2008 Republican National Convention Brainroom Briefing Book

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

2008 Republican National Convention Brainroom Briefing Book 2008 Republican National Convention Brainroom Briefing Book Bryan S. Murphy Sr. Political Affairs Specialist Fox News Channel Phone: (212) 301-5257 E-mail: [email protected] 1 Table of Contents The CONVENTION................................................................................................................................................... 3 The Call................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Convention Scheduling ......................................................................................................................................... 3 What Happens at the Convention......................................................................................................................... 3 Selection of Minneapolis-Saint Paul ..................................................................................................................... 3 Convention Space................................................................................................................................................. 5 CONVENTION - DAY BY DAY................................................................................................................................. 6 Day by Day in Brief ............................................................................................................................................... 6 DAY ONE (Sept. 1) ............................................................................................................................................... 6 First Day Speakers............................................................................................................................................ 6 Sen. Joe Lieberman to Speak........................................................................................................................... 7 Farewell to the Bush Administration.................................................................................................................. 8 DAY TWO (Sept. 2) ............................................................................................................................................ 10 Second Day Speakers..................................................................................................................................... 10 Keynote Speaker – Rudy Giuliani ................................................................................................................... 10 DAY THREE (Sept. 3)......................................................................................................................................... 12 Third Day Speakers......................................................................................................................................... 12 Balloting........................................................................................................................................................... 12 Republican Keynote Speakers at National Conventions ................................................................................ 13 DAY FOUR (Sept. 4)........................................................................................................................................... 14 Fourth Day Speakers ...................................................................................................................................... 14 McCain’s Acceptance Speech......................................................................................................................... 15 CONVENTION SECURITY .................................................................................................................................... 16 CONVENTION PROTESTS & MEDIA ................................................................................................................... 18 REPUBLICAN CONVENTIONS, 1856-2004.......................................................................................................... 19 FINANCING THE CONVENTIONS ........................................................................................................................ 20 Public Funds to the Parties ................................................................................................................................. 20 Raising Money for the Conventions.................................................................................................................... 20 SELECTING THE DELEGATES ............................................................................................................................ 22 REPUBLICANS: STATES WON......................................................................................................................... 23 CONVENTION ORGANIZATION ........................................................................................................................... 24 THE PLATFORM.................................................................................................................................................... 25 THE CONVENTION BOUNCE IN THE POLLS ..................................................................................................... 27 VOTE IN PAST ELECTIONS – ALL 50 STATES................................................................................................... 30 Endnotes................................................................................................................................................................. 33 2 The CONVENTION The Call The official “call” to the convention, customarily issued by the national committees of the two major parties some 18 months in advance, announces the dates and site of the national convention. Convention Scheduling In a tradition that dates to 1932, the party out of power has convened first, usually about a month before the party holding the Presidency. McCain’s biggest convention problem might be the fact that Sept. 4 – the night he makes his nomination speech – also happens to kick off the 2008 NFL season. NBC will air a highly anticipated Washington Redskins vs. New York Giants game. If the game goes long, McCain could delay his speech.1 What Happens at the Convention National conventions combine three important functions: · Nomination of candidates for the office of President and Vice President; · Formulation and adoption of a statement of party principles—the platform; · Adoption of rules and procedures governing party activities, particularly the nomination process for presidential candidates in the next election cycle. The first nominating convention by one of what emerged as our two major parties—the Democrats—was held in Baltimore, Maryland, between May 21 and 23, 1832. The first Republican nominating convention was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, between June 17 and 19, 1856. This will be the 39th Republican National Convention. Party conventions have largely become ratifying bodies that confer the nomination on the candidate who won it in state contests. The nomination is conferred on the candidate who holds a majority of delegates at the party convention, but under the present system for choosing delegates one candidate is likely to emerge with a majority by the end of the primary season, if not sooner, and well before the convention meets. The 1976 Republican National Convention in Kansas City was the most recent one at which the determination of a major party’s nominee was in any real doubt before the nominating ballots were cast. In 1976, President Ford prevailed over Ronald Reagan by 1,187 votes to 1,070 votes. The last Republican Convention to go beyond one ballot occurred in 1948, when New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey won on the third ballot. Selection of Minneapolis-Saint Paul The convention runs Sept. 1-4 in St. Paul. The convention’s Committee on Arrangements says it’s the Minneapolis-Saint Paul convention, but the convention will, strictly speaking, be held at the Xcel Energy Center in St. Paul. Many in the press have made the mistake of saying that the convention is being held in Minneapolis. Minneapolis takes bragging rights in the easiest measurement of civic strength, population: It has about 100,000 more residents than St. Paul. It's the state's economic and cultural center, while St. Paul is the seat of state government. St. Paul has a downtown shaded by historic buildings and neighborhoods lined with block upon block of pristine Victorian homes. It's got science and history museums, pro hockey, two lakes and a smaller University of Minnesota campus. Literary heavyweight F. Scott Fitzgerald hailed from St. Paul. St. Paul is the city of Charles M. Schulz, the cartoonist who created the comic strip "Peanuts." Schulz grew up in St. Paul and sold his first panel cartoon to the St. Paul Pioneer Press in 1947. St. Paul was founded before Minneapolis and was larger for the first few decades of the two cities' existence. French-Canadian traders set up camp south of Fort Snelling on the Mississippi in 1840, dubbing the settlement 3 Pig's Eye (the nickname of an original settler and bootlegger). In its earliest days, the area was the hub of the whiskey trade that catered to soldiers at the remote military outpost. Local Catholic leaders soon saw to it that the city was renamed St. Paul, cementing a relationship between the Catholic Church and the city's ruling class that exists to this day. By the time Minnesota became
Recommended publications
  • Presidential Candidates in 2016 Should Not Underestimate the Power of Urban Identity—It Allowed Obama to Halve Bush’S Urban Victories
    blogs.lse.ac.uk http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2015/03/19/presidential-candidates-in-2016-should-not-underestimate-the-power-of-urban-identity- it-allowed-obama-to-halve-bushs-urban-victories/ Presidential candidates in 2016 should not underestimate the power of urban identity—it allowed Obama to halve Bush’s urban victories In 2008, Barack Obama was elected as America’s first urban president, with large victories in the biggest urban centers. What lessons should 2016’s potential candidates be taking from these victories? In new research which examines election results in 92 ‘core’ counties – which accounted for 35 million votes in 2012 – Joshua D. Ambrosius finds that President Obama identified with urban voters in the way that Republicans could not. He argues that this is not likely to change in the near future, as the urban electorate is identifying less and less with the Republican Party, which is doing little to claim cities as their own. Bill Clinton claimed the presidency in 1992 with his famous campaign mantra, it’s “the economy, stupid.” No doubt the Republicans and Mitt Romney believed that the weak economy was their ticket to unseating the nation’s first urban president in November of 2012. We all know how that turned out. Despite the conventional wisdom at the time, identity trumped the economy in 2012 in the nation’s largest urban centers; and it was the strength of this urban advantage that helped carry President Barack Obama—the nation’s first urban president—to an easy Electoral College victory and an eked-out popular vote.
    [Show full text]
  • First Amended Complaint Exhibit 1 Donald J
    Case 2:17-cv-00141-JLR Document 18-1 Filed 02/01/17 Page 1 of 3 First Amended Complaint Exhibit 1 Donald J. Trump Statement on Preventing Muslim Immigration | Donald J Trump for Pre... Page 1 of 2 Case 2:17-cv-00141-JLR Document 18-1 Filed 02/01/17 Page 2 of 3 INSTAGRAM FACEBOOK TWITTER NEWS GET INVOLVED GALLERY ABOUT US SHOP CONTRIBUTE - DECEMBER 07, 2015 - CATEGORIES DONALD J. TRUMP STATEMENT ON VIEW ALL PREVENTING MUSLIM IMMIGRATION STATEMENTS (New York, NY) December 7th, 2015, -- Donald J. Trump is calling for a total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States until our country's ANNOUNCEMENTS representatives can figure out what is going on. According to Pew Research, ENDORSEMENTS among others, there is great hatred towards Americans by large segments of the Muslim population. Most recently, a poll from the Center for Security ADS Policy released data showing "25% of those polled agreed that violence against Americans here in the United States is justified as a part of the global jihad" and 51% of those polled, "agreed that Muslims in America should have the choice of being governed according to Shariah." Shariah authorizes such atrocities as murder against non-believers who won't convert, beheadings and more unthinkable acts ARCHIVE that pose great harm to Americans, especially women. Mr. Trump stated, "Without looking at the various polling data, it is obvious to NOVEMBER 2016 anybody the hatred is beyond comprehension. Where this hatred comes from and OCTOBER 2016 why we will have to determine. Until we are able to determine and understand this problem and the dangerous threat it poses, our country cannot be the victims of SEPTEMBER 2016 horrendous attacks by people that believe only in Jihad, and have no sense of reason or respect for human life.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report of the Librarian of Congress
    ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 2002 Library of Congress Photo Credits Independence Avenue, SE Photographs by Anne Day (cover), Washington, DC Michael Dersin (pages xii, , , , , and ), and the Architect of the For the Library of Congress Capitol (inside front cover, page , on the World Wide Web, visit and inside back cover). <www.loc.gov>. Photo Images The annual report is published through Cover: Marble mosaic of Minerva of the Publishing Office, Peace, stairway of Visitors Gallery, Library Services, Library of Congress, Thomas Jefferson Building. Washington, DC -, Inside front cover: Stucco relief In tenebris and the Public Affairs Office, lux (In darkness light) by Edward J. Office of the Librarian, Library of Congress, Holslag, dome of the Librarian’s office, Washington, DC -. Thomas Jefferson Building. Telephone () - (Publishing) Page xii: Library of Congress or () - (Public Affairs). Commemorative Arch, Great Hall. Page : Lamp and balustrade, main entrance, Thomas Jefferson Building. Managing Editor: Audrey Fischer Page : The figure of Neptune dominates the fountain in front of main entrance, Thomas Jefferson Building. Copyediting: Publications Professionals Page : Great Hall entrance, Thomas Indexer: Victoria Agee, Agee Indexing Jefferson Building. Production Manager: Gloria Baskerville-Holmes Page : Dome of Main Reading Room; Assistant Production Manager: Clarke Allen murals by Edwin Blashfield. Page : Capitol dome from northwest Library of Congress pavilion, Thomas Jefferson Building; Catalog Card Number - mural “Literature” by William de - Leftwich Dodge. Key title: Annual Report of the Librarian Page : First floor corridor, Thomas of Congress Jefferson Building. Inside back cover: Stucco relief Liber delectatio animae (Books, the delight of the soul) by Edward J.
    [Show full text]
  • PPIC Statewide Survey: Californians and Their Government
    PPICPPIC STATEWIDESTATEWIDE SURVEYSURVEY FEBRU ARY 2004 Californians and Their Government ○○○○○ Mark Baldassare Research Director & Survey Director Public Policy Institute of California The Public Policy Institute of California (PPIC) is a private operating foundation established in 1994 with an endowment from William R. Hewlett. The Institute is dedicated to improving public policy in California through independent, objective, nonpartisan research. PPIC’s research agenda focuses on three program areas: population, economy, and governance and public finance. Studies within these programs are examining the underlying forces shaping California’s future, cutting across a wide range of public policy concerns, including education, health care, immigration, income distribution, welfare, urban growth, and state and local finance. PPIC was created because three concerned citizens – William R. Hewlett, Roger W. Heyns, and Arjay Miller – recognized the need for linking objective research to the realities of California public policy. Their goal was to help the state’s leaders better understand the intricacies and implications of contemporary issues and make informed public policy decisions when confronted with challenges in the future. PPIC does not take or support positions on any ballot measure or on any local, state, or federal legislation, nor does it endorse, support, or oppose any political parties or candidates for public office. David W. Lyon is founding President and Chief Executive Officer of PPIC. Raymond L. Watson is Chairman of the Board of Directors. 500 Washington Street, Suite 800 • San Francisco, California 94111 Telephone: (415) 291-4400 • Fax: (415) 291-4401 [email protected] • www.ppic.org Preface The PPIC Statewide Survey series provides policymakers, the media, and the general public with objective, advocacy-free information on the perceptions, opinions, and public policy preferences of California residents.
    [Show full text]
  • Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913-2021
    Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913-2021 Updated January 25, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL30857 Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913-2021 Summary Each new House elects a Speaker by roll call vote when it first convenes. Customarily, the conference of each major party nominates a candidate whose name is placed in nomination. A Member normally votes for the candidate of his or her own party conference but may vote for any individual, whether nominated or not. To be elected, a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all the votes cast for individuals. This number may be less than a majority (now 218) of the full membership of the House because of vacancies, absentees, or Members answering “present.” This report provides data on elections of the Speaker in each Congress since 1913, when the House first reached its present size of 435 Members. During that period (63rd through 117th Congresses), a Speaker was elected six times with the votes of less than a majority of the full membership. If a Speaker dies or resigns during a Congress, the House immediately elects a new one. Five such elections occurred since 1913. In the earlier two cases, the House elected the new Speaker by resolution; in the more recent three, the body used the same procedure as at the outset of a Congress. If no candidate receives the requisite majority, the roll call is repeated until a Speaker is elected. Since 1913, this procedure has been necessary only in 1923, when nine ballots were required before a Speaker was elected.
    [Show full text]
  • Presidential Documents
    Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Monday, September 10, 2001 Volume 37—Number 36 Pages 1253–1289 Contents Addresses and Remarks Communications to Federal Agencies Congressional leaders, meetings—1264, 1278 Presidential Determination on the Proposed Labor Day greeting to the Nation—1255 Protocol Amending the Agreement for Legislative agenda—1264 Cooperation Between the Government of Mexico, state visit of President Fox the United States of America and the Joint Cabinet meeting—1268 Government of the Kingdom of Morocco Concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Ohio, visit—1271, 1274 Energy, memorandum—1253 State dinner—1268 Welcoming ceremony—1267 Interviews With the News Media Michigan, Teamsters barbecue in Detroit— Exchanges with reporters 1261 Oval Office—1264 Minority Leader Trent Lott, meeting—1264 South Lawn—1270 Ohio Joint Statements Departure with President Fox for Toledo— 1270 United States of America and the United University of Toledo in Toledo—1274 Mexican States—1276 Radio address—1254 Meetings With Foreign Leaders Unemployment rates—1278 Mexico, President Fox—1267, 1268, 1271, Wisconsin 1274 Departure from Green Bay—1258 Northern Wisconsin Regional Council of Statements by the President Carpenters in Kaukauna—1255 Senator Phil Gramm’s decision not to seek reelection—1266 Appointments and Nominations Supplementary Materials State Department, Special Envoy for Peace to Acts approved by the President—1289 The Sudan—1269 Checklist of White House press releases— Communications to Congress 1288 Digest of other White House East Timor, letter transmitting report on announcements—1278 continued deployment of U.S. forces—1253 Nominations submitted to the Senate—1279 Editor’s Note: The Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents is also available on the Inter- net on the GPO Access service at http://www.gpo.gov/nara/nara003.html.
    [Show full text]
  • Michael Steele - Was Elected As the New Chairman of the Republican National Committee
    Fellow Idaho Republicans, Today, a good friend of mine - Michael Steele - was elected as the new Chairman of the Republican National Committee. As an early supporter, and part of his leadership team -- one of his twelve whips nationwide - - I couldn't be happier or more proud of where our party is headed. Michael Steele has the perfect combination of skills -- charisma, optimism and common sense conservative values -- to lead a national resurgence of the Republican Party among the rank-and-file grassroots, as well as everyday Americans. Michael and I have known each other for almost 20 years, since we went to law school together at Georgetown. In fact we ran against each other for vice president of the evening division in 1990 -- a race I won be a scant 3 votes. I am glad today's race was not that close! Michael called me soon after the November elections and I told him that I would be proud to support him. He later asked me to be on his leadership team as one of a dozen whips across the country, helping to garner votes among the 168 members of the RNC. Michael came to Boise to visit and strategize with me over breakfast at the Grove Hotel on January 18. We discussed the success that Republicans enjoy in Idaho and how to make that happen in other states. Now that vision is set to become a reality. On behalf of Idaho Republicans, I have already thanked former RNC Chairman Mike Duncan for his service to our party, He visited our great state this fall, prior to the general election, and I also had the opportunity to sit down with him again in Boise earlier this month.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Supreme Court of the United States
    No. 17-965 In the S upreme Court of the United States DONALD J. TRUMP , PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES , ET AL ., petitioners v. STATE OF HAWAII , ET AL ., respondents On Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE EVAN MCMULLIN, ANNE APPLEBAUM, MAX BOOT, LINDA CHAVEZ, ELIOT COHEN, MINDY FINN, JULEANNA GLOVER, NORMAN ORNSTEIN, MICHAEL STEELE, CHARLIE SYKES, AND JERRY TAYLOR IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENTS R. REEVES ANDERSON JOHN B. BELLINGER , III ARNOLD & PORTER Counsel of Record KAYE SCHOLER LLP ELLIOTT C. MOGUL 370 Seventeenth St. KAITLIN KONKEL Suite 4400 ARNOLD & PORTER Denver, CO 80202 KAYE SCHOLER LLP (303) 863-1000 601 Mass. Ave., NW Washington, DC 20001 (202) 942-5000 [email protected] Counsel for Amici Curiae TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Interest of Amici Curiae .............................................. 1 Introduction and Summary of Argument ................... 2 Argument ..................................................................... 4 I. EO-3 contravenes the prohibition on nationality-based discrimination that Congress, with support from almost all Republicans, adopted in 1965 ................................ 5 A. Congress intended to eliminate “all vestiges of discrimination against any national group” from our immigration system ............................................................... 6 1. Members of both parties, and Republicans in particular, strenuously repudiated the discriminatory policies that predated the 1965 Act ......................... 7 2. The 1965 Act rectified missteps in U.S. immigration policy ............................ 12 3. The principles underlying the 1965 Act are now fundamental to our national identity ........................................ 16 B. EO-3 runs afoul of Congress’s nondiscrimination guarantee ......................... 18 II. The President may not substitute his alternative policy judgments for Congress’s comprehensive statutory immigration scheme ..
    [Show full text]
  • House Officer, Party Leader, and Representative Name Redacted Specialist on Congress and the Legislative Process
    The Speaker of the House: House Officer, Party Leader, and Representative name redacted Specialist on Congress and the Legislative Process November 12, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov 97-780 The Speaker of the House: House Officer, Party Leader, and Representative Summary The Speaker of the House of Representatives is widely viewed as symbolizing the power and authority of the House. The Speaker’s most prominent role is that of presiding officer of the House. In this capacity, the Speaker is empowered by House rules to administer proceedings on the House floor, including recognition of Members to speak on the floor or make motions and appointment of Members to conference committees. The Speaker also oversees much of the non- legislative business of the House, such as general control over the Hall of the House and the House side of the Capitol and service as chair of the House Office Building Commission. The Speaker’s role as “elect of the elect” in the House also places him or her in a highly visible position with the public. The Speaker also serves as not only titular leader of the House but also leader of the majority party conference. The Speaker is often responsible for airing and defending the majority party’s legislative agenda in the House. The Speaker’s third distinct role is that of an elected Member of the House. Although elected as an officer of the House, the Speaker continues to be a Member as well. As such the Speaker enjoys the same rights, responsibilities, and privileges of all Representatives.
    [Show full text]
  • Download History of the House Page Program
    HISTORY OF THE HOUSE PAGE PROGRAM CONTENTS Introduction 1 Page Origins 2 Page Responsibilities 7 Representatives as Role Models and Mentors 10 Page Traditions 12 Breaking Down Racial and Gender Barriers 17 Pages and Publicity 19 Schools, Dorms, and Reforms 21 Pages and the Communications Revolution 26 The End of the House Page Program 28 Notes 30 Pages wore lapel pins to identify themselves during work or to affiliate themselves with the Page program. Left, a National Fraternity of Pages pin owned by Glenn Rupp, a House Page in the 1930s, includes the date 1912, which may indicate the founding date of the organization. Middle, a Page pin from 1930 is more elaborately designed than the average uniform lapel pin and features an enamel shield with links attaching a pendant that indicates the date of service. Right, a pin from 100th Congress (1987– 1989) has a House seal in the center and is similar to those worn by Members on their own lapels. Page Pins, Collection of the U.S. House of Representatives i House Pages pose for a class photo on the East Front of the Capitol. Class Photo from The Congressional Eagle Yearbook, 2007, Collection of the U.S. House of Representatives For more than two centuries, young people served as Pages in the U.S. House of Representatives and enjoyed an unparalleled opportunity to observe and participate in the legislative process in “the People’s House.” Despite the frequent and colossal changes to America’s national fabric over that period, the expectations and experiences of House Pages, regardless of when they served, have been linked by certain commonalities—witnessing history, interacting with Representatives, and taking away lifelong inspiration to participate in civic life.
    [Show full text]
  • Mr. Justice Stanton by James W
    At Sidebar Mr. Justice Stanton by James W. Satola I love U.S. Supreme Court history. Sometimes, the more arcane the better. So, for my At Sidebar con- tribution, I want to share a little bit of what I love.1 Perhaps calling to mind the well-known story behind Marbury v. Madison, here is a lesser-known story of a presidential commission not delivered on time (though in this case, it was not anyone’s fault). The story of Mr. Justice Edwin M. Stanton.2 James W. Satola is an As one walks through the Grand Concourse of attorney in Cleveland, Ohio. From 2010 to the Ohio Supreme Court building in Columbus, Ohio 2016, he served as (officially, the Thomas J. Moyer Ohio Judicial Center, an FBA Circuit Vice which had a first life as the “Ohio Departments Build- President for the Sixth ing,” opening in 1933, then restored and reopened as Circuit, and from 2002 the home of the Ohio Supreme Court in 2004), one’s to 2003, he was Presi- dent of the FBA Northern eye is drawn to nine large bronze plaques mounted District of Ohio Chapter. on the East Wall, each showcasing one of the U.S. © 2017 James W. Satola. Supreme Court justices named from Ohio.3 This story All rights reserved. is about the fourth plaque in that series, under which reads in brass type on the marble wall, “Edwin Mc- Masters Stanton, Justice of the United States Supreme Court, 1869-1869.” Justice Stanton? One finds no mention of “Justice Stanton” among the lists of the 113 men and women who have served on the Supreme Court of the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Justice Opportunity Assessment and Analysis
    Contractor’s Report to the Board Environmental Justice Opportunity Assessment and Analysis December 2004 Produced under contract by: Center for Justice, Tolerance and Community University of California Santa Cruz Zero Waste—You Make It Happen! S TATE OF C ALIFORNIA Arnold Schwarzenegger Governor Alan C. Lloyd, Ph. D. Secretary, California Environmental Protection Agency • INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT BOARD Rosario Marin Linda Moulton-Patterson Rosalie Mulé Board Chair Board Member Board Member Michael Paparian Cheryl Peace Carl Washington Board Member Board Member Board Member • Mark Leary Executive Director For additional copies of this publication, contact: Integrated Waste Management Board Public Affairs Office, Publications Clearinghouse (MS–6) 1001 I Street P.O. Box 4025 Sacramento, CA 95812-4025 www.ciwmb.ca.gov/Publications/ 1-800-CA-WASTE (California only) or (916) 341-6306 Publication #520-04-008 Printed on recycled paper containing a minimum of 30 percent postconsumer fiber. Copyright © 2004 by the California Integrated Waste Management Board. All rights reserved. This publication, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission. Prepared as part of contract no. IWM-C0206 (total contract amount: $78,473, includes other services). The California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB) does not discriminate on the basis of disability in access to its programs. CIWMB publications are available in accessible formats upon request by calling the Public Affairs Office at (916) 341-6300. Persons with hearing impairments can reach the CIWMB through the California Relay Service, 1-800-735-2929. Join Governor Schwarzenegger to Keep California Rolling. Every Californian can help to reduce energy and fuel consumption.
    [Show full text]