra. Laura Ribeira pela ajuda no planeamento das experiências com as larvas de peixe (um mundo novo para mim); ao Dr. Pedro Pousão pela disponibilização de espaço para a realização das experiências e de larvinhas; à Sara Castanho, Marisa Barata e Tetyana Urshulyak por todo apoio no decorrer das experiências, eu sei que por vezes era um peso extra nas vossas tarefas diárias (não foi por mal). …ao Pedro Morais, o colega com que partilhava comigo a secretária minúscula e que nos “trocou” pelas Américas mas que nunca deixou de estar presente. Pela importante contribuição nesta tese, por ter acreditado em mim e pelo incentivo. Mas mais importante, muito obrigada por me fazeres crescer como cientista, pelo rigor, pelos emails com artigos ao fim-de-semana e pelas críticas, por vezes duras, cheguei a ter “medo” de abrir os teus emails e foram muitas as vezes em que (como podes imaginar) revirava os olhos aos teus “pedidos”. No fim valeu a pena. Obrigada por me teres “obrigado” a apresentar o meu trabalho no CERF nos Estados Unidos. Muito obrigada por tudo. …aos colegas do ECOREACH: Joana Cruz, pela ajuda, pelas correções, pelo incentivo e motivação, por todo o apoio e mais importante pela paciência e amizade; à Inês Cerveira pela ajuda nas correções, pela companhia na experiência que foi a conferência (CERF) nos Estados ix Unidos, pela experiência de pescar corvinas americanas no Sado, e pela amizade (depois compenso com sopinha e arroz de atum com tomate); à Maria das Tartarugas que me mostrou o mundo das tartarugas de São Tomé; ao João Encarnação pela ajuda com algumas imagens; e a todos os restantes colegas que foram passando pelo nosso grupo ao longo destes 4 anos. …à Prof. Ana Barbosa, pelas fantásticas sugestões e ajuda nas correções e também pela boa disposição, é impossível não ficar contagiada. …aos meus pais por terem acreditado sempre em mim e nas minhas escolhas, por me terem enchido de força, por estarem sempre comigo nos bons e nos maus momentos, sem eles não teria sido possível concluir mais esta etapa do meu caminho. …à minha irmã Rita por ter acreditado em mim e pela força que me deu. …à restante família, avós, tios e primos, por acreditarem em mim, pela força que me deram e pela compreensão das ausências em eventos familiares. …aos amigos Guida, Fábio, Soraia, Ricardo, Arminda, João e Léa, pela motivação, força, coragem e por terem acreditado em mim. E aos amigos da segunda geração, a minha princesa Maria “Sardinha”, ao Simão, ao Francisco, ao João Martim e à mais recente princesa Mariana, pelos mimos que me deram que se transformaram em força (foi doloroso não poder estar presente em alguns dos grandes momentos). …à Pipas, bióloga marinha de macacos, a primeira pessoa que conheci na Licenciatura em Biologia Marinha (na UALg, 2006) e que até hoje, mesmo com o Atlântico entre nós, mantemos uma grande amizade. Obrigada também pelas correções e sugestões …à Vanessa Afonso, por ter aparecido na minha vida numa altura importante, pela grande amizade, por me dar também na cabeça quando é preciso, e pela companhia nas aventuras por este mundo fora. …à Sónia Ribeiro, uma grande amiga que sempre me deu força e que nunca deixou de acreditar em mim (os teus abraços são uma fonte energia). …às moças do Pilates, Sofia, Ana, Nélia e Filipa, pela companhia e amizade, por me divertirem e me fazerem sair de casa nesta última fase. …e a todas as pessoas que passaram na minha vida durante estes quatros anos, e que de alguma forma deixaram o seu contributo para a realização deste desafio. x ABSTRACT A central question in the ecology of fishing resources is understanding the mechanisms behind recruitment variability. This thesis aimed to analyse the factors responsible for recruitment variability of two economically relevant species, in Portugal, white seabream (Diplodus sargus) and two-banded seabream (Diplodus vulgaris). The temporal variability in sea surface temperature (SST) was studied over specific regions of the Portuguese coast, along the last decades. The effects of changes in environmental variables and fishing pressure on these resources were evaluated, using a multi-model approach. Swimming capabilities of fish larvae and their behavioural responses to environmental cues, potentially relevant for the selection of nursery areas and recruitment, were determined using Ria Formosa coastal lagoon and white seabream as a case study. The analysis of SST during the period 1980-2010 showed a generalized warming along the Portuguese coast, with region- and season-variable tendencies. The effects of environmental and fishing variability on the landings were species-specific, and also varied depending on region and season. The swimming ability of white seabream larvae, as well as their exploratory activity, increased during ontogeny. However, this species did not select any of the environmental stimuli tested. The exploratory behaviour of white seabream larvae presented consistent individual differences throughout ontogeny, indicating that the personality traits emerge early in their life cycle.The integration of these results into an individual-based model showed that both the location of spawning sites and directional swimming capabilities are important determinants of the ingress success of white seabream into a nursery area, as the Ria Formosa lagoon. Thus, the integration of region- and season-specific oceanographic and fishing processes, as well as fish larvae behaviour and dispersion modelling, and supported climate change scenarios, are required for improving the estimates of fish recruitment. Keywords: dispersion; swimming performance; habitat choice; environmental variability; fisheries xi xii RESUMO Uma questão central na ecologia dos recursos pesqueiros é compreender os mecanismos que causam variabilidade no recrutamento. Esta tese teve como objetivo analisar os fatores responsáveis pela variabilidade do recrutamento de espécies economicamente relevantes em Portugal, o sargo-legítimo (Diplodus sargus) e a safia (Diplodus vulgaris). A variabilidade na temperatura da superfície do mar (SST) foi estudada em regiões específicas da costa portuguesa nas últimas décadas. Os efeitos das alterações nas variáveis ambientais e da pescada nestes recursos foram avaliados, usando uma abordagem multimodelo. As capacidades natatórias das larvas de peixe e as suas respostas comportamentais às pistas ambientais, potencialmente relevantes para a seleção de zonas nursery e recrutamento, foram determinadas utilizando a Ria Formosa e o sargo-legítimo como estudo de caso.
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