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Islamic Funeral Rites Series: No Islamic Funeral Rites series: No. 4 Ṣalātu-l Janāzah was asked, “Is this how the Messenger ba‘dah” (Reported by Abū Dawūd & .(prayed over the deceased— Ibn Mājah ﷺ Legal Ruling (ḥukm) on of Allah .1 Ṣalātu-l Janāzah like your prayer—reciting 4 takbīrāt Translation: over the body, standing at the head of “O Allah! Forgive our living and our It is farḍ-ul kifāyah, that is, a the male and at the middle (‘ajīzah) of dead, those present and those absent, compulsory duty on the community as the woman?” He replied, “Yes!” our young and our old, and our males a whole but not upon each individual; (Reported by Abū Dawūd) and females! O Allah, whosoever You therefore, if a few fulfill it, the rest are It is permissible also to perform 5 or give life, revive him on Islam, and absolved of its obligation. That it is more takbīrāt. Abdur Raḥmān bn Abī whosoever you cause to die, let him die farḍ-ul kifāyah is the consensus of the Laylā narrated “Zayd bn Arqām used with faith…O Allah, do not forbid us scholars based on the following to recite over our deceased, sometimes his reward and do not cause us to be misguided after him.” narrations. 4 takbīrāt, sometimes 5. I asked him Summary of Ṣalātu-l Janāzah: A) The Companions had performed about that and he said, “The Messenger Ṣalātu-l Janāzah for the black woman Takbīr – al-Fātiḥah (and a Sūrah or used to do that” (Reported ﷺ of Allah who used to clean the Prophet’s part thereof) – takbīr – Ṣalātu-n Nabī – .(by Muslim & Aḥmad ﷺ masjid. When he found later, he said, takbīr – Du‘ā al-Mayyit – final takbīr – C. What is recited after first takbīr Taslīm (= “As-salāmu ‘Alaykum”). “Why didn’t you inform me?” i) Recital of al-Fātiḥah (Q.1) and a (Reported by al-Bukhāri). Sūrah or part thereof. It is narrated that 3. Can Ṣalātu-l Janāzah be Here the Prophet did not disapprove ?Ibn ‘Abbās once prayed Ṣalātu-l Performed in a Masjid ﷺ of their action: he only wished that he Janāzah, reading al-Fātiḥah and a were informed, so that he too could Sūrah aloud. When he finished he said, Some scholars hold that to do so in the have prayed with them. Indeed, the “This is Sunnah and right (ḥaqq)” masjid is detestable (makrūh) based on proceeded immediately (Reported by an-Nasā’i). the ḥādīth: “Whoever prays over a ﷺ Prophet thereafter to her grave, where he Imam Shāfi‘i narrated from Abī Sahl deceased in the masjid there is nothing i.e. reward) for him” (Reported by) ﷺ prayed Ṣalātu-l Janāzah over it that a Companion of the Prophet (Reported by Muslim). informed him that the Sunnah in Abū Dawūd). This ḥādīth, however, is used to abstain from respect of Ṣalātu-l Janāzah is that the inauthentic (ḍa‘īf), so that there is no ﷺ B) The Prophet performing Ṣalātu-l Janāzah over a Imam recite takbīr, then Ṣalātu-n Nabī aspect of proof (dalīl) to it. person who died in debt; but he The majority of scholars hold that to and ,(ﷺ i.e. prayers of the Prophet) ordered others to pray over such a do so is permissible (mubāḥ), citing the finish with a supplication (du‘ā) for the person (Reported by al-Ḥākim). following as proof: that the Prophet ﷺ deceased in between the takbīrāt (Reported by an-Nasā’i). prayed over Ibn Bayḍā’ in the masjid 2. How is Ṣalātu-l Janāzah Legal Opinions: (Reported by Muslim). In addition, the performed? 1. The Ḥanafites, Malikites, and others Companions prayed over Abū Bakr opine that there is no recital of Qur’an and ‘Umar in the masjid. The latter, A. Standing of the Imam: obviously, is the correct view. The deceased is placed across the in Ṣalātu-l Janāzah. direction of the qiblah (i.e. the general 2. The majority of scholars claim that is an established practice (mashrū‘). 4. Can Woman perform Ṣalātu-l direction of the Ka‘bah). The imam Janāzah? stands behind the head of the deceased The Preferred View: that of the second group of scholars based on the above male but behind the waist of the Some scholars prohibit it, but Islamic āḥādīth. deceased female (Reported by Aḥmad, legal proof (dalīl) is against them. For D. Du‘ā al-Mayyit (“Supplication for Abū Dawūd, at-Tirmidhi, & Ibn example, it is narrated that ‘Ā’ishah the Deceased”): Mājah). ordered that the janāzah of Sa‘d bn Abī “Allahumma-gh firlī ḥayyinā wa mayy- B. Number of Takbīr (“Allahu Akbar Waqqās be passed through the masjid, tinā, wa shāhidinā wa ghā’ibinā, wa = ‘Allah is the Greatest’): so that she could pray Ṣalātu-l Janāzah ṣaghīrinā wa kabīrinā, wa dhakarinā The majority of scholars hold the for him. The people disapproved of wa unthānā. Allahumma man opinion that the number of takbīrāt (pl. that and she retorted, “How quickly aḥyaytatu minnā fa aḥyihi ‘ala-l Islam, of takbīr) recited in Ṣalātu-l Janāzah people forget! The Messenger of Allah are 4 as recorded in several a d th, wa man tawaffaytahu minnā fa -did not pray over Suhayl bn al ﷺ ḥā ī such as the following. Anas bn Mālik tawwafahu ‘ala-l īmān… Allahumma lā taḥrim nā ajrahu wa lā tuḍillanā Bayḍā’i except in the masjid!” once performed Ṣalātu-l Janāzah and (Reported by Muslim). ©Dr. F. Shuayb. Email queries to [email protected] Islamic Funeral Rites series: No. 4 Ṣalātu-l Janāzah This ḥādīth indicates that it is Sunnah (‘none is worthy of worship except after delivery from the womb is (‘recommended’) for a Muslim woman Allah’) (Reported by ad-Dāraquṭni). considered for the legal basis of to offer Ṣalātu-l Janāzah and that the That includes munāfiqūn (‘hypocrites’) Ṣalātu-l Janāzah over the infant, and objection of the people of performing it as well. that it is not sufficient the mere over the deceased in the masjid had no ii) The Kāfir (“unbeliever”). Allah knowledge of its life in the womb legal basis in Islamic Law, which the says, “Do not pray over any of them only.” wife had to point out. nor stand over his grave, for they have ﷺ Prophet’s Indeed, in this example, ‘Ā’ishah, disbelieved in Allah and His 7. Permissibility of Ṣalātu-l Umm al-Mu’minīn (“Mother of the Messenger and died in a state of Janāzah over the Deceased in Believers”), has splendidly transgression” Q.9: 84). Absentia and over Graves demonstrated that Islam is anchored by The āyah is straightforward in its the Qur’an and Sunnah and not prohibition and does not require any i) Abū Hurayrah narrated that the -announced the death of an ﷺ hearsay, opinion, desire and cultural explanation. Prophet traditions! However, if a female Najāshi (the King of Abyssinia who believer desires to pray Ṣalātu-l 6. Permissibility of Ṣalātu-l gave asylum to the first Muslim Janāzah, she should do so with proper Janāzah for Miscarried Fetus emigrants fleeing persecution in etiquette (ādāb), including dressing (siqt) and Infants Makkah) on the day he died. He went properly and forming separate lines out with them (his Companions) to the said, “The prayer place (musallā), formed them ﷺ behind the men etc. The Prophet miscarried fetus (siqt) is prayed over into lines, and prayed over him 4 5. Persons Ṣalātu-l Janāzah is not and supplications of forgiveness and takbīrāt (i.e. Ṣalātu-l Janāzah)” Performed Over mercy are made for his parents” (Reported by al-Jamā‘ah). In this (Reported by Aḥmad & Abū Dawūd). ḥādīth is proof that the Abyssinian i) The suicide. Jābir bn Samrah This ḥukm is applicable only if the King had embraced Islam. narrated that a man killed himself with miscarried fetus is at least 4 months The majority of scholars hold that an arrow or spearhead and that the old, since that is when human life is permissible to offer Ṣalātu-l Janāzah refused to pray over him begins as indicated in the following in absence of the deceased based on ﷺ Prophet (Reported by Muslim et al). This ḥādīth: Allah’s apostle said, “(As the above ḥādīth. The Hanafites hold regards your creation), everyone of that if is impermissible, arguing that ﷺ ḥādīth indicates that the Prophet chose not to pray over the suicide; you is collected in the womb of his an-Najāshi was a special case and not nevertheless, he did allow his mother for the first 40 days, and then to be taken as a general rule. But the Companions to pray over him. An- he becomes a chewed piece of flesh for apparent understanding of the above another 40 days. Then Allah sends an ḥādīth is obvious proof of its ﷺ Nasā’i’s report quotes the Prophet angel to write four words: he writes his permissibility. as saying: “As for me, I will not pray deeds, time of his death, means of his ii) As mentioned previously (see 1A over him.” Therefore, the ḥukm is that livelihood, and whether he will be prayed over the ﷺ above), the Prophet it is mubāḥ (‘permissible’) to pray over wretched or blessed (in life). Then the grave of the black woman. Ibn ‘Abbās the suicide. soul is breathed into him” (Agreed prayedﷺ The same ḥukm applies to a upon). narrated that the Prophet deceased Muslim who was a fāsiq In the case of a stillborn baby, who over another grave after a month had (‘transgressor’). That is, he was guilty died at birth without sneezing, crying passed (Reported by ad-Dāraquṭni).
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