DOCSLIB.ORG

Warfare in 1914 on the Eastern and Western From

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Warfare in 1914 on the Eastern and Western From Warfare in 1914 on the Eastern and Western From Nicole Dombrowski, Dhajia Hopper, Gus McIntyre Introduction: Timeline of Events Battle of First Battle of Tannenberg Ypres Aug. 26-30 Oct.19- Nov.22 Sep. 5-12 Dec. 25 First Battle of the The Christmas Marne. Truce The Great War in 1914 Battle of Tannenberg-The Basics ● August 26-30, 1914 ● Battle on Eastern Front ○ Germany vs. Russia ● Russians lost. By a lot. Battle of Tannenberg-How did Germany Win? ● Russia’s Sketchy Army ○ Provisions ○ Uncoded wireless communications ○ Positioning Battle of Tannenberg-Aftermath ● Important Figure: Paul von Hindenburg ○ Now a national hero ● Diverted troops from Western Front First Battle of the Marne-The Basics ● September 5-12, 1914 ● French army and BEF take a stand on the Marne ● Forced German retreat back across the Marne First Battle of the Marne-Details ● Germany’s positioning (and flanks) ● Means of battle ● German retreat First Battle of the Marne-Aftermath ● Killed the Schlieffen Plan ○ “Miracle of the Marne” ● End of fast, mobile warfare ○ (It’s trench time) ● French morale improved First Battle of Ypres- Basics ● October 19-November 22, 1914 ● Battle on north coast of Belgium. ● Intended to control ports leading out to the English Channel. ○ Between Germany and Allies ● Both sides suffered heavy losses ● The battle ceased when winter set in First Battle of Ypres-Why did it Occur? ● Germany lost in the Battle of the Marne ○ They were looking for their next strategic battle ● Both sides bagan to try to outflank the other, eventually ending up on the Belgian coast. ○ This was later called the race to the sea. The First Battle of Ypres- What Occured? ● Allied forces outnumbered, short on artillery ● Germans pushed the front line back, support from BEF brought back some ground ● War of attrition ○ Many small-scale attacks ○ Many casualties Battle of Ypres- What Occurred? (Cont.) ● Germany attacked on the 20th, the this almost pushed the allies back into Ypres itself, and because the allies were surrounded on three sides of the city, they tried to plans an offensive that would push Germany back a little. ● Both sides planned to attack first, Germany actually did ● The Allied line was broken, but Germany was not able to take advantage of it. ● Fighting ending in winter The First Battle of Ypres-Significance ● This battle marked the end of the movement of the front lines. ● Both sides dug large and complex trench systems on their front. ● This battle showed how neither side could really win, and was the first example of how the western front was just a big stalemate. ● Showed the first “war of attrition” and showed how terrible of a battle this would be. Christmas Truce ● December 25, 1914 ● Official truce was proposed, warring countries refused ○ Unofficial truce on Christmas of 1914 ● Gesture of goodwill for the holiday Christmas Truce-What did it entail? ● Most news reports focused on football games ● Letters and parcels to the British ○ Even boxes for Germans ● Coral sing offs, festive wreaths, and table top trees ● Resulted in truces being punishments ○ After this, there was to be no more truces. Christmas Truce ● In Britain, German battleships killed 122 and injured 450 civilians ○ Gave need for a cessation of fighting ● Used to recover+bury dead, help wounded, and shore up trenches ● Angered French, Indian, and Belgian soldiers ○ Why show kindness to Germans, the enemy? Christmas Truce ● Wasn't the first truce to occur, would be the last. ● High Command made it treason ○ Long term=would hurt the war In Summary ● These four battles were crucial in the development of the Great War, in both means and mood ○ Trench warfare ○ Disillusionment ○ Long war.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The First World War Centenary Sale | Knightsbridge, London | Wednesday 1 October 2014 21999
    ALE S ENARY ENARY T WORLD WAR CEN WORLD WAR T Wednesday 1 October 2014 Wednesday Knightsbridge, London THE FIRS THE FIRST WORLD WAR CENTENARY SALE | Knightsbridge, London | Wednesday 1 October 2014 21999 THE FIRST WORLD WAR CENTENARY SALE Wednesday 1 October 2014 at 1pm Knightsbridge, London BONHAMS ENQUIRIES SALE NUMBER IMPORTANT INFORMATION Montpelier Street 21999 The United States Government Knightsbridge Books, Manuscripts, has banned the import of ivory London SW7 1HH Photographs and Ephemera CATALOGUE into the USA. Lots containing www.bonhams.com Matthew Haley £20 ivory are indicated by the symbol +44 (0)20 7393 3817 Ф printed beside the lot number VIEWING [email protected] Please see page 2 for bidder in this catalogue. Sunday 28 September information including after-sale 11am to 3pm Medals collection and shipment. Monday 29 September John Millensted 9am to 4.30pm +44 (0)20 7393 3914 Please see back of catalogue Tuesday 30 September [email protected] for important notice to bidders 9am to 4.30pm Wednesday 1 October Militaria ILLUSTRATIONS 9am to 11am David Williams Front cover: Lot 105 +44 (0)20 7393 3807 Inside front cover: Lot 48 BIDS [email protected] Inside back cover: Lot 128 +44 (0) 20 7447 7448 Back cover: Lot 89 +44 (0) 20 7447 7401 fax Pictures and Prints To bid via the internet Thomas Podd please visit www.bonhams.com +44 (0)20 7393 3988 [email protected] New bidders must also provide proof of identity when submitting Collectors bids. Failure to do this may result Lionel Willis in your bids not being processed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Western Front the First World War Battlefield Guide: World War Battlefield First the the Westernthe Front
    Ed 2 June 2015 2 June Ed The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 1 The Western Front The First Battlefield War World Guide: The Western Front The Western Creative Media Design ADR003970 Edition 2 June 2015 The Somme Battlefield: Newfoundland Memorial Park at Beaumont Hamel Mike St. Maur Sheil/FieldsofBattle1418.org The Somme Battlefield: Lochnagar Crater. It was blown at 0728 hours on 1 July 1916. Mike St. Maur Sheil/FieldsofBattle1418.org The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 1 The Western Front 2nd Edition June 2015 ii | THE WESTERN FRONT OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR ISBN: 978-1-874346-45-6 First published in August 2014 by Creative Media Design, Army Headquarters, Andover. Printed by Earle & Ludlow through Williams Lea Ltd, Norwich. Revised and expanded second edition published in June 2015. Text Copyright © Mungo Melvin, Editor, and the Authors listed in the List of Contributors, 2014 & 2015. Sketch Maps Crown Copyright © UK MOD, 2014 & 2015. Images Copyright © Imperial War Museum (IWM), National Army Museum (NAM), Mike St. Maur Sheil/Fields of Battle 14-18, Barbara Taylor and others so captioned. No part of this publication, except for short quotations, may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the permission of the Editor and SO1 Commemoration, Army Headquarters, IDL 26, Blenheim Building, Marlborough Lines, Andover, Hampshire, SP11 8HJ. The First World War sketch maps have been produced by the Defence Geographic Centre (DGC), Joint Force Intelligence Group (JFIG), Ministry of Defence, Elmwood Avenue, Feltham, Middlesex, TW13 7AH. United Kingdom.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Did the Schlieffen Plan Fail?
    Why did the Schlieffen Plan fail? L/O – To identify the reasons why the Schlieffen Plan failed Tension in Europe Recap Europe Quiz The Assassination The Outbreak of War The Outbreak of War The Road to War In 1914, Europe was primed for war. It was not only the politicians who were anticipating war – rearmament and frequent war scares had caused European society to become increasingly militaristic and nationalistic. Many people not only expected war, but welcomed it. Each side had long prepared for war. They had written plans, books and policies on what to do. These plans also played a part in the outbreak of large-scale war in 1914. The War Plans of Europe The Schlieffen Plan The most influential plan was that of Germany – the Schlieffen Plan – drawn up in 1905 by General Alfred von Schlieffen. It was an ambitious plan designed to avoid Germany having to fight a two-front war against France and Russia. The plan was to invade France and capture Paris before the Russians could mobilize. It relied on three things: German speed slow Russian mobilization (6 weeks?) Britain staying out of the war. Britain’s Position Britain’s position in 1914 was complicated. Despite having alliances with France and Russia, Britain had made no firm promises to help them in war. However, Britain had promised in 1834 to protect the neutrality of Belgium if she was ever attacked. The Schlieffen Plan required the For a scrap of German army to attack France paper, through Belgium. The German Great Britain is going to generals gambled that Britain would make war? not keep her promise to defend Bethmann-Hollweg, Belgium.
    [Show full text]
  • Chesterfield Wfa
    CHESTERFIELD WFA Newsletter and Magazine issue 28 Patron –Sir Hew Strachan FRSE FRHistS President - Professor Peter Simkins MBE Welcome to Issue 28 - the April 2018 FRHistS Newsletter and Magazine of Chesterfield WFA. Vice-Presidents Andre Colliot Professor John Bourne BA PhD FRHistS The Burgomaster of Ypres The Mayor of Albert Lt-Col Graham Parker OBE Professor Gary Sheffield BA MA PhD FRHistS Christopher Pugsley FRHistS Lord Richard Dannat GCB CBE MC rd DL Our next meeting will be on Tuesday April 3 where our guest speaker will be the Peter Hart, no stranger to Roger Lee PhD jssc the Branch making his annual pilgrimage back to his old www.westernfrontassociation.com home town. Branch contacts Peter`s topic will be` Not Again` - the German Tony Bolton offensive on the Aisne, May 1918. ` (Chairman) anthony.bolton3@btinternet .com Mark Macartney The Branch meets at the Labour Club, Unity House, Saltergate, (Deputy Chairman) Chesterfield S40 1NF on the first Tuesday of each month. There [email protected] is plenty of parking available on site and in the adjacent road. Access to the car park is in Tennyson Road, however, which is Jane Lovatt (Treasurer) one way and cannot be accessed directly from Saltergate. Grant Cullen (Secretary) [email protected] Grant Cullen – Branch Secretary Facebook http://www.facebook.com/g roups/157662657604082/ http://www.wfachesterfield.com/ Western Front Association Chesterfield Branch – Meetings 2018 Meetings start at 7.30pm and take place at the Labour Club, Unity House, Saltergate, Chesterfield S40 1NF January 9th Jan.9th Branch AGM followed by a talk by Tony Bolton (Branch Chairman) on the key events of the last year of the war 1918.
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Army in the Ypres Salient World War I (1914-1918)
    Indian Army in the Ypres Salient World War – I (1914-1918) According to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, 138,000 soldiers from India were sent to Europe during the First World War. Most of these soldiers were deployed in the Ypres Salient and at nearby Neuve Chapelle in France during the period 1914-15. A very large number lost their lives in the campaign to halt the German advance. 2. The Indian Army’s involvement on the Western front started on 6 August 1914. That day, the War Council in London requested two infantry divisions and a cavalry brigade from the Viceroy's government to be sent to Egypt. On 27th August, these troops were ordered to Europe. 3. The supreme sacrifice of Indian soldiers in Europe is recorded in the major World War One memorial in continental Europe, Menin Gate, in Ypres, Belgium, and at the memorial for Indian soldiers in near-by Neuve Chappelle in France. In 2002, at the request of the Government of India, an Indian Memorial was erected on the lawn south of the Menin Gate. 4. After the war, India participated in the peace conference held in Versailles and was represented by Edwin Montague, the Secretary of State for India, Lord Satyendra Nath Sinha and His Highness Maharaja Ganga Singh of Bikaner. The Peace Treaty of Versailles was signed by Mr. Montague and His Highness Maharaja Ganga Singh and India became an original member of the League of Nations. In 1945, when the conference to establish the United Nations Organisation was held in San Francisco, India participated and signed the Charter becoming a founding member of the United Nations.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Front
    Version 1.0 | Last updated 11 November 2015 Western Front By Jonathan Krause The Western Front, a 400-plus mile stretch of land weaving through France and Belgium from the Swiss border to the North Sea, was the decisive front during the First World War. Whichever side won there – either the Central Powers or the Entente – would be able to claim victory for their respective alliance. Despite the global nature of the conflict, much of the world remembers the First World War through the lens of the Western Front, in large part thanks to the success of Erich Maria Remarque’s classic, All Quiet on the Western Front. This article looks at the war on the Western Front from 1914-1918, its major events, battles, and strategies. Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 The War of Movement 3 1915: The Early Trench Battles 4 1916: The Attritional Battles 5 The Somme 6 1917: The Year of Desperation 7 The British Army Ascendant 8 1918: The Year of Decision 9 Conclusion Notes Selected Bibliography Citation Introduction In many ways the war on the Western Front began as a fundamentally Franco-German conflict, and one with deep historical roots. The region had been of critical importance for French security for centuries. In the 1600s, Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban (1633-1707) famously sought to design and build an interlinking series of forts (which he called the “pré carré”) to shelter France’s eastern border from attacks that might come through Central Europe. There is a longue durée concept of fortified defence running from Vauban through to the great forts that existed in 1914 (Verdun, Belfort, Toul) and the later Maginot Line.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Trenches: a First World War Diary
    In the Trenches: A First World War Diary By Pierre Minault Translated by Sylvain Minault Edited by Gail Minault Edited for Not Even Past by Mark Sheaves Originally published on Not Even Past <notevenpast.org> Department of History, The University of Texas at Austin September 22-November 16, 2014 © Not Even Past In the Trenches Pierre Minault’s Diary of the First World War Not Even Past is marking the centennial of the outbreak of the first World War with a very special publication. Our colleague, Gail Minault, a distinguished professor of the history of India, has given us her grandfather’s diary, a near daily record of his experiences in the trenches in France. Pierre Minault made his first diary entry on this very day, September 22, one hundred years ago, in 1914. We will be posting each of his entries exactly one hundred years after he wrote them. You will be able to follow Pierre’s progress and read his thoughtful and moving personal observations of life on the front as day follows day. Sylvain Minault originally translated the diary from French. Gail Minault edited this translation and added the following introduction. We are extremely grateful to her for sharing her grandfather’s diary with all of us. Introduction By Gail Minault This year we commemorate the outbreak of World War I, which began in August 1914, with all the powers of Europe declaring war on each other in a domino effect born of alliances and ententes. Reading the history of the war, one becomes aware of the carnage, the stalemate, the sacrifice of an entire generation of young men to great power politics.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright © 2016 by Bonnie Rose Hudson
    Copyright © 2016 by Bonnie Rose Hudson Select graphics used by permission of Teachers Resource Force. All Rights Reserved. This book may not be reproduced or transmitted by any means, including graphic, electronic, or mechanical, without the express written consent of the author except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews and those uses expressly described in the following Terms of Use. You are welcome to link back to the author’s website, http://writebonnierose.com, but may not link directly to the PDF file. You may not alter this work, sell or distribute it in any way, host this file on your own website, or upload it to a shared website. Terms of Use: For use by a family, this unit can be printed and copied as many times as needed. Classroom teachers may reproduce one copy for each student in his or her class. Members of co-ops or workshops may reproduce one copy for up to fifteen children. This material cannot be resold or used in any way for commercial purposes. Please contact the publisher with any questions. ©Bonnie Rose Hudson WriteBonnieRose.com 2 World War I Notebooking Unit The World War I Notebooking Unit is a way to help your children explore World War I in a way that is easy to personalize for your family and interests. In the front portion of this unit you will find: How to use this unit List of 168 World War I battles and engagements in no specific order Maps for areas where one or more major engagements occurred Notebooking page templates for your children to use In the second portion of the unit, you will find a list of the battles by year to help you customize the unit to fit your family’s needs.
    [Show full text]
  • German) Signature “Bulow”
    P a g e | 1 Britain goes to war. British signature “Palmerston” and Prussian (German) signature “Bulow”. Mr Searle | HIGHWORTH WARNEFORD SCHOOL P a g e | 2 Why Britain went to war in 1914. The treaty of London signed in 1839 guaranteed Belgian independence and committed the signatory powers, particularly Great Britain, to guard that independence in the event of invasion. Historians and Statesmen have argued that the treaty was an important document, especially in its role in bringing about the Great War. The German Empire invaded Belgium in August 1914, therefore violating the treaty of 1839 and the British response was to declare war on August the 4th. The British ambassador informed the Germans that Britain would go to war with them over their violation of Belgian neutrality. The German Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg exclaimed that he could not believe that Britain and Germany would be going to war over a mere “scrap of Paper”. As the German Chancellor pointed out, this seemed an unlikely reason for why Britain went to war in 1914. Britain, ever since the days of the Spanish Armada, has been weary of powerful continental powers challenging its control of the English Channel and the North Sea. The German Empire started its challenge by increasing the size its navy: this effort was received badly in London. Germany had a powerful fleet at the outbreak of war in 1914 and so Britain could not having risk this powerful new fleet sailing south into the English Channel. Britain was an island nation dependent on trade and food coming into the country to feed its people, if Germany controlled the French sea ports of Dieppe and Calais, then that would allow the German navy to encircle Britain and the British people would starve.
    [Show full text]
  • The First World War: Stalemate Tier 3 Vocabulary Definition Section 2: Key Battles of the Western Front Section 3: Chronology
    Section 1: Key Vocabulary Subject: History Year: 9 Summer 1— The First World War: Stalemate Tier 3 vocabulary Definition Section 2: Key Battles of the Western Front Section 3: Chronology Battle of Verdun The Schlieffen Plan German battle plan made in Sept 1914 Battle of the Marne: Battle which took (n) 1905 by General Von Verdun was fought in February 1916 place in September 1914 by the river Marne Schlieffen. Aim to avoid a war in France. France were pushing Germany Between the French and the Germans. on two fronts by invading back. Argued to be a turning point in the France through Belgium whilst This 6 month battle lead to the war of attrition. war. Russia armed. By July 700,000 men had lost their lives. Oct 1914 The Race to the Sea: An attempt to ‘out Western Front (n) A line of trenches ranging from flank’ (get around the end off) the French the sea to the Alps. Battle of the Somme troops; took place on 12th October. German troops moved towards the sea and British ANZAC (n) Australian and New Zealand's Took place in July 1916 and French troops attempted to stop them. troops. Fought by the English and the Germans. Zeppelin (n) Large bomber airship Nov 1914 Trench warfare began It began mainly to relieve pressure for the French at Verdun. No man’s land (n) An area of land between two April 1915 First poison gas attack countries or armies that is not 1.25 million men lost their life. controlled by anyone. Feb 1915 Gallipoli Campaign started Battle of Passchendaele U-Boat (n) Underwater boats— Feb1916 Battle of Verdun: The German attempt in submarines.
    [Show full text]
  • World War One Trench Warfare and the Development of Weapons Technology by Edwin Den Harder
    World War One Trench Warfare and the Development of Weapons Technology By Edwin den Harder A common perception of the First World War revolves around trench warfare and the massive casualty rates sustained by all the combatant powers in their attempt to overcome the stalemate on the Western Front. One of the themes of the World War I sub-course in HI 302: History of the Military Art is this very issue. Cadets are first introduced to the dilemma during the lesson that discusses the First Battle of the Marne and the ensuing stalemate as a result of the “Race to the Sea.” The challenge of trench warfare remains a theme throughout the sub-course and culminates with discussions concerning the German Spring Offensives of 1918. Through the use of arms and equipment, cadets are able to better understand the tactical and operational problems of trench warfare and how each of the combatants tried to overcome these problems throughout the war. The material culture package for Lesson 4 (Tannenberg and the Marne; Stalemate and Response) consists of the standard-issue bolt action rifles for the British (Lee-Enfield), French (Lebel), and German (Mauser with bayonet) armies in 1914 and a German MG 08 machine gun. These weapons comprised the majority of the arms a standard infantry battalion in 1914, with only two machine guns allocated to each battalion (same for all armies). The bolt-action rifles are all very similar to each other, with no combatant having a decisive advantage in this area of weapons technology, although the British Lee-Enfield has the largest magazine capacity and its bolt style allows for more rapid manipulation and fire than the other two rifles.
    [Show full text]
  • The CHRONICLE
    ISSN 1748-913X P.A.O PRESIDENT SECRETARY CHAIRMAN Valerie Geller Stephen Goddard Brian Jarvis James White 21 Charteris Road 26 The Meadway 15 Loughton Way 8 Roding View Woodford Green Buckhurst Hill Buckhurst Hill Buckhurst Hill Essex Essex IG9 5PG Essex IG9 6AE IG9 6AQ IG8 0AP 0208 505 1154 0208 505 2570 Email 0208 505 1592 0208 505 6176 E-mail: E-mail [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] The CHRONICLE MONTHLY NEWSLETTER OF THE BUCKHURST HILL BRANCH OF THE ROYAL BRITISH LEGION Affiliated with 2324 Squadron ATC 781 IN January A very happy and peaceful MEM0RIAM new year 2015 2015 Dear Friends I have edited our Chronicle regularly since I took over from Mac Alpine with the edition for September 2003 (No 650). This present Chronicle is being edited by Margaret Sinfield, aided by Marian. Some things don’t change – in the edition for September 2003 it was announced that the Branch AGM would be held on November 4th, just as it was this year! However subs were to remain unchanged at £15.50! Stephen ARMENTIÈRES – THE RACE FOR THE SEA In October last year a group of eleven branch members travelled to Armentières in Northern France for the town’s commemorations of the Race to the Sea on the Western Front; this four-day visit will be the major concern of this edition. We begin with one of the visit’s highlights: Stephen was rewarded for his tireless work in linking our branch of the Royal British Legion with the French re-enactment groups by the presentation of a magnificent medal, plus the Diploma for Croix d’Honneur Franco-Britannique with the rank of Knight The Chronicle is printed and published by the Royal British Legion, Buckhurst Hill Branch No BRO868.
    [Show full text]