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Drugs, Crime, and the Justice System u.s. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics •. B_uoflusti~Statistics .........' .' .•., .';'. '. ': , .' ",' .; • • , ~. • :'., • ' • • \ i"' .' ~ _. ~ " Technical Appendix Drugs, Crime, and the Justice System • U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justic~ Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Do you know ... Do you ever ... • what percentage of persons arrested /I need statistics on drug defendants for felony drug offenses are released and their sentences? on bail? • seek information on innovative Ell what proportion of felons convicted methods to expedite drug cases in State courts were convicted of through the court process? drug offenses? • have any questions about drug ., what proportion of felony drug testing programs? trafficking convictions result from a guilty plea? Are you ... • ever at a loss for a statistic? The Drugs & Crime Data Center & Clearinghouse has the answers to .. pressed for time? these questions and many more. e in a rush for information? The Data Center & Clearinghouse­ Call today ... @} operates a toll-free 800 number staffed by drugs and crime Drugs & Crime information specialists Data Center & ® answers requests for specific drug­ related data Clearinghouse .. maintains a data base of more than 2,000 drugs and crime citations 1-800-666-3332 .. performs bibliographic searches on The resource for drugs-and-crime data. specific topics • disseminates Bureau of Justice Statistics and other Department of The Drugs & Crime Data Center & Justice publications relating to qrugs Clearinghouse is a free service managed and crime by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) and partially funded by the Bureau of • maintains a library and reading room Justice Assistance (BJA). ~ publishes reports on current topics of interest. l'-:arcl,gs' ~,Ot'il:i.'~:·~[i~ta:ci~ri~&r:·~'~·I~1iriM,9,ij,o~$~:':':-·· :. :,~.,' ...":'::. ~:.:. ::1 .. :.... '.,: .':,'. :J~,~QO~:~~6~3332.·'·: .' ,,' .,' .... ,,' " "," ..... : .;,,: .. ' ., .... ~ ".' i .. ...;.;" :1. ". ,,"" ':-;', ",',. '. ,:'/ " " U.S. Department or Justice Office ofJustice Programs Bureau ofJustice Statistics - Technical Appendix Drugs, Crime, and the Justice SystelD June 1993, NCJ·139578 139578 U.S. Department of Justice Natlonallnstltute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the National Institute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this .,., ieunt matl:!rial has been gr~tyic Domain/OJP!BJS u. S. Department of Justice to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permission of the ~owner. u.s. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics The Bureau of Justice Statistics, an agency of the U.S. Department of Justice, is located within the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the National Institute of Justice, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office for Victims of Crime. ii Technical Appendix Drugs, Crime, and the Justics System Contents Page Page heading and Page Page heading and number Technical Appendix location number Technical Appendix location Chapter I 28 What are the characteristics Nature and extent of illicit drug users? 14 of drug UN 29 How does drug use vary Section 1. geographically? 14 Consequences of Illegal drug use 30-31 How is drug use in the U.S. 2 What relationships exist changing? 14 between drug use and crime? 2 Chapter II Dynamlc8 of th8 3-4 How strong is the drug use m8gal drug bus In ••• and crime relationship? 2 36 How big is the illegal drug business? 16 5-6 How are drug use and the illegal drug business linked 37-39 Where do illegal drugs come to violent crime? 3 from? 16 7 How is drug use linked to 40-43 How are illegal drugs income-generating crime? 5 made? 17 8 How do drug using and drug 44-51 How do illegal drugs reach selling generate crime? 5 the U.S.? 18 9 How does drug use harm 52-53 How are illegal drugs sold? 20 families and schools? 6 54 What affects the prices for 10-11 How do illegal drugs threaten illegal drugs? 20 the health of users? 6 55 How do illegal drug prices 12-13 What are the health affect the extent of use? 20 consequences of drug use for nonusers? 8 56 What roles do violencs and corruption play in 14 How is the Nation's productivity the distribution and sale affected by drug use? 9 of drugs? 21 Section 2. 57 How is the iIIe~al drug business Pattern. of organized? 21 IlUch drug use Who produces, distributes, and 20-21 Why do people use illicit 58-59 sells illegal drugs? 22 drugs? 10 How do the production, 22-23 What prompts people to use 60-61 distribution. and sale of illegal illicit drugs? 11 drugs compare with those of legal products? 23 24-25 How are illegal drugs taken? 13 62-64 How do drug traffickers conceal drug revenues? 24 26-27 How many people use illicit . drugs? 14 Technical Appendix iii Drugs, Crime, and the Justice System Page Page heading and Page Page heading and number Technical Appendix location [lumber Technical Appendix location 65-67 How do drug traffickers get Section 3. their drug profits out of the Current laws, U.S.? 25 pOlicies, and programs 99-100 What type of substance abuse Chapter III control laws have Federal, Responses to State, and local governments the drug problem enacted? 33 Section 1. 101 What other laws cover drug History of control activities? 33 drug control 74-75 What policies, strategies, and tactics have been applied 102-103 What are the drug control to the drug problem in the aspects of U.S. foreign U.S.? 27 policy? 33 76-77 Who is involved in drug control 104-106 Who provides for drug efforts? 27 prevention activities? 34 78-81 What are some of the historic '107-108 What types of drug treatment milestones in early U.S. drug exist? 35 control efforts? 27 109-110 What drug treatment programs 82-87 How has the government are used and who provides sought to control both the them? 36 supply of and demand for drugs over the past quarter 111 Is drug treatment effective? 37 century? 28 Section 4. 88-89 What drug control strategies Drug testing 115-116 Who is tested for drugs has the Federal Government and why? 38 issued since 1973? 29 117 How did drug testing Section 2. develop? 39 Public opinion 91 What role does public opinion play in drug control policy? 30 118-119 How do drug tests work? 40 92-93 How serious is drug use 120-121 How do drug testing programs perceived to be? 30 work? 41 94 How available and risky are 122 Has drug testing been illegal drugs thought to be? 30 challenged in court? 42 95 Does the public think the drug problem is more important than other public policy issues? 31 96-97 What strategies are perceived to be effective in combatting the drug problem? 31 Iv Technical Appendix -------- ------- Drugs, Crime, and the Justice System Page Page heading and Page Page heading and number Technical Appendix location number Technical Appendix location Section 5. 148-149 How do State, local, and The costs of Federal agencies disrupt the Illegal drug use 126-127 What are the costs to society domestic distribution of illegal of illegal drug use? 43 drugs? 60 128-129 How much does the Federal 150-151 How do State, local, and Government spend on the drug Federal agencies disrupt the problem? 43 domestic production of illegal drugs? 62 130 What are the trends in Federal spending on the 152-153 What actions do law drug problem? 44 enforcement agencies and communities take to combat the retail sale of drugs? 62 131 How much do State and local justice systems spend on drug crime? 44 154-155 How does law enforcement target the profits and assets of the illegal drug trade? 64 132 What are the public and private health care costs of illegal drug use? 54 156-157 How does law enforcement use asset forfeiture to combat the illegal drug trade? 65 133 How much does drug treatment cost? 55 158-159 Have drug arrests increased In recent years? 65 Chapter IV Drugs and 160 Is forensic evidence a critical the Justice system factor in prosecuting drug cases? 66 Section 1. OVerview 136-139 How are drug crimes and drug- Section 3. using offenders processed Prosecution and within the justice system? 57 adjudication 165 How are drug cases handled? 68 Section 2. Drug law 166 What is the role of the enforcement 141 What is the role of law prosecutor in drug control? 68 enforcement in drug control policy? 58 167 How often are drug cases rejected or dismissed? 69 142-°143 What agencies enforce drug laws? 58 168-170 Are defendants charged with drug offenses released or held 144-145 What is the Federal pending adjudication? 69 Government's role in reducing international drug production 171 How often do drug cases result and trafficking? 59 in convictions? 70 146-147 What is involved in illegal drug 172 Have drug case loads interdiction? 59 increased in State and Federal courts? 71 Technical Appendix v Drugs, Crime, and the Justice System Page Page heading and Page Page heading and number Technical Appendix location number Technical Appendix location 173 How do the juvenile courts deal Section 5. with drug offenses and drug Correctional abusing juveniles? 72 populations 194 What happens to sentenced drug offenders? 81 Section 4. 195 Is the proportion of drug Sentencing and offenders in jails and prisons sanctions 176-177 What sanctions and sanction- increasing?
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