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(Q Uébec) : Bilan Des Connaissances Et Identification Des Com Posantes Écologiques À Suivre Cadre de suivi écologique de la zone de protection m arine M anicouagan (Q uébec) : bilan des connaissances et identification des com posantes écologiques à suivre S . M ark , L . P rovench er, E . A lbert et C. N ozè res D irection régionale des sciences et D irection régionale des océans, de l‘h abitat et des espè ces en péril P ê ch es et O céans Canada Institut M aurice-L am ontagne 8 5 0, route de la M er M ont-J oli (Q uébec) G 5 H 3 Z 4 2 01 0 R apport tech nique canadien des sciences h alieutiques et aquatiques 2 9 1 4 Rapport technique canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques Les rapports techniques contiennent des renseignements scientifiques et techniques qui constituent une contribution aux connaissances actuelles, mais qui ne sont pas normalement appropriés pour la publication dans un journal scientifique. Les rapports techniques sont destinés essentiellement à un public international et ils sont distribués à cet échelon. II n'y a aucune restriction quant au sujet; de fait, la série reflète la vaste gamme des intérêts et des politiques de Pêches et Océans Canada, c'est-à-dire les sciences halieutiques et aquatiques. Les rapports techniques peuvent être cités comme des publications à part entière. Le titre exact figure au-dessus du résumé de chaque rapport. Les rapports techniques sont résumés dans la base de données Résumés des sciences aquatiques et halieutiques. Les rapports techniques sont produits à l'échelon régional, mais numérotés à l'échelon national. Les demandes de rapports seront satisfaites par l'établissement auteur dont le nom figure sur la couverture et la page du titre. Les numéros 1 à 456 de cette série ont été publiés à titre de Rapports techniques de l'Office des recherches sur les pêcheries du Canada. Les numéros 457 à 714 sont parus à titre de Rapports techniques de la Direction générale de la recherche et du développement, Service des pêches et de la mer, ministère de l'Environnement. Les numéros 715 à 924 ont été publiés à titre de Rapports techniques du Service des pêches et de la mer, ministère des Pêches et de l'Environnement. Le nom actuel de la série a été établi lors de la parution du numéro 925. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Technical reports contain scientific and technical information that contributes to existing knowledge but which is not normally appropriate for primary literature. Technical reports are directed primarily toward a worldwide audience and have an international distribution. No restriction is placed on subject matter and the series reflects the broad interests and policies of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, namely, fisheries and aquatic sciences. Technical reports may be cited as full publications. The correct citation appears above the abstract of each report. Each report is abstracted in the data base Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts. Technical reports are produced regionally but are numbered nationally. Requests for individual reports will be filled by the issuing establishment listed on the front cover and title page. Numbers 1-456 in this series were issued as Technical Reports of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Numbers 457-714 were issued as Department of the Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service, Research and Development Directorate Technical Reports. Numbers 715- 924 were issued as Department of Fisheries and Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service Technical Reports. The current series name was changed with report number 925. Rapport technique canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques 2914 2010 Cadre de suivi écologique de la zone de protection marine Manicouagan (Québec) : bilan des connaissances et identification des composantes écologiques à suivre par S. Mark1, L. Provencher1, E. Albert2 et C. Nozères1 1Direction régionale des Sciences et 2Direction régionale des Océans, de l’Habitat et des Espèces en péril Pêches et Océans Canada Institut Maurice-Lamontagne 850, route de la Mer Mont-Joli (Québec) G5H 3Z4 ii © Sa Majesté la Reine du Chef du Canada, 2010. Nº de cat. Fs 97-6/2914F ISSN 1488-545X On doit citer la publication comme suit : Mark, S., Provencher, L., Albert, E. et Nozères, C. 2010. Cadre de suivi écologique de la zone de protection marine Manicouagan (Québec) : bilan des connaissances et identification des composantes écologiques à suivre. Rapp. tech. can. sci. halieut. aquat. 2914 : xi + 121 p. iii TABLE DES MATIÈRES Table des matières............................................................................................................iii Liste des tableaux.............................................................................................................. v Liste des figures............................................................................................................... vii Liste des annexes.............................................................................................................. ix Avant-propos..................................................................................................................... x Résumé.............................................................................................................................. xi Abstract............................................................................................................................. xi 1.0 Introduction........................................................................................................... 1 2.0 La ZPM Manicouagan.......................................................................................... 2 2.1 DESCRIPTION ÉCOLOGIQUE GÉNÉRALE................................................................. 2 2.2 PRESSIONS ET PRÉOCCUPATIONS .......................................................................... 3 2.3 OBJECTIFS DE CONSERVATION ............................................................................. 4 3.0 Environnement abiotique..................................................................................... 5 3.1 LE FOND MARIN ................................................................................................... 5 3.1.1 Relief............................................................................................................... 5 3.1.2 Types de sédiments......................................................................................... 6 3.1.3 Qualité des sédiments ..................................................................................... 8 3.1.4 Connaissances à acquérir ................................................................................ 9 3.2 L’EAU .................................................................................................................. 9 3.2.1 Température et salinité.................................................................................... 9 3.2.2 Courants ........................................................................................................ 14 3.2.3 Apport d’eau douce....................................................................................... 16 3.2.4 Hydrodynamique des estuaires de rivières ................................................... 16 3.2.5 Sels nutritifs .................................................................................................. 17 3.2.6 Oxygène ........................................................................................................ 18 3.2.7 Qualité de l’eau............................................................................................. 19 3.2.8 Connaissances à acquérir .............................................................................. 21 4.0 Environnement biotique..................................................................................... 22 4.1 PHYTOPLANCTON............................................................................................... 22 4.1.1 Algues toxiques............................................................................................. 23 4.1.2 Connaissances à acquérir .............................................................................. 24 4.2 PHYTOBENTHOS................................................................................................. 25 4.2.1 Macroalgues.................................................................................................. 25 iv 4.2.2 Microalgues benthiques ................................................................................ 26 4.2.3 Zostère marine .............................................................................................. 26 4.2.4 Végétation des marais salés .......................................................................... 28 4.2.5 Phytobenthos exotique envahissant .............................................................. 29 4.2.6 Connaissances à acquérir .............................................................................. 30 4.3 ZOOPLANCTON................................................................................................... 31 4.3.1 Connaissances à acquérir .............................................................................. 33 4.4 ZOOBENTHOS..................................................................................................... 34 4.4.1 Intertidal........................................................................................................ 35 4.4.2 Infralittoral, circalittoral et bathyal............................................................... 35 4.4.3 Espèces d’invertébrés exploitées .................................................................
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