UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK THE UMGUNGUNDLOVU SDF TEAM Mandisa Khomo, Nosipo Ntanzi JUNE 2014 Jan van der Vegte, Khavin Sivenandan Email: [email protected] Tel: 033 897 1262 SUPPORTED BY
Postnet Suite 75, Private Bag X3 Westville, 3630 Email: [email protected] Tel: 031 262 7014
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 6. SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK...... 74 1.1. INTRODUCTION...... 1 6.1. INTRODUCTION ...... 74 1.2. THE UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY ...... 1 6.2. MOVEMENT SYSTEMS ...... 76 1.3. THE REQUIREMENT FOR A SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK ...... 4 6.3. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE BASE ...... 77 1.4. THE 2007 SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK ...... 6 6.4. AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE BASE ...... 80 1.5. CONTENT OF THE SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK ...... 6 6.5. NODAL DEVELOPMENT ...... 81 6.6. CORRIDOR DEVELOPMENT ...... 84 2. PLANNING FRAMEWORKS AND POLICIES ...... 7 6.7. INFRASTRUCTURE AND HOUSING DEVELOPMENT ...... 87 2.1. INTRODUCTION...... 7 6.8. PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER ...... 88 2.2. SPATIAL PLANNING FRAMEWORKS ...... 7 2.3. THE NATIONAL STRATEGIC PLANNING CONTEXT ...... 12 7. IMPLEMENTATION ...... 89 2.4. THE PROVINCIAL STRATEGIC PLANNING CONTEXT ...... 16 7.1. INTRODUCTION ...... 89 7.2. THE DISTRICT CAPITAL INVESTMENTS FRAMEWORK...... 89 3. CURRENT REALITIES ...... 20 7.3. THE STRATEGIC SPATIAL PROJECTS ...... 89 3.1. INTRODUCTION...... 20 7.4. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ...... 91 3.2. THE LAND ...... 20 7.5. GUIDELINES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCHEMES ...... 91 3.3. THE PEOPLE ...... 25 3.4. THE FACILITIES ...... 36 8. WAY FORWARD AND CONCLUSION ...... 92 3.5. THE INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 37 3.6. ECONOMIC RESOURCES ...... 38
4. KEY INFORMANTS ...... 48 ANNEXURES 4.1. INTRODUCTION...... 48
4.2. TOWARDS 2050 - A LONG TERM SPATIAL VIEW ...... 48 4.3. SPATIAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TRENDS ...... 55 ANNEXURE 1 – RESPONDING TO GUIDELINES 4.4. THE STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ...... 58 ANNEXURE 2 – MAP BOOK 4.5. ALIGNMENT WITH LOCAL AND REGIONAL SPATIAL FRAMEWORKS ...... 60 ANNEXURE 3 - ALIGNMENT
5. SPATIAL VISION, OBJECTIVES AND GOALS ...... 61 5.1. INTRODUCTION...... 61 5.2. SPATIAL PRINCIPLES ...... 61 5.3. PRINCIPLES SUPPORTED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE 2007 SDF ...... 62 5.4. A SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT VISION ...... 63 5.5. PROPOSED 2014 SPATIAL OBJECTIVES AND GOALS (OR STRATEGIES)....63
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LIST OF TABLES LIST OF DIAGRAMS
TABLE 2.1: THE PROVINCIAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN: GOALS, DIAGRAM 2.1: THE 2006 NATIONAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE ...... 7 OBJECTIVES AND INTERVENTIONS ...... 17 DIAGRAM 2.2: NATIONAL INRASTRUCTURE PLAN PERSPECTIVE ON SPATIAL TABLE 3.1: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION ON DIFFERENT LAND TYPES ...... 30 DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION ...... 8 TABLE 3.2: CLASSIFICATION OF SERVICE CENTRES / URBAN AREAS ...... 40 DIAGRAM 2.3: THE VISION FOR THE DURBAN-GAUTENG FREIGHT CORRIDOR ...... 9 TABLE 3.3: MAJOR COMPANIES IDENTIFIED AND SURVEYED 2012...... 42 DIAGRAM 2.4: PROPOSED NATIONAL SCHEME FOR SPATIAL TARGETING ...... 9 TABLE 3.4: SUMMARY OF LAND REFORM PROJECTS IN THE UMGUNGUNDLOVU DIAGRAM 2.5: MAJOR PROJECTS LISTED IN THE 2012 KZN GROWTH AND DISTRICT ...... 46 DEVELOPMENT PLAN ...... 11 TABLE 4.1: 2050 POPULATION AGE DISTRIBUTION FOR MEDIUM GROWTH SCENARIO DIAGRAM 3.1: UMGUNGUNDLOVU SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ...... 25 ...... 52 DIAGRAM 3.2: 2011 POPULATION DISTRIBUTIONS IN MUNICIPALITIES OF TABLE 4.2: ADDRESSING THE 2011 TO 2050 HOUSING NEED ...... 53 UMGUNGUNDLOVU ...... 29 TABLE 4.3: A COMPARATIVE 2010 ECONOMIC STRUCTURE (GVA IN RM) ...... 53 DIAGRAM 3.3: 2011 POPULATION DISTRIBUTIONS IN MUNICIPALITIES OF TABLE 4.4: IMPACT OF VARIOUS ECONOMIC GROWTH RATES ON DISTRICT GVA (RM) UMGUNGUNDLOVU (EXCLUDING MSUNDUZI) ...... 29 (2010 TO 2050) ...... 54 DIAGRAM 3.4: PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION ON DIFFERENT LAND TABLE 4.5: 2010 AND 2050 STRUCTURE AND VALUE OF ECONOMY IN GVA (RM) ...... 54 TYPES ...... 32 TABLE 4.6: UMGUNGUNDLOVU SUSTAINABILITY OBJECTIVES FROM SEA 2013 ...... 59 DIAGRAM 3.5: MUNICIPAL POPULATION GROWTH 2001 TO 2011 ...... 33 TABLE 7.1: PRELIMINARY LIST OF STRATEGIC SPATIAL PROJECTS / INITIATIVES...... 90 DIAGRAM 3.6: UNEMPLOYMENT LEVELS IN THE DISTRICT AND MUNICIPALITIES .... 35 TABLE 8.1: SECTION 21 OF SPLUMA – CONTENT OF MUNICIPAL SPATIAL DIAGRAM 3.7: 2011 STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY BASED ON GVA CONTRIBUTION DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK...... 92 PER SECTOR ...... 41 DIAGRAM 3.8: 2011 MUNICIPAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO GVA ...... 41 DIAGRAM 3.9: ANNUAL GVA SECTOR GROWTH RATES FOR SELECTED PERIODS ..... 42 DIAGRAM 3.10: DISTRIBUTION OF LISTED WHOLESALE AND RETAIL BUSINESSES IN
UMGUNGUNGDLOVU ...... 47 DIAGRAM 4.1: 2030 AND 2050 POPULATION GROWTH FOR THREE SCENARIOS...... 50 DIAGRAM 4.2: SCENARIO 2 - RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION GROWTH ...... 50 DIAGRAM 4.3: 2011 UMGUNGUNDLOVU POPULATION PYRAMID ...... 51 DIAGRAM 4.4: 2050 UMGUNGUNDLOVU POPULATION PYRAMID ...... 51 DIAGRAM 4.5: CURRENT AND PROPOSED 2050 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSING TYPES52 DIAGRAM 6.1: MOVEMENT SYSTEMS ...... 76 DIAGRAM 6.2: ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE BASE...... 77 DIAGRAM 6.3: AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE BASE...... 81 DIAGRAM 6.4: NODAL DEVELOPMENT ...... 82 DIAGRAM 6.5: CORRIDOR DEVELOPMENT...... 85 DIAGRAM 6.6: INFRASTRUCTURE AND HOUSING DEVELOPMENT ...... 87 DIAGRAM 6.7: UMGUNGUNDLOVU SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK ...... 88
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LIST OF MAPS
MAP 1: UMGUNGUNDLOVU IN THE REGIONAL CONTEXT ...... 2 MAP 2: UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT MAP ...... 3 MAP 3: THE 2013/4 ETHEKWINI SDF ...... 11 MAP 4: SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK GUIDELINES AS REFLECTED IN 2012 PGDP ...... 19 MAP 5: DISTRIBUTION OF INGONYAMA TRUST BOARD LAND IN THE DISTRICT ...... 31 MAP 6: POPULATION GROWTH PER ANNUM PER WARD IN UMGUNGUNDLOVU 2001 TO 2011 ...... 34 MAP 7: UMGUNGUNDLOVU AGRICULTURAL LAND CAPABILITY ...... 45 MAP 8: OBJECTIVE 1 - ROLE IN TERMS OF NATIONAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES...... 66 MAP 9: OBJECTIVE 2 - IMPROVED ACCESS TO TOWNS AND VILLAGES FOR RESIDENTS ...... 68 MAP 10: OBJECTIVE 3 - IMPROVED LEVELS OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND HOUSING .... 70 MAP 11: OBJECTIVE 4 - LAND FOR ANTICIPATED GROWTH ...... 72 MAP 12: OBJECTIVE 5 - MAINTAIN AND RESTORE NATURAL RESOURCE BASE ...... 73 MAP 13: THE 2007 UMGUNGUNDLOVU SDF – THE STARTING POINT ...... 75
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. INTRODUCTION 1.2. THE UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY
This Spatial Development Framework for the Umgungundlovu District Umgungundlovu District Municipality is one of the most dynamic development (Umgungundlovu SDF) will guide spatial development planning and regions in the South African context accommodating a Provincial Capital City implementation in this region for the period 2014 to 2019. It is the intention to located on the primary national movement corridor stretching between Gauteng provide this short term guidance based on longer term spatial development and the Port of Durban. It already has well-established and growing, industrial, objectives focusing on the year 2030 and beyond. In this way it is ensured that tourism and agricultural sectors and is home to a diverse mix of people. the focus is not only on the short term, but that longer term development impacts are also considered in short term planning.
The Umgungundlovu SDF is based on a sound understanding of not only the local spatial development status quo, but also with due consideration of the national and provincial policy context, the local spatial planning proposals and an understanding of a development dynamics in the District as a whole. A number of available plans and studies should be viewed as component parts of this SDF, most notably the Strategic Environmental Assessment (Umgungundlovu 2012), and the Spatial Economic Assessment (Umgungundlovu 2012).
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MAP 1: UMGUNGUNDLOVU IN THE REGIONAL CONTEXT
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MAP 2: UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT MAP
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1.3. THE REQUIREMENT FOR A SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT 1.3.3. A LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENT FRAMEWORK The Municipal Systems Act (Act 32 of 2000) requires each Municipality to This Spatial Development Framework for the Umgungundlovu District develop a Spatial Development Framework. The requirements of an IDP as Municipality has been based on: reflected in the Section 2.4 of the Regulations (No 796 of 2001) are reflected below. A spatial development framework reflected in a municipality's integrated . A strategic planning requirement; development plan must- . A coordination requirement; and . A legislative requirement. a) give effect to the principles contained in Chapter 1 of the Development Facilitation Act, 1995 (Act No. 67 of 1995); 1.3.1. A STRATEGIC PLANNING REQUIREMENT b) set out objectives that reflect the desired- spatial form of the municipality; c) contain strategies and policies regarding the manner in which to achieve the A SDF is required to enable the District Municipality to make strategic decisions objectives referred to in paragraph (b), which strategies and policies must- regarding future development. As alluded to in the legislation the focus of the (i) indicate desired patterns of land use within the municipality; SDF is to provide a strategic spatial planning base to guide future development (ii) address the spatial reconstruction of the municipality; and in the District. A strategic approach is required as spatial development: (iii) provide strategic guidance in respect of the location and nature of development within the municipality; . Impacts on the longer term and social, physical, economic and d) set out basic guidelines for a land use management system in the municipality; environmental implications of longer term planning must be considered; e) set out a capital investment framework for the municipality's development . Is dependent on the optimal and sustainable utilization of a range of scarce programs; resources, including land, finance and natural capital; and f) contain a strategic assessment of the environmental impact of the spatial . Is central to transforming the South African urban and rural landscape development framework; formed by 150 years of colonial and apartheid planning. g) identify programs and projects for the development of land within the municipality; 1.3.2. A COORDINATION REQUIREMENT h) be aligned with the spatial development frameworks reflected in the integrated development plans of neighbouring municipalities; and A SDF is required to insure the coordination of development in general, but also i) provide a visual representation of the desired spatial form of the municipality, specifically spatial development. The SDF is the most basic tool enabling local which representation: government to fulfill the function of coordinating development. (i) must indicate where public and private land development and infrastructure investment should take place; (ii) must indicate desired or undesired utilisation of space in a particular area;
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(iii) may delineate the urban edge; j) identify the long-term risks of particular spatial patterns of growth and (iv) must identify areas where strategic intervention is required; and development and the policies and strategies necessary to mitigate those risks; (v) must indicate areas where priority spending is required. k) provide direction for strategic developments, infrastructure investment, promote efficient, sustainable and planned investments by all sectors and Chapter 4 of the Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act (SPLUMA), indicate priority areas for investment in land development; Act No 16 of 2013, confirms the requirement for Municipalities to prepare an SDF l) promote a rational and predictable land development environment to create and indicates: trust and stimulate investment; m) take cognizance of any environmental management instrument adopted by . What the SDF should specifically address; the relevant environmental management authority; . The content of an SDF; and n) give effect to national legislation and policies on mineral resources and . Approach to the preparation of a SDF. sustainable utilisation and protection of agricultural resources; and o) consider and, where necessary, incorporate the outcomes of substantial public Section 12(1) of the Act indicates that national and provincial spheres of engagement, including direct participation in the process through public government and each municipality must prepare spatial development meetings, public exhibitions, public debates and discourses in the media and 50 frameworks that— any other forum or mechanisms that promote such direct involvement. a) interpret and represent the spatial development vision of the responsible sphere of government and competent authority; b) are informed by a long-term spatial development vision statement and plan; c) represent the integration and trade-off of all relevant sector policies and plans; d) guide planning and development decisions across all sectors of government; e) guide a provincial department or municipality in taking any decision or exercising any discretion in terms of this Act or any other law relating to spatial planning and land use management systems; f) contribute to a coherent, planned approach to spatial development in the national, provincial and municipal spheres; g) provide clear and accessible information to the public and private sector and provide direction for investment purposes; h) include previously disadvantaged areas, areas under traditional leadership, rural areas, informal settlements, slums and land holdings of state-owned enterprises and government agencies and address their inclusion and integration into the spatial, economic, social and environmental objectives of the relevant sphere; i) address historical spatial imbalances in development;
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1.4. THE 2007 SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 1.5. CONTENT OF THE SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK
The 2007 Spatial Development Framework of the Umgungundlovu District This Spatial Development Framework includes eight sections with Section 6 Municipality guided spatial planning and development in the period 2008 to presenting the 2014-2019 Spatial Development Framework of the 2013. The 2007 Spatial Development Framework highlighted a number of Umgungundlovu District. development objectives and by applying the principles of the National Spatial Development Perspective and the Provincial Spatial Economic Development The sections in the document include: Strategy (PSEDS) to the district context, a hierarchy of nodes connected by a range of development corridors was recommended. The following elements are . Section 1 – Introduction: Providing the background to the District and this reflected on in the 2007 SDF of the Umgungundlovu District Municipality: initiative. . Section 2 – Planning Frameworks and Policies: Considering national, . Development nodes; provincial and regional planning frameworks and policies impacting on . Development corridors; future development and specifically spatial development in the District. . Agricultural priority areas; and . Section 3 – Current Realities: Highlighting spatial, social, physical and . Strategic water production areas. economic features of the District impacting on spatial development planning. This 2014 Review of the SDF reviews and builds on the base as established . Section 4 – Key informants: Considering key informants providing guidance through the 2007 SDF planning process. to spatial planning process in the District, most notably long term growth projections, spatial economic trends and strategic environmental issues. The 2007 SDF was submitted as an Annexure to the 2013/14 Integrated . Section 5 – Spatial Vision, Objectives and Goals: Establishing the policy and Development Plan of the Umgungundlovu District. Based on this submission strategic framework for the development of the Spatial Development the MEC for Cooperative Government and Traditional Affairs submitted Framework. comments for consideration by the District in the preparation of the 2014 . Section 6 – Spatial Development Framework: Providing an overview of the Review of the SDF. The comments, and the extent to which these are addressed various components contributing to the structuring of the spatial in this document is reflected on in Annexure A attached. Annexure A also development framework. comments on alignment with other national and provincial guidelines including: . Section 7 – Implementation: Reflecting on the approach to implementing this Spatial Development Framework . Section 21 of SPLUMA; and . Section 8 – Way Forward and Conclusions. . Provincial SDF Guidelines.
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2. PLANNING FRAMEWORKS AND POLICIES
2.1. INTRODUCTION 2.2. SPATIAL PLANNING FRAMEWORKS
This section considers Umgungundlovu’s location in the national and provincial 2.2.1. NATIONAL FRAMEWORKS spatial economy and how this unique location will in future impact on District spatial development. Future development and specifically spatial development National spatial development frameworks have been considered in various in the District will also take place within a very specific policy context established reports and publications over the past decade in substantial detail. The most by primarily national and provincial government policies, strategies and plans. significant of these publications was the 2006 Spatial Development Perspective Understanding this policy and planning context is of utmost importance as this (The Presidency Republic of South Africa 2006), followed by a series of national will determine where the resources of both national and provincial government economic and industrial policies. The diagram below then clearly illustrates that will be focussed in the medium term future (up till 2030). the eThekwini / Pietermaritzburg conurbation is viewed as similar in nature to the Gauteng and Western Cape nodes. Based on the above, this section considers Umgungundlovu District in the context of: DIAGRAMCore regions 2.1 :and THE key 2006spatial NATIONA-economic linkagesL SPATIAL outside DEVELOPMEN South Africa’s mainT PERSPECTIVE metropolitan regio ns First set of Geo Spread priorities (proposed) Diversified mining regions Mining enclaves . National and provincial spatial frameworks; 1 Rustenburg 1 Lephalale 9 2 Potchefstroom-Klerksdorp 2 Phalaborwa 1 . National strategic planning (the 2012 National Development Plan); and 3 Witbank-Middelburg-Secunda 3 FS Goldfields 2 4 Sishen-Kuruman Export-oriented regions 1 4 . Provincial strategic planning (the 2012 Provincial Growth and Development 5 Aggenys-Springbok 4 Nelspruit-Baberton 3 West Coast: alluvial 5 Empangeni-Richards Bay 6 diamonds Strategy). 2 6 East London Gauteng 7 Nelson Mandela- Uitenhage 10 8 Vredenburg-Saldanha 4 3 Populous core regions (high 13 14 5 population in relation to econ. base) 15 11 9 Polokwane-Tzaneen 5a 10 Newcastle-Dundee 6 5b Ethekwini/ PMB 11 Midlands (Estcourt-Mooi River) 12 Umtata- Port St Johns 12 Population Established service regions (for 2 000 000 Surrounding mining, tourism & agriculture) 1 800 000 population (within 1 600 000 15 km of boundary) 6 1 400 000 13 Upington 8 1 200 000 1 000 000 Population within 14 Kimberley 7 800 000 designated area 16 600 000 (2001 census) 15 Bloemfontein 400 000 Cape 200 000 16 Oudtshoorn-Garden Route 0 Town Economic “Base” Mining/ energy linkages 1 5 10 20 30 40 50 GVA (R Billions, Logarithmic Scale) Manufacturing linkages Opportunities for short-distance migration and other forms of economic Service linkages & asso- access ( to nearby regions with a Agriculture Mining Manufacturing Infrastructure Services/ tourism ciated functional regions relatively wide economic base)
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A number of other conclusions can be drawn from the above diagram relating to DIAGRAM 2.2: NATIONAL INRASTRUCTURE PLAN PERSPECTIVE ON SPATIAL the position of Umgungundlovu in the national economy: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION
. The large population within what is referred to as the “designated areas”; . The strong focus on manufacturing sector in the eThekwini / Pietermaritzburg; . Acknowledgement of the strong linkages with associated functional regions for eThekwini / Pietermaritzburg as indicated. . Building on previous assessments and strategies a key feature of the South African national spatial planning has become a focus of most government strategies over the past two to three years is the Durban – Gauteng Freight Corridor and related developments. This focus is nowhere more clearly reflected than in the 2012 National Infrastructure Plan (Presidential Infrastructure Coordinating Commission (PICC 2012).
The 2012 National Infrastructure Plan (PICC 2012) presents the perspective reflected in the Diagram 2.2.
This diagram again acknowledges the vast areas in KwaZulu-Natal where the population has limited access to services and opportunities, the high population Source: PICC 2012 densities in KwaZulu-Natal and the location of a key economic centre in the eThekwini / Pietermaritzburg region. The diagram specifically notes the Based, partly on the analysis, the National Infrastructure Plan then establishes constrained transport and services in these areas. Strategic Infrastructure Project 2 (referred to as SIP2) which focuses on establishing and developing the Durban – Gauteng Freight Corridor, as reflected in the Diagram below.
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DIAGRAM 2.3: THE VISION FOR THE DURBAN-GAUTENG FREIGHT CORRIDOR DIAGRAM 2.4: PROPOSED NATIONAL SCHEME FOR SPATIAL TARGETING
The 2012 National Development Plan then also reflects the proposed national scheme for spatial targeting as illustrated in the Diagram below.
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2.2.2. PROVINCIAL / REGIONAL SPATIAL FRAMEWORKS He notes that “... the PSEDS shows, in the southern and western portions of the District in particular, there are high quality agricultural lands (shaded green) When considering the provincial spatial economic development context of the which will be important ingredients of growth strategy planning there”. Umgungundlovu District both the 2006 Provincial Spatial Economic Development Strategy and the 2012 Growth and Development Plan must be 2.2.2.2. THE 2012 KWAZULU-NATAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT considered. PLAN
2.2.2.1. THE PROVINCIAL SPATIAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT The more general implications of the 2012 Growth and Development Strategy STRATEGY (2006) on spatial economic development in the Umgungundlovu District are discussed in more detail in the section focussing on the Provincial Strategic Planning McCarthy (2007), in his assessment of spatial economic dynamics impacting on context. Major catalytic projects identified as part of the KZN Growth and the Umgungundlovu District, notes that the “Provincial Spatial Economic Development Plan, some of which may potentially impact on future spatial Development Strategy (PSEDS) partly took its brief from SDIs and the National development in the Umgungundlovu District, is reflected in Diagram 2.5 Spatial Development Framework, and partly from the specific comparative overleaf. advantages of the various components of this province. The collective perspective of Provincial Cabinet has been reflected in the ... approved (February 2.2.3. ETHEKWINI SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 2007) Provincial Spatial Economic Development Strategy (PSEDS)”. The 2012 Spatial Development Framework of the eThekwini Municipality is Key elements of the strategy relevant to Umgungundlovu are highlighted presented below. This will not be discussed in detail, but it should be noted that (McCarthy 2007): there is limited recognition of not just the N3 linkage with Umgungundlovu
. Industrial development is seen as central to economic growth in the (although the focus on Cato Ridge is highlighted), but no indication of potential alternative linkages to the District, viz. the Tongaat, Wartburg, Pietermaritzburg province and the corridor linking two (Port) nodes & extending to Howick form the primary zone of industrial potential; link (R614) to the north and the Kingsburgh, Umbumbulu, Eston, Pietermaritzburg link (R603).
. Tourism development is seen as second in importance and Primary sectors of However, it is encouraging to note that a recent research paper emanating from tourism potential are beach, cultural and eco-tourism. Provincial tourism priorities are: the Economic Development and Investment Promotion Unit of the eThekwini Municipality start to address the implications of major eThekwini based o Greater Durban & Pietermaritzburg area o Drakensberg region… (and others); and development for neighbouring District municipalities. There is specifically a call for an Economic Plan that will amongst other things seek to “...capitalise on land
. Agriculture and agribusiness are seen in the PSEDS, inter alia as having: for development in key corridors, such as Durban to Mngeni ...” o Massive potential for growth; and o Largest existing or potential employer in rural areas; and o Can make greatest impact on reducing poverty levels in rural areas.
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DIAGRAM 2.5: MAJOR PROJECTS LISTED IN THE 2012 KZN GROWTH AND MAP 3: THE 2013/4 ETHEKWINI SDF DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Source: eThekwini 2013
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2.3. THE NATIONAL STRATEGIC PLANNING CONTEXT . Inclusive Rural Economy (Chapter 6); and . Transforming Human Settlements (Chapter 8). Future development and specifically spatial development in the District will take place within a very specific policy context established by primarily national and The sections following highlights (selects) those objectives and actions in each of provincial government policies and strategies. Understanding this policy context the Chapters of the National Development Plan considered to be relevant to spatial is of utmost importance as this will determine where the resources of both economic development planning in Umgungundlovu. national and provincial government will be focussed in the medium term future (up till 2030). National spatial policies and strategies viewed as of specific 2.3.1.1. CHAPTER 3: ECONOMY AND EMPLOYMENT relevance in this regard are: NDP Objectives . The National Development Plan (2012) . The National Infrastructure Plan (2012) . The unemployment rate should fall from 24.9 percent in June 2012 to 14 percent by 2020 and to 6 percent by 2030. This requires an additional 11 This section unpacks the above policies and strategies with a specific view to million jobs. establish the implications for economic spatial development planning in . Total employment should rise from 13 million to 24 million. Umgungundlovu. A section specifically considering Provincial spatial planning . The proportion of adults working should increase from 41 percent to 61 strategies follows this. percent. . The proportion of adults in rural areas working should rise from 29 percent 2.3.1. IMPLICATIONS OF THE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN to 40 percent. . The labour force participation rate should rise from 54 percent to 65 percent. The National Development Plan is a plan for the country to eliminate poverty . Gross Domestic Product (GDP) should increase by 2.7 times in real terms, and reduce inequality by 2030 through uniting South Africans, unleashing the requiring average annual GDP growth of 5.4 percent over the period. GDP energies of its citizens, growing an inclusive economy, building capabilities, per capita should increase from about R50 000 per person in 2010 to R110 enhancing the capability of the state and leaders working together to solve 000 per person in 2030 in constant prices. complex problems (NPC 2012). Over the next 30 years the National . The proportion of national income earned by the bottom 40 percent should Development Plan will continue to impact on spatial economic development in rise from about 6 percent today to 10 percent in 2030. Umgungundlovu through a range of economic, social and spatial planning . Broaden ownership of assets to historically disadvantaged groups. strategies to be supported by government. o Exports (as measured in volume terms) should grow by 6 percent a year to 2030 with non-traditional exports growing by 10 Specifically impacting on spatial development will be the Chapters of the percent a year. National Development Plan addressing: o Increase national savings from 16 percent of GDP to 25 percent. o The level of gross fixed capital formation should rise from 17 . Economy and Employment (Chapter 3); percent to 30 percent, with public sector fixed investment rising . Economic Infrastructure (Chapter 4); to 10 percent of GDP by 2030.
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. Public employment programmes should reach 1 million by 20 15 and 2 NDP (Selected) Actions million people by 2030. . Consolidate and selectively expand transport and logistics infrastructure, NDP Actions with key focus areas being: o Upgrading the Durban-Gauteng freight corridor, including a new 1. Reduce the cost of living for poor households and costs of doing business port at the old Durban airport site. through microeconomic reforms. o Building the N2 road through the Eastern Cape. 2. Develop proposals for an acceptable minimum standard of living and o Public transport infrastructure and systems, including the proposals on how to achieve this over time. renewal of the commuter rail fleet, supported by enhanced links 3. Remove the most pressing constraints on growth, investment and job with road-based services. creation, including energy generation and distribution, urban planning etc. . Establishing a national, regional and municipal fibre-optic network to 4. Position South Africa to attract offshore business services, and build on the provide the backbone for broadband access; driven by private investment, advantage provided by its telecommunications, banking and retail firms complemented by public funds required to meet social objectives. operating in other countries. 5. Broaden the expanded public works programme to cover 2 million full-time Spatial Implications for Umgungundlovu: equivalent jobs by 2020. The National Development Plan places significant emphasis on expanding the Spatial Implications for Umgungundlovu: transport and logistics infrastructure in the country and a number of the initiatives promoted will impact on development in the Umgungundlovu District, With the substantial focus on job creation and economic development spatial most notably the Durban-Gauteng Freight Corridor and expansion of the port planners will have to ensure that adequate space is available to accommodate infrastructure. On a more local level the focus on improving public transport the required economic growth. It is therefore essential to estimate the infrastructure will potentially impact directly on spatial development specifically contributions of the various sectors and the related space requirements. in the major urban areas.
2.3.1.2. CHAPTER 4 – ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE 2.3.1.3. CHAPTER 6: INCLUSIVE RURAL ECONOMY
NDP (Selected) Objectives NDP (Selected) Objectives
. The proportion of people who use public transport for regular commutes will . An additional 643 000 direct jobs and 326 000 indirect jobs in the agriculture, expand significantly. By 2030, public transport will be user-friendly, less agro-processing and related sectors by 2030. environmentally damaging, cheaper and integrated or seamless . Maintain a positive trade balance for primary and processed agricultural . Durban port capacity should increase from 3 million containers a year to 20 products. million by 2040. . Competitively priced and widely available broadband.
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NDP Actions 5. Conduct a comprehensive review of the grant and subsidy regime for housing with a view to ensure diversity in product and finance options that Rural economies will be activated through improved infrastructure and service would allow for more household choice and greater spatial mix and delivery, a review of land tenure, service to small and micro farmers, a review of flexibility. This should include a focused strategy on the housing gap market, mining industry commitments to social investment, and tourism investments. involving banks, subsidies and employer housing schemes. 6. National spatial restructuring fund, integrating currently defused funding. Spatial Implications for Umgungundlovu: 7. Provide incentives for citizen activity for local planning and development of spatial compacts. The fact that a chapter of the National Development Plan focuses on rural 8. Introduce mechanisms that would make land markets work more effectively development is significant and suggests that the government acknowledges the for the poor and support rural and urban livelihoods. importance of these areas in the development of the country as a whole. The current approach of government to rural development is focussed on agriculture, Spatial Implications for Umgungundlovu: but it is suggested that in the case of Umgungundlovu a much broader perspective on what rural development entails should be explored. The above objectives can all be viewed as basic principles to be incorporated in the future development of human settlements. Incorporating the principles in 2.3.1.4. CHAPTER 8: TRANSFORMING HUMAN SETTLEMENTS spatial planning in Umgungundlovu will ensure economically sustainable settlements. NDP (Selected) Objectives 2.3.2. THE NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN – 2012 . Strong and efficient spatial planning system, well integrated across the spheres of government. The National Infrastructure Plan (Provincial Infrastructure Coordinating . Upgrade all informal settlements on suitable, well located land by 2030. Commission 2012), based on a spatial analysis of the country, identifies 18 . More people living closer to their places of work. Strategic Integrated Projects (SIPs). The SIPs cover a range of projects aimed at . Better quality public transport. expanding the economic and social infrastructure platform of the country. All nine provinces are covered, with emphasis on poorer provinces. The work is now NDP (Selected) Actions being aligned with human settlement planning, and with skills development, as key cross-cutting areas. 1. Reforms to the current planning system for improved coordination. 2. Develop a strategy for densification of cities and resource allocation to A number of Strategic Integrated Projects (SIPs) may impact on the future promote better located housing and settlements. spatial and specifically spatial economic development of Umgungundlovu and 3. Substantial investment to ensure safe, reliable and affordable public those with specific relevance to spatial planning are highlighted (Provincial transport. Infrastructure Commission 2012): 4. Introduce spatial development framework and norms, including improving the balance between location of jobs and people.
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SIP 2: Durban- Free State– Gauteng Logistics and Industrial Corridor corporate networks, government will co-invest for township and rural access as well as for e-government, school and health connectivity. The school rollout The focus: Strengthen the logistics and transport corridor between SA’s main focus initially on the 125 Dinaledii (science and math focussed) schools and 1 525 industrial hubs; improve access to Durban’s export and import facilities, raise district schools. Part of digital access to all South Africans includes TV migration efficiency along the corridor and integrate the Free State Industrial Strategy nationally from analogue to digital broadcasting. activities into the corridor and integrate the currently disconnected industrial and logistics activities as well as marginalised rural production centres The potential impact of the Strategic Integrated Projects (SIPs) must be surrounding the corridor that are currently isolated from the main logistics considered in future spatial planning as each of the above SIPs are likely to system. attract substantial investment from government in the medium to long term and will have specific spatial development implications. SIP 7: Integrated Urban Space and Public Transport Programme SIP 18: Water and Sanitation The focus: Coordinate planning and implementation of public transport, human settlement, economic and social infrastructure and location decisions The focus: The focus of this SIP will be on developing a 10-year plan to address into sustainable urban settlements connected by densified transport corridors. the estimated backlog of adequate water supply to 1.4 million households and basic sanitation to 2.1 million households. Sustainable supplies of water to SIP 11: Agri-logistics and Rural infrastructure “meet social needs and support economic growth” is to be provided. Projects will include a focus on new infrastructure, rehabilitation, upgrading and the The focus: Improve investment in agricultural and rural infrastructure that improvement of water infrastructure management. supports expansion of production and employment, small-scale farming and rural development, including facilities for storage (silos, fresh-produce facilities, packing houses); transport links to main networks (rural roads, branch train-line, ports), fencing of farms, irrigation schemes to poor areas, improved R&D on rural issues (including expansion of agricultural colleges), processing facilities (abattoirs, dairy infrastructure), aquaculture incubation schemes and rural tourism infrastructure.
SIP 15: Expanding access to communication technology
The focus: Provide for 100% broadband coverage to all households by 2020 by establishing core Points of Presence (POP’s) in district municipalities, extend new Infraco fibre networks across provinces linking districts, establish POP’s and fibre connectivity at local level, and further penetrate the network into deep rural areas. While the private sector will invest in ICT infrastructure for urban and
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2.4. THE PROVINCIAL STRATEGIC PLANNING CONTEXT
2.4.1. THE PROVINCIAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN
The Provincial Growth and Development Plan (PGDP), already aligned with the National Development Plan (2012) and the National Infrastructure Plan (2012), will also impact directly on spatial economic development planning in Umgungundlovu as it sets more specific goals and objectives than the national plans. The table below extracts the proposed interventions, linked to specific PGDP Goals and Objectives that is of relevance to spatial economic planning in Umgungundlovu.
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TABLE 2.1: THE PROVINCIAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN: GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND INTERVENTIONS INTERVENTIONS RELEVANT TO UMGUNGUNDLOVU SPATIAL STRATEGIC GOALS STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES PLANNING Job Creation 1. Unleash the Agricultural Sector Development of crop and horticultural production Development of commercial farmers Enhancement of agricultural value-adding and marketing Establishment of fresh produce markets Expedite the resolutions of land claims 2. Enhance Sectoral Development through Trade & Establish District-level LED agencies Investment Targeted identification of appropriately zoned and serviced land 3. Improve efficiency of Government-led job creation Support enhanced implementation of EPWP, CWP and Jobs Fund programmes programme 4. Promote SMME & Entrepreneurial Development Implement the KZN SMME and Cooperative Strategies SMME access to appropriately-located facilities 5. Develop the Knowledge Base to Enhance the The establishment of research institute/s focused on key sectors Knowledge Economy Create R&D sector hubs in relationship with tertiary institutions Human Resource Development 6. Improve Early Childhood Development, Primary and Efficient delivery of basic services, school infrastructure, equipment, Secondary Education materials 7. Support Skills alignment to Economic Growth Develop skills plans for lead economic sectors per district municipality based on skills demand and implement in partnership with post-school institutions 8. Enhance Youth Skills Development & Life-Long Learning Human & Community Development 9. Poverty Alleviation & Social Welfare
10. Enhancing Health of Communities and Citizens Ensure equitable access to health and special facilities
11. Enhance Sustainable Household Food Security Developing infrastructure for local markets Support to informal economy 100ha Programme by Traditional Councils 12. Sustainable Human Settlements Densification of settlement patterns Develop provincial strategy and plan to address housing Gap Market 13. Safety & Security
14. Social Capital
Strategic Infrastructure 15. Development of Harbours Plan and develop an inland multi-modal logistics hub Implement plans for the Dig-Out Port
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INTERVENTIONS RELEVANT TO UMGUNGUNDLOVU SPATIAL STRATEGIC GOALS STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES PLANNING Improve Durban Passenger Terminal Co-ordinate Provincial Input to PICC SIP 2 Process 16. Development of Airports Development of Regional Airfields
17. Development of Roads & Rail Networks Establish a dedicated freight link: Durban Port to Inland Hub Extend rural road access and maintain secondary roads Expand and maintain core rail freight network and the branch Lines 18. Development of ICT Infrastructure Expand community access to broadband services
19. Improve Water Resource Management and Supply All Umgeni Water related projects focused on improving bulk water resource management and supply (reflected onelsewhere) 20. Improve Energy Production and Supply Investigate renewable energy resources
Environmental Sustainability 21. Increase Productive Use of Land
22. Advance Alternative Energy Generation and Reduce Develop provincial energy strategy and alternative energy resource Reliance on Fossil Fuels assessment (mapping) for wind, solar, biomass, ocean and hydro 23. Manage pressures on Biodiversity Integrate uMgungundlovu Biodiversity Sector Plan into Municipal Planning 24. Adapting to Climate Change Integrate the uMgungundlovu Climate Change Response Strategy into municipal planning Governance and Policy 25. Strengthen Policy, Strategy Co-ordination & IGR
26. Building Government Capacity
27. Eradicating Fraud & Corruption
28. Promote Participative, Facilitative & Accountable Governance Spatial Equity 29. Actively Promote Spatial Concentration and Focus on spatial transformation of settlement Coordination of Development Activities 30. Effective Spatial Planning and Land Management Wall-to-wall spatial planning for municipalities Systems are Applied Across the Province
The Provincial Growth and Development Plan also provides broad guidelines for spatial planning in the District which should be considered in the more detailed development of the Spatial Development Framework.
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MAP 4: SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK GUIDELINES AS REFLECTED IN 2012 PGDP
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3. CURRENT REALITIES
3.1. INTRODUCTION 3.2. THE LAND
This section reflects on the most basic informants impacting on future spatial 3.2.1. LAND FORM development in the District, providing a spatial perspective on: See the following maps in map book: . The People; . The Land; MAP B1: ELEVATION AND TOPOGRAPHY . The Facilities; MAP B2: SLOPE . The Infrastructure; and MAP B3: WATER CATCHMENT AREAS . The Economic Resources. In terms of elevation the District rise from 61 metres above sea level in the south east to a high of 3 323 metres in the western extremities of the Impendle Municipality in the Okhahlamba Drakensberg Mountains.
The highly variable topography characteristic of KwaZulu-Natal and the District creates biophysical habitat and micro climatic conditions which support a range of habitats, ecosystems and biodiversity. North facing slopes are generally warmer and drier, supporting habitat types such as grasslands. South facing slopes, escarpments and sheltered kloofs on the other hand tend to be cooler and wetter, commonly providing conditions favourable for supporting more woody vegetation which often includes indigenous forest. This mosaic of habitat provides opportunity for a diversity of biota with different habitat requirements to exist within relatively smaller areas, in comparison to regions with flat topography. The cool, damp scarps and sheltered kloofs also provide refugia, for example protection of important flora and fauna against fire and utilisation/damage from anthropogenic factors (Umgungundlovu 2012).
The Impendle municipal area is characterised by steep slopes, displaying the highest average slope and including the Drakensberg escarpment and foothills, with the uMngeni and Mpofana areas having a more gentler topography (Umgungundlovu 2012).
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A digital elevation model (DEM) of the District shown in MAP B1, highlights a threatened and endemic species, and forms the most important Wattled Crane distinct step in the topography (the so called “Hilton ridge”), between breeding site in the country (EKZNW, 2008 as in Umgungundlovu 2012). Pietermaritzburg and Howick running roughly in a north/south direction. This topographical variation has a notable influence on biodiversity, and as a result is The SEA (Umgungundlovu 2012) further discusses: recognised in the defining of ecological regions and biomes (Umgungundlovu 2012). . Key catchment and water resource areas; . Water quality and river health; Key water resource areas are found in the District. Rivers that flow through the . Key wetlands; District include the uMgeni, uMsunduzi, Mooi, uMvoti, Lovu, Mlazi and . Water quality hot spots; Mkhomazi Rivers (see MAP B3 for indication of major river catchments and . Ground water; and quaternary catchments). . Impacts on water quality and river health.
The uMngeni River and tributaries passing through the uMngeni and Msunduzi All of the above are important aspects to be considered in strategic spatial Local Municipalities form the strategically important water catchment for the planning and more detailed land use planning in the District. critical water supply dams (Midmar, Albert Falls, Nagle and Inanda Dams) of the Pietermaritzburg-Durban urban development node. The area forms the second 3.2.2. THE LAND AND ENVIRONMENT most important economic complex in South Africa after Gauteng, and supplies water to approximately 5 million people (DWA, 2011 as in Umgungundlovu See the following maps: 2012). MAP B4: LAND COVER The Impendle municipal area forms a significant portion of the headwater MAP B5: POTENTIAL OF LAND TO DELIVER ECOSYSTEMS GOODS/SERVICES catchment for the Mkhomazi River; with the Mooi Rivier headwaters falling MAP B6: TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY within the Mpofana municipality, and as such are primary water production MAP B7: AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY MAP B8: AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY areas (Umgungundlovu 2012). MAP B9: RESTRICTED AREAS, ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS AND LAND STATUS MAP B10: LAND CAPABILITY The headwaters of the uMngeni catchment are comprised of mountain streams draining upland farming areas of the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands, of which a Land cover: The uMgungundlovu District has a total land area of 951459.28 significant feature is the uMngeni Vlei, the principal source of the uMngeni River hectares of which 44.5% is classified as transformed and 55.5% untransformed and which produces a sustained yield of high quality water. The core of the Vlei land. Urban areas account for 23673.88 hectares or 2.5% of the district. The covers an area of approximately 300 ha, with the broader network of wetlands majority of urban development is located in the Msunduzi Municipality being over 950ha in extent. The entire catchment of the Vlei falls within (Umgungundlovu 2012). protected areas, with the Vlei itself being a proclaimed nature reserve. This is in recognition of the valuable ecosystem services it provides, most notably that of water production and biodiversity conservation. The Vlei is home to numerous
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Grasslands (untransformed) covers 32.5% (309399.20 hectares), of the district. . In the case of land under sugarcane it appears that there was only an The majority of grassland is found in the higher altitude rural municipalities of increase in one municipality while in the remaining four (where sugar is Impendle and Mpofana as well as the north western portion of the uMngeni cultivated) the area decreased. Municipality. Natural vegetation, excluding grassland, accounts for 21.8% of the . Commercial agriculture (veggies, fruit etc.) increased in five municipalities land cover in the district (Umgungundlovu 2012). and declined in the remaining two. . Subsistence agriculture increased throughout the district with four Commercial agriculture accounts for 33.4% (318526.4 hectares) of land in the municipalities experiencing major increases and two dramatic increases. district of this area timber plantation include 15.9% (75882.96 hectares) and . Land under grasslands in good condition declined throughout the district. sugarcane 9.3% (88800.4 hectares). These crops account for the majority of the . Land under natural vegetation (forests, bushlands etc.) was subject to land under commercial agriculture in the municipality. The majority of the limited losses in six municipalities. timber plantations are in the Richmond and uMshwathi Municipalities with . Land areas under urban and rural settlement increased throughout the smaller areas in uMngeni Municipality. Commercial sugarcane occurs district up to the 10% level. predominantly in the uMshwathi and Mkhambathini Municipalities and to a lesser degree in the Richmond Municipality (Umgungundlovu 2012). Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (SEA 2012 Summary):
Commercial crops make up 7.9% of the land area with 4.7% (45172.72 hectares) According to the 2005 land cover data for the UMDM just over 57% was made up of dryland and 3.15% (29955.84 hectares) of irrigated cultivation. considered to be in a natural state with 1.6% being degraded natural cover and Annual commercial crops, both dryland and irrigated, occur for the most part in the just less that 41% being transformed. The 2008 land cover data reflects a Mpofana Municipality, with smaller pockets throughout the uMngeni negative trend in that approximately 51% was considered untransformed and Municipality. Subsistence agriculture covers an area of 17472.56 hectares (1.8%) still in relatively good condition with a significant increase to 4.5% of degraded in the district, the majority of which takes place in the Impendle Municipality natural cover and the area under transformed land increased to 44.5%. (Umgungundlovu 2012). Considering the trends reflected in this data, a conservative estimate of the Land use change: In order to gauge trends in land use in the period 2005 to current situation may be that more than 50% of the pristine natural land cover of 2008, the SEA (Umgungundlovu 2012) assigned a ratio of numbers of the UMDM has been lost to a combination of transformation and degradation. municipalities involved in increase as opposed to decrease of specific land uses. This has occurred as a result of all forms of agriculture, except sugar, increasing Based on this assessment (reflected in more detail in Table 46 of the SEA Status in their cover, and growth and expansion of both urban and rural settlement. In Quo Report) the following broad land use trends are noted: conjunction with this has been a decrease in the cover of natural vegetation, primarily grasslands, and an increase in that which is considered degraded. It is . The majority of municipalities recorded transformation in land use (i.e. important to note that the land cover data includes both aquatic and terrestrial changes away from the original BRGs for the area). Only one of these was categories. limited whilst the remainder recorded an increase (i.e. under 10%). . The same trend (as for transformation) applies for commercial timber in the district.
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There is a scattering of a variety of protected areas throughout the UMDM that the systems, the more significant the reduced capacity to deal with the quality range in size and status from a sizable portion of the uKhahlamba Drakensberg issues. Park World Heritage Site, i.e. almost 67000 hectares, to the 530 hectares of the proposed Biodiversity Stewardship site known as Hopedale. These 33 protected Essentially the aquatic systems in the UMDM are extremely stressed due to the areas make up close to 110000 hectares which is 11.5% of the UMDM surface fact that demand far exceeds supply to the extent that inter-basin transfer area. Based on the international target of 10%, this coverage appears to be schemes have been introduced, are under construction and are planned to help impressive. However, the Biodiversity Sector Plan for the UMDM and the meet the demand and augment the storage capacity of the four major dams Protected Area Expansion Strategy for the province indicate that the current already in the uMgeni system. Additional strategies such as water conservation protected area coverage is not meeting the biodiversity conservation targets for and water demand management, and waste water recycling are also being the UMDM, and that additional coverage is required. implemented and considered respectively.
Although the two planning tools referred to above are bio-centric, it is important The upper reaches of the catchments that provide the water are in a poor to understand that inherent within their outcomes are significant anthropogenic condition with alien plant infestations accounting for losses in water production benefits. In other words, the biodiversity and ecosystem features that have been together with incompatible land uses and degradation contributing to both a used to generate these targets all represent strategically valuable natural capital decrease in water production capacity as well as quality. Intensive agricultural which produces ecosystem goods and services that underpin the socio-economic practices such as dairies, poultry batteries and piggeries all contribute to activities within and beyond the UMDM. This situation raises the issues of releasing pollutants into the system in the upper reaches of the catchments, resilience and vulnerability in the sense that the more transformation that while the urban centres all contribute industrial and human waste. In the lower occurs, the more resilience is lost and vulnerability increases. While a climate reaches of the catchments other agricultural activities such as sugar cane change response strategy is being developed in parallel to this SEA, it is production contribute to reduced water quality through the leaching of important to note that the consequences of this loss of resilience and increased agricultural chemicals. vulnerability are in themselves significant and become even more relevant as the potential consequences of climate change become clearer. 3.2.3. LAND OWNERSHIP AND HOUSING
Aquatic Biodiversity (SEA 2012 Summary): See the following maps:
The above discussion generally reflects the situation with regard to the MAP B11: LAND TENURE AND OWNERSHIP terrestrial environment although mention has been made of the water sources MAP B12: SETTLEMENT PATTERNS for uMgungundlovu and eThekwini. More specifically the aquatic environment MAP B13: HOUSING PROJECTS within the UMDM has become significantly compromised. The primary reasons for this relate to both the quantity of water in the systems and the quality of this resource, and the relationship between these factors exacerbate the situation, i.e. quantity is required to help address quality and the greater the demand on
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Land Tenure: A range of land tenure types is reflected in the District, however, by far the largest portion of land in the District can be described as privately owned commercial farm land (on the land tenure map this is reflected as commercial land, private land and trust land). A substantial portion of this land is owned by corporates in the timber and sugar cane industries.
Ingonyama Trust owned land is the second largest category of land ownership in the District, however, this only represents 10.7% of the total land area in the District. This is compared to other Districts where substantially larger percentages of land, often higher than 50% is Ingonyama Trust owned, e.g. Ugu, Ilembe, uThungulu and uMkhanyakude.
Other land ownership categories featuring in the District include state and parastatal owned land (including conservation areas) and to a lesser extent, church owned land.
Settlement patterns: The settlement pattern map presents a clear settlement structure with the Pietermaritzburg, Edendale, Vulindlela areas forming the core settlement area in the District. Outside of this dense urban / rural core of the District significant settlement is found mainly in the Ingonyama Trust land areas and the larger towns of Richmond, Howick, Mpophomeni and Mooi River.
Housing projects: The distribution of housing projects in Umgungundlovu reflects a strong focus of new housing development in the formal urban areas of Pietermaritzburg and Edendale. Most small towns and some Ingonyama Trust Land areas have also received attention in terms of housing development. In this regard it is interesting to note the large number of housing development projects in the Impendle Municipality (mostly rural in nature). Mooi River (Bruntville) and Mpophomeni/Howick have also received substantial investment in terms of housing development.
Considering the importance of the N3 Corridor it is to be noted the limited number of low income housing developments within the corridor.
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3.3. THE PEOPLE
3.3.1. AN OVERVIEW OF CURRENT STATISTICS1
DIAGRAM 3.1: UMGUNGUNDLOVU SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2011 MUNICIPAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN DISTRICT MUNICIPAL POPULATION GROWTH 2001 TO 2011
TOTAL POPULATION = 1,017,763 POPULATION GROWTH PER ANNUM 2001 TO 2011 2.3% Mkhambathini 2.5% The 6% Msunduzi 2.0% Richmond 61% 1.5% 1.1% 7% 0.9% 1.0% 0.7% 0.3% 0.4% uMshwathi 0.5% 10% -0.2% -0.1%
ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL 0.0% -0.5% uMngeni 9% Mpofana Impendle 4% 3%
The majority of the population of the District is located in Msunduzi Municipality, which The diagram reflect that the two municipalities in the urban core experienced includes the under serviced Vulindlela rural settlement area accommodating an significant population growth with uMgeni growing at a high 2.3% per annum estimated 16% of the municipal population. The other municipalities contribute and Msunduzi at a higher than average 1.1%. Impendle and Mshwathi have, between 3% to 10% of the District population. In Impendle nearly 100% of the according to census statistics, experienced negative growth of 0.1% and 0.2% population reside on ITB land, in Umshwathi 56%, in Mkhambathini 71% and in per annum over the decade respectively. Richmond 45% (StratPlan 2012).
1 Extracted from work prepared by StratPlan as part of the Community Service Centre Assessment managed by GOGTA (2013).
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2011 GENDER DISTRIBUTION IN MUNICIPALITIES 2011 POPULATION AGE DISTRIBUTION IN MUNICIPALITIES
52% Umgungundlovu 48% uMgungundlovu 41% 35% 17% 8% 52% Richmond 48% Richmond 46% 32% 15% 7% 52% Mkhambathini 48% Mkhambathini 45% 32% 16% 7% 52% The Msunduzi 48% The Msunduzi 39% 36% 18% 7% 53% Impendle 47% Impendle 52% 23% 15% 9% 51% Mpofana 49% Mpofana 42% 35% 17% 6% 52% uMngeni 48% uMngeni 36% 35% 18% 11% 53% uMshwathi 47% uMshwathi 46% 30% 16% 8%
42% 44% 46% 48% 50% 52% 54% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
FEMALE MALE 0 to 20 21 to 40 41 to 60 61 above
Source: StatsSA 2013 Source: StatsSA 2013
All municipalities in the District have a higher proportion of females with a Eighty five percent of the District population is between the ages of 0 and 40 District average of 52% of the population being female. In the more rural years, with 41% below 20 years of age. The population of the municipalities Impendle and uMshwathi the female to male ratio is higher than average at forming part of the urban core is generally more mature with only 36% and 39% 53% to 47%. of the population respectively being younger than 20 years. In the “rural municipalities” the percentage of the population below 20 years of age ranges between 45% and 52%.
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2011 EMPLOYMENT LEVELS IN MUNICIPALITIES 2011 SECTORS IN MUNICIPALITIES IN WHICH PEOPLE ARE EMPLOYED
WORKFORCE OF 675 562 PEOPLE NO OF EMPLOYED 243 232
uMgungundlovu 36% 16% 48% uMgungundlovu 75% 14% 11% Richmond 33% 12% 55% Richmond 62% 27% 11% Mkhambathini 34% 12% 54% Mkhambathini 68% 22% 10% The Msunduzi 36% 18% 46% The Msunduzi 78% 11% 11% Impendle 13% 10% 77% Impendle 78% 14% 8%
Mpofana 41% 13% 46% Mpofana 64% 25% 10%
uMngeni 49% 16% 35% uMngeni 77% 11% 12%
uMshwathi 32% 11% 57% uMshwathi 66% 24% 10%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
EMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED DISCOURAGED WORK-SEEKER FORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL SECTOR PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS
Source: StatsSA 2013 Source: StatsSA 2013
In the District only slightly more than a third of the workforce is employed. As The majority (75%) of the employed is working in the formal sector with the anticipated employment is highest in uMngeni (49%) and Msunduzi (36%), informal and household sectors contributing 14% and 11% respectively. forming part of the urban core. In Mpofana, a pre-dominantly commercial farming area with limited rural settlement the employment rate is also high at 41%. In rural Impendle the employment level is the lowest with only 13% of the workforce in employment.
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3.3.2. CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS – SPATIAL IMPLICATIONS See overleaf Diagram 3.2: 2011 Population Distribution in Municipalities of Umgungundlovu and Diagram 3.3: 2011 Population Distribution in Municipalities 3.3.2.1. INTRODUCTION of Umgungundlovu (Excluding Msunduzi).
Over the past decade the development sector has generally worked with Considering the major portion (61%) of the population residing in the Msunduzi outdated or adjusted 2001 Census statistics and the reliability of this information Municipality the diagram below considers the distribution of the other 39% in was often questioned. Demographic, socio-economic and economic changes the six other municipalities. over the period was also difficult to verify as it was acknowledged that the 1996 and 2001 Census statistics had shortcomings, specifically in certain areas, which It is significant then that uMngeni and uMshwathi together contributes 50% of made comparisons a challenge. the District population (excluding Msunduzi). Mkhambathini and Richmond both contributes 16% each. Mpofana and Impendle are home to 10% and 8% With the finalisation of the 2011 Census Statistics the country and the respectively of the population of the six smaller municipalities. Umgungundlovu District now have a new set of statistics and, it would appear, many of the shortcomings of previous Census processes have been resolved. It is to be noted that population distribution itself cannot serve as a guideline for The 2011 statistics, used in combination with the 2001 statistics, also for the first future investment in development programmes. Population distribution and time provides the opportunity to better understand changes that occurred over poverty levels will, however, provide a more realistic guideline for the future the decade 2001 to 2011. distribution of specifically public sector investment.
This section specifically explores the basic demographic and socio-economic data in spatial terms, also specifically commenting on the distribution of people in terms of urban and rural space (with a specific focus on Ingonyama Trust Land).
3.3.2.2. Spatial distribution of population
Updated 2011 StatsSA statistics have been released in 2012 and should be considered in future spatial economic development planning in the District.
The population distribution in the district again confirms the dominance of Msunduzi with nearly 60% of the population resident in the area. However, it is felt that this distribution is of academic value only, as the over 1 million people in the District are largely dependent on the Msunduzi economy for their survival.
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DIAGRAM 3.2: 2011 POPULATION DISTRIBUTIONS IN MUNICIPALITIES OF DIAGRAM 3.3: 2011 POPULATION DISTRIBUTIONS IN MUNICIPALITIES OF UMGUNGUNDLOVU UMGUNGUNDLOVU (EXCLUDING MSUNDUZI)
Source: StatsSA 2013 Source: StatsSA 2013
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3.3.2.3. URBAN-RURAL DISTRIBUTION Evident from the map is that, with the exception of the Vulindlela area in In terms of rural urban population distribution the situation in the uMsunduzi, the Ingonyama Trust Board land in the District is located on the Umgungundlovu District is very different from that of the majority of Districts in periphery (or outer boundaries) of the District in the uMshwathi, Mkhambathini, KwaZulu-Natal. In most other Districts there at least two, but often more, local Richmond and Impendle Municipalities. municipalities where landownership is dominated by the Ingonyama Trust and where, relating to that, the settlement form is generally described as traditional Table 3.1 below reflects on the approximate population residing on Ingonyama settlement. This is, however, not the case in Umgungundlovu. Trust land in the seven local municipalities in the Umgungundlovu District.
The only local municipality where the majority of land is Ingonyama Trust land is TABLE 3.1: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION ON DIFFERENT LAND TYPES
Impendle and, as has been illustrated, Impendle has a relatively small population ACTUAL PERCENTAGE
of only 33 000 people (compared to other primarily rural Municipalities such as
Municipality
Ulundi, Nkandla, Ndwedwe and others where the population is in excess of 200
Name
000 people and the majority resides on Ingonyama Trust Board land). In two
Urban Farmland Total Traditional Urban Farmland Total municipalities, Mpofana and uMngeni, the Ingonyama Trust land does not exist Traditional or is insignificant. In the other municipalities Mkhambathini, Richmond and uMshwathi 51,742 12,983 41,649 106,374 48.6% 12.2% 39.2% 100.0% uMshwathi agricultural development dominate land use but Ingonyama Trust Board land is home to a sizable portion of the population. In Msunduzi a fair uMngeni 6,615 71,116 14,979 92,710 7.1% 76.7% 16.2% 100.0% portion of the population reside in the Vulindlela area on Ingonyama Trust Land Mpofana 18,694 19,410 38,104 0.0% 49.1% 50.9% 100.0% in traditional settlement areas. Impendle 23,706 2,016 7,383 33,105 71.6% 6.1% 22.3% 100.0% For the purpose of the District SDF distinction is made between urban settlement, traditional settlement and other rural settlement. These settlement The Msunduzi 148,459 466,496 3,581 618,536 24.0% 75.4% 0.6% 100.0% types are defined as follows: Mkhambathini 46,502 1,534 15,106 63,142 73.6% 2.4% 23.9% 100.0%
. Urban settlement: All settlement located within proclaimed urban areas, Richmond 35,385 18,142 12,266 65,793 53.8% 27.6% 18.6% 100.0%
whether of a formal or informal nature; Source: StatsSA 2013 / Umgungundlovu GIS . Traditional settlement: All settlement located on Ingonyama Trust Land regardless of density or predominant housing form; It is noted that in four municipalities approximately 50% or more of the . Other rural settlement (farmland): All settlement falling outside the above population resides on Ingonyama Trust land. categories, this may include denser settlements on farm land or low density settlements on farms.
(SEE MAP 5 OVERLEAF)
UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY SDF - JUNE 2014 30
MAP 5: DISTRIBUTION OF INGONYAMA TRUST BOARD LAND IN THE DISTRICT
UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY SDF - JUNE 2014 31
DIAGRAM 3.4: PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION ON DIFFERENT The above typology will provide decision-makers with a better understanding of LAND TYPES where future development interventions should be focused.
3.3.2.4. POPULATION GROWTH
The availability of Census 2011 statistics now provides the opportunity to consider growth experienced in the municipalities over the past decade. This will ultimately serve as the basis for predicting short and long term growth in the District. The table below reflects population statistics for the municipalities from the following sources:
. StatsSA 2001 Census Statistics; and . StatsSA 2011 Census Statistics.
It must be considered that the 2007 Community Profiles were based on statistical analysis rather than on a house-to-house survey and this data therefore does not have the same level of accuracy as the 2001 and 2011 Census figures. It is therefore noted that whereas it was suggested in 2007 that Mpofana, Mkhambathini and Richmond was experiencing negative growth this
Source: StatsSA 2013 was not the case as reflected in the 2011 Census statistics.
Future spatial planning should then consider this distribution of the population. It is recommended that 2011 Census Statistics, available on a sub-place level, will provide a more accurate picture of rural-urban population distribution. The starting point will be along the lines of a simple settlement typology, viz.
. Urban – All urban areas where settlement have been guided by formal layout planning; . Traditional – Rural settlements located on ITB land where urban level services should be provided or dispersed settlement where grid infrastructure will not be feasible; and . Rural agricultural (Farmland) – All settlement on privately owned agricultural land or proclaimed conservation areas.
UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY SDF - JUNE 2014 32
DIAGRAM 3.5: MUNICIPAL POPULATION GROWTH 2001 TO 2011 . It is anticipated that uMngeni and Msunduzi will continue to grow at above average rates well into the future. The future growth rates of other POPULATION GROWTH PER ANNUM municipalities will, however, depend on a number of factors. In terms of 2001 TO 2011 2.3% development dynamics and migration it is then suggested that the following 2.5% is to be considered: 2.0% . Population growth in areas relating to Pietermaritzburg and Howick will continue and migration from other municipalities in the Umgungundlovu 1.5% 1.1% 0.9% District will contribute to this growth; 1.0% 0.7% . The higher density rural areas linked to eThekwini and iLembe, as well as 0.3% 0.4% 0.5% the Vulindlela area linked to Edendale, will grow at above average rates to -0.2% -0.1% accommodate migration from across the province and neighbouring ANNUAL GROWTH ANNUAL 0.0% countries to the job opportunities in Msunduzi / uMngeni, eThekwini and the -0.5% coastal areas of iLembe to its north; . The majority of small towns in the District will not grow substantially (i.e. stagnate) if new major drivers, e.g. major economic development initiatives and economic infrastructure, are not introduced; and . At present, due to the absence of significant drivers of economic Source: StatsSA 2013 development, and the future prospects thereof, it is not anticipated that
Impendle town or the Impendle Municipality as a whole will grow The diagram reflect that the two municipalities in the urban core experienced significantly. significant population growth with uMgeni growing at a high 2.3% per annum and Msunduzi at a higher than average 1.1%. Impendle and Mshwathi have, The map below provides a finer grained analysis of growth rates reflecting according to census statistics, experienced negative growth of 0.1% and 0.2% approximate growth rates on a per ward level. per annum over the decade respectively.
The local municipalities can then be roughly divided into three categories based on the above, i.e.
. Municipalities that experienced above average growth rates (assuming a national natural population growth rate of 1%), including uMngeni and Msunduzi; . Municipalities that experienced a below average, but positive growth rate, including Mkhambathini, Richmond and Mpofana; and . Municipalities that experienced a limited decrease in population over the period including Impendle and uMshwathi.
UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY SDF - JUNE 2014 33
MAP 6: POPULATION GROWTH PER ANNUM PER WARD IN UMGUNGUNDLOVU 2001 TO 2011
UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY SDF - JUNE 2014 34
Some conclusions that can be drawn from this map includes that there has been: It is noted that nearly 50% of the Umgungundlovu workforce, people between 15 and 64 years of age, is in the ‘other’ category, which includes people not looking . Continued strong population growth in the N3 Corridor over a period of for work, homemakers, students, pensioners and others. Only 36% of the more than 10 years; population indicated that they are employed, with 16% indicating that they are . A slight decline in the population of the population in a number (not all) of unemployed. The following spatial features of employment in the District are the Ingonyama Trust land areas; and highlighted: . A decline in the population of wards with primarily a farming focus. . uMngeni, the municipality with the fastest growth in the District, also 3.3.2.5. SPATIAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC FEATURES recorded the highest levels of employment. . Employment levels at 36% in Msunduzi are only marginally higher than The unemployment statistics reflected on below also provides evidence of the employment rates in Mkhambathini (34%), Richmond (33%) and uMshwathi stark realities faced by spatial development planners in this District and then (32%). Msunduzi employment levels are lower than that of Mpofana (41%). specifically the varying employment situation in municipalities. . Employment levels are highest in municipalities with the least Ingonyama Trust land, suggesting that employment levels in traditional council areas DIAGRAM 3.6: UNEMPLOYMENT LEVELS IN THE DISTRICT AND MUNICIPALITIES are low. . In the predominantly traditional settlements areas of Impendle only slightly more than 1 in every 10 persons of working age is employed. It is anticipated that a more detailed statistical analysis for other traditional settlement areas will reflect similar rates of unemployment.
A future analysis on an area and sub-area level will provide a much more accurate picture of where targeted interventions should be considered and should inform local level spatial framework planning.
3.3.2.6. Strategic Issues for Consideration
Considering the 2011 Census Data it is evident that municipal population sizes and dynamics vary greatly. Already 70% of the District population is accommodated in the Msunduzi and Mngeni Municipalities bordering on the N3 Corridor. These are also the municipalities that experienced the most significant population growth over the past decade.
Source: StatsSA 2013
UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY SDF - JUNE 2014 35
Because of this unequal distribution of population between municipalities clear 3.4. THE FACILITIES policies regarding the distribution, and specifically spatial distribution, of future public and private sector investment in the District will have to be formulated See the following maps: within the context of the key development objectives formulated in integrated development planning. Redirecting public funding to support rural development MAP B14: DISTRIBUTION OF HEALTH FACILITIES may in the long term delay the growth of the economic core. However, MAP B15: DISTRIBUTION OF EDUCATION FACILITIES neglecting the periphery will impact on the longer term sustainability of MAP B16: DISTRIBUTION OF OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR FACILITIES development in the region. A balanced approach to supporting spatial development in the core and periphery linked to the overall development There is currently no agreed on planning standards for the provision of facilities objectives will therefore have to be developed. within the District. Table 3.2 then proposes a Social Facilities Guideline to be introduced and phased in on a District and Local Municipality level over the next The limited population growth in peripheral areas is attributed to the general two to three years. This guideline can be adjusted following a more detailed slow rates of development in the District. It is anticipated that if economic investigation of the appropriateness on a Local Municipality level. development growth rates of up to 5% is achieved in Umgungundlovu, not only the core, but also the peripheral areas, will come under pressure as a result of Health Facilities: The map reflecting the distribution of health facilities migration from rural districts such as Harry Gwala, Umzinyathi and uThukela, as confirms, as anticipated the large number of health facilities in the formal urban well as neighbouring provinces and countries. areas of Msunduzi. Hospitals in the District are located in Msunduzi, and then also in Mooi River, Richmond and Appelsbosch. It is evident from this that large The assessment clearly again confirms the close link between high sections of the population, specifically those residing on Ingonyama Trust land, unemployment and the traditional settlement areas. Rural unemployment is does not have easy access to higher order health facilities. Clinics are well therefore a key issue to be addressed and it cannot be anticipated that this can distributed throughout the District and there appears to be at least one clinic per only be catered for in terms of urban based economic development strategies. Traditional Council area. This does, however, not suggest that these facilities Approaches to facilitating job creation in rural areas are to be considered. are within easy reach of residents (i.e. within walking distance).
Education Facilities: Education facilities appear to be well-distributed throughout the District with urban areas, Traditional Council areas and farming areas having access to schools. In farming areas distance to primary education facilities, and then also access to secondary schools, remains a challenge. Due the large range in size, resourcing and quality of schools it is important that recommendations relating to the future provision of educational facilities be based on local level assessments. The ideal would be for all children to have access to an education within walking distance of their homes. This is definitely not the case when it comes to secondary education.
UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY SDF - JUNE 2014 36
Other public sector facilities: The map reflecting other public sector facilities 3.5. THE INFRASTRUCTURE provide an indication of the location of community halls, libraries, postal services, pension pay points, magisterial courts, police stations and traditional See the following maps: courts. Of note is the following: MAP B17: DISTRICT TRANSPORT NETWORK . Limited number of police stations and libraries specifically in Ingonyama MAP B18: DISTRICT WATER INFRASTRUCTURE Trust land areas (including Vulindlela); MAP B19: DISTRICT SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE . The availability of community halls in most areas; and MAP B20: DISTRICT ELECTRICITY INFRASTRUCTURE . A fair distribution of pension payment points. District Transport: The District Transport Network is made up of the following road hierarchy:
. National Roads; . Provincial Main Roads; . District Roads; . Local Roads; and . Networks of smaller roads and paths.
Key routes in the District are:
. N3 - Mooi River and Camperdown; . R103 – Mooi River - Howick; . R103 – Msunduzi – Camperdown; . R56 and R33 – Eastern Cape – Richmond – Msunduzi – Greytown; . R622 – Mooi River to Greytown; . R614 – Albert Fall – Wartburg – North Coast; . R617 – Howick – Boston – Underberg; . R603 – Camperdown – Umbumbulu.
District Water: Key water infrastructure is reflected on the map. The map reflects a distribution of infrastructure including Umgeni Water bulk pipelines, the District reticulation reservoirs, reticulation systems and related infrastructure.
UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY SDF - JUNE 2014 37
District Sanitation: The District Sanitation map reflects the number of VIP 3.6. ECONOMIC RESOURCES (Ventilated Improved Pits) projects specifically in the Ingonyama Trust land area. It is noted that reticulated networks are generally not found in these areas (Note 3.6.1. A SPATIAL ECONOMIC OVERVIEW that the data does not reflect on the situation in the Msunduzi Municipality). The spatial economy of the Umgungundlovu District can be described in terms Electricity Infrastructure: The electricity infrastructure map reflects the current of a number of basic components, including: Eskom networks in the District and indicates potential load constraints on networks by 2017. The mapping suggests that the majority of networks in the . The dominant core; District will be either “constrained” or “partially constrained”. . The supporting periphery; . Agriculture; and . Rural settlement.
3.6.1.1. The Dominant Core
Msunduzi fulfils a dominant role in the economy of the Umgungundlovu District. Msunduzi is not only the administrative and legislative centre of the provincial government, but also performs an important commercial and industrial function in the economy of the district and the province as a whole.
Msunduzi is not only located on the N3 corridor but also links with a number of key provincial and interprovincial transportation routes strengthening its role as the core. These routes include (Isikhungusethu 2012):
. The KwaZulu-Natal-Midlands and the Eastern Cape link via Bulwer, Underberg and Kokstad; . KwaZulu-Natal-Midlands and the Eastern Cape via Richmond and Ixopo; and . KwaZulu-Natal-Midlands and the north coast via Wartburg and/or Greytown R33.
Msunduzi and other municipalities along the N3 corridor are also well served by a developed but underutilised rail system.
UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY SDF - JUNE 2014 38
3.6.1.2. The Supporting Periphery Rural population distribution has been discussed in previous sections and it was noted that: Outside the strong urban core of Msunduzi the urban settlement patterns are structured along the main routes and towns and villages historically established . Ingonyama Trust land is not such a significant spatial feature in to service the agricultural sector. The urban centres, the location of the majority Umgungundlovu municipalities, the exceptions being Vulindlela in Msunduzi of retail and social services, as well as other economic activities in the District, and Impendle; are: . In two municipalities, Mpofana and uMngeni, the Ingonyama Trust land does not exist or is insignificant; . Howick located in uMngeni Municipality, . In other municipalities Mkhambathini, Richmond and uMshwathi . Mooi River located in Mpofana Municipality, agricultural development dominate land use but Ingonyama Trust Board . Impendle Village in Impendle Municipality, land is home to a sizable portion of the population; . New Hanover-Wartburg-Dalton-Cool Air in uMshwathi, . The Ingonyama Trust Board land in the District is located on the periphery . Camperdown located in Mkhambathini Municipality, and (or outer boundaries) of the District in the uMshwathi, Mkhambathini, . Richmond-Ndaleni located in the Richmond Municipality. Richmond and Impendle Municipalities; and . With the exception of Impendle there are no substantial towns or villages Throughout the various municipalities smaller centres have historically been located within these rural settlement areas where the Ingonyama Trust established to support either specific religious (mission) or economic activities Board owns land controlled by the Traditional Councils and occupied by (e.g. sugar cane milling). communities (traditional and other).
3.6.1.3. The Agricultural Focus 3.6.1.5. Commercial and Social Service Centres in the District
All of the abovementioned towns are, or were historically, surrounded by mainly The table below identifies the various service centres / urban areas within the medium to high value commercial agricultural land. In essence this supports the District (see section 1 for description of levels) and indicates to what extent these suggestion that these towns were generally established to service the service centres are located in close proximity to traditional settlement areas on agricultural sector. Ingonyama Trust land. In terms of the table “well located” centres are generally located on ITB land and places at least a portion of the population within walking 3.6.1.4. The Rural Settlement distance of the centre. Centres “in the vicinity” of ITB land is not located on ITB land, but can be accessed by some rural residents on foot. A centre where The presence of substantial areas of high value agricultural land in the District is “travel required” is indicated suggests that motorized transport (generally paid also confirmed by rural settlement patterns in the District. From the 1850s taxi transport for a distance of 10km plus) is required by rural residents to access onwards, through various processes, potential high value agricultural land was the centre. demarcated and designated as “Crown Land”. Settlement then was confined to land generally not suitable for agriculture.
UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY SDF - JUNE 2014 39
TABLE 3.2: CLASSIFICATION OF SERVICE CENTRES / URBAN AREAS Municipalities highlighted in orange does not include significant ITB land LEVEL OF LOCATION IN Source: Adapted from Vukuzakhe / StratPlan 2009 (Level 1 Rudimentary – Level URBAN AREA URBAN MUNICIPALITY RELATION TO ITB LAND 5 Emerging Metro) AREA
Impendle 2 Impendle Well located It is then confirmed from the above that with the exception of Impendle most Boston 1 Impendle Travel required existing service centers in the District is not well-located to service the Camperdown 2 Mkhambathini In vicinity for some traditional rural settlement areas located on Ingonyama Trust Board land.
Eston 1 Mkhambathini Travel required 3.6.2. AN ECONOMIC OVERVIEW Mid-Illovo 1 Mkhambathini Travel required Mooi River 3 Mooi Mpofana Travel required In overall terms the Umgungundlovu District makes an important contribution to Rosetta 1 Mooi Mpofana Travel required the economy of KwaZulu-Natal, with in 2011 a GVA contribution of R32.162 Pietermaritzburg / billion of a total of R279 billion or 12% of the provincial economy. The diagram 5 Msunduzi In vicinity for some Edendale below suggests that the manufacturing (22%), finance and real estate (18%) and Richmond 3 Richmond In vicinity for some government (17%) sectors all make a substantial contribution to the district economy, suggesting a well-balanced and vibrant economy. The transport, Baynesfield 1 Richmond Travel required storage and communication sector, as well as the wholesale and retail sector Howick 3 uMngeni Travel required also make a contribution of more than 10%. Despite the District often being Hilton 2 uMngeni Travel required recognised for the contribution of it’s agricultural sector this sector only Nottingham Road 2 uMngeni Travel required contributes 7% to the output of the District (although substantially higher than the Provincial contribution of the sector of around 4%). Lidgeton 1 uMngeni Travel required
Lions River 1 uMngeni Travel required Wartburg 2 uMshwathi Travel required New Hanover 2 uMshwathi Travel required Cool Air 1 uMshwathi Travel required Dalton 1 uMshwathi Travel required Noodsberg 1 uMshwathi Travel required Schroeders 1 uMshwathi Travel required Harburg 1 uMshwathi Travel required Fawn Leas 1 uMshwathi Travel required
UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY SDF - JUNE 2014 40
DIAGRAM 3.7: 2011 STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY BASED ON GVA DIAGRAM 3.8: 2011 MUNICIPAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO GVA CONTRIBUTION PER SECTOR
Source: Quantec 2012 Source: Quantec 2012
Relating to the economic structure of the various municipalities it is important to The diagram below reflects on average annual growth rates in the District note the considerable contribution made, in all municipalities other than economy over the 1996 to 2001, 2001 to 2006, and 2006 to 2011 periods, and Msunduzi, by the agricultural sector, with contributions ranging from 25% in then finally over the full period 1996 to 2011 timeframes. The District economy Mkhambathini to 13% in uMngeni. Also of interest is the relatively high has grown at 3% per annum over the past 15 years (see 1996 to 2011 column). contribution made in all municipalities by the manufacturing sector. In the more Sectors that have grown at above average rates over this period were transport rural municipalities this can be attributed to the presence of major agri- and storage (6%), mining and quarrying (5%) and construction (4%). Of some processing plants. concern is the fact that the agricultural sector showed limited growth over the period. The utilities sector reflected negative growth consistently over the The contributions of the various municipalities to the overall District economic period. Importantly, over the period the manufacturing sector and the output (measured in terms of gross value added) are reflected below. The wholesale and retail sector showed consistent growth of between 3% and 4%. dominant role of Msunduzi in the District economy is confirmed.
UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY SDF - JUNE 2014 41
DIAGRAM 3.9: ANNUAL GVA SECTOR GROWTH RATES FOR SELECTED PERIODS 3.6.3.1. MANUFACTURING SECTOR 12% 11% A recent survey again illustrated the industrial strength that exists within the 9% Umgungundlovu District Municipality (Isikhungusethu 2012). Based on
8% employment this survey confirmed that the majority of companies viewed as 7%
6% major job creators is manufacturers.
6% 6%
5%
4%
4%
4%
4%
4%
4%
4% 3%
4% 3% TABLE 3.3: MAJOR COMPANIES IDENTIFIED AND SURVEYED 2012
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3% 3%
3%
2%
2% 3%
2% NO COMPANY OVERVIEW
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1% 1%
1% Hulamin Limited (employing 2300 Hulamin is a major employer in the 0% 0% 1 0% people) District, but when considering the list
0% 3 National Chix of major companies it is evident that
the textiles, clothing and footwear
2%
- 2%
2% 4 Tai Yuen Textile
-
- 3%
- industry and the agri-processing and 3%
-4% - 5 Willowton Oil agricultural supplies dominate the list 6 Belgotex Floorcoverings of major employers in the sample. The continued strong presence of the 7 Corrida Shoes textiles, clothing and footwear sector 8 Eddels Footwear as an employer in Umgungundlovu, 1996 - 2001 2001 - 2006 2006 - 2011 1996 - 2011 primarily based in Pietermaritzburg, is 9 Illovo - Noodsberg Sugar Mill evident from the presence of Tai Yuen Source: Quantec 2012 10 TDM Textile, Carrida Shoes, Eddels
11 Summerhill Stud Farm Footwear, Gelvernor Textiles and
12 Gelvernor Textiles Exotex Textiles. The agriculture, 3.6.3. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF KEY ECONOMIC SECTORS agri-processing and supplies 13 De Heus industries are located primarily in the The 2012 Strategic Environmental Assessment (Isikhungusethu 2012a) provides 14 Aberdare Cables rural areas of the District represented a thorough assessment of current and changing land use patterns in each of the 15 Exotex Textiles by the Eston and Noodsberg Mills, animal feed manufacturers De Heus constituent municipalities of the Umgungundlovu District Municipality. This 16 Illovo - Eston Sugar Mill forms a perfect backdrop for this more general discussion of the distribution of and Meadow Feeds. Major producers 17 The Witness of food products include National economic activity in the key sectors. Chix and Willowton Oil. 18 Meadow Feeds The focus in the discussion to follow is on the manufacturing, agricultural, 19 Interpak tourism and commercial sectors. Sourveld Farm (employing 200 20 people) Source: Isikhungusethu 2012
UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY SDF - JUNE 2014 42
Other high profile manufacturing companies present in the District include . Nearly 50% of the land in the District is classified as having moderate to very Bokomo, Stihl Equipment, Somta Tools and others. high agricultural potential. . The areas with “very high” and “good” potential are generally limited to the From the above the following: uMshwathi Municipality, with areas in uMngeni with “very high potential” already under pressure from urban development. . The fact that the majority of the larger firms in the District are . Major portions of Mpofana, uMngeni, Richmond and even Msunduzi is manufacturing orientated supports the statistics that this sector is viewed as having “moderate” potential for agriculture. dominant. . Most land bordering on the N3 Corridor to the north of Howick is described . In terms of spatial planning it is then important to note the majority of major as having “moderate” potential this possibly restricting future land manufacturing companies are located in Msunduzi / Pietermaritzburg. development on land located between Howick and Mooi River. . A newer trend, not necessarily supported by the list of major companies . The land bordering on the N3 Corridor to the south east of Pietermaritzburg, reflected on above, is that major companies are now also establishing along from the City to Camperdown is indicated as having “moderate to the N3 Corridor, but in the uMngeni and Mkhambathini Municipalities. restricted” potential. This is the area in which it is anticipated that . From a manufacturing perspective it is noted that outside of the N3 Corridor development pressures will be greatest over the next 20 years. only agri-processing firms feature strongly in other municipalities, e.g. the . Importantly, with the exception of Vulindlela in the Msunduzi Municipality, Noodsberg and Eston Sugar Mills, other major manufacturing activities in the Ingonyama Trust Land in the District is identified as having “very uMshwathi, Impendle, Mpofana and Richmond is limited. restricted, low or very low” potential.
The map overleaf also reflects on agricultural land categories. 3.6.3.2. AGRICULTURAL SECTOR The SEA (Umgungundlovu 2012) summarise the state of agriculture in the Although the agricultural sector makes only a modest 7% GVA contribution to District as follows: the District economy it is the sector on which the spatial economy of the District was built and it is therefore important to understand the spatial distribution of It has not been possible to conclusively demonstrate the extent to which this sector. The Strategic Environmental Assessment (Isikhungusethu 2012a) agricultural resources are at risk in this limited study. It is complex to define the provides a thorough analysis of agricultural land use and potential based on the limits to agricultural production at a district wide scale particularly if the notion of Bioresource Groups and Units and this will not be reflected on in detail in this commercial and sustainable production systems are taken into account. current report. Consequently it may be useful to review surrogate measures to establish the state of agricultural resources in the district. Considering agricultural land potential in the Umgungundlovu District and the implications for future development in the District the following: It has been established in a number of studies (IDPs for all municipalities in the district) that agriculture continues to play a critical role in sustaining, particularly, the more rural municipalities and peoples in the district.
UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY SDF - JUNE 2014 43
It has further been demonstrated in the Uthungulu Agricultural Plan (Isik 2010 as in Isikhungusethu 2012a) that agriculture tends to have a multiplier effect on municipal economies : whilst agriculture as a sector may only contribute a relatively small percentage to the GVA of a municipality, the secondary sector (processing and packaging of produce) has a much greater and far reaching economic impact and hence the role and importance of agriculture is often seriously under-estimated as a primary sector driving economic growth. The agricultural sector is also a significant contributor to employment and to job creation. These factors are particularly true where there are limited alternative primary sector drivers as in the case of Umgungundlovu which historically developed around farming. That agricultural economic core which gave rise to settlement and development in the district appears to have been overtaken, mainly by residential development and secondary and tertiary sector economic activities particularly in municipalities located along the development corridor and in the district nodes.
The land use data demonstrates the progressive transformation and concomitant loss of natural resources, including agricultural resources, to human settlement and related activities. The socio-economic report has demonstrated the inability of the district economy to fully integrate its population into the formal or first economy with the attendant maladies associated with informal settlement, lack of services, unemployment, poverty and destruction of the natural environment.
UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY SDF - JUNE 2014 44
MAP 7: UMGUNGUNDLOVU AGRICULTURAL LAND CATEGORIES
UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY SDF - JUNE 2014 45
As noted, the indications are symptomatic of a situation in which agriculture has The spatial distribution of land reform projects in the District is reflected in the been replaced as a sector in the core growth areas (spatial) of the district. However, table below. it retains its primacy in the rural municipalities which ‘feed’ the secondary and tertiary sectors of the district and provincial economy. The indications are, under TABLE 3.4: SUMMARY OF LAND REFORM PROJECTS IN THE UMGUNGUNDLOVU current and future global economic trends (Coetzee 2011 as in Isikhungusethu DISTRICT 2012a), that the nature of the economies of these rural municipalities is unlikely to RESTITUTION REDISTRIBUTION TOTAL
change significantly despite claims to the contrary in their respective IDPs and LED
% of
MUNICIPALITY
sector reports. Hence the indications from this project are that future non-
LM
agricultural development in the district should focus on defined nodes and
Projects Total Area No of Projects Total Area No of Claims Land Reform Area corridors and that remaining agricultural areas should be protected ‘at all No of costs’ since once land is transformed it is virtually impossible to return it to uMshwathi 455 39913.3 9 1332.6 464 41245.9 23 productive agricultural use. (Our emphasis) uMngeni 219 28432.7 5 678.6 224 29111.3 19
Mpofana 51 16273.5 75 19671.6 126 35945.1 20 The above recommendation is in general supported, but as a first step, considering the potential population and economic growth rates in the District, Impendle 15 17164.5 169 3497.9 184 20662.4 14 it is important that the nodes and corridors be clearly defined and that the Msunduzi 186 12642.4 2 297.4 188 12939.8 20 phasing of development within nodes and corridors must be planned for (a forty Mkhambathini 471 44108.1 11 1060.2 482 45168.3 51 year term is proposed). It is only with such clarity on the direction of future urban development that the protection of agricultural land “at all costs” can be Richmond 261 38500.3 23 3104.9 284 41605.1 33 supported. Total 1658 197034.7 294 29643.2 1952 226971.9 24 Source: KZN Department of Rural Development and Land Reform as in Linked closely to the agricultural sector is the issue of land reform. Isikhungusethu 2012a Umgungundlovu (2012) highlights the following implications of the land reform programme for agriculture in the District. The more specific distribution of land reform project in the District must guide spatial development planning on a Municipal level. Appropriate interventions to The implications of land reform taking place on commercial agricultural land are support land reform must be considered. that it impacts negatively on the agricultural sector and thus the local economy. This is largely due to poor planning, lack of post-settlement support and the slow implementation of land reform (Sisonke (now Harry Gwala) Area Based Plan, Isikhungusethu 2007 as in Umgungundlovu 2012). This is particularly pertinent to restitution claims, and given the high number of these claims on agricultural land in Umgungundlovu, this has already had negative impacts on the commercial agricultural sector (Isik, 2008 as in Umgungundlovu 2012).
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3.6.3.3. TOURISM SECTOR 3.6.3.4. COMMERCIAL SECTOR
The Umgungundlovu District is well known for a number of major tourism The commercial sector is a leading sector within the District and the distribution attractions, most notably the Midlands Meander, the Ukhahlamba-Drakensberg of businesses in this sector is discussed in substantially more detail in later and the Umkomazi River Valley. These attractions are well supported by: sections of this report. This sector is generally located in Pietermaritzburg and associated nodes, with also the recent expansion into Edendale with the . Historical and heritage sites; introduction of three new retail facilities, and other major towns and villages in . Recreation facilities; the District. . Accommodation facilities; and . International sporting and outdoor events. The table below reflects on the distribution of listed wholesale and retail businesses in the various towns and villages within the Umgungundlovu District The 2007 Tourism Plan for the District then confirms the following “key tourism Municipality. It must be noted that this information is based on a telephone nodes” in the District, viz. book survey and therefore does not necessarily include all businesses. This does, however, provide a basis for comparing the size of the wholesale and retail . The uKhahlamba Drakensberg; sector in different locations. . The Midlands Meander (generally areas straddling the N3); DIAGRAM 3.10: DISTRIBUTION OF LISTED WHOLESALE AND RETAIL BUSINESSES . The Umkomazi River Valley. IN UMGUNGUNGDLOVU
Other supporting, but less significant routes include the Boston-Bulwer Beat and the Albert Falls Amble.
Future spatial planning and developments in other sectors of the economy, e.g. manufacturing, agriculture, mining, transport etc., should be mindful of impacts on the well-established tourism sector.
However, despite tourism receiving substantial focus on a national level it is suggested that the impact of this sector on future economic growth in the District will always be limited. The sector does not have the unexploited potential that will contribute substantially to the economic growth rates required. However, the District does have a unique set of attractions. It is believed that the real value of tourism for the District is in the marketing of the many other opportunities offered by the District, including quality of life, excellent education facilities, major sporting events etc. Note: Excludes Pietermaritzburg / Hilton / Cato Ridge listed as node impacting directly on uMgungundlovu trade area
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4. KEY INFORMANTS
4.1. INTRODUCTION 4.2. TOWARDS 2050 - A LONG TERM SPATIAL VIEW
Over and above the general considerations highlighted in the preceding sections 4.2.1. BACKGROUND this section considers four key informants of the future spatial development in the uMgungundlovu District, viz. Spatial development frameworks often only focus on providing plans for a relatively short term (5 years). The Umgungundlovu Spatial Development . A long term view of social and economic development; Framework will consider a 2050 view in terms of population and economic . Strategic environmental considerations for future spatial development; growth in order to ensure that short term targets (five years) should be . Spatial economic issues for consideration in spatial framework planning; established within the context of such long term estimates. . Alignment with constituent local municipalities and other regional spatial frameworks. The 2050 view of Umgungundlovu presented below considers the implications of (1) population growth and dynamics and (2) economic growth and dynamics. The population and economic growth rates are based on three different scenarios and the most likely scenario is then expanded on and further discussed.
4.2.2. THE GROWTH SCENARIOS
Three scenarios for the future growth and development are proposed for Umgungundlovu, viz.
. A low growth scenario; . A medium growth scenario; and . A high growth scenario.
The three scenarios are described in more detail below. The implications of the various scenarios are then discussed in the sections that follow.
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4.2.2.1. Scenario 1: Low Growth Scenario 4.2.2.3. Scenario 3: High Growth Scenario
In terms of this scenario population and economic growth rates achieved over In terms of this scenario the population and economic growth rates will be well in the past 10 years continues well into the future. The population growth rate will excess of that achieved over the past 10 years and will be amongst the highest in be at 1% per annum and the economic growth rate at around 2% per annum. the country. The population growth rate is then expected to be 3% and the economy of the District will grow at 7% plus. This scenario assumes that the current severe impact of HIV/AIDS on population growth will continue to be felt over the longer term. Due to subdued economic As for Scenario 2, this scenario assumes that the HIV/AIDS pandemic has been growth migration to the region will be limited although people will continue to largely eradicated and the negative impact of the pandemic has been greatly trickle into the area from neighbouring poverty stricken districts such as Harry reduced. Population growth is also stimulated by strong economic growth rates Gwala and Umzinyathi. and particularly people migrating to the area from neighbouring districts and further afield. The economy will show positive growth, as for the past 15 years, but growth will be well below the rates required to address developmental and poverty issues. The economy is growing at exceptionally high rates primarily as a result of major New major industrial and property developments will be limited and existing investments in infrastructure; specifically transport infrastructure, and resultant industries will stagnate. major investments in the industrial and agricultural sector. The District has become the investment destination of choice along the N3 Corridor. 4.2.2.2. Scenario 2: Medium Growth Scenario 4.2.2.4. The Most Likely Scenario In terms of the scenario the population and economic growth rates will be in excess of that achieved over the past 10 years. The population growth rate is Considering specifically the growth prospects used as the basis for the 2012 anticipated to be 2%, whereas the economy will grow at a rate of 5%. National Development Plan it is suggested that the most likely 2050 scenario for the Umgungundlovu District, based on current information available, will be This scenario assumes that the HIV/AIDS pandemic has been curbed and that the Scenario 2, the Medium Growth Scenario. The sections that follow further negative impact thereof on population growth has been reduced. It is also expand on the implications of this scenario. assumed that, because of higher economic growth rates, the area has become a target for migrants from neighbouring largely rural District Municipalities and 4.2.3. 2050 POPULATION GROWTH AND IMPLICATIONS even provinces such as the Eastern Cape. These implications of the above three scenarios specifically in terms of The economy is set to grow at rates as proposed in the National Development population growth are considered in this section. Plan for 2030 (i.e. at 5.4%). This assumes continued investment in capital development, expansion of production activity and the strengthening of all economic sectors.
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4.2.3.1. Overall population growth 4.2.3.2. Rural-urban distribution of population growth
Diagram 4.1 below reflects on the total district population in 2011, 2030 and From a spatial planning perspective it is assumed that this population growth will 2050 in terms of the three scenarios. not be uniform throughout the rural and urban areas of the District. Diagram 4.2 illustrates the possible implications for urban and rural growth in the District Starting off from the 2011 base of a population of 1.017 million (StatsSA 2011) based on assumptions that: the medium growth scenario would see the population growing by nearly 50% to 1.5 million people in 2030 and double to 2.2 million people in 2050. Should the . Population growth in dispersed rural settlement areas, where approximately 3% growth rate of the high growth scenario be applied it is evident that the a third of the current rural population reside, will be discouraged and will population in the District will potentially double. Even in the case of the low therefore be 0% over the long term; and growth scenario the population of the District will grow with 50% by the year . In the remaining rural areas population growth will continue at the current 2050. rate of 1%, i.e. the rural areas will not depopulate as is often suggested.
DIAGRAM 4.1: 2030 AND 2050 POPULATION GROWTH FOR THREE SCENARIOS DIAGRAM 4.2: SCENARIO 2 - RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION GROWTH
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The implications of the above basic assumptions are that the urban areas will It can be anticipated that this population structure will change over the period to grow at a substantially higher rate, but that further growth and densification in 2050 and that the population, in terms of the medium growth scenario, will the rural areas can also be expected. In terms of Scenario 2 the urban population include a larger percentage of the aged and that the contribution of the younger of the District will reach nearly 1.8 million by 2050, i.e. increase by nearly 1.1 age categories to total population will become smaller, i.e. the base will start to million people, whereas the rural population will grow by a further 100 000 shrink. The result will potentially be a population pyramid as reflected in people. Diagram 4.4 below.
4.2.3.3. 2050 Population Structure
Diagram 4.3 below presents the 2011 population pyramid for the Umgungundlovu District based on the latest Census statistics. This pyramid is fairly typical for developing countries with a wide base suggesting a very young population. In this case 40% of the population is below 20 years of age and 60% below 30.
DIAGRAM 4.3: 2011 UMGUNGUNDLOVU POPULATION PYRAMID DIAGRAM 4.4: 2050 UMGUNGUNDLOVU POPULATION PYRAMID
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Applying the above population distribution to the 2050 population estimated for The Diagram below reflects on the 2011 housing stock in the District and the the Medium Growth Scenario provide the results reflected in the table below. preferred distribution of housing types in the District by 2050. This suggests an eradication of informal housing by 2050 and that 70% of the population is TABLE 4.1: 2050 POPULATION AGE DISTRIBUTION FOR MEDIUM GROWTH accommodated in houses (separated) of brick, 15% in higher density cluster type SCENARIO housing, 14% in blocks of flats and 1% in backyard rooms or flats. AGE MALE FEMALE TOTAL 0 - 10 220,320 220,320 440,640 DIAGRAM 4.5: CURRENT AND PROPOSED 2050 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSING TYPES 11- 20 231,336 231,336 462,672 21 - 30 209,304 209,304 418,608 31 - 40 154,224 154,224 308,448 41 - 50 110,160 99,144 209,304 51 - 60 88,128 77,112 165,240 61 - 70 44,064 44,064 88,128 71 - 80 33,048 33,048 66,096 81 - above 22,032 22,032 44,064 TOTAL 1,112,616 1,090,584 2,203,199
It is noted that although the percentage contribution of the youngest age group will decrease the actual number of people in the 0 – 20 age category will be nearly as high as the total population of the District today. The number of people in the 40 and above categories will also be relatively high when compared to the current population in those age groups.
4.2.4. IMPLICATIONS FOR HOUSING
The medium growth scenario suggests, considering also a reduction in family size by 2050, that nearly 580 000 housing units will be required by 2050. The current housing stock also includes a large number of informal and traditional dwellings requiring upgrading.
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Considering the need for 389,950 housing units to be provided, including what The District makes an 11.7% contribution to the Provincial economy compared can be viewed as the current backlogs (primarily informal and traditional to the 53.3% contribution of the eThekwini economy. The current structure housing), over the 40 year period, the table below reflects the overall number of shows the dominance of the manufacturing, finance, government and transport units to be provided and breaks this down to the annual figure to be provided. sectors in the District economy and this closely mirrors the eThekwini and Provincial economies, with the government sector making a comparatively TABLE 4.2: ADDRESSING THE 2011 TO 2050 HOUSING NEED larger contribution in the District as can be expected with the Provincial Capital 2050 HOUSING TO BE located in the District. HOUSING TYPE PER ANNUM NEED PROVIDED Informal dwelling (settlement) - - - TABLE 4.3: A COMPARATIVE 2010 ECONOMIC STRUCTURE (GVA IN RM) Informal in back yard - - - UMGUNGUNDLOVU ETHEKWINI KZN PROVINCE SECTOR % per % per % per Other - - - Rmillion Rmillion Rmillion sector sector sector Room/flatlet on shared - - - Manufacturing R 6,713 21% R 31,326 22% R 59,165 22% Traditional dwelling - - - Finance, insurance, real House/flat/room in back yard 5,798 1,183 30 estate and business R 5,799 19% R 32,988 23% R 53,444 20% services Flat in block 81,171 69,322 1,733 General government R 5,201 17% R 16,229 11% R 34,424 13% Town/cluster/etc. house 86,968 77,409 1,985 Transport, storage and House or brick structure R 3,958 13% R 21,948 15% R 36,412 14% 405,853 242,037 6,206 communication (separate) Wholesale and retail TOTAL 579,789 389,950 9,954 trade, catering and R 3,357 11% R 21,092 15% R 37,867 14% accommodation The table confirms that on average 10 000 units must be supplied per annum to Agriculture R 2,232 7% R 2,237 2% R 11,781 4% address the anticipated 2050 housing need. Community, social and R 1,944 6% R 8,463 6% R 16,708 6% personal services 4.2.5. 2050 ECONOMIC GROWTH AND IMPLICATIONS Construction R 901 3% R 4,477 3% R 8,126 3%
Electricity, gas and water R 728 2% R 3,101 2% R 5,899 2% The 2010 size and structure of the Umgungundlovu District economy, measured in terms of Gross Value Added, is reflected in the table below and compared with Mining and quarrying R 503 2% R 616 0% R 3,381 1% the size and the structure of the eThekwini and Provincial economies. TOTAL R 31,337 100% R 142,477 100% R 267,207 100% CONTRIBUTION TO 11.7% 53.3% 100% See Table 4.3: A Comparative 2010 Economic Structure for Umgungundlovu PROVINCIAL ECONOMY (GVA in Rm)
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Table 4.4 below reflects on the impact of economic growth rates on the growth TABLE 4.5: 2010 AND 2050 STRUCTURE AND VALUE OF ECONOMY IN GVA (RM) of the economy over time. 2010 GVA 2050 WITH 2050 GVA UMDM SECTOR CONTRIBU 5% GROWTH CONTRIBU 2010 TABLE 4.4: IMPACT OF VARIOUS ECONOMIC GROWTH RATES ON DISTRICT GVA TION SCENARIO TION (RM) (2010 TO 2050) Manufacturing R 6,713 21% R 52,945 24% ANNUAL ECONOMIC GROWTH Finance, insurance, real YEAR estate and business R 5,799 19% R 35,297 16% 0% 2% 4% 5% 6% services 2010 GVA R 31,336 R 31,336 R 31,336 R 31,336 R 31,336 General government R 5,201 17% R 26,473 12% 2020 GVA R 31,336 R 38,198 R 46,385 R 51,043 R 56,118 Transport, storage and R 3,958 13% R 30,885 14% 2030 GVA R 31,336 R 46,564 R 68,661 R 83,144 R 100,499 communication Wholesale and retail 2040 GVA R 31,336 R 56,761 R 101,635 R 135,432 R 179,978 trade, catering and R 3,357 11% R 26,473 12% 2050 GVA R 31,336 R 69,191 R 150,445 R 220,605 R 322,313 accommodation Per Capita GVA 2010 (R) R 30,789 Agriculture R 2,232 7% R 17,648 8% Community, social and Per Capita GVA 2050 (R) R 31,405 R 68,285 R 100,129 R 146,293 R 1,944 6% R 11,030 5% personal services
Construction R 901 3% R 6,618 3% Using the 2050 GVA contribution based on a 5% per annum growth rate between 2010 and 2050, and a number of assumptions as to the structure of the 2050 Electricity, gas and water R 728 2% R 8,824 4% District economy, the table below reflects on the potential growth and Mining and quarrying R 503 2% R 4,412 2% contributions of the various economic sectors by 2050. TOTAL R 31,337 100% R 220,605 100%
The above is important from a spatial planning perspective as it illustrates that, The growth of other sectors that has potential implications for spatial planning considering the anticipated growth rates, the manufacturing economy for include the finance and government sectors with additional requirements for instance will grow eight to ten times in size (based on current Rand values). This primarily well-located office space, the retail sector and transport sector each manufacturing sector development will have to be accommodated within the with unique space requirements and the importance of retaining high potential spatial framework of the District Municipality. agricultural land to allow for growth in this sector. These space implications
should be further considered.
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4.3. SPATIAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TRENDS Considering the transport capacity constraints on this corridor it is evident that alternative nodes, with the required access and bulk infrastructure, for the 4.3.1. BACKGROUND expansion of these sectors will have to be provided for.
Based on the spatial economic analysis conducted in 2013 the following 4.3.3. DEVELOPMENT NODES observations and recommendations were considered in the 2014 review of Umgungundlovu District Municipality Spatial Development Framework. Pietermaritzburg / Ashburton / Edendale remain the most strategic economic development node in the District with potential for growth and expansion. This 4.3.2. LONG TERM FUTURE GROWTH core is strengthened by the rapid development of the Howick / Hilton / Mphophomeni complex and the Camperdown / Cato Ridge area. The growth scenario adopted by the District for future long term planning suggests an annual population growth rate of 2% and an economic growth rate Other towns in the District (referred to as tertiary nodes) fulfil administrative and of 5% (currently 1% and 2 % respectively). The implications of the growth commercial roles in the local municipality context, viz. Mooi River / Bruntville, scenario to be considered in future spatial development planning in the District New Hanover / Wartburg and Richmond. It is noted that the character and focus are: of each of these towns differ significantly and this must be acknowledged in regional and local spatial planning. A doubling of population over the next 40 years of population is anticipated over the next 20 years. This suggests, in simple terms that the current space available It is recommended, based on the analysis, that the development of rural towns for residential development in the District should be doubled with the provision receives priority. A rural town would be a higher density urban development in of 10 000 new housing units annually. The expansion of residential areas must rural areas located on Ingonyama Trust Land also offering a catchment of therefore be planned for and in each urban area the spatial direction for around 60 000 people easy access to commercial facilities, production expansion must be planned for. It is anticipated that the majority of this opportunities and social services. Impendle town is already established and expansion will take place in the N3 Corridor, the area that also experienced alternative areas to be considered for the establishment of rural towns are: higher than average population growth rates over the past decade. . KwaSwayimana in uMshwathi In order to accommodate the population it is estimated that 10 000 housing . KwaXimba (in eThekwini) or vicinity to serve parts of Mkhambathini (cross units per annum will have to be provided in the District. This will require the border cooperation) release of serviced land for 10 000 units per annum over the next 40 years. . Appelsbosch / Bamshela to serve west of Ndwedwe and eastern parts of uMshwathi At an economic growth rate of 5% the requirement for space to accommodate . Vulindlela in Msunduzi specifically the manufacturing, logistics and commerce sectors will continue to . Vumakwenza or Embo Timuni TCs in Richmond / Mkhambathini place pressure on well-located land in specifically the N3 Corridor (potentially 8 . Ndaleni in Richmond times the current land area for industrial development may be required).
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Tourism nodes are reflected in the 2007 SDF. The villages of Rosetta and . The N3 Interchanges: The various interchanges on the N3 should be Nottingham Road, which fall in separate municipalities but form one functional highlighted as areas where development pressure should be anticipated in unit is primarily of a tourism nature, and this role needs to be consolidated and the short to medium term and priorities for more detailed planning and expanded. spatial analysis should be identified. This should include the Hilton, Merrivale and Tweedie interchanges in uMngeni and the Camperdown and More detailed planning of these nodes needs to be done as part of the local Lion Park interchanges in the Mkhambathini Municipality. SDF’s. . The inland dry port: From a spatial planning perspective the 4.3.4. DEVELOPMENT CORRIDORS Umgungundlovu District must prepare to receive the proposed inland dry port development (as an alternative to Cato Ridge). Historically various Based on the definition of a corridor as presented in the 2013 Spatial Economic studies has been conducted regarding the location of such a dry port in Analysis (StratPlan 2013) only the N3 corridor, specifically the corridor between Mpofana and Msunduzi. A decision must be taken as to the preferred Howick and Camperdown, can be described as a development corridor. Initially location for a dry port in Umgungundlovu should Cato Ridge be found not to only the municipalities that forms part of the District core, viz. Mkhambathini, be the most appropriate. Msunduzi and Mngeni will be affected by the corridor, however, this will impact on all municipalities over the longer term. The recommendations of the 2007 SDF relating to Tourism Link Routes are supported. The following are listed: Other regional corridors as identified should be reflected as being primarily movement corridors offering opportunities at specific locations / intersections. . Improving linkages between the Midlands Meander and other existing or Based on the above it is recommended that the following be considered in the potential tourist routes 2014 Spatial Development Framework: . Improving access to the Drakensberg . Improving accessibility to areas with high scenic and landscape quality and . The Secondary Development Corridor: The 2014 SDF should introduce a other attractions discussion on the issue of the establishment of a Secondary Development Corridor running parallel to the N3 and the possible long term implications The routes recommended for upgrading are aimed at achieving this. thereof for spatial development in the District. Through such a discussion the District should start providing guidance, both political and technical, to national and provincial initiatives relating to determining the alignment for a Development Corridor. Opportunities that may emerge from such a secondary corridor should be conceptualised and introduced in the spatial planning debate in the District. Based on an initial assessment it is suggested that a Secondary Development Corridor, specifically impacting on the Edendale / Vulindlela area, the Richmond Municipality and the Mkhambathini Municipality, should be promoted.
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4.3.5. GENERAL LAND-USE 4.3.6. SYNOPSIS: SPATIAL ECONOMIC RECOMMENDATIONS
From the assessment of the current spatial economy it is evident that the core- From a spatial economic development perspective the focus of the District periphery model is an important feature of the District. At present economic family of municipalities over the next five years should be on: activity is concentrated in the core made up of primarily the Msunduzi and uMngeni Municipalities. Immediate pressure for the expansion of the core is felt . Ensuring an adequate supply of accessible serviced industrial land is in specifically the Mkhambathini Municipality. available in the N3 Corridor, alternatively development will bypass the District; The assessment of the current district spatial economy and the anticipated future development pressure in the District highlighted the following: . Anticipating the economic development impacts and opportunities of the Pietermaritzburg bypass and guiding provincial and national initiatives . Future non-agricultural development in the district should focus on defined aimed at finalising the route alignment (developmental considerations nodes and corridors, and land bordering on these nodes and corridors. rather than technical should be the basis for decision-making in this regard); Remaining agricultural areas, not linked to defined nodes and corridors, should be protected since once land is transformed it is virtually impossible . Making provision for accommodating future population growth in well- to return it to productive agricultural use (Isikhungusethu 2012); and located areas in proximity to current and future job opportunities; and
. Future spatial planning and developments in other sectors of the economy, . Establishing rural towns in localities where between 40 000 and 60 000 e.g. manufacturing, agriculture, mining, transport etc., should be mindful of people residing on Ingonyama Trust land can be served. impacts on the well-established tourism sector and key tourism corridors should be accommodated in spatial planning (as has been promoted in the 2007 District SDF).
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4.4. THE STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT . Protect agricultural land . Guide location for investment by investor 4.4.1. BACKGROUND . Promote social and economic development . Accommodate future demand for development The District SEA process, concluded in 2012, specifically assessed the 2007 District SDF in terms of sustainability criteria. The information in this section is The SEA highlighted the following concepts reflected in the SDFs: extracted from the SEA (Umgungundlovu 2012). The relevant section in the SEA was aimed at informing the alignment process between the SDF and the SEA at . The concept of intra metropolitan and inter- urban transportation routes a district level. The focus was on identifying gaps and concerns in the 2007 SDF structured in a ‘lattice’ of different routes aimed at optimising accessibility in order to inform the revision of the revision of the SDF. In addition, the whilst at the same time minimising congestion. relevant section of the SEA will be used as the basis for the development of . That major intersections on the N3 corridor between Camperdown and actions in the SEMP to guide spatial planning and the processing of Howick-Mooi River would become key economic drivers (new nodes) in the development applications in the District in the immediate to short-term. future in the hierarchy of nodes and corridors which characterises the sub- region. 4.4.2. SPATIAL PLANNING PRINCIPLES APPLIED IN THE SDF . That agriculture as a sector will continue to play a major role in the future, particularly in rural areas of the district where there are limited alternative Based on a review of the Msunduzi SEA (2010) and the uMgungundlovu SDF economic opportunities. (2007) it is noted in the District SEA (Umgungundlovu 2012) that the following . The conceptualisation of open space allowed for a wide range of spatial structuring elements underpin the Msunduzi and uMgungundlovu SDFs: environmentally friendly land cover categories have been identified including: conservation areas, environmental management areas, forests, . Nodes are the concentration points for developmental activities; river systems, floodlines, agricultural resources etc. . Corridors are considered to include main roads and arterials; . ‘Ribbon’ development is not implied in corridors – it is only in special 4.4.3. COMMENTS AND INTERVENTIONS circumstances that this could be considered; . Location and nature of settlement including formal and informal, urban and The SEA (Umgungundlovu 2012) suggests that changes in the district that need rural; to be taken into account since the 2007 SDFs include: population growth in both . Environment and open space (passive and active); urban and rural areas, increased levels of unemployment and economic . Urban edges; hardship, economic slowdown and environmental thresholds being exceeded. . Mixed use developments. Furthermore there are increasing pressures for development along the N3 which in places has resulted in the emergence of areas of ‘ribbon’ development and the In the SDFs it was indicated that the key purpose of nodes was as follows: progressive loss of agricultural land and critical biodiversity areas. One of the key indicators of growth beyond sustainable limits has been the need to construct . To optimise bulk infrastructure the Spring Grove dam as an intermediate engineering solution to challenging . Discourage urban sprawl water shortages in the District and beyond. . Ensure compact and efficient urban areas
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The SEA Status Quo report (Umgungundlovu 2012) provides an assessment of TABLE 4.6: UMGUNGUNDLOVU SUSTAINABILITY OBJECTIVES FROM SEA 2013 the district and local spatial plans and the associated gaps that were identified in NSSD STRATEGIC KEY ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY the process. These gaps have been reviewed in the SEA with the view to PRIORITIES ISSUE OBJECTIVE highlighting the issues that need to be taken into account in the revision of the NSSD 1 Strategic Priority Limited capacity and Enhanced and effective 1: Enhancing systems for systems for integrated environmental governance, SDF. This is accompanied by suggested interventions to overcome these integrated planning and planning and institutional structures and alignment issues. implementation implementation to achieve systems to achieve sustainable development integrated planning and Alignment issues were summarised under the following headings: implementation
. Spatial and environmental planning concepts; NSSD 1 Strategic Priority The degradation of land and The use of natural capital is . Corridor and transport route alignment; 2: Sustaining our natural resources compatible with the . Zoning; ecosystems and using maintenance of ecosystem . Biodiversity; and natural resources functionality and natural . N3 Corridor and Nodes. efficiently resources are protected and restored. The alignment issues as listed in detail in the SEA (Umgungundlovu 2012) guided the development of this SDF. The alignment issues highlighted in the SEA are Excessive water demand The ability of aquatic exceeds available supply resources to provide water reflected on in more detail in Annexure 1. is maintained within the limits of sustainability. 4.4.4. ASSESSMENT OF THE DISTRICT SDF USING THE SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK Reduced Water Quality Water quality in all aquatic ecosystems in the District is The Sustainability Framework (SF), dealt with in the SEA, was also used as the significantly improved and basis for the assessment of the SDF. The SEA (Umgungundlovu 2012) indicated maintained that in future revisions of the SDF the key issues and SF should be used to guide planners in what environmental components to include in the planning process. NSSD 1 Strategic Priority Economic growth that is not Economic goals based on 3: Towards a Green linked to sustainable ecological sustainability and
Economy resource use and built on a culture that The SEA assessment indicates the gaps that need to be addressed in future environmental impact recognises that socio- revisions of the SDF. The SEA then continues to establish a series of economic systems are Sustainability Objectives that is related back to the Strategic Priorities of the dependent on and National Strategy for Sustainable Development (NSSD1). embedded in ecosystems.
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NSSD STRATEGIC KEY ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 4.5. ALIGNMENT WITH LOCAL AND REGIONAL SPATIAL PRIORITIES ISSUE OBJECTIVE FRAMEWORKS NSSD 1 Strategic Priority Inefficient spatial planning Environmentally
4: Building Sustainable and urban design; sustainable communities In the preparation of this SDF regional spatial frameworks were considered in Communities inadequate provision of are established where basic services including development is informed by order to ensure alignment and where necessary identify possible alignment water, sanitation and waste social needs and the challenges. The relevant spatial development frameworks of the following management; and, improvement of the quality entities are reflected in Annexure 3: insufficient recognition of of life and does not Cultural Heritage compromise the natural . N3 corridor and nodes environment and cultural . Corridor and transport route alignment heritage. . Zoning
. Biodiversity NSSD 1 Strategic Priority Localised poor air quality Air quality is significantly . Spatial and environmental planning concepts 5: Responding effectively and greenhouse gas improved, Greenhouse gas to climate change emissions contributing to concentrations are reduced Climate Change and there is resilience to From this assessment the following potential alignment issues to be considered climate change within in future were identified: communities and ecosystems. . Alignment with local municipalities . Alignment with surrounding districts, provinces and countries
The SEA (Umgungundlovu 2012) further unpacks each of the above Strategic Priority Issues in terms of:
. Sustainability Criteria; . Indicators; . Targets; and . Sustainability Strategies.
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5. SPATIAL VISION, OBJECTIVES AND GOALS
5.1. INTRODUCTION iv. land use management systems must include all areas of a municipality and specifically include provisions that are flexible and appropriate for the This section reflects on the spatial principles, the spatial vision and the spatial management of disadvantaged areas, informal settlements and former objectives that guided the development of the 2014 Umgungundlovu District homeland areas; Municipality SDF. v. land development procedures must include provisions that accommodate access to secure tenure and the incremental upgrading of informal areas; 5.2. SPATIAL PRINCIPLES and vi. a Municipal Planning Tribunal considering an application before it, may The Umgungundlovu District SDF supports the basic principles as reflected in not be impeded or restricted in the exercise of its discretion solely on the Chapter 2 of Section 7 of SPLUMA. SPLUMA indicates that the following basic ground that the value of land or property is affected by the outcome of the principles shall apply to spatial planning, land development and land use application; management, viz.
. The principle of spatial justice; (b) the principle of spatial sustainability, whereby spatial planning and land use . The principle of spatial sustainability; management systems must— . The principle of efficiency; i. promote land development that is within the fiscal, institutional and . The principle of spatial resilience; and administrative means of the Republic; . The principle of good administration. ii. ensure that special consideration is given to the protection of prime and unique agricultural land; iii. uphold consistency of land use measures in accordance with (a) The principle of spatial justice, whereby— environmental management instruments; i. past spatial and other development imbalances must be redressed iv. promote and stimulate the effective and equitable functioning of land through improved access to and use of land; markets; ii. spatial development frameworks and policies at all spheres of government v. consider all current and future costs to all parties for the provision of must address the inclusion of persons and areas that were previously infrastructure and social services in land developments; excluded, with an emphasis on informal settlements, former homeland vi. promote land development in locations that are sustainable and limit areas and areas characterised by widespread poverty and deprivation; urban sprawl; and iii. spatial planning mechanisms, including land use schemes, must vii. result in communities that are viable; incorporate provisions that enable redress in access to land by disadvantaged communities and persons;
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(c) the principle of efficiency, whereby— 5.3. PRINCIPLES SUPPORTED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE i. land development optimises the use of existing resources and 2007 SDF infrastructure; ii. decision-making procedures are designed to minimise negative financial, The following principles were reflected in the 2007 SDF of the Umgungundlovu social, economic or environmental impacts; and District Municipality and should be built on in this 2014 review: iii. development application procedures are efficient and streamlined and timeframes are adhered to by all parties; . In pursuance of the National and Provincial Spatial Development Strategies, a hierarchical system of development nodes linked by different types of development corridors, is recommended. (d) the principle of spatial resilience, whereby flexibility in spatial plans, policies . Where proposed corridors cross local municipal boundaries, the future and land use management systems are accommodated to ensure sustainable development of these corridors should be planned joint municipalities livelihoods in communities most likely to suffer the impacts of economic and . Where proposed development corridors extend into adjoining districts, the environmental shocks; and planning of these corridors must be undertaken on a consultative basis. . Development programmes should be planned and implemented with due cognizance to the appropriateness of location, the need to achieve optimum (e) the principle of good administration, whereby— economic development benefits, sustainability, the relative level of need, i. all spheres of government ensure an integrated approach to land use and and he need to ensure ecologically sustainable development and use of land development that is guided by the spatial planning and land use natural resources. management systems as embodied in this Act; . Ensure the maintenance and long-term sustainability of land with high ii. all government departments must provide their sector inputs and comply agricultural production potential. with any other prescribed requirements during the preparation or . Measures to ensure appropriate control over land that deemed to be amendment of spatial development frameworks; sensitive from a water resource perspective needs to be included in local iii. the requirements of any law relating to land development and land use are SDF’s and LUMS. met timeously; . Tourism development should be planned and executed as integral part of iv. the preparation and amendment of spatial plans, policies, land use overall economic development. schemes as well as procedures for development applications, include . The location of major infrastructural development projects and new transparent processes of public participation that afford all parties the industrial land should take cognizance of the district SDF. opportunity to provide inputs on matters affecting them; and . With regard to environmental considerations, planning and decision-making v. policies, legislation and procedures must be clearly set in order to inform must ensure the integration of social, economic and environmental factors and empower members of the public. to ensure that development serves present and future generations. . In pursuance of the principles of co-operative governance and to avoid destructive inter-municipal competition, appropriate consultative structures should be set up at a district level.
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5.4. A SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT VISION 5.5. PROPOSED 2014 SPATIAL OBJECTIVES AND GOALS (OR STRATEGIES) The Umgungundlovu District Municipality already has a longer-term development vision, as well as a SEA vision in place. It therefore makes sense for This section presents a series of spatial development objectives linked to the the SDF Vision, formulated in consultation with stakeholders in spatial vision. These objectives cannot be achieved over the short to medium term. A development, to support and closely relate to these visions. The IDP and SEA need thus exists to identify long-term spatial development objectives and goals visions are thus presented below followed by the proposed Spatial Development for the District that will then be implemented through appropriate strategies Vision for the District. over the short and medium term.
THE IDP VISION Relating to the spatial development vision and based on (1) the current policy and strategic planning context, (2) an assessment of the spatial development uMgungundlovu District Municipality will evolve into a dynamic metropolitan area, status quo and (3) the national and provincial spatial development objectives it is spreading its vibrant economic benefits to all its citizens and places and will, thus suggested that the following spatial development objectives should inform through concerted integrated development and service delivery, realize strategic and integrated development planning in the District: improvements in the overall quality of life. . Objective 1: Ensuring that uMgungundlovu fulfill its role in, and benefits THE SEA VISION from, national spatial development strategies o Goal 1: Guide / Direct development at existing N3 interchanges It is the vision of the UMDM and its Strategic Partners that by 2040 the District will o Goal 2: Confirm priority of regional linkages be recognised as one within which sustainability is at the core of all planning and o Goal 3: Agree on alignment of major alternative routes decision-making thus ensuring that its natural capital is restored and managed so o Goal 4: Capital investment programme for the development of as to optimally contribute to the wellbeing of its people and the resilience of the priority nodes economy. . Objective 2: Providing all residents of the District with improved access to THE SDF VISION commercial and social services, as well as job opportunities o Goal 1: Give residents improved access to towns or villages Through spatial planning and sustainable development the uMgungundlovu o Goal 2: Facilitate the location of appropriate services in towns and District Municipality will optimise the economic, environmental and social benefits villages to be derived from being located on a priority national development corridor and o Goal 3: Establish opportunities for economic activities in towns and within a strategic environmental and water resource area. Spatial equity for villages (commercial, manufacturing, agriculture and tourism) citizens will be achieved through spatial transformation contributing to improved access to appropriate infrastructure, economic opportunities, job opportunities, as well as commercial, social and environmental / ecosystem services.
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. Objective 3: Improving levels of infrastructure and housing available to the 5.5.1. OBJECTIVE 1: ROLE IN TERMS OF NATIONAL SPATIAL people of the District DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES o Goal 1: Maintain and expand the bulk infrastructure networks o Goal 2: Install infrastructure in high priority areas The Umgungundlovu District is located on the N3 Corridor, a corridor of national o Goal 3: Provide housing at higher densities in appropriate locations significance. This presents both challenges and opportunities. A key challenge in this will be that if opportunities for development are not provided the District . Objective 4: Identifying land available for the anticipated growth of the could be bypassed by development and potentially just remain part of a District over the next 40 years transport corridor. However, through proactive planning and implementation it o Goal 1: Prepare longer term corridor development strategies can be ensured that the District benefits substantially from the increased o Goal 2: Establish urban edges for each town and village capacity to be created on this corridor. National and provincial transport o Goal 3: Prepare development framework for each town and village authorities are currently considering various options for increasing the transport capacity on routes linking Gauteng to eThekwini. . Objective 5: Optimise benefit from natural resources while maintaining and restoring the natural resource base Over the past decade the numerous interchanges on the N3, the linkages with o Goal 1: Acknowledge the importance of biodiversity corridors the various local municipalities, have been experiencing various degrees of o Goal 2: Continue to support the development of tourism corridors development pressure from commercial and residential developers. As forward o Goal 3: Secure land for agricultural production planning and more detailed land use planning have been inadequate the response from local government in processing development applications has The objectives and goals are unpacked in more detail in the sections that follow. generally been reactive. In order for the District as a whole to be ready to receive In Section 6 these objectives are then translated into the various components of investment it is necessary, as a first step, that development in proximity to N3 the SDF. interchanges is clearly guided. In order for this to be achieved a Corridor Development Plan, and more detailed land use planning specifically focussing on the interchanges, must be prepared. (Goal 1: Guide / Direct development at existing N3 interchanges)
In order to ensure that the District, neighbouring Districts and the Province as a whole benefit from this development corridor clear guidelines must be provided on the priority attached to regional linkages (Goal 2: Confirm priority of regional linkages). Previous spatial development planning identifies the following regional linkages to be prioritised:
. Msunduzi – Richmond – Eastern Cape (R56) . Msunduzi – Greytown (R33) . Camperdown – Umbumbulu – South Coast (R603)
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. Msunduzi – Boston – Underberg (P7-2) . Howick – Boston – Underberg (R617) . Mooi River – Greytown – North Coast (R622) . Albert Falls – Wartburg – North Coast (R614)
Considering the pressure for development in the N3 Corridor and also the continued increase in the people and goods transported along this corridor it is suggested that alternative road linkages running in parallel to the N3 should be identified in order to relief this pressure and establish alternative opportunities. The District has identified a possible alignment for such a parallel road system to be considered in future more detailed spatial planning of (1) the KwaZulu-Natal Province, (2) the Municipalities to be impacted on and ultimately (3) the relevant transport authorities (the Department of Transport and the South African National Roads Agency). The establishment of a parallel development corridor will potentially impact on five of the local municipalities in the District, viz. Mngeni, Msunduzi, Richmond, Mkhambathini and, to a lesser extent, Impendle. This alternative road link will join the N3 in the Mngeni Municipality, stretch through Vulindlela, into the Richmond Municipality and join the Umbumbulu Road (R603) in Mkhambathini. (Goal 3: Agree on alignment of major alternative routes)
The confirmation of priorities in terms of development at interchanges, along regional linkages and along alternative routes will open up a series of new development opportunities. These opportunities must be clearly defined and planning priority should be allocated to each of the opportunities in order to ensure that ad hoc development in areas of opportunity does not sterilise future development potential. (Goal 4: Capital investment programme for the development of priority nodes)
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MAP 8: OBJECTIVE 1 - ROLE IN TERMS OF NATIONAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
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5.5.2. OBJECTIVE 2: IMPROVED ACCESS TO TOWNS AND VILLAGES FOR pension payment points, mobile clinics etc.) (Goal 2: Facilitate the location of RESIDENTS appropriate services in towns and villages).
Earlier analysis confirmed that the rural population of uMgungundlovu, as is the A move away from a focus only on public sector service delivery in rural nodes is case across KwaZulu-Natal, does not have easy access to towns and villages in supported. Rural towns and villages should also be where vibrant informal the District (easy access being defined as being within a walking distance of five economies are established and business growth supported. This could be kilometres from a town, village or service point). An objective of the 2014 SDF achieved through the provision of appropriate physical infrastructure for of the uMgungundlovu District Municipality is thus to initiate the longer-term informal traders, small service industries and production related activities. spatial transformation of urban and rural areas in the District. This objective can Attracting private sector retail investment to the towns and villages will be only be achieved if there is an acknowledgement that the current spatial advantageous as research established that the informal sector thrive in the structure of the District is out dated. It evolved over a period of 150 years to presence of the formal sector, but informal sector activity is limited in locations serve the needs of the agricultural sector, a sector that has now evolved, having where formal retail activities are absent (Goal 3: Establish opportunities for substantially different requirements from what it had 50 or 100 years ago. The economic activities in towns and villages commercial, manufacturing, agriculture spatial structure was then also established with a complete disregard of the and tourism). needs of the majority of the people.
In order to ensure that rural residents have access to towns, villages and/or service points, well-located nodes will have to be established in close proximity to where population concentrations are. In the rural context these concentrations are generally found on Ingonyama Trust land. At present commercial and social development in Ingonyama Trust Land areas is not coordinated and generally guided by political / personal preferences rather than being based on sound planning principles. Locations for towns and villages must be identified and development plans and approaches agreed on (Goal 1: Give residents improved access to towns or villages).
Once the location of towns and villages have been confirmed, and the development thereof planned for, it will be important that appropriate private and public sector services are located in these nodes. It will be important that local government fulfil a facilitating role in attracting the services to nodes. As the potential feasibility of offering specific services in nodes will be difficult to assess it is suggested that alternative service delivery approaches be considered, for example the provision of temporary accommodation for services, the establishment of periodic services or the coordination of mobile services (e.g.
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MAP 9: OBJECTIVE 2 - IMPROVED ACCESS TO TOWNS AND VILLAGES FOR RESIDENTS
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5.5.3. OBJECTIVE 3: IMPROVED LEVELS OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND densities in appropriate locations. The NDP supports the development of a HOUSING strategy “… for densification of cities and resource allocation to promote better located housing and settlements.” And continues to indicated that when Over the past two decades the District has seen major achievements in terms of “….guided by effective planning, urban densification provides an opportunity to improving levels of access to infrastructure and housing. However, considering reduce the environmental footprint associated with delivering utility services the potential future growth of the population and economy of the District, this such as waste management, electricity, water and sanitation, and public momentum will have to be maintained. Existing infrastructure will have to be transport. It also improves access to social services such as health and maintained, up to 10 000 new housing opportunities will have to be created each education.” The NDP then suggests that Municipalities “…should establish a few year and the anticipated economic development will have to be accommodated. transformation zones to act as catalysts and demonstration projects for urban This presents a major challenge for infrastructure and housing provision in the integration and densification” (Goal 3: Provide housing at higher densities in District and spatial planning guidelines must be established to guide this appropriate locations). investment in infrastructure and housing.
A first priority, in order for the District to maintain its current position as Provincial Capital and economic growth point, will be to focus on maintaining existing bulk infrastructure networks serving established nodes. Based on where future urban growth will be accommodated, guided by the delineation of urban edges, the expansion of existing bulk infrastructure networks must be considered (Goal 1: Maintain and expand the bulk infrastructure networks).
There should then also be a focus on the provision of access to infrastructure in high priority areas. For the purpose of the District SDF a “high priority area” for infrastructure provision is defined as those areas where high levels of poverty are located in close proximity to economic opportunities. An initial assessment suggests that the priority areas include Bruntville, the Mphophomeni Corridor, Vulindlela, Ndaleni and the Camperdown area. The N3 Corridor is then also the high priority area for the provision of infrastructure for future industrial development. Infrastructure provision in this Corridor will be in accordance with the more detailed Corridor Development Plan (Goal 2: Install infrastructure in high priority areas).
Linked to expanding the infrastructure network is the requirement for the provision of new housing opportunities. In line with the recommendations of the National Development Plan, the focus will be on providing housing at higher
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MAP 10: OBJECTIVE 3 - IMPROVED LEVELS OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND HOUSING
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5.5.4. OBJECTIVE 4: LAND FOR ANTICIPATED GROWTH 5.5.5. OBJECTIVE 5: MAINTAIN AND RESTORE NATURAL RESOURCE BASE In order to accommodate the anticipated growth in the Umgungundlovu District land for future development must be identified and secured. The identification It is the vision of the UMDM and its Strategic Partners that by 2040 the District will of land for future growth will be through strategic spatial planning processes be recognised as one within which sustainability is at the core of all planning and working towards the establishment of urban edges for existing and future urban decision-making thus ensuring that its natural capital is restored and managed so areas and the formulation of land use management plans. The formulation of as to optimally contribute to the wellbeing of its people and the resilience of the these plans will then be followed by the development of land release strategies economy. incorporating longer term infrastructure planning. The process to derive the SEA and SEMP and these products themselves are From a strategic planning perspective a high priority is attached to the seen as platforms from which to introduce sustainability into every facet of the preparation of a longer term N3 Corridor development strategy. Such a plan has way the District functions. The SEA unpacks the above vision and indicates the already been provided for in terms of the planning for SIP 2 and it is hoped that role of natural capital in under-pinning the wellbeing of society and the resilience this planning process will be initiated shortly (Goal 1: Prepare longer term of the economy. It is viewed as essential that the District’s natural capital needs corridor development strategies). to be recognised as an asset which must be restored where it has become degraded, and well managed to ensure that it retains its full potential to deliver The establishment of well-defined urban edges for all urban areas in the District the vital ecosystem goods and services essential to societal wellbeing and will guide future growth, but will also limit the urban sprawl that continue to economic resilience (Umgungundlovu 2012). characterise current development processes (Goal 2: Establish urban edges for each town and village) There is already evidence of high societal costs associated with issues such as water and air pollution, as well as access to water. If this situation is turned Clear strategic planning guidelines are required for each town and village in the around and investments are made to secure the integrity of the natural capital, District. (Goal 3: Prepare development framework for each town and village) these societal costs will be significantly reduced while additional opportunities will be opened up. The cost of business in the District will also be reduced and it will become an attractive place to live and work (Umgungundlovu 2012).
Three goals are to be pursued in terms of this spatial planning objective.
. Goal 1: Support the protection of important biodiversity areas and corridors . Goal 2: Continue to support the development of tourism corridors . Goal 3: Secure land for agricultural production . Goal 4: Maintain and protect strategic water production areas
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MAP 11: OBJECTIVE 4 - LAND FOR ANTICIPATED GROWTH
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MAP 12: OBJECTIVE 5 - MAINTAIN AND RESTORE NATURAL RESOURCE BASE
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6. SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK
6.1. INTRODUCTION
The 2014 SDF of the Umgungundlovu District Municipality reviews and builds on the 2007 SDF. The 2007 SDF was built on the following concepts that provided the basic building blocks for the framework:
. Building on a system of access as investment and management lines; . Identifying non-negotiables and reflecting this in spatial plans; . Maintaining contact between different landscapes; . Ensuring access to a hierarchy of centres; and . Establishing a framework for growth and management.
Layering a series of components is at the core of developing the 2014 Spatial Development Framework. These layers or components were identified based on the spatial planning objectives as established in the previous sections of this report. The components of the SDF include:
. Movement Systems; . Environmental Resource Base; . Agricultural Resource Base; . Nodal Development; . Corridor Development; . Infrastructure and Housing Development.
In the sections that follow each of the above components are unpacked and described in more detail.
(See 2007 Spatial Development Framework overleaf)
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MAP 13: THE 2007 UMGUNGUNDLOVU SDF – THE STARTING POINT
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6.2. MOVEMENT SYSTEMS DIAGRAM 6.1: MOVEMENT SYSTEMS
The National and Regional Road System provide the basic movement structure in the District and must be maintained and upgraded in line with anticipated capacity requirements. The current higher order District movement system includes:
. N3 - Mooi River to Camperdown; . R103 – Mooi River to Howick; . R103 – Msunduzi to Camperdown; . R56 and R33 – Eastern Cape to Richmond to Msunduzi to Greytown; . R622 – Mooi River to Greytown; . R614 – Albert Fall to Wartburg to eThekwini North Coast; . R617 – Howick to Boston to Underberg; . P7-2 – Msunduzi to Boston to Underberg; . R603 – Camperdown to Umbumbulu.
All of the above linkages are important either national or provincial/regional linkages, but also serve as the movement system for people and goods in the District.
It is recommended that a number of District level roads currently providing access to large rural communities should also be classified as part of the higher order District movement system, and therefore maintained and upgraded in line with anticipated capacity requirements, including:
. The access road to KwaSwayimana (uMshwathi); and . The access roads to the Vumakwenza or Embo Timuni (Richmond and Mkhambathini).
The railway line stretching through the District, and the Pietermaritzburg Airport in Msunduzi Municipality, form integral parts of the regional movement system. These are centrally located in the District and can serve the District as a whole.
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6.3. ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE BASE DIAGRAM 6.2: ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE BASE
The environmental resource base of the District is viewed as the second structuring element in developing the District SDF. The environmental resource base consists of five components (overlaps between components exist), viz.
. Macro Ecological Corridors . Micro Ecological Corridors . Protected Areas . Protected Areas Expansion . Environmental Management Areas . Water Quality Environmental Control Zones
Each of these is discussed overleaf.
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Macro Ecological Corridors Micro Ecological Corridors
The SEA (Umgungundlovu 2012) indicates that SANBI’s National Spatial The SEA (Umgungundlovu 2012) notes that the Biodiversity Sector Plan for Biodiversity Assessment (NSBA) has delineated a number of macro ecological UMDM (GroundTruth, 2011a as in Umgungundlovu 2012) delineates micro corridors throughout the country which, Provincially Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife ecological corridors at a local process and connectivity level through expert have refined into 17. The following macro ecological corridors form part of the input. Based on these two micro-ecological corridors have been proposed in the uMgungundlovu District: UMDM:
. The Tugela North Corridor bisects a portion of the northern part of the . A link between the Tugela and Tugela North Corridor terminating in the UMDM; south at the Karkloof Nature Reserve and Mbona Private and Mount Gilboa . Further south, extending east west from Blinkwater, Karkloof, Nottingham Nature Reserves. Road to Karkloof is the Tugela Corridor; . A large micro-ecological corridor that links Kamberg in the west, via . The Midlands Corridor more-or-less follows the southern boundary of the uMngeni Vlei Nature Reserve, Boston View Biodiversity Agreement, the UMDM; and south of Midmar Nature Reserve (priority wetland), Hilton College Nature . The Berg Corridor forms a large portion of the UMDM in the west. Reserve, follows the uMngeni River to terminate at the Eastern Valley Bushveld protected area expansion area. These corridors relate to regional connectivity to ensure the persistence of ecosystem processes. A number of ecological principles formed the basis of the Protected Areas area selection process (Umgungundlovu 2012): Protected areas are areas of land that are, according to the National . Corridors located along major climatic and upland-lowland gradients, Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act (Act 57 of 2003), protected by including east–west and north-south corridors, were selected in order to law and as a result these areas are managed for the conservation of biodiversity. cater for potential impacts of climate change on the biota of the region. The protected areas include several categories, namely: special nature reserves, . The principle of connectivity within and between vegetation types was a key nature reserves and protected environments; world heritage sites; specially principle in the selection of vegetation Critical Biodiversity Areas (CBAs). protected forest areas, forest nature reserves and forest wilderness areas . Large areas were selected in preference to small areas on account of the declared in terms of the National Forests Act (Act 84 of 1998); and mountain impact of fragmentation. catchment areas declared in terms of the Mountain Catchment Areas Act (Act 63 of 1970) (Umgungundlovu 2012).
It is important to differentiate protected areas from general conservation areas, which are areas of land not formally protected by law but informally protected by the current owners and users and managed at least partly for biodiversity conservation (Government of South Africa, 2010) (see Umgungundlovu 2012 for a more detailed discussion).
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The uMgungundlovu District contains a number of formally protected areas and . Protected areas; other conservation areas. Most notable is the Ukhahlamba Drakensberg Park . Critical Biodiversity Areas (CBAs); World Heritage Site (UDP WHS), an area with international recognition . Terrestrial Ecological Support Areas (ESAs); supporting important biodiversity and ecosystems assets. Through this . Aquatic Ecological Support Area; recognition, the UDP WHS has become listed as a Ramsar site2, thereby . Other natural; and supporting wetlands of international importance (Umgungundlovu 2012). . Modified / degraded.
Formally protected areas are to be reflected in the 2014 SDF. The implications of the ECZs for future spatial development is discussed in more detail in the section on land use management guidelines. Protected Areas Expansion Water Quality Environmental Control Zones According to EKZNW (Clinton Carbutt, pers comm. as in Umgungundlovu 2012), UMDM does have opportunities for protected area expansion. Most of the The Umgungundlovu District Municipality SEA (2012) identifies Water Quality protect area expansion areas are the upland grasslands in the foothills of the Environmental Control Zones. These zones include strategic water resource Drakensberg, particularly around Umgeni Vlei Nature Reserve; Fort Nottingham assets are located within the District, which if not protected, will risk the assured Nature Reserve; Kamberg management unit of UDP WHS; Karkloof Nature supply of potable water to not only the District but also the entire primary Reserve; and other scattered patches in the KZN Midlands not linked to any economic region of KwaZulu-Natal. The Water Quality Environmental Control protected areas, including the areas in the Eastern Valley Bushveld between Zone is delineated as a 100m buffer on either side of the main stem rivers and a 1 Camperdown and the uMngeni River. These areas are to be reflected in the 2014 kilometre buffer all around up stream of the dam wall for dams (Umgungundlovu SDF. 2013: 52).
Environmental management areas The SEA indicates that “… it must be noted that activities in the water quality control zones are severely constrained in respect to their potential to impact on In order to give spatial expression to the Sustainability Framework, water quality and therefore the following are also relevant and must be adhered Environmental Control Zones (ECZs) have been developed for the SEA to by planners”: (Umgungundlovu 2012). ECZs provide spatial direction at District level of areas within which development options are recommended, restricted or prohibited. . Only activities that can demonstrate how they would not further compromise The ECZs are based primarily on the EKZNW Land Use Management Guidelines water quality and that would result in positive impacts on water quality should and include the following conservation categories: be undertaken. . All activities must make use of advanced effluent management and treatment systems within this ECZ. 2 The Convention on Wetlands, held in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971, is an intergovernmental treaty which provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources (www.ramsar.org).
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. If a development is proposed within this ECZ, studies must be undertaken to 6.4. AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE BASE delineate the occurrence of wetlands and to assess the functionality of any wetland areas on the site or in close proximity to the site, as is the requirement The 2007 SDF of the District acknowledges the high potential of agricultural land outside of this ECZ at the discretion of the relevant authorities. in the District and the importance thereof for longer-term sustainable . Site specific development buffers around delineated wetlands and development. The 2007 SDF indicates that at a local level, more detailed watercourses, in excess of general standards, should be established within agricultural assessments must be done to determine the location of high which development should not be allowed to encroach. potential land, and appropriate control measures should form part of local SDF’s . Development should not encroach within 100 metres of the full supply level of and LUMS (Umgungundlovu SDF 2007). the main water supply dams or within the 100 year flood line (whichever is larger), unless exceptional circumstances permit. Building further on this the 2014 SDF propose that agricultural land, or land with the potential for agriculture, should be protected. It is suggested that the It is suggested that for the Water Quality Control Zones, specifically linked to various methods to determine agricultural potential of land on a regional and dams, Resource Management Plans (RMPs) must be prepared. It is noted that even local level is not conclusive and that the potential of land can be impacted Department of Water Affairs and Umgeni Water has already initiated the on through the introduction of water and /or the use of modern farming development of the RMPs for dams under their jurisdiction. Umgeni Water practices, viz. tunnel farming. The recommendation of this SDF is then in reported as follows on the progress made to date with the preparation of RMPs support of the SEA indicating “that future non-agricultural development in the (status as in April 2014): district should focus on defined nodes and corridors and that remaining agricultural areas should be protected ‘at all costs’ since once land is . Midmar Dam – draft RMP out for public comment. transformed it is virtually impossible to return it to productive agricultural use” (Umgungundlovu 2012). . Craigieburn Dam – draft RMP out for public comment.
. Spring Grove Dam – draft completed but not released for comment. The establishment of urban edges for each city, town and village in the District is . Nagle Dam – Umgeni Water initiated process to prepare RMP. thus supported. The alignment of urban edges is to be reviewed every five years, . Albert Falls Dam – status not confirmed. considering anticipated urban growth and the agricultural potential of land. . Mearns Weir – status not confirmed.
. Henley Dam – Umgeni Water initiatied process to prepare RMP. Further to this, the intensification of use of agricultural land in certain areas
should be promoted through local level planning. This should include the
intensification of agricultural activities:
. In areas with higher agricultural potential; . In Ingonyama Trust land areas (where appropriate); . In the vicinity of settled Ingonyama Trust land providing emerging farmers with access to higher potential agricultural land; . In proximity to towns and villages encouraging also a focus of producing for local markets.
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DIAGRAM 6.3: AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE BASE 6.5. NODAL DEVELOPMENT
For the purpose of this SDF nodes are referred to as Cities, Towns, Service Centres, and Service Points. The different nodes are defined as follows:
. City: The institutional, social and economic sphere of influence of a city stretches across the whole District and beyond. The city consists of multiple residential, employment and service nodes. A strong diversified economic base exists (sometimes primary, but always secondary and tertiary sector activity).
. Town: The sphere of influence of a town includes either the full municipality or an area home to a large portion of the population of that municipality. A town would usually include a number of residential neighbourhoods as well as a clearly defined central business area. An economic base exists or there is the possibility of developing an economic base, possibly with a high reliance on one or more sectors (primary, secondary and/or tertiary sector activity).
. Service Centre: Generally there will only be limited tertiary sector activities serving a limited catchment, however, the potential exists for Service Centres, with a population catchment of between 30 000 and 70 000 people to in future become a town (see definition above). A service centre will always have some residential development attached, but will not have an established economic base.
Future agricultural development planning, specifically in Ingonyama Trust areas, . Service Point: A service point provides a concentration of services, should consider the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform study potentially both public and private sector, but not necessarily with housing that focused on the “Spatial Identification and Audit of Actively Farmed and densification or formal housing development in proximity. Fallow Communal Land in the Traditional Areas of KwaZulu-Natal and the Municipality of Umzimkhulu”. . Settlement: A grouping of residential structures generally at low densities.
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DIAGRAM 6.4: NODAL DEVELOPMENT 6.5.1. THE CITY
Pietermaritzburg / Ashburton / Edendale (Msunduzi Municipality) remain the most strategic economic development node in the District with potential for growth and expansion.
6.5.2. THE TOWNS
. Edendale: Edendale has for most of its existence been a dormitory township only offering some regional services in terms of health and education. Industrial development occurred on the periphery, but had limited impact on establishing a sustainable economic base. Over the past 5 years there has for the first time been substantial investment in the retail sector and this presents a basis for Edendale to not only be viewed as a dormitory township, but presents the opportunity for it to develop into a fully fledged town with a stable economic base.
. Howick / Hilton and Camperdown: The City core is strengthened by the fast developing Howick / Hilton complex and the Camperdown / Cato Ridge area. These towns are expected to grow and form an integral part of the urban core.
. Mphophomeni: In the long term it is envisaged that Mphophomeni will merge with Howick / Hilton. In the short term Mphophomeni is, however, classified as a town and, as is the case with Edendale, the area presents the opportunity into a fully fledged town with a stable economic base. Considering the spatial development objectives and the above classification of nodes the 2014 SDF propose the following existing nodes to be recognized and . Mooi River / Bruntville and Richmond: Both towns have well-developed also identifies new nodes to be developed: urban infrastructure and an established economic base (although this have been eroded over the past two decades). Both the nodes fulfill administrative and commercial functions in the local municipality context, viz. Mooi River / Bruntville, and Richmond. It is noted that the character and focus of each of these towns differ significantly and this must be acknowledged in regional and local spatial planning.
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. New Hanover: New Hanover is recognized as the Municipal Service Centre 6.5.3. TOURISM CENTRE for the uMshwati Municipality. The future development of New Hanover to become as defined in previous sections will be dependent on significant . Nottingham Road / Rosetta: The area is already the established base of the investment by both the private and public sectors. Its location on a major Midlands Meander tourism route and should be further developed with this regional transport link in relative close proximity to the urban core suggests in mind. that it may in future develop an economic base and it is thus categorized as . Other tourism centres may emerge over time linked to attractions such as an emerging town. the Mkhomazi River Valley, Baynesfield, Albert Falls Dam, Midmar Dam, Thala Game Reserve, Mkhambathini Gamer Reserve and others. . Impendle: Impendle also serves as a Municipal Service Centre and is thus categorized as a town. However, the town has a limited catchment 6.5.4. SERVICE CENTRES population and the potential for establishing an economic base is limited. The status of Impendle as a town is thus to be reviewed in the short to . Vulindlela: Although forming an extension of the City and Edendale the medium term. area is underdeveloped and it is suggested that allocating this to be established Service Centre New Town status will further support the spatial . Other New Towns: It is recommended, based on the analysis, that the transformation of the City. development of rural towns receives priority. A rural town would be a higher density urban development in rural areas located on Ingonyama Trust Land . Wartburg, Dalton / Cool Air and Eston: These Service Centres have formal also offering a catchment of between 30 000 and 70 000 people easy access housing and some retail and service centre activities. The populations of to commercial facilities, production opportunities and social services. these urban areas are, however, small and if traditional areas in the Possible areas to be considered for the establishment of New Towns are municipality are adequately catered for in terms of development it is not nodes currently classified as Service Centres, including: anticipated that there will be much opportunity for growth.
. Vulindlela in Msunduzi Ndaleni, KwaSwayimani, Opokweni, Appelsbosch: These potential nodes (some . KwaSwayimana in uMshwathi existing activity already concentrated in some) all have a substantial catchment . Opokweni / KwaXimba area (in eThekwini) or vicinity to serve parts of area and opportunities for establishing vibrant service and economic nodes in Mkhambathini (cross border cooperation) these areas should be considered. The exact location for nodes must be . Appelsbosch / Bamshela to serve west of Ndwedwe and eastern parts of confirmed through appropriate catchment assessments. uMshwathi More detailed planning of for Service Centres should be done as part of the local SDF’s.
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6.5.5. SERVICE POINTS 6.6. CORRIDOR DEVELOPMENT
Service points are to be established in: N3 Corridor
. Vumakwenza in Richmond The development of the N3 Corridor is now recognized as a national priority. . Tilongo / Ngilanyoni / Ezimwini area in Mkhambathini The development of this corridor should be appropriately guided by District level . Inadi, Masihambisane and Ntanzi in uMshwathi spatial planning. Although there will always be a strong focus on economic . Other dense rural settlements: Mpolweni, Hopewell, Rietvallei, Ntokazana,, development in the N3 Corridor the overall objective will be on establishing Lidgeton, Compensation sustainable and integrated development areas accommodating a range of land uses including industrial, commercial and residential development, as well as both active and passive open space.
Over the next two decades the pressure for development will be centered on the various interchanges on the N3. The following interchanges are specifically expected to experience development pressures:
. Camperdown . Umlaas Road . Lion Park . Ashburton . Mkondeni . New England Road . Hilton . Cedara . Merrivale (on R56 . Tweedie (Howick North – approved sites, but constraints) . Mooi River
The nodes that will develop or continue to develop around these intersections will in all likelihood be mixed use development nodes with uses ranging from eco-tourism to industry. The uses to be accommodated at each of these will be established through local level planning guided by Municipal Spatial Development Frameworks. Future spatial planning should consider:
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. themes for the development of each of the interchanges; DIAGRAM 6.5: CORRIDOR DEVELOPMENT . prioritise interventions around these interchanges, specifically with a view to making serviced land available for development; . complementing mixed use developments with higher density residential developments to create thresholds for services and improve access to job opportunities; and . guidelines of SANRAL regarding developments in proximity to intersections.
The following are “rural Interchanges” where no high intensity development is anticipated with the focus continuing to be on agriculture and tourism:
. Curries Post, . Balgowan, . Nottingham Road, . Hidcote (other side of Mooi River)
The following interchanges offer no or limited opportunities due to specific development constraints and/or existing levels of development:
. Chota Motala . Peter Brown . Midmar
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Alternative Development Corridor Maloti-Drakensberg Corridor
The 2014 SDF of the Umgungundlovu District Municipality introduces the The Maloti-Drakensberg Corridor Framework Plan is nearing completion and the concept of establishing a Secondary Development Corridor running parallel to recommendations from this study should be reflected in the District and Local the N3. As a first step the alignment of such a corridor must be considered Municipality spatial frameworks. This Plan will potentially impact on spatial through a detailed technical assessment and support obtained for the future planning in the Mpofana, Umngeni and Impendle Municipalities. development thereof. At present it is suggested that a Secondary Development Corridor, specifically impacting on the Edendale / Vulindlela area, the Richmond The plan has a number of components to be considered: Municipality and the Mkhambathini Municipality, should be promoted. Opportunities that may emerge from such a secondary corridor should be . Corridor Route: The corridor route is intended to provide an alternative conceptualised and introduced into the spatial planning debate in the District. access to the Maloti Drakensberg removed from the environmentally The planning for the alternative development corridor must feed into national sensitive heritage park. The Corridor Route includes a more direct link and provincial initiatives, specifically the SIP2 initiative. between Nottingham Road and Impendle and then from Impendle onwards. Access from the corridor route to the Heritage Park will then be obtained Tourism Corridors through a series of routes linking directly off the corridor into or closer to the heritage park. One of the main objectives of the Tourist Strategy is to promote the District as a single brand, and to spread the successful development of the Midlands . Trail Zone Edge: This edge provides an indication of where a potential Meander to other areas with tourism potential. From a spatial development trekking trail stretching the length of the Heritage Park, meandering into point of view, this can be achieved by (Umgungundlovu 2007): and out of the park can be located. The idea is that the trail will be linked to economic development opportunities for local people along the way. . Improving linkages between the Midlands Meander and other existing or potential tourist routes . Corridor Zones: The Framework Plan makes provision for four corridor . Improving access to the Drakensberg zones. The Zones are: (1) No-go (Protected areas, stewardship areas, . Improving accessibility to areas with high scenic and landscape quality and ecological corridors and a 2 kilometre Maloti-Drakensberg Park World other attractions Heritage Site (MDPWHS) buffer), (2) Tread Lightly (High biodiversity areas), (3) Tread lightly (High value agricultural areas) and (4) Precautionary areas Diagram 6.5 identifies key tourism routes in the District to be maintained and (generally settled areas where precautions should be taken if any further promoted with a view to facilitating the movement of tourist through the development is to occur). District and enhancing the experience.
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6.7. INFRASTRUCTURE AND HOUSING DEVELOPMENT DIAGRAM 6.6: INFRASTRUCTURE AND HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
Guided by the previous components the SDF then provides strategic spatial guidance in terms of the future allocation of resources in terms of infrastructure and housing development.
A basic starting point is acceptance that the focus should not only be on the development of new infrastructure, but that there should be a balance between the maintenance of the existing and the development of new infrastructure and housing.
In terms of maintenance of the existing infrastructure, programmes should be in place to ensure that all existing infrastructure is maintained to deliver the standard of service initially intended. From a spatial planning perspective areas should only be prioritized where inability to repair or maintain infrastructure will potentially lead to the loss of life or severe discomfort for the users of the infrastructure, e.g. ensuring access to running water in cholera invested areas.
Within the context of the nodal and corridor guidelines as presented in earlier sections the expansion of infrastructure and new housing should be located in areas where high levels of poverty coincide with economic opportunities. Based on this some of the focus areas for infrastructure and housing in the District are:
. All new development nodes along the N3 Corridor . Mphophomeni Corridor (Umngeni) . Vulindlela (Msunduzi) . Camperdown (Mkhambathini) . Bruntville (Mpofana) . Ndaleni (Richmond)
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6.8. PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
DIAGRAM 6.7: UMGUNGUNDLOVU SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK
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7. IMPLEMENTATION
7.1. INTRODUCTION 7.2. THE DISTRICT CAPITAL INVESTMENTS FRAMEWORK
SPLUMA notes the following implementation plan requirements: A current list of Capital Investment projects is reflected in the 2014/15 IDP of the District Municipality and reflected in Annexure 2 Map B32. Capital Investment (p) include an implementation plan comprising of— Projects of Umgeni Water (2014/15) is reflected in Annxure 2 Map B29. (i) sectoral requirements, including budgets and resources for implementation; (ii) necessary amendments to a land use scheme; (iii) specification of institutional arrangements necessary for 7.3. THE STRATEGIC SPATIAL PROJECTS implementation; (iv) specification of implementation targets, including dates and The Strategic Spatial Projects identified through the planning process to be monitoring indicators; and focused on by the Spatial Planning component of the Umgungundlovu District in (v) specification, where necessary, of any arrangements for partnerships in the short to medium term is reflected in the table overleaf. It is noted that the the implementation process. majority of these projects / initiatives are not funded as yet and the focus in the short term will be on securing funding and initiating these projects in cooperation with the relevant local municipalities.
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TABLE 7.1: PRELIMINARY LIST OF STRATEGIC SPATIAL PROJECTS / INITIATIVES NO INTERVENTION / PROJECT PROJECT TYPE RESPONSIBILITY PRIORITY MOVEMENT SYSTEMS
1 Concept Plan for Alternative East-West Development Corridor Planning UMDM Short Term 2 Regional Access Route Maintenance Maintenance DoT Ongoing 3 Rural Road Access Upgrade to KwaSwayimana (uMshwathi) Implementation DoT Short Term 4 Rural Road Access Upgrade to Vumakwenzi or Embo Timuni (Richmond) Implementation DoT Medium Term ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES
1 Prepare District Strategic Environmental Management Framework focussing on Key Focus Areas Planning UMDM Short Term 2 Develop Clear Guidelines for Land Use Management in terms of Environmental Control Zones Planning UMDM Short Term 3 Prepare Reserve Management Plans for priority Water Quality Control Zones Planning DWA / Umgeni Water Medium Term AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES
1 Establish Urban Edges for All Development Nodes Planning Local Municipalities Short Term 2 Support Intensification and Diversification of Agriculture in Identified Areas Implementation DAEARD Medium Term NODAL DEVELOPMENT
1 Strategy for "New Town" (Service Centre) Development Planning UMDM Short Term 2 Implement Pilot "New Town" (Service Centre) Development: Vulindlela Implementatoin Msunduzi Municipality Medium Term 3 Implement Pilot "New Town" (Service Centre) Development: KwaSwayimani Implementation uMshwathi Municipality Medium Term 4 Development of Appelsbosch / Bamshela Node Implementation uMshwathi Municipality Medium Term CORRIDOR DEVELOPMENT
1 N3 Corridor Development Plan Planning SIP2 Underway 2 N3 Corridor Interchange Development Plans (Priority Intersections identified by Corridor Plan) - Planning Local Municipalities Medium Term INFRASTRUCTURE AND HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
1 Housing and Infrastructure Plans for Priority Areas Planning District / Local Municipalities Short Term
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7.4. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 7.5. GUIDELINES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCHEMES
7.4.1. CURRENT ARRANGEMENTS The COGTA guideline for the development of schemes is to be followed by all local municipalities in the preparation of schemes. At present the Spatial Planning function located in the District is responsible for District wide coordination of strategic spatial planning. The Spatial Planning The National Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries still have control Unit is then also, with the various local municipalities that participated in the over land not included in schemes in terms of Act 70 of 1970. It has been planning process, the owner of the District Spatial Development Framework. suggested that the National Department is not in favour of wall-to-wall schemes. On a District level it has been been proposed by the District Planning The District Development Planning Shared Services currently provides Cluster that an incremental approach will be followed in the development of Development Planning and GIS support to all the Municipalities in the District, schemes with a focus on all land not part of Act 70 of 70. excluding Msunduzi. The Development Planning component is dealt with by a senior professional providing support to all the Municipalities.
The GIS support function, linked to the District Planning Shared Services, is split between two staff members located in the District supporting Mkhambathini, Mshwati and Richmond Municipalities and two staff members located at the Umngeni Municipality responsible for Umngeni, Mpofana and Impendle.
7.4.2. FUTURE ARRANGEMENTS
With the anticipated added responsibilities of Municipalities in terms of SPLUMA, specifically relating to the Development Planning function, it has been recommended that the Development Planning function of the Shared Service, currently located at Umngeni, be located at the District. The District Planning Cluster proposed the following capacity requirements for the Planning Shared Service to be based at the District:
. Chief Planner and . Senior Planner.
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8. WAY FORWARD AND CONCLUSION
The Table below reflects on how this SDF reflects on Section 21 of SPLUMA (Section 21 - Content of municipal spatial development framework)
TABLE 8.1: SECTION 21 OF SPLUMA – CONTENT OF MUNICIPAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK 21. A municipal spatial development framework must— REQUIREMENT THE UMGUNGUNDLOV SDF RESPONSE
(a) give effect to the development principles and applicable norms and standards set out in The principles of spatial justice, spatial sustainability, efficiency and spatial resilience is Chapter 2; clearly reflected in the vision, objectives and strategies;
(b) include a written and spatial representation of a five-year spatial development plan for This is the focus of Section 6 of this SDF the spatial form of the municipality;
(c) include a longer term spatial development vision statement for the municipal area which This is the focus of Sections 5 and 6 of the SDF indicates a desired spatial growth and development pattern for the next 10 to 20 years;
(d) identify current and future significant structuring and restructuring elements of the Section 3 and 4 reflect on structuring elements spatial form of the municipality, including development corridors, activity spines and economic nodes where public and private investment will be prioritised and facilitated; (e) include population growth estimates for the next five years; Longer term population growth estimates is included in Section 4.2
(f) include estimates of the demand for housing units across different socio- economic The demand for housing is addressed in Section 4.2 and the future preferred location of categories and the planned location and density of future housing developments; housing development is reflected on in Section 6.7
(g) include estimates of economic activity and employment trends and locations in the Longer term trends are reflected on in Section 4.2 municipal area for the next five years;
(h) identify, quantify and provide location requirements of engineering infrastructure and Existing engineering infrastructure is reflected on in Section 3.5 whereas future focus areas services provision for existing and future development needs for the next five years; are reflected on in Section 6.7
(i) identify the designated areas where a national or provincial inclusionary housing policy The future preferred location of housing development is reflected on in Section 6.7 may be applicable;
(j) include a strategic assessment of the environmental pressures and opportunities within The strategic environmental assessment is summarized in Section 4.4 of the SDF based on a the municipal area, including the spatial location of environmental sensitivities, high full Strategic Environmental Assessment prepared for this purpose. potential agricultural land and coastal access strips, where applicable; (k) identify the designation of areas in the municipality where incremental upgrading This is to be addressed in Local Municipality SDFs approaches to development and regulation will be applicable;
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REQUIREMENT THE UMGUNGUNDLOV SDF RESPONSE
(l) identify the designation of areas in which—
(i) more detailed local plans must be developed; and Addressed in Section 7 focusing on Implementation
(ii) shortened land use development procedures may be applicable and land use This is to be addressed in Local Municipality SDFs schemes may be so amended;
(m) provide the spatial expression of the coordination, alignment and integration of sectoral Addressed in Section 6 policies of all municipal departments;
(n) determine a capital expenditure framework for the municipality’s development The Capital Expenditure Framework of the Municipality is depicted spatially programmes, depicted spatially;
(o) determine the purpose, desired impact and structure of the land use management This is to be addressed in Local Municipality SDFs scheme to apply in that municipal area; and
(p) include an implementation plan comprising of—
(i) sectoral requirements, including budgets and resources for Included as Section 7 implementation;
(ii) necessary amendments to a land use scheme; Included as Section 7
(iii) specification of institutional arrangements necessary for Included as Section 7 implementation;
(iv) specification of implementation targets, including dates and monitoring Included as Section 7 indicators; and
(v) specification, where necessary, of any arrangements for partnerships in the Included as Section 7 implementation process.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Mkhambathini Municipality. June 2012. Spatial Development Framework 2012 Harry Gwala District Municipality. 2013. Integrated Development Plan 2013/14
Msunduzi Municipality. July 2009. Msunduzi Spatial Development Framework The Presidency Republic of South Africa, 2006. National Spatial Development Review: Consolidated Report. 2009. Strategy. eThekwini Municipality. March 2013. Spatial Development Framework (SDF) report 2013/14. Ugu District Musicality. 2012. Integrated Development Plan 2012/13
Umzinyathi District Municipality. July 2012. Spatial Development Framework uMgungundlovu District Municipality. December 2012. Strategic 2012 Environmental Assessment Report: for the uMgungundlovu District Municipality Strategic Environmental Assessment and Strategic uThukela District Municipality. June 2008. uThukela District Municipality Environmental Management Plan. Isikhungusethu Environmental Services Spatial Development Framework. (Pty) Ltd and Zunckel Ecological + Environmental Services, Pietermaritzburg. iLembe District Municipality. 2010. Spatial Development Framework Review 2010/11 Other: devplan.kzntl.gov.za/idp-Mpofana SDF Mpendle Municipality. June 2012. Integrated Development Plan 2013/13 www.umgeni.gov.za Presidential Infrastructure Coordinating Commission, 13 April 2012. Provincial and Local Government Conference: A Summary of the Infrastructure Plan. StatsSA, 2013. 2001 and 2011 Census Data. Presentation.
Presidential Infrastructure Coordinating Commission, 2012. A Summary of the South African National Infrastructure Plan.
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ANNEXURE 1 – RESPONDING TO GUIDELINES
MEC COMMENTS BASED ON 2013-14 IDP
ASSESSMENT SCHEDULE - UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY CRITERIA KEY FINDINGS ADDRESSED IN 2014 REVIEW SECTION 1: SUBMISSION OF THE SDF
Submission IDP UMgungundlovu District Municipality submitted a portion of the Draft SDF (which is currently under review) as an Now draft submitted with IDP annexure. Text and the associated maps Text and associated maps included in the SDF. However, some maps are blurred and map numbering does not Addressed coincide to text reference SECTION 2: LEGAL COMPLIANCE
Desired direction and nature of growth The SDF suggests interventions in corridors, nodes, agriculture and tourism. It further notes that this information Section 6 will be incorporated in the Final SDF Conservation of natural environment The SDF acknowledges that the district contains extensive areas of environmental significance. It also makes SEA completed in 2013 guided and now mention of part of the district (i.e. Mpofana, uMngeni & Impendle LMs) fall under the Transfrontier Development included in SDF Initiative which a World Heritage Site Land use types/ typologies The SDF identifies and suggest types of land use in corridors and nodes Section 6.5 and 6.6 address this in detail
Areas of development intensity The SDF is focusing more on developments in corridors and nodes as identified in the PSEDS. Rural areas should Strong focus throughout SDF now on also be considered in developments rural areas Urban Edges and Development Edges The SDF is silent urban edges and development edges SDF promotes the principle of urban edges being established for each urban area Infrastructure investment The SDF mentions that one of its key objectives is to establish a framework, which will guide public and private Section 6.5 to 6.7 specifically provides investment. However, this was not evident in the Draft SDF guidance Strategic intervention priority spending The Umgungundlovu SDF does not indicate where strategic intervention is required and priority spending should Priorities identified in Capital Investment be directed Framework Objectives, strategies, action plans, projects The SDF provides development objectives, but does not include clear strategies, programs/projects and policies to Vision, objectives and strategies provided and policies achieve the desired spatial form and discussed in detail in Section 5 Guidelines for schemes The SDF does not provide Guidelines for the development of a schemes Provincial guidelines to be followed.
Capital investment framework? The SDF does not provide a capital investment framework Section 7 of the SDF address this
Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) There is a bullet point on SEA on page 136 of IDP with no explanation SEA concluded in 2013 and guided SDF process Aligned with neighbouring municipalities The SDF does not provide a clear indication on how it is aligned with the planning of neighbouring municipalities Alignment a Key Informant focussed on such as eThekwini, Harry Gwala, uThukela, etc. in Annexure
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CRITERIA KEY FINDINGS ADDRESSED IN 2014 REVIEW Alignment with National policies and legislation The SDF does not provide a clear indication on how it is aligned with National policies and legislation Section 1.3, 2 and others address this alignment Alignment with Provincial policies and There is some alignment with Provincial policies as the SDF recommends the review and redefinition of Addressed in Section 2 specifically legislation development corridors to align with the corridor set out in the PSEDS. This is reflected on page 28 Consultation processes There is no evidence indicating that the SDF was subjected to public participation and council approval Participation process with local municipalities SECTION 3: SDF VISION & SPATIAL RESTRUCTURING COMPONENTS Commonly agreed vision The SDF does not reflect any vision. The SDF should clearly encompass a commonly agreed vision in the next Vision reflected in Section 5.4 review SDF vision in keeping with the broader IDP There is no spatial vision in the SDF hence it cannot be appropriated in the context of the overall municipal Vision reflected in Section 5.4 vision development vision Objectives, strategies, programmes and The SDF does not provide objectives and strategies. The vision is not reflected in the IDP and as such it is not easy Addressed in Section 5 projects in keeping with the vision to determine if the projects and programmes are keeping with the vision Imbalances of the past The SDF suggests interventions in corridors, nodes, agriculture and tourism. However, development should also be Strong focus in SDF on development in geared towards rural areas rural areas, specifically the identification of “New Towns” Strategic guidance in respect of the location The SDF recommends types of development in nodes and corridors but loses focus on rural areas Clarity on location and nature of and nature of development development is provided in Section 6 Economic analysis There was no evidence of sound and up to date economic analysis in the Draft SDF annexed in the IDP A specific spatial economic analysis report was commissioned in 2013 and informed spatial planning Demographic analysis There is no demographic analysis in the Draft SDF Demographic analysis addressed in Section 3.3 and 4.2 SECTION 4: SDFS- BUDGET ALIGNMENT Alignment between the SDF and the Capital There is no evidence of any Capital Budget in the abridged version. A map depicting capital projects and narrative Reflected in Section 7 Budget explanation on spatial budgeting should be included in the SDF MTEF reflected on the SDFS maps The MTEF is not articulated in the SDF maps. A three year MTEF should be reflected on the SDF maps in the next Reflected in Section 7 review Budgets of sector departments reflected This aspect is not dealt with in the SDF Reflected in Section 7 spatially on the SDF maps SECTION 5: ALIGNMENT WITH NATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL SPATIAL POLICY AND GUIDELINES Compliance with the National SDF Guidelines Some aspects that have been covered somewhat indicate that the SDF complies with the Guidelines for the Compliance with SPLUMA is reflected on as developed by DRDLR preparation of SDFs. However, still more needs to be done to fully comply with the National SDF Guidelines as in Section 8 developed by DRDLR Provincial spatial planning guidelines Spatial concepts such as nodes and corridors are integral part of the SDF. However, other aspects of the provincial Several aspects of the provincial spatial spatial planning guidelines need to be included in the next review guidelines have been included in this review. Alignment with national and provincial policies The SDF does not address any of these policies Addressed in Section 2
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SDF ALIGNMENT ISSUES IDENTIFIED IN STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL CORRIDOR AND TRANSPORT ROUTE ALIGNMENT ASSESSMENT (UMGUNGUNDLOVU 2012) . The type and level of corridor (transportation) identified in the SDFs varies SPATIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING CONCEPTS from one municipality to the next. Definitions of different types of corridors and their functions also need to be standardised. . The overall spatial and environmental planning concepts for the district, . The priority rating of corridors (transportation) also varies between encapsulated in the 2007 SDF, continue to be relevant and serve to re- municipalities based on their individual interpretations of the future for their enforce the location, nature and type of development taking place. areas. . The limitation to these planning concepts is that they appear not to have . Priority rating also needs to be standardised. always been applied by municipalities in responding to development . Sub-regional tourism routes need to be identified and aligned at district pressures. This has resulted in the contradictions and maladies, which level for inclusion in local municipal SDFs. characterize land use in the district, as outlined above. . This alignment process needs to account for the potential pressures that . The intervention, therefore, involves greater recognition and buy-in from these routes could bring to bear on sensitive areas in the district where such capacitated municipal planning staff and councils to ensure that these development is not appropriate (e.g. Nottingham Road to Underberg route). planning principles are upheld in future in the interests of sustainability and public good which at pressure appear to be under threat. ZONING . A further limitation to application of the principles is that whilst the EKZNW C-Plan in 2007 was used to provide a framework for sustainable use and . There is no consistency in the identification or zoning of high priority management of the environmental resources of the district, the continued agricultural land in the SDFs. loss of natural capital (Isik 2011) suggests that some more fundamental . In the revision to the district SDF, agricultural resources have been identified interventions are required to ensure effective management, rehabilitation spatially and accorded a rating in terms of value for different types of and protection in future. agriculture. The location and valuation of agricultural land as contained in . This will involve regulating environmental controls and creating awareness the SEA should be reflected in the SDF. about sustainability issues in order to achieving the following: sustainable . There is limited cross boundary alignment of agricultural resources use of natural capital; reviewing the direction that the sub-regional economy . Whilst the bioresource system has been used to identify agricultural should follow in future (green); assessing the use of space in terms of potential in the SDF, interpretations about the type and location of defined sustainability criteria, and building environmental controls into agricultural land differ and hence the cross boundary alignment between scheme clauses. municipalities is necessary on the basis of the material contained in the SEA. . Land use zoning in the SDFs varies between municipalities. . Effective alignment requires standardisation drawing from the District SDF. This is particularly important in seeking to protect areas of high biodiversity importance.
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BIODIVERSITY . Consequently, in future planning and implementation of the SEA/SDF, careful attention needs to be devoted to the question of edges as . There is not always alignment between the SDFs and the SEA in terms of documented in the work recently completed by Isik (Louw et al, 2012). The macro and micro corridors, national biodiversity corridors, protected areas, indications from this work are that the typology of edges needs to be critical biodiversity areas, natural areas and stewardship sites. Definitions of applied selectively to different conditions in the district which could include: these aspects of biodiversity are contained in the EKZN Conservation o Containment and consolidation of edges to urban areas Spatial Planning Products (2012). o Escarpment edges . In order to resolve this in the future SDF, reference should be made to the o Ecological corridor edges EKZNW Biodiversity Sector Plan (2012) and /or the SEA. o River edges . Limited reference is made in the SDFs to the protection of water production o Forest and fire edges areas in the district and alignment between municipalities of important o Agricultural edges aquatic systems o Scenic route edges . In the revision of the District and Local Municipal SDFs care should be taken . A further issue that has arisen during the course of this project is the location to align the aquatic biodiversity areas (see Aquatic Biodiversity map) in and nature of future development in the district. As noted, the current SDF order to avoid destruction of critical water production areas in an already focuses on nodes and corridors with limited reference to development water stressed district. options/limitations in the remainder of the district. . In revisions to the SDF the SEA should provide the basis upon which N3 CORRIDOR AND NODES sustainable development should proceed in future throughout the District based on the sustainability framework, the environmental control zones and . The actual footprint of proposed development in nodes along defined associated guidelines. corridor routes is lacking in the current SDFs and thus the likely impact on the environment cannot easily be determined. . The SEA provides an indication of where development should or should not go in these areas based on biodiversity, agricultural and cultural heritage (limited data available) indicators. . Perhaps a more fundamental issue identified during the course of the detailed work on nodes is the question of edges. It appears that nodal development incrementally ‘eats’ into surrounding agricultural and green areas resulting in the merging of industrial, commercial and residential development in certain areas of the N3 corridor (ribbon development): whilst from an economic development perspective that may be necessary to accommodate economic growth, this is not always the case from environmental, agricultural, cultural and experiential perspectives.
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ANNEXURE 2 – MAP BOOK
STATUS QUO MAPS: THE SDF COMPONENTS:
MAP B1: ELEVATION AND TOPOGRAPHY MAP B21: MOVEMENT SYSTEMS MAP B2: SLOPE MAP B22: ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE BASE MAP B3: WATER CATCHMENT AREAS MAP B23: AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE BASE MAP B4: LAND COVER MAP B24: NODAL DEVELOPMENT MAP B5: POTENTIAL OF LAND TO DELIVER ECOSYSTEMS GOODS/SERVICES MAP B25: CORRIDOR DEVELOPMENT MAP B6: TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY MAP B26: INFRASTRUCTURE AND HOUSING DEVELOPMENT MAP B7: AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY MAP B27: THE 2014 UMGUNGUNDLOVU DISTRICT SDF MAP B8: AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY MAP B9: RESTRICTED AREAS, ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS AND LAND STATUS MAP B10: AGRICULTURAL LAND CATEGORIES OTHER INFORMANTS: MAP B11: LAND TENURE AND OWNERSHIP MAP B12: SETTLEMENT PATTERNS MAP B28 A: CENSUS ANALYTICS MAP B13: HOUSING PROJECTS MAP B28 B: CENSUS ANALYTICS MAP B14: DISTRIBUTION OF HEALTH FACILITIES MAP B29: UMGENI WATER PROJECTS 2014 / 2015 MAP B15: DISTRIBUTION OF EDUCATION FACILITIES MAP B30: DOMINANT CORE AND SURROUNDING ROUTES MAP B16: DISTRIBUTION OF OTHER PUBLIC SECTOR FACILITIES MAP B31: KEY ECONOMIC SECTORS POTENTIAL MAP B17: DISTRICT TRANSPORT NETWORK MAP B32: LAND REFORM PROJECTS MAP B18: DISTRICT WATER INFRASTRUCTURE MAP B33: IDP PROJECTS 2013 / 2014 TO 2016 / 2017 MAP B19: DISTRICT SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE MAP B20: DISTRICT ELECTRICITY INFRASTRUCTURE TABLE B1: UMGENI WATER PROJECTS 2014 / 2015 TABLE B2: IDP PROJECTS 2013 / 2014 TO 2016 / 2017
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ANNEXURE 3 - ALIGNMENT
ALIGNMENT WITH LOCAL MUNICIPALITIES SECONDARY OPPORTUNITY SIGNIFICANT MUNICIPALITY PRIMARY NODE TERTIARY NODE KEY ALIGNMENT ISSUES NODE POINT CORRIDORS Msunduzi Pietermaritzburg Various including Various Vulindlela N3 Corridor The 2009 SDF of the Msunduzi Municipality is currently underway. The CBD Edendale etc. complexity of this urban area together with alternative terminology used in the 2009 SDF makes alignment a challenge. The Msunduzi SDF does, however, provide a basic starting point for the development of the District SDF as it represents the urban and development core of the Municipality. uMshwathi New Hanover; Dalton/Cool Air Efaye, Mtulwa, R33, R614 It is noted that the development nodes in this municipality is dislocated Wartburg Complex Trust Feed, from the Ingonyama Trust land areas where the majority of the Mpolweni South population reside. In terms of alignment the District propose that the hierarchy of nodes in this Municipality be re-assessed. The cross border node of Appelsbosch and Bamshela (Ndwedwe) is also noted. Specifically the primary development corridor in this Municipality is to be reflected on in the District SDF. Richmond Richmond, Greater Thornville, Inhlazuka R56 To be considered Indaleni Hopewell, Baynesfield uMgeni Mpophomeni, Lidgetton, N3 Corridor, R103, The SDF provides clear guidance for future spatial development in the Howick, Hilton, Nottingham Road R617 Municipality. Existing urban and area for future residential expansion is Cedara identified. Opportunity areas are identified on the N3 Corridor is identified. The SDF provides clear guidance for District spatial planning. Mkhambathini Camperdown Eston, Opokweni Mid Illovo, Lion Park / N3 N3 Corridor, R103 The SDF provides clear guidance for future spatial development in the Maqonngqo, Interchange Municipality. Clear guidance is provided for District Alignment. Tilongo, Ngilanyoni, Ezimwini Mpofana Mooi River Rosetta Tendele, Rietvlei, N3 Corridor, R622 The SDF provides clear guidance for future spatial development in the Umkholwane, Municipality. Clear guidance is provided for District alignment Middelrus/Rocky Drift Impendle Impendle Town Various Part of Maloti- The SDF provides clear guidance for future spatial development in the development Drakensberg Municipality. Clear guidance is provided for District alignment areas Corridor
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ALIGNMENT WITH SURROUNDING DISTRICTS, PROVINCES AND COUNTRIES SECONDARY OPPORTUNITY SIGNIFICANT MUNICIPALITY PRIMARY NODE TERTIARY NODE KEY ALIGNMENT ISSUES NODE POINT CORRIDORS eThekwini Durban CBD Various Various N3 Corridor Other than the N3 Corridor the SDF does not provide clarity on other east west corridors to the north and south to be strengthened. Integration between the western parts of eThekwini and Mkhambathini to be considered with the Camperdown / Cato Ridge area to be planned for as a cross border node. Harry Gwala Kokstad, Kokstad, Various R56, R617 Currently working with 2007 SDF for Harry Gwala. Alignment with the Umzikmkulu, Umzikmkulu, Harry Gwala District must be considered in the KwaSani / Impendle Ixopo and Ixopo and interface and in the link between Richmond and Ubuhlebezwe Underberg / Underberg / Municipalities. Cross border planning between KwaSani and Impendle Himeville Himeville has previously been undertaken. The Umkomazi River Valley forms a substantial portion of the mutual border of Harry Gwala and Umgungundlovu and any future planning / development in this valley must be aligned. uMzinyathi Glencoe/Dundee Greytown, Nqutu, Various R33 Umgungundlovu and Umzinyathi is linked by the Msunduzi-Greytown Tugela Ferry Corridor. At present no significant alignment issues between the Districts have been identified. Planning for Ingonyama Trust areas in north east of Umgungundlovu must be aligned with bordering Greytown traditional settlement areas. Ugu Port Shepstone, Various Various None Only the southern portion of Mkhambathini links with Vulamehlo in Ugu. community nodes neighbourhood No alignment issues are anticipated. nodes, convenience nodes and rural service centres uThukela Ladysmith Escort; Ekuvukeni, Various N3 Corridor / The northern boundary of Mpofana is shared with the uThukela District. Ntambamhlophe, Maloti- Major alignment issues relate to the N3 Corridor and the Okhahlamba / Bergville Drakensberg Drakensberg Corridor currently under consideration. Corridor iLembe KwaDukuza Ballito, Mandeni Ndwedwe, R614 The most significant alignment issue is the future development of the and others Mphumulo and Appelsbosch / Bamshela node and the corridor linking through others Umshwathi through Ndwedwe to the KZN North Coast.
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