DOCSLIB.ORG

Comprehensive Biological Protocol for the Lunar Sample Receiving

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comprehensive Biological Protocol for the Lunar Sample Receiving https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19680021536 2020-03-12T10:15:16+00:00Z Comprehensive Biological Protocol for the Lunar Sample Receiving Laboratory Manned Spacecraft Center National Aeronautics and Space Administration Houston, Texas Prepared under Contract NAS 9-6157 to Baylor University College of Medicint:, Houston, Texas Submitted June 16, 1967 INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT In June, 1966, members of the scientific community of the Baylor University College of Medicine contracted to prepare a biological quarantine protocol for the safe handling and study of lunar material to be returned to earth from early Apollo missions--such material, the spacecraft, and crew to be isolated initially in the Lunsr Receiving Laboratory, Manned Spacecraft Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Houston, Texas. This document, and its abbreviated operational counterpart, wr i tten under contract NAS-9-6157, const itute a final protocol which has been modified extensively from a preliminary document subm it ted on December 16, 1966. The goals of the Lunar Receiving Laboratory are mu1 tiple and broadly encompass the scientific disciplines of geology, geophysics, chemistry, and biology. The purpose of this protocol is to define the biological studies which might reasonably fulfill the goals of the Bioscience Working Group of the Manned Space Science Coordinating Com- mittee, as set forth here: The prime purpose of the laboratory would be to provide a formal mechanism for testing appropriate representative 1unar samples for the possible presence of agents that might be infectious or toxic for man, animals, and plants. It should be the goal of this laboratory to provide safety clearance for lunar samples, if possible, within a period of approximately 30 days. I .--National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Summer Conference on ~unar-Explorat ion and Science, NASA-SP-88, p. 234, July, 1965. An overall statement of policy has been published recently (Science B:525, Feb. 3, 1967) and is appended to this document. In preparing a protocol which would fulfill these goals, we have had the benefit of the wise and introspective counsel of many contributovs, and the guidelines set forth here reflect the judgment of a cross section of our national scientific community. The protocol, while broad in scope, \;itenpts to explore in depth the effect of the lunar material upon i-- -._, plant and animal species about which a great deal is already known.) The protocol is flexible and lends itself to easy revision as more information is accumulated concerning the lun=+rsample and as bio- logical techniques improve during the implementation of the laboratory. The biological protocol haslee main elements, the first being crew microbiology; the second, in vitro attempts to culture microorgani sms from the lunar samp:e; and the third, the direct challenge of the lunar shnple in biological systemshrew microbiology concerns itself wi th . -- - -/I the establishment of pre-flight microbiology profiles and the subsequent review of alterations in flora encountered in crew personnel following return to earth. These studies will be performed in quarantine areas of the Lunar Receiving Laboratory and will be limited in duration to the time required to establish the nature of the microbial burden carried by the crew and the assurance of their freedom from communicable disease. Since it will be impossible to test the lunar sample on all but a few earth species, portions of the sample will be tested in representative members of all major taxa. We have utilized the concept of "unity within diversity" of biological processes on earth, and the careful selection of certain key species by the scientific community provides a broad-based spectrum for testing purposes.. There exists a small but finite probability that lunar substance? ;a! be injurious to organisms on earth. Such biological injury may be due to an inherent toxicity of the material or to the capability of such material to propagate itself in earth species. The toxic materials may be classified as follows: a. Redioactive materials from the moon itself. Early studies within the Lunar Receiving Laboratory will explore this possibility. b. Unknown inorganic polymers poss'bly containing silica, boron, and other inorganic elements. c. Deleterious low-molecular-weight'compounds acting as cellu!ar and metabolic poisons, mutagens, irritants, antimetabolites, or anti- vitamirs. d. Unknown metallo-organic compounds, effects on terrestrial organlsms unknown. The replicative materials may be classified as follows: a. Organisms (viral, bacterial, or fungal) taken to the moon, subjected to high-incident radiation, and returned unwittingly to earth. Such organisms may have mutated and have no counter- part on earth. This is an unlikely event. b. Plant materials of lunar origin capable of reproducing on earth as autotrophs or heterotrophs in nutrient media (artifical or natural, as in soi 1, ponds, oceans), resulting in natural ized forms producing deleterious effects by contact or competition. c. Xerophilic life forms of lunar origin using as protoplasmic materials elements found in terrestrial organisms such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. d. The exijtence of living matter on the moon at an organizational level above that of the small metazoa or metaphytes has a probability considerably less than that for unicellular organisms and is virtually excluded from consideration. If one accepts these fundamental policies and the constraints Imposed upon the laboratory by space and time limitations, there are left only three points which deserve discussion here in the way of clarification. These are the philosophy of the testing process itself, the nature of the internal controls to be employed, and the statistical approach to an evaluation of a heterogeneous, unknown mixture whose toxic or micro- biological potential is unknown. In regard to the philosophy of the testing procedures, it is safe to say that never before has there existed a facility with such ambitious and demanding goals as those presented by the Lunar Receiving Laboratory. The committee responsible for the preparation of this protocol stresses the need, therefore, for high professional standards in the conduct of these studies and has encouraged the Space Agency to avail themselves of the vast technical competence existing in laboratories throughout this country. When possible, it is to be hoped that the Agency will employ outside consultation at all steps. A testing procedure of this magni- tude and scope demands a degree of supervision and insight which will be challenging in the extreme. Since the testing procedures can be no better than the skill of those employing them, and in view of the diversity of species selected here, it is anticipated that the laboratory management will utilize to the fullest the sound and competent advice of the academic community and those federal agencies (u. S. Department of the Interior, U. S. Departmet,t of Agriculture, U. S. Pub1 ic Health Service) which have been instrumental in establishing the need for this laboratory. An important point which the committee would stress concerns the sequence of events in handling the lunar material. Collection, transport, receipt, and opening of the sample, as well as its mixing, aliquoting, and distribution, constitute a part of the general introduction to this protocol. In microbiological testing, however, it will be noted that we have set up a series of Itchallengestt to host organisms, this group of hosts representing higber and lower vertebrates, invertebrates, unicellular organisms and plants. It is anticipated that, along with the initial in vivo challenge and in vitro studies using classic microbiologic techniques, parallel --in vitro challenges will be made to both animal and plant cells growing in tissue cul ture. These ttobservationalt' steps are to be fol lowed by a secondary in vivo challenge as well as in vitro classic microbiological techniques, using organic a~:d inorganic media containing such added nutrients as might be suggested by the initial elemental and orjan:c analysis of the lunar sample. This temporal order, of initial followed by secondary chal- lenges, constitutes the critical part of the microbiological protocol. If replicating forms exist, this sequence offers the greatest promise for their detection. Every system described in this protocol has as an internal control the requirement that direct challenge of in vivo systems be conducted with both untreated and sterilized lunar material. Absolute double-barrier techniques are to be used throughout the laboratory; in some cases specific pathogen- free or germ-free species will be used, and in all In vitro sys;clls absolute stsrility of the system is mandatory. Carefully controlled trial runs of a11 systems should be begun fully one year in advance of receipt of the first lunar sample, and "unknown" terrestrial soil samples should be carried through all systems to Insure the technical competence of the laboratory faci- 1i ty. Since no one can predict at this time whether or not the lunat sample will be harmful to biological systems on earth, it is impossible to predict ' precisely how much meterial will be required to carry out the testing pro- cedures outlined here. In such a sea of ignorance, we have had to rely upon an almost empiric statistical approach, which can provide answers only on a contingency basis. We have had to assume, therefore, that the lunar sample, if it contains microorganisms at all, contains them at very low conceiitrations. Frcm such a base, we have used the next assun~ption, that these low concentrations exist either at "near negligible1' or at "detectable" levels. Such assumptions have allowed us to estimate a high and low quantity of material to be employed in many of the various direct in vivo challenges. In certain smaller species, such calculations cannot be used, since one is limited in the net amount of material which the species can tolerate. Such decisions will be difficult at best, and, again, the judgment of those work- ing in the field has been used as the ultimate guideline.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Guidelines on Food Fortification with Micronutrients
    GUIDELINES ON FOOD FORTIFICATION FORTIFICATION FOOD ON GUIDELINES Interest in micronutrient malnutrition has increased greatly over the last few MICRONUTRIENTS WITH years. One of the main reasons is the realization that micronutrient malnutrition contributes substantially to the global burden of disease. Furthermore, although micronutrient malnutrition is more frequent and severe in the developing world and among disadvantaged populations, it also represents a public health problem in some industrialized countries. Measures to correct micronutrient deficiencies aim at ensuring consumption of a balanced diet that is adequate in every nutrient. Unfortunately, this is far from being achieved everywhere since it requires universal access to adequate food and appropriate dietary habits. Food fortification has the dual advantage of being able to deliver nutrients to large segments of the population without requiring radical changes in food consumption patterns. Drawing on several recent high quality publications and programme experience on the subject, information on food fortification has been critically analysed and then translated into scientifically sound guidelines for application in the field. The main purpose of these guidelines is to assist countries in the design and implementation of appropriate food fortification programmes. They are intended to be a resource for governments and agencies that are currently implementing or considering food fortification, and a source of information for scientists, technologists and the food industry. The guidelines are written from a nutrition and public health perspective, to provide practical guidance on how food fortification should be implemented, monitored and evaluated. They are primarily intended for nutrition-related public health programme managers, but should also be useful to all those working to control micronutrient malnutrition, including the food industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Potato - Analysis of Nutrients by Veronica Öhrvik, Irene Mattisson, Sören Wretling and Christina Åstrand
    Rapport 19 − 2010 Potato - analysis of nutrients by Veronica Öhrvik, Irene Mattisson, Sören Wretling and Christina Åstrand LIVSMEDELS VERKET NATIONAL FOOD ADMINISTRATION, Sweden Content Summary .................................................................................................................................... 2 Background ................................................................................................................................ 3 Materials and methods ............................................................................................................... 4 Sampling potatoes .................................................................................................................. 4 Varieties ............................................................................................................................. 4 Geographical distribution ................................................................................................... 5 Catering potato ................................................................................................................... 5 Sample handling ..................................................................................................................... 7 Quality assurance of analytical methods ................................................................................ 8 Analysed nutrients .................................................................................................................. 9 Calculation of nutritional
    [Show full text]
  • Cytokinins / Coconut Water
    Molecules 2009, 14, 5144-5164; doi:10.3390/molecules14125144 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Review The Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Water Jean W. H. Yong, Liya Ge, Yan Fei Ng and Swee Ngin Tan * Natural Sciences and Science Education Academic Group, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, 637616 Singapore * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +65-6790 3810; Fax: +65-6896 9432. Received: 3 November 2009; in revised form: 3 December 2009 / Accepted: 8 December 2009 / Published: 9 December 2009 Abstract: Coconut water (coconut liquid endosperm), with its many applications, is one of the world’s most versatile natural product. This refreshing beverage is consumed worldwide as it is nutritious and beneficial for health. There is increasing scientific evidence that supports the role of coconut water in health and medicinal applications. Coconut water is traditionally used as a growth supplement in plant tissue culture/micropropagation. The wide applications of coconut water can be justified by its unique chemical composition of sugars, vitamins, minerals, amino acids and phytohormones. This review attempts to summarise and evaluate the chemical composition and biological properties of coconut water. Keywords: coconut water; phytohormone; auxin; cytokinin; gibberellin; inorganic ion; vitamin 1. Introduction The coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is an important fruit tree in the tropical regions and the fruit can be made into a variety of foods and beverages (Figure 1). The edible part of the coconut fruit (coconut meat and coconut water) is the endosperm tissue.
    [Show full text]
  • Circulatory and Urinary B-Vitamin Responses to Multivitamin Supplement Ingestion Differ Between Older and Younger Adults
    nutrients Article Circulatory and Urinary B-Vitamin Responses to Multivitamin Supplement Ingestion Differ between Older and Younger Adults Pankaja Sharma 1,2 , Soo Min Han 1 , Nicola Gillies 1,2, Eric B. Thorstensen 1, Michael Goy 1, Matthew P. G. Barnett 2,3 , Nicole C. Roy 2,3,4,5 , David Cameron-Smith 1,2,6 and Amber M. Milan 1,3,4,* 1 The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; [email protected] (P.S.); [email protected] (S.M.H.); [email protected] (N.G.); [email protected] (E.B.T.); [email protected] (M.G.); [email protected] (D.C.-S.) 2 Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand; [email protected] (M.P.G.B.); [email protected] (N.C.R.) 3 Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand 4 High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand 5 Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand 6 Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +64-(0)9-923-4785 Received: 23 October 2020; Accepted: 13 November 2020; Published: 17 November 2020 Abstract: Multivitamin and mineral (MVM) supplements are frequently used amongst older populations to improve adequacy of micronutrients, including B-vitamins, but evidence for improved health outcomes are limited and deficiencies remain prevalent. Although this may indicate poor efficacy of supplements, this could also suggest the possibility for altered B-vitamin bioavailability and metabolism in older people.
    [Show full text]
  • Pyridoxamine: a Novel Treatment for Schizophrenia with Enhanced Carbonyl Stress
    Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2018; 72:35–44 doi:10.1111/pcn.12613 Regular Article Pyridoxamine: A novel treatment for schizophrenia with enhanced carbonyl stress , ,† ,† Masanari Itokawa, MD, PhD,1,2,3 * Mitsuhiro Miyashita, MD, PhD ,1,2,4 Makoto Arai, PhD,1 Takashi Dan, MD, PhD,5 Katsuyoshi Takahashi, MD, PhD,2 Taro Tokunaga, MD,2 Kayo Ishimoto, MD,2 Kazuya Toriumi, PhD,1 Tomoe Ichikawa, PhD,1 Yasue Horiuchi, PhD,1 Akiko Kobori, MS,1 Satoshi Usami, PhD,6 Takeo Yoshikawa, MD, PhD,3 Naoji Amano, MD, PhD,4 Shinsuke Washizuka, MD, PhD,4 Yuji Okazaki, MD2 and Toshio Miyata, MD, PhD5 1Project for Schizophrenia Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Tokyo, 3Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, 4Department of Psychiatry, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, 5Division of Molecular Medicine and Therapy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, and 6Graduate School of Education, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Aim: The aim of this clinical trial was to obtain considerable reduction in psychosis accompanied proof of concept for high-dose pyridoxamine as a with a moderate decrease in plasma pentosidine novel treatment for schizophrenia with enhanced levels. A reduction of greater than 20% in the carbonyl stress. assessment scale of drug-induced Parkinsonism occurred in four patients. Although there was no Methods: Ten Japanese schizophrenia patients with severe suicide-related ideation or behavior, Wer- high plasma pentosidine, which is a representative nicke’s encephalopathy-like adverse drug reactions biomarker of enhanced carbonyl stress, were recruited occurred in two patients and were completely sup- in a 24-week, open trial in which high-dose pyridox- pressed by thiamine supplementation.
    [Show full text]
  • Dietary Supplements Compendium Volume 1
    2015 Dietary Supplements Compendium DSC Volume 1 General Notices and Requirements USP–NF General Chapters USP–NF Dietary Supplement Monographs USP–NF Excipient Monographs FCC General Provisions FCC Monographs FCC Identity Standards FCC Appendices Reagents, Indicators, and Solutions Reference Tables DSC217M_DSCVol1_Title_2015-01_V3.indd 1 2/2/15 12:18 PM 2 Notice and Warning Concerning U.S. Patent or Trademark Rights The inclusion in the USP Dietary Supplements Compendium of a monograph on any dietary supplement in respect to which patent or trademark rights may exist shall not be deemed, and is not intended as, a grant of, or authority to exercise, any right or privilege protected by such patent or trademark. All such rights and privileges are vested in the patent or trademark owner, and no other person may exercise the same without express permission, authority, or license secured from such patent or trademark owner. Concerning Use of the USP Dietary Supplements Compendium Attention is called to the fact that USP Dietary Supplements Compendium text is fully copyrighted. Authors and others wishing to use portions of the text should request permission to do so from the Legal Department of the United States Pharmacopeial Convention. Copyright © 2015 The United States Pharmacopeial Convention ISBN: 978-1-936424-41-2 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852 All rights reserved. DSC Contents iii Contents USP Dietary Supplements Compendium Volume 1 Volume 2 Members . v. Preface . v Mission and Preface . 1 Dietary Supplements Admission Evaluations . 1. General Notices and Requirements . 9 USP Dietary Supplement Verification Program . .205 USP–NF General Chapters . 25 Dietary Supplements Regulatory USP–NF Dietary Supplement Monographs .
    [Show full text]
  • LYSOVIT® (B-Complex+Lysine)
    Lysovit/LPD/PK-02 LYSOVIT® (B-Complex+Lysine) 1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT LYSOVIT® 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION LYSOVIT® Syrup 120 ml Description Each 5 ml contains: Thiamine HCl 4.16 mg Riboflavin USP 1.66 mg Pyridoxine HCl 1 mg Niacinamide USP 18 mg D-Panthenol USP 2.5 mg Cyanocobalamin USP 8.33 mcg Ascorbic Acid USP 75 mg Inositol USP 5 mg Lysine Monohydrochloride USP 33.33 mg 3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM Syrup 4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS 4.1. THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS 1. For maintenance of health and to meet the extra energy needs of growing children. 2. Increases appetite and helps in recovery from illnesses. 4.2. POSOLOGY AND METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION Children: 1 teaspoonful daily or as prescribed by the physician Adults: One to two teaspoonsful daily. Shake well before use. Thiamine Benefits: Thiamine is recommended for digestive problems including poor appetite, ulcerative colitis, and ongoing diarrhea. People take thiamine for conditions related to low levels of thiamine (thiamine deficiency syndromes), including beriberi and inflammation of the nerves (neuritis) associated with pellagra or pregnancy.4 1 Lysovit/LPD/PK-02 Thiamine - Daily Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): In adults, 1-2 mg of thiamine per day is commonly used. Infants 0-6 months, 0.2 mg Infants 7-12 months, 0.3 mg Children 1-3 years, 0.5 mg Children 4-8 years, 0.6 mg Boys 9-13 years, 0.9 mg Men 14 years and older, 1.2 mg4 Girls 9-13 years, 0.9 mg Women 14-18 years, 1 mg Women over 18 years, 1.1 mg Pregnant women, 1.4 mg Breast-feeding women, 1.5 mg Riboflavin Benefits: Riboflavin had a direct impact on maintenance of good brain function.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 6,129,925 Kido Et Al
    USOO6129925A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 6,129,925 Kido et al. (45) Date of Patent: *Oct. 10, 2000 54 CONTAINER FILLED WITH INFUSION 5,770,233 6/1998 Kido et al. .............................. 424/641 LIQUIDS AND INFUSION PREPARATION FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS 75 Inventors: Takae Kido; Shigeo Ii; Shun-ichi Abe; 0510687 10/1992 European Pat. Off.. Kazumasa Yokoyama, all of Osaka, 58-162515 9/1982 Japan. Japan 58-162517 9/1983 Japan. 61-058560 3/1986 Japan. 73 Assignee: Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical Industries, 62-135421 6/1987 Japan. Ltd., Osaka, Japan OTHER PUBLICATIONS * Notice: This patent issued on a continued pros Derwent Abstract N89-244721, abstracting JP 1-240469, ecution application filed under 37 CFR 1989. 1.53(d), and is subject to the twenty year Chemical Abstracts 99:146124J, 1983. patent term provisions of 35 U.S.C. Chemical Abstracts 69:89709h (1968). 154(a)(2). Primary Examiner S. Mark Clardy Assistant Examiner Kathryne E. Shelborne 21 Appl. No.: 09/032,843 Attorney, Agent, or Firm Sughrue, Mion, Zinn, Macpeak 22 Filed: Mar. 2, 1998 & Seas, PLLC 57 ABSTRACT Related U.S. Application Data An object of the present invention is to provide an infusion 60 Division of application No. 08/437,330, Apr. 21, 1995, Pat. preparation set (a container filled with infusion liquids) No. 5,770,233, which is a continuation-in-part of application useful for preparation of an infusion liquid containing No. PCT/JP93/01521, Oct. 21, 1993. Sugars, amino acids, electrolytes, a fat emulsion and Vita 30 Foreign Application Priority Data mins. The present invention is constituted by the use of a container having two compartments which are separated Oct.
    [Show full text]
  • Sensitive and Cost-Effective Detection of B Vitamins in Foods by UHPLC/MS/MS
    Rapid, Sensitive and Cost-effective Detection of B Vitamins in Foods by UHPLC/MS/MS Application Note Food Testing Author Abstract Nick Byrd A fast UHPLC/MS/MS method has been developed on the Agilent 1290 Infinity LC Campden BRI System coupled to the Agilent 6460 Triple Quadrupole LC/MS System with Agilent Jet Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire Stream technology for the extraction and determination of five B vitamins in foods. United Kingdom The method has a sensitivity of at least 1 µg/kg for all six vitamins. Introduction The B vitamins play important roles in cell metabolism and in promoting human health. They are water soluble and not stored very well by the body, necessitating daily intake through diet or nutritional supplements. Deficiencies of one or more of the B vitamins may occur fairly easily, especially during times of fasting or weight- loss diets or with diets that include substantial amounts of refined and processed food, sugar, or alcohol. The germ and bran of cereal grains are good sources of these vitamins, as are some beans, peas, and nuts. Milk and many leafy green vegetables may also supply small amounts of B vitamins. While most of the B vitamins are not harmful when ingested at high amounts, B3 and B6 can, in fact, be toxic at high concentrations, leading to neuropathy and excessive blood vessel dilation. To ensure safe levels of vitamins in foods and nutritional supplements, the European Union (EU) has put in place Regulation No. 1925/2006, specifing which vitamins can be added to foods, which foods can and cannot be fortified with vitamins, and minimum and maximum levels for vitamins in foods.
    [Show full text]
  • Pyridoxine (Pyridoxamine) 5'-Phosphate Oxidase In
    PYRIDOXINE (PYRIDOXAMINE) 5’-PHOSPHATE OXIDASE IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA Except where reference is made to the work of others, the work described in this dissertation is my own or was done in collaboration with my advisory committee. This dissertation does not include proprietary or classified information. Yuying Sang Certificate of Approval: Robert D. Locy Narendra K. Singh, Chair Professor Professor Biological Sciences Biological Sciences Joe H. Cherry Joanna Wysocka-Diller Emeritus Professor Associate Professor Biological Sciences Biological Sciences Fenny Dane George T. Flowers Professor Dean Horticulture Graduate School PYRIDOXINE (PYRIDOXAMINE) 5’-PHOSPHATE OXIDASE IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA Yuying Sang A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama December 19, 2008 PYRIDOXINE (PYRIDOXAMINE) 5’-PHOSPHATE OXIDASE IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA Yuying Sang Permission is granted to Auburn University to make copies of this dissertation at its discretion, upon request of individuals of institutions and at their expense. The author reserves all publication right. Signature of Author Date of Graduation iii VITA Yuying Sang, daughter of Shiqing Sang and Guilan Wang, was born on January 7, 1975, in Chiping, Shandong, People’s Republic of China. She received the Bachelor of Science degree in Biology in July 1997 from Shandong Normal University and entered the Graduate School of Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. In the July of 2000, she graduated with a Master of Science degree in Botany and joined East China University of Science and Technology as a lab manager in the Department of Bioengineering.
    [Show full text]
  • Water-Soluble Vitamins: B-Complex and Vitamin C Fact Sheet No
    Water-Soluble Vitamins: B-Complex and Vitamin C Fact Sheet No. 9.312 Food and Nutrition Series|Health by L. Bellows and R. Moore* What are Vitamins? and their influence is felt in many parts of Quick Facts Vitamins are essential nutrients found the body. They function as coenzymes that • B-complex vitamins and in foods. They perform specific and vital help the body obtain energy from food. The vitamin C are water-soluble functions in a variety of body systems, and B vitamins are also important for normal are crucial for maintaining optimal health. appetite, good vision, and healthy skin, vitamins that are not stored The two different types of vitamins nervous system, and red blood cell formation. in the body and must be are fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble Thiamin: Vitamin B1 replaced each day. vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamins — vitamins What is Thiamin. Thiamin, or vitamin B1, • These vitamins are easily A, D, E and K — dissolve in fat before they helps to release energy from foods, promotes destroyed or washed out are absorbed in the bloodstream to carry out normal appetite, and is important in during food storage and their functions. Excesses of these vitamins maintaining proper nervous system function. are stored in the liver, and are not needed Food Sources for Thiamin. Sources preparation. every day in the diet. For more information include peas, pork, liver, and legumes. Most • The B-complex group is on fat-soluble vitamins, see fact sheet 9.315 commonly, thiamin is found in whole grains found in a variety of foods: Fat-Soluble Vitamins: A, D, E, and K.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanistic Aspects of Ingested Chlorine Dioxide on Thyroid Function: Impact of Oxidants on Iodide Metabolism by J
    Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 69, pp. 249-255, 1986 Mechanistic Aspects of Ingested Chlorine Dioxide on Thyroid Function: Impact of Oxidants on Iodide Metabolism by J. Peter Bercz,* Lillian L. Jones,* Robert M. Harrington,* Rohit Bawa,* and Lyman Condie* Toxicological studies dealing with recent findings of health effects of drinking water disinfectants are reviewed. Experiments with monkeys and rodents indicate that the biological activity of ingested disin- fectants is expressed via their chemical interaction with the mucosal epithelia, secretory products, and nutritional contents of the alimentary tract. Evidence exists that a principal partner of this redox inter- action is the iodide ofnutritional origin that is ubiquitous in the gastrointestinal tract. Thus the observation that subchronic exposure to chlorine dioxide (CI02) in drinking water decreases serum thyroxine levels in mammalian species can be best explained with changes produced in the chemical form ofthe bioavailable iodide. Ongoing and previously reported mechanistic studies indicate that oxidizing agents such as chlor- ine-based disinfectants oxidize the basal iodide content of the gastrointestinal tract. The resulting reactive iodine species readily attaches to organic matter by covalent bonding. Evidence suggests that the extent to which such iodinated organics are formed is proportional to the magnitude of the electromotive force and stoichiometry of the redox couple between iodide and the disinfectant. Because the extent of thyroid uptake of the bioavailable iodide does not decrease during C102 ingestion, it seems that C102 does not cause iodide deficiency of sufficient magnitude to account for the decrease in hormonogenesis. Absorption of one or more of iodinated molecules, e.g., nutrients, hormones, or cellular constituents ofthe alimentary tract having thyromimetic or thyroid inhibitory properties, is a better hypothesis for the effects seen.
    [Show full text]