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TOPICS in MODERN LENS DESIGN by Dmitry Reshidko

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TOPICS in MODERN LENS DESIGN by Dmitry Reshidko TOPICS IN MODERN LENS DESIGN by Dmitry Reshidko __________________________ Copyright © Dmitry Reshidko 2016 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the COLLEGE OF OPTICAL SCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2016 1 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Dmitry Reshidko, titled Topics in Modern Lens Design and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________________________________________________Date: (12/01/16) Jose Sasian _______________________________________________________________________Date: (12/01/16) Rongguang Liang _______________________________________________________________________Date: (12/01/16) James Schwiegerling Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: (12/01/16) Dissertation Director: Jose Sasian 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Dmitry Reshidko 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Jose Sasian for the advice, support, patient guidance, and cheerful encouragement that allowed me to pursue research on topics for which I am truly passionate. I highly appreciate his time and efforts spent on me; he has been a wonderful mentor. I would like to extend my appreciation to Prof. Roger Angel, with whom I’ve had the great privilege to collaborate. His drive and passion has been a great influence on me, has inspired me to work smarter and harder, and to constantly look for technological innovations. I would also like to thank Prof. Rongguang Liang and Prof. Jim Schwiegerling for serving on my defense committee. It has been a great pleasure working with the faculty, staff, and students at the University of Arizona, particularly Eric Herman, Chia-Ling Li, Oscar Martinez, Yufeng Yan, Weibo Cheng, Shaun Pacheco, Brian Wheelwright, Jen Glass, and many others. I gratefully acknowledge the Optical Design and Engineering Scholarship by SPIE and TRIF Imaging Fellowship Program, which have offered me funding to pursue new ideas. I also acknowledge the generous support of the College of Optical Sciences and my donors Romeo I. and Erlinda Mercado. A special gratitude goes to my family whose love and unfailing support has enabled me to complete this work. 5 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my father, Pavel Reshidko, who first taught me the value of education and critical thought. His enthusiasm, ambition, and encouragement have motivated me to constantly challenge myself and have inspired me to succeed. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ 9 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 16 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 20 References ..................................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER II: ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION TOOLS IN MODERN LENS DESIGN ............................................................................................................................ 24 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 24 2.2 Lens Evaluation From Power Distribution And Symmetry Principles .............. 26 2.3 Evaluation Of The Ray Invariant Product .......................................................... 30 2.4 Evaluation Of Limiting Aberrations In A Lens ................................................. 31 2.5 Evaluation Of Higher Order Aberration Content ............................................... 36 2.6 Analysis Example: Mobile Phone Camera......................................................... 42 2.6.1 First-Order Properties ................................................................................. 43 2.6.2 Angles Of Refraction .................................................................................. 45 2.6.3 Spherical Aberration Correction Analysis .................................................. 46 2.6.4 Field Curvature Correction Analysis .......................................................... 49 2.6.5 Image Quality.............................................................................................. 51 2.6.6 Tolerance Analysis...................................................................................... 52 2.6.7 Total Length ................................................................................................ 53 2.7 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 54 References ..................................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER III: GEOMETRICAL IRRADIANCE CHANGES IN A SYMMETRIC OPTICAL SYSTEM ......................................................................................................... 57 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 57 3.2 Radiative Transfer In An Optical System .......................................................... 61 3.3 Irradiance Function Of A Pinhole Camera ......................................................... 63 3.4 Irradiance On The Image Plane .......................................................................... 64 3.4 Irradiance On The Exit Pupil Plane.................................................................... 66 3.5 Coefficient Relationship ..................................................................................... 68 7 3.6 Combination Of Irradiance Coefficients ............................................................ 69 3.7 Irradiance Coefficients And Choice Of Coordinates ......................................... 70 3.8 Coefficients Verification .................................................................................... 73 3.9 Relative Illumination .......................................................................................... 76 3.9.1 Historical Background ................................................................................ 77 3.9.2 Relative Illumination Coefficient Summary ............................................... 79 3.9.3 Example: Mobile Phone Camera Lens ....................................................... 82 3.9.4 Example: Wide-Angle Lens ........................................................................ 85 3.9.5 Example: Lens Optimization For A Target Relative Illumination ............. 88 3.9.6 Relative Illumination: Conclusion .............................................................. 90 3.9 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 91 References ..................................................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER IV: RAY TRACING METHODS FOR CORRECTING CHROMATIC ABERRATIONS IN IMAGING SYSTEMS.................................................................... 95 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 95 4.2 Forward And Reverse Ray Tracing .................................................................... 97 4.3 Aberration Substraction Method ...................................................................... 101 4.4 Guidelines Of Application Of The Methods .................................................... 103 4.4 Example Of Optimization Using The Methods................................................ 104 4.4.1 Canon Telephoto Lens .............................................................................. 104 4.4.2 Swir Zoom Lens ........................................................................................ 109 4.5 Aberration Subtraction Method For Athermalization Of Imaging Systems ......... 114 4.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 119 References
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