Stream Survey Manual a Citizen's Guide — Vol.II

Stream Survey Manual A Citizen’s Guide — Vol.II A CITIZEN’S PRIMER on Stream Ecology, Water Quality, Hydrology, and Fluvial Geomorphology — Volume II prepared by the Maine Stream Team Program of the Maine Department of Environmental Protection DEPLW-0965 A CITIZEN’S PRIMER on Stream Ecology, Water Quality, Hydrology, and Fluvial Geomorphology — Volume II October 2010 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Prepared By: Maine Stream Team Program Maine Department of Environmental Protection Jeff Varricchione Primary Contributors and Reviewers: Maine Department of Environmental Protection Dave Courtemanch Mary Ellen Dennis Jeff Varricchione Additional Contributors Field Geology Services John Field Maine Department of Conservation Don Cameron Maine Department of Environmental Protection Beth Connors Erin Crowley Thomas Danielson Susan Davies Melissa Evers John McPhedran Susanne Meidel Leon Tsomides Mark Whiting Maine Department of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife Merry Gallagher Phillip Wick Design/Production: Graphics Communications: Julie Motherwell, Falmouth, ME Photos Credits: Jeff Varricchione (Maine DEP) unless otherwise credited; section title pages: Helen McAlpin, Falmouth, ME A CITIZEN’S PRIMER on Stream Ecology, Water Quality, Hydrology, and Fluvial Geomorphology — Volume II Table of Contents PAGE Unit 1: Introduction ................................................................................1 Unit 2: Physical Properties A. What is a Watershed ................................................................................................ 8 B. The Water Cycle ....................................................................................................... 8 C. Stream Order ........................................................................................................... 9 D. Relative Number of Miles .................................................................................... 10 F. Zones and Regions .................................................................................................12 G. Basic Stream/River Types and Habitats ...............................................................14 H. Interactions between Surface Water, Groundwater, and the Hyporheic Zone ..17 I. Basic Fluvial Geomorphology Concepts ...............................................................19 Unit 3: Biological Properties, Ecological Processes, and Connectivity A. Introduction .........................................................................................................28 B. Organisms ..............................................................................................................28 C. Riparian Zones, Energy/Food Webs, and Wood ..................................................42 D. Biological Communities in the Hyporheic Zone ...............................................45 E. River Continuum .................................................................................. 46 F. Stream / River Connectivity ...................................................................................48 Unit 4: Chemical Properties, Water Quality, and Pollution Issues A, Overview of Water Quality and Classification of Maine Waters ........................52 B. Water Chemistry, Water Quality, and Pollution ..................................................54 C. Methods to Protect Water Quality .......................................................................68 Appendices (shared with Volume I) A: Glossary ................................................................................................................. 91 B. Best Management Practices ................................................................................. 107 C. Contact Information ........................................................................................... 109 D. Watershed Delineation ....................................................................................... 113 E. Letter: to Landowners and Police; Vehicle ID Card ........................................... 119 F. Volunteer Waiver Form ........................................................................................125 G. Understanding GPS, Coordinate Systems, and Map Datums ..........................127 H. Flip Charts for Photo Identification .................................................................. 131 I. Flow and Discharge: a simple estimation technique .........................................169 J-1: Stream Corridor Survey (SCS) Field Sheets: Instructions ......................................175 J-2a: SCS datasheets: UTM ...........................................................................................199 J-2b: SCS datasheets: Longitude/Latitude .................................................................. 207 J-3: Rapid Geomorphic Assessment Picture Key ........................................................... 215 K: Site Forms ...................................................................................................................233 L: References ....................................................................................................................239 M: Overview: Survey Techniques and Efforts for: .........................................................245 • Maine Road-Stream Crossings • Dam and Natural Barriers N: Classifications of Living Things ................................................................................ 251 O: Some Common Unit Conversions ...........................................................................253 Index of Tables and Figures: Volume II PAGE Figure 2-1: Watershed ....................................................................................................... 8 Figure 2-2: The Water (Hydrologic) Cycle ....................................................................... 8 Figure 2-3: Stream Order ...................................................................................................9 Figure 2-4, 2-5: Stream fl ow, discharge, and hydrology .................................................10 Figure 2-6, 2-7: Zones and regions within stream/river systems ............................12, 13 Figure 2-8, 2-9, 2-10 Stream and river habitats .................................................14, 15, 16 Figure 2-11: Pools, riffl es and runs ................................................................................. 17 Figure 2-12: Basic groundwater terminology ................................................................ 18 Figure 2-13: Landforms and deposits on a fl oodplain ..................................................21 Figure 2-14: Schematic of the Lane relationship ............................................................21 Figure 2-16: Urban impacts on stream stability ............................................................ 23 Figure 2-17: Channel Classifi cation Systems ................................................................. 24 Figure 3-1a, 3-1b: Algae ............................................................................................ 30, 31 Figure 3-2: Macrophytes ................................................................................................. 32 Figure 3-3, 3-4a, 3-4b: Invertebrates ........................................................................33, 34 Figure 3-5: Fish ................................................................................................................ 37 Figure 3-6: Reptiles and amphibians ............................................................................. 40 Figure 3-7: Mammals .......................................................................................................41 Figure 3-9: Example of a beaver lodge ........................................................................... 42 Figure 3-10: Example of a healthy riparian Zone .......................................................... 42 Figure 3-11: Woody debris .............................................................................................. 43 Figure 3-12: Stream biota and food relationships ........................................................ 44 Figure 3-13: Schematic of vertical hydrologic exchange ............................................... 45 Figure 3-14: Surface Water Exchange ............................................................................. 46 Figure 3-15: River Continuum Concept ........................................................................ 47 Figure 3-16: Examples of “hanging” culverts ................................................................. 49 Table 4-1: Maine’s water classifi cation criteris for freshwaters ..................................... 53 Figure 4-1: % saturation of oxygen as a measure .......................................................... 55 Table 4-2: Maximum average temperatures for growth and survival of fi sh ................ 56 Figure 4-2: ph of common liquids ................................................................................. 57 Figure 4-3: The Phosphorus Cycle .................................................................................. 59 Figure 4-4: Example of Maine river water with high sediment level .............................61 Figure 4-5, 4-6: Examples of non-point Source Pollution ......................................66, 67 Figure 4-7: Shorelands with healthy, stable riparian zones .......................................... 69 Figure 4-8: Shorelands with riparian zones in poor conditions .................................. 70 Figure 4-9: Example of a riprap

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