2018 / 11 | M#02 AIS Mining: Attitude, Innovation and Sustainability

The program integrates researches and increases the use of native for Recovery of Degraded Areas

Vale Natural The company protects Spotlight Reserve is a 850 thousand hectares MAIS Bio Award celebrates quality scientific research center of research in the country projects at Vale Summary Ricardo Teles

Words Vale Natural Person Reserve 04 Vale is committed 43 Professor and master researcher to the environment at Vale Institute of Technology 06 Vale Natural Reserve in its daily practice – Sustainable Development (RNV, Reserva Natural Vale) (ITV-DS, Instituto Tecnológico has been a privileged space for Vale – Desenvolvimento researchers from and all Cover Sustentável), Vera Fonseca’s over the world for decades career is dedicated to science 13 Felines Research projects on pumas MAIS Bio and jaguars aim at contributing Award to their conservation sua conservação

18 Mammals Mammals are the object of study within RNV and in other forested areas in Espírito Santo Ricardo Teles

47 MAIS Bio Humpback whales, species Ricardo Teles of flora and genomics – the winning themes Recovery of Degraded 52 Humpback Ricardo Teles Areas (RDA) 24 56 Species of Flora Researches on native species, soil, 26 Framework Species 60 Genomics and monitoring are Expediente members of a group 31 Soils of projects for Recovery Editorial committee: Sandoval Carneiro and Gleuza Jesué | Coordination: Domenica Blundi and Janaína Rezende of Degraded Areas | Technical Consultancy: Edgar Sepúlveda, Letícia Guimarães, Murilo Fiuza and Nei Rivello | Editorial: Tempero Comunicação 35 Grass Species | Editing and Revision: Filipe Barros, Janaína Rezende and Tempero Comunicação | Graphic Design: Imaginatto Design and Marketing | Desktop Publishing: Dia Design | Translation: Ccaps | Organization: Management of Technology and Innovation 38 Monitoring for Sustainability | Acknowledgements: Alberto Ninio, Ana Amoroso, Ana Srbek, Andressa Gatti, Danielle Redig, Eduardo Gusmão, Fernanda Tarbes, Geovane Siqueira, Geraldo Fernandes, Guilherme Oliveira, Igor Assis, Jackeceli Falqueto, José Oswaldo Siqueira, Luiza Vieira, Luiz Eduardo Dias, Luiz Felipe Campos, Marcio Ferreira, Patrícia Daros, Ricardo de Oliveira, Roberta Atherton, 40 Slurry Roberta Guimarães, Sérgio Lucena, Thiago Ferrari, Vera Castro, Vera Fonseca, Yumi Oki and all those who have supported the creation of this edition of the newsletter. 42 Biofactory

Cover photo: Biofactory, Vale's seedling production center in Nova Lima (Minas Gerais) 2 MAIS Words Biodiversity as a Concept and a Practice The company is also responsible for protecting an area that adds up to 8.5 thousand km² (850 thousand hectares), 5.6 times larger than The concern for biodiversity is the total area occupied by its operations in Brazil closely tied to Vale’s existence and is well reflected in its Mission

"To transform natural resources Cláudia Dantas Tancredo Luciana into prosperity and sustainable development"; in its Vision, which Reservas Particulares do Patrimônio the United Nations' Sustainable Further Information demonstrates its love for the human Natural), which are home to more Development Goals (SDGs) together MAIS newsletter is a publication race and for the planet; and in its than 70 flora species threatened with the Impact Mitigation Hierarchy. intended to communicate the scientific Values, as life matters most. The with extinction. Vale has already This tool provides a best-practice research projects conducted by Vale and company is fully aware that mining formalized a proposal to regularize approach to avoid and reduce its partners in teaching and research 77 thousand hectares of Legal negative impacts, and then recover activities significantly interfere with institutions. Through this publication, Reserve, and it should soon attain areas that are no longer used by the environment and, thus, has it is possible to find out more about 100 thousand hectares among all the company operations, before applied the concept that pursuing innovative initiatives capable of rural properties. finally considering the possibility No Net Loss to biodiversity in its contributing to the solution of important areas of operation – a commitment of offsetting the residual impacts. The Vale Fund, a Public Interest Non- issues for the company, both now and made since 2013 – is not just a Alberto Ninio and Gleuza Jesué Thus, Vale remains in compliance Governmental Organization (OSCIP, in the future. The newsletter can be read with the World Bank's Performance tangible goal, but that it can serve Organização da Sociedade Civil de in its entirety, in PDF version or on the studying various subjects, such The company is also responsible Standards for Financial Institutions, as a starting point to take it even Interesse Público) created in 2009, website: www.vale.com/MAIS. It would as environmental services, water for protecting an area that totals as well as with the principles of the further. That is, it can make positive invested R$120 million in initiatives be a pleasure to see you there. resources, genomics, climate 8.5 thousand km² (850 thousand International Council on Mining long-term changes to biodiversity. for three environment-related sectors change, and land use. As an hectares), 5.6 times larger than and Metals (ICMM), which promotes in the Amazon region, contributing Therefore, Vale operates in different example, the survey of the Carajás the total area occupied by its access to financial resources for to the implementation and Shared Knowledge areas, including investments rupicolous formations over iron operations in Brazil. The theme of Vale’s expansion and environmental consolidation of 230 thousand km in RDI and partnerships with outcrops (Viana et al., 2016), known this edition of the MAIS Newsletter compensation projects. If you think the projects presented in (23 million hectares) of conservation knowledge centers in Brazil and as canga vegetation that has been is Vale Natural Reserve. It is located MAIS newsletter could be useful for units in six states, benefiting Mining and biodiversity have become abroad to create solutions capable conducted by ITV-DS, together in the state of Espírito Santo, your department within Vale, contact indigenous and fishing communities, interconnected, which is something of preventing, mitigating, and with the Emílio Goeldi Museum in and has become a reference [email protected]. If you do so, we will among many others. worth celebrating, both by our offsetting impacts while offering Belém (Pará) and 140 Brazilian and center for scientific research into be able to share more information company and by society as a whole. society new and transformational foreign researchers, allowed the biodiversity in the country, with These initiatives – just a few of about the studies, important for the knowledge as a legacy for registration of 1,080 species that 240 projects developed. The Iron hundreds – show that the company conservation of biodiversity, and By Alberto Ninio, future generations. ITV-DS, were cataloged into four volumes Quadrangle region of Minas Gerais is deeply committed to maintaining Sustainability Director eventually put you in direct contact located in Belém (Pará), gathers of the scientific journal Rodriguésia, comprises 12.8 thousand hectares biodiversity, which is also very with the researchers, so you can Gleuza Jesué, exchange your experiences. together dozens of researchers published by the Botanical Garden of protected land in 21 Private good for business. For instance, Vale Environmental Executive with multidisciplinary skills of Rio de Janeiro. Natural Heritage Reserves (RPPNs, combines its efforts to comply with Management.

4 MAIS MAIS 5 Vale Natural Reserve with the Sooretama Biological Reserve, managed by the Chico Mendes Institute of Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio), RNV is part of a preserved area of nearly 50 thousand hectares, which accounts for 10% of the remaining forest cover in the state of Espírito Santo. History

When Vale was created in 1942, the company, was controlled by the Federal Government, and undertook the management of Vitória-Minas railroad (EFVM, Estrada de Ferro Vitória a Minas), nationalized by the ex-president Getúlio Vargas. For the conservation and expansion of the railroad, the mining company required crossties; thus, the purchase of farms in Linhares region was an opportunity Ricardo Teles Vale Natural Reserve: to guarantee a supply of wood for this purpose. Over 25 years, Vale acquired more than 100 properties, the first of them in 1957. Together, Center of Scientific the farms today make up the whole of the Reserve. surveys of the local fauna and flora. by UNESCO. This title was validated The old herbarium, built in 1963 to twice, in 2013 and 2017, reflecting The company contracted a well- Production document the variety of botanical its strategic importance to known professional, Dammis species in RNV, was refurbished. The biodiversity in the country. The area Heinsdijk, technical advisor at the following year, Ariane Luna Peixoto, protects an important and extensive Food and Agriculture Organization NV celebrates, in 2018, 40 1973. In 1978, the Brazilian Institute of by a group of specialist agents, with a biologist and researcher who at remnant of the Tabuleiro Atlantic of the United Nations (FAO), to years as an area officially and Forest Development (IBDF, Instituto the aim to fight against poaching that time was member of Professor Forest, one of the most endangered undertake an assessment on the exclusively dedicated by Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento and forest fires. This has been an R Peracchi’s team but now at is with vegetation areas in Brazil. Since possibilities for the exploitation and the company to conservation and Florestal), an organization replaced important step to meet the goal the Botanical Garden of Rio de the 1960s, approximately three management of the forest. The first scientific research of its biodiversity. by Brazil’s current environmental of conserving the area. The first Janeiro, managed to register the RNV thousand species of have report was generated in 1963. From Located in Linhares (north of Espírito regulator (IBAMA, Instituto Brasileiro agreement with strictly scientific herbarium in the Index Herbariorum, been catalogued (more than one then until 1973, other studies on do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Santo), the Reserve was created aims was also signed in 1978. A hundred of them newly discovered the use of wood in the region were of the New York Botanical Garden, Naturais Renováveis), recognized the through the purchase of farms group of researchers from the Federal by science), along with the developed, but the managers of Reserve as an area of research and becoming known all over the world. between 1950 and 1970. Its current Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, following fauna species: 400 birds, RNV concluded that the purchase environmental protection. size, close to 23 thousand hectares – coordinated by professor Adriano Since 2008, Vale Natural Reserve 64 reptiles, 27 fish, 56 amphibians, of ready-made crossties would be equivalent to the size of 23 thousand In that year, Vale created the RNV Peracchi, one of the country’s leading is acknowledged as an Advanced 1.5 thousand insects, 179 spiders, more attractive from an economic football fields – was consolidated in ecosystem protection, composed experts in bats, carried out the first Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve and 102 mammals. Together point of view.

6 MAIS MAIS 7 Vale Natural Reserve 23 thousand hectares In parallel with the work in the Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais, the company technicians and in Forest Sciences and a doctorate Reserve, by the end of the 1960s not in RNV. 3 thousand environmentalists who were fighting degree in Forest Resources, was an and beginning of the 1970s, Vale for forest conservation, when the advisor and employee at Vale and Vale Natural Reserve then has species first diversified its investments. In issue was still far from being a priority worked in the Reserve from 1992 to become a research laboratory for 1966, studies related to a project for for society. Amongst Vale’s officials, 2008. Today, he works on research reforestation for industrial purposes. 102 different industrialization of the wood from there were professionals who knew projects in the area, which is very In the middle of the 1970s, the first mammal species the forest reserves were begun, the importance of the area as an important to him. “I fell in love with large experiment with exotic and with the aim of exporting cellulose. environmental asset and worked the Reserve the first time I saw it. native plants in RNV was carried of the species In October 1967, Vale created the 20% hard to preserve it. They included the All these years later, I can say that out, and became known as “Estrada subsidiary Florestas Rio Doce S.A., of birds in Brazil ex-presidents Eliezer Batista, Antônio only international NGOs that receive Meme” study, a reference to the aimed at providing services for the Dias Leite, and Mário Borgonovi, who grants (a type of financing that does agreement signed between Vale reforestation of areas located in Herbarium with was the coordinator Forestry Projects not require repayment) have a similar and the Ministry of Mines and along the Rio Doce valley, in Minas at the end of the 1960s. support structure for researchers. Energy. This experiment aimed at 15.734 exsiccates Gerais. In the 1970s, the paper and The maturity of the studies means discovering species adapted to the cellulose industry grew. In 1974, the Scientific Importance the Reserve plays an important role recovery of the shores of lakes or 500 thousand company founded Celulose Nipo- From then on, the scientific studies for the achievement of the country’s reservoirs used for the production of plant seedlings Brasileira (Cenibra), in partnership grew due to the support structure goal of reforesting 12 million electric power in the southeastern with Japanese investors. The felling created by the company and due to hectares. The knowledge acquired region of the country. of for the production of 15 thousand the richness of the biodiversity in the on silviculture allows reforestation to cellulose and paper was carried out The research on silviculture research volumes region. Samir Rolim, an agricultural be partially done with native species”, Ricardo Teles in other areas within the state of intensified the contact between engineer with a master’s degree points out Samir.

Vale and ICMBio, responsible for the Sooretama Biological The book “Silviculture and Reserve, which is adjacent to RNV, sign a partnership Technology of the Atlantic The first farm in the The company changes the RNV herbarium is registered agreement, and the ecosystem protection is extended to that Forest Species”, is published, north of Espírito Santo is plans to use the area for the in the Index Herbariorum of area too. Together, the two reserves total almost 50 thousand analyzing 35 species used purchased, out of the 102 production of crossties. The the New York Botanical Garden, hectares, representing one of the last significant remnant in silviculture, based on data that would make up the current area of RNV (23 thousand becoming known all over areas of the Tabuleiro Atlantic Forest. from the Reserve. future Vale Natural Reserve. hectares) is consolidated. the world.

1957 1973 1979 1999 2008 2018 1942 1963 1978 1998 2000 2012

Vale is created The first forest assessment IBDF, which preceded IBAMA, officially One year after privatization, The Reserve is UNESCO confers Vale performs a valuation and takes on the was published based on recognizes the Vale Natural Reserve as an area Vale maintains the Reserve and opened up to RNV the status of an of the area, which also management of the areas acquired until then. aimed at conservation and scientific research. produces a plan to define its use public visits. Advanced Atlantic Forest reflects its importance Vitória-Minas railroad. A herbarium is created. RNV ecosystem protection is created and and its scientific exploitation. Biosphere Reserve. in monetary terms. the herbarium is refurbished.

8 MAIS MAIS 9 Vale Natural Reserve

Long-Term Research

He is one of the editors of the

book “Tabuleiro Atlantic Forest: Ricardo Teles Diversity and Endemism in the Vale Natural Reserve” (Floresta Atlântica de Tabuleiro: Diversidade e Endemismo na Reserva Natural Vale) and coauthor of “Silviculture and Technology of the Atlantic Forest Species” (Silvicultura e Tecnologia da Espécie de Mata Atlântica), launched in 2018. Written in partnership with researchers from the University of Southern Bahia and Ricardo Teles the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, the latter book analyzes 35 species used in silviculture, based on data from the Reserve. “Jonacir Brown capuchin (Sapajus apella) de Souza, the service assistant at RNV, is known as the notary and yellow-bellied Trogon of the forest. He alone collected (Trogon surrucura aurantius) almost a million measurements of trees over 30 years, evaluating Vale Natural Reserve Map circumference, height, and health. Tabuleiro Atlantic Forest Native grasslands That gives an idea of the volume Santo, 2.7 million seedlings of native reflects the perception that people the physical limit of the Reserve Wetlands (natural water of information available, which has bodies and its associated flora) Tropical Forestry species have already been sent have on the importance of a as a restricting factor for society. supported hundreds of researchers out, with the aim of recovering 1.7 preserved area, we have reached We are making a significant effort Muçununga forest Tabuleiro Secondary Forest at universities from various Brazilian an existence value of US$1 billion. thousand hectares in approximately to bring more communities from states, and from other countries”, For the study, conducted by In the Integrated Management database. Marcio Ferreira, supervisor one thousand rural properties and the surrounding areas into RNV. he reports. state parks”, he adds. environmental economists and an System of Protected Areas, (SGIAP, of Vale Nature Reserve, says that the We want everyone to be able to international consultancy service, For the biologist Ariane Peixoto, Sistema de Gestão Integrada de level of details of the SGIAP goes far discover this magnificent area and Value and Visits more than 6 thousand people “RNV and Sooretama are globally- Áreas Protegidas), developed at beyond the studies. Through the were interviewed in four capitals”, see endemic (exclusive to the area) recognized centers of biological RNV itself, there is an archive with system, you can also search within Luiz Felipe Campos, technical he explained. species close up, such as the red- diversity. They attract people from 15 thousand volumes, made up the RNV nursery for the quantity of specialist in Biodiversity at Vale, billed curassow. When they become all over the world to study the of research projects, books and seedlings of each cultivated species, explains how a master plan was At the beginning of the 2000s, integrated to the Atlantic Forest and fauna, flora, fungi, soil, climate, and publications, such as master’s among lots of other information, created in 1998 to define the the number of annual visitors to understand the biodiversity richness ecological processes. Places that dissertations and doctoral theses. for example. “We have 500 thousand guidelines of the Reserve. In 2000, the Reserve was approximately welcome us, allow the exchange of Currently there are one hundred seedlings in our nursery, of 300 the space was opened up to public 4.5 thousand people. In 2018, around them, people will value this experiences and produce quality, research projects in progress, and species, with the potential of visits and, in 2012, a valuation study RNV receives an average of three natural heritage and engage with long-term research projects are they will all have their reports and reaching 800 species and 3 million of RNV was submitted. “Based on thousand visits per month. “We our efforts to preserve it”, believes extremely rare and valuable. final versions included into the seedlings. Of those, just in Espírito a methodology that monetarily cannot allow ourselves to think of Marcio Ferreira.

10 MAIS MAIS 11 Vale Natural Reserve Felines

Interconnection Between the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest

he article “The majestic Jueirana-facão reaches 40 meters science. They are: Cinnamomum canopy-emergent genus in height and almost five meters in baitelloanum, Mezilaurus sessiliflora, TDinizia (Leguminosae: trunk circumference, with a canopy Ocotea batata, and Williamodendron ), including a that can be up to 20 meters wide. itamarajuensis. new species endemic to the Its weight, when adult, exceeds 60

The information about flora diversity Ricardo Teles Brazilian state of Espírito Santo”, tonnes. Recently identified, it can be in the Reserve was preserved published in the Kew Bulletin, considered almost extinct, Geovane Study on thanks to its herbarium, a library an English traditional scientific explains: “There are only 12 known of plants maintained by Vale. As research magazine, announced specimens within the RNV area, well as being recognized globally, and 12 others on a private property the identification of a plant in the herbarium has been attracting the Vale Natural Reserve, which in the municipality of Sooretama. Ecology and researchers for decades. Since its Thus, we’re concentrating on is strong evidence of a link, in creation, in 1963, 116 new species the production of seedlings to the past, between the Amazon have been described, with samples propagate the species. We have Rainforest and the Atlantic Forest. deposited in situ and duplicated already managed to produce Health of Felines The jueirana-facão, scientifically in partner institutions, with 106 roughly 600 seedlings, which will named jueirana-facao, species occurring within RNV and ten be planted in the Reserve and in is the second of its genus. species in the surrounding area. Out or the last 40 years, RNV Atlantic Forest" (Competição, Minas Gerais), Ana Carolina Srbek In the past, only , neighboring properties. of this total, seven were registered has hosted studies on the coexistência e saúde geral de de Araujo formerly worked as discovered in the Amazon at the and published in 2017. “This shows The identification of the jueirana was fauna that are relevant for grandes felinos na Mata Atlântica a Sustainability analyst at Vale. beginning of the 20th century, was the importance of the Vale Natural F only possible because the Reserve is the existing richness in the area, de Tabuleiro), selected among the Now, she is a full professor of the known. “The fact that Dinizia is a Reserve for studies and research a protected area in which researchers focusing on endangered animals proposals submitted in the joint call postgraduate programs in Ecology monospecific genus (made up of can study in detail the flora from projects and its contribution to the that find, in this area, one of their for proposals between Vale and the of Ecosystems and in Animal just one species) reinforces the idea conservation of the remnants of the Tabuleiro, in Espírito Santo. The roads remaining refuges in the Atlantic Science, both at UVV. flora of Espírito Santo and Brazil”, Research Support Foundations of that there was interaction between that cut across it, exclusively used for Forest. Ana Carolina Srbek de Araujo, concludes Geovane. the states of Espírito Santo and Rio the biomes. With the deforestation studies, offer access to the whole of a biologist at Vila Velha University As early as in the 2000s, her project de Janeiro, in 2015. caused by human beings, this its biodiversity. Other recent articles, (UVV, Universidade de Vilha Velha), aimed to define the number of physical interconnection was lost”, With a master’s degree in Zoology jaguars (Panthera onca) existing in published in equally important Further Information has been studying jaguars at RNV comments Geovane Siqueira, magazines, such as the Harvard on an ongoing basis since 2005. of Vertebrates and holding a PhD the region of RNV, and to determine biologist and curator of the Papers in Botany (USA) and Phytotaxa Read more about jueirana-facão Currently, she coordinates the in Ecology, Conservation, and the proportion of females and herbarium of the Vale Natural (New Zealand), announced the at https://link.springer.com/ research project "Competition, Management of Wildlife from the males in the population, as well Reserve and one of the authors presence – in RNV – of botanical article/10.1007/s12225-017-9720-7. Coexistence, and General Health Federal University of Minas Gerais as to evaluate the distribution of of the article. species that were unknown to of Large Felines in the Tabuleiro (UFMG, Universidade Federal de individuals within the reserve area.

12 MAIS MAIS 13 Felines

Using genetic resources, she also one doctoral student. It aims to study New Phases The technique will only be used will also be authorized for reproductive capacity of individuals. evaluated this population situation intra and interspecific competition for pumas, because jaguars are less jaguars in the future. Once freed, they will be equipped A new phase of the project, to check if there was any loss of patterns, establishing the endangered in the Atlantic Forest with transmitter collars (provided for which began in the second half of Once the felines are sedated, genetic variability, which can occur mechanisms that allow maintenance in comparison with pumas, and eight pumas) that will allow much samples will be collected for an due to inbreeding (mating between 2018, comprises the capture and of the populations as well as the local population is extremely more comprehensive monitoring, installation of transmitter collars overall evaluation of their health two related individuals), for example, coexistence of jaguars and pumas via satellite, of the their movements, important. Thus, CENAP authorized on individual animals. It will help condition, through the study of and the proportion. She also studied (Puma concolor) within Linhares- both in relation to the areas they improve monitoring and study the use of this new equipment biological parameters (hematological the animals’ diet and the presence of Sooretama block, in addition to move through and the times in only for pumas. If the success is and biochemical profile) and dosage intestinal parasites. determining the general health of patterns of territory use and which each of them does so. “For confirmed for this species (with no of inorganic contaminants, oral cavity conditions of individual animals. sharing by jaguars and pumas, the identification of the spatial and As part of the results, she estimated additional risks for the individuals), “We started in 2017, with the also enabling the continuation condition and teething, endo and temporal pattern of the area used the existence of nearly 20 jaguars collection of fecal samples to update of the study on diet overlap captures using remote equipment ectoparasites, viral diseases, and the by the pumas, an analysis of the in the Linhares-Sooretama block, the data on diet and parasitology. and general health. geographic location points collected a large remnant area of the forest For that, we walked the non-paved through the transmitter collar will adjacent to RNV. The population Jaguars will be captured with the Researchers internal roads of RNV in search be carried out. This data, along with is composed of two females for help of traps conventionally used of feces and other signs, such as Name Institution Title the points at which feces, tracks and every male, with only adults being in Brazil. In the case of pumas, tracks and scratches, that serve as scratches are found, will be evaluated considered. It is the last remaining a technique unprecedented Ana Carolina Vila Velha signals of the places where jaguars Doctor with the help of Geographical population of these felines in in the country will also be Srbek de Araujo University are found”, Ana Srbek explains. Information Systems (GIS) and will Espírito Santo and one of the last applied, using remote capture João Luiz Vila Velha According to her, the update of Doctor be used to identify the patterns in the Atlantic Forest. equipment, authorized by the Rossi Júnior University information is important to evaluate of spatial and temporal overlap or National Center of Research and The study also concluded that, if there has been any change in the Fábio Ribeiro Vila Velha segregation of the individuals”, states Conservation of Carnivorous Doctor despite the loss of genetic patterns previously recorded that Braga University the researcher. Mammals (CENAP, Centro Nacional variability, the jaguars in RNV still could indicate problems for the de Pesquisa e Conservação de Fernando Federal University At the end of the study, planned have important information for the conservation of the species. Doctor Mamíferos Carnívoros) and ICMBio. Vicentini of Espírito Santo genetic conservation of the species for 2020, with the conclusion of the In total, the researchers have already “Through a partnership with Francisco Palomares Doñana Biological laboratory analyses and the analysis due to the presence of alleles that Doctor Fernández Station, in Spain have not been registered until covered 1,380 kilometers during Francisco Palomares, a Spanish of the data from the collars, there will researcher from the Doñana then in other populations. Genes the sampling phase, and in the first Tarcízio Antônio Federal University be more accumulated knowledge Doctor are made up of alleles, segments 16 months of the study, 459 fecal Biological Station – Spanish Rego de Paula of Viçosa to use for the conservation of in which specific information is feline samples were found, of which National Research Council (EBD- the species. It will be possible, for David Costa Vila Velha 38 have already been confirmed as CSIC, Estación Biológica de Doctor example, to evaluate the need for contained and that may vary among Braga University individuals. The loss of genetic belonging to large species. A portion Doñana – Consejo Superior de specific measures to manage certain variability occurs when, randomly, of each collected sample is used for Investigaciones Científicas) in Hilton Entringer Vila Velha Studying for a species that are considered key preys Júnior University master’s degree there is a reduction in the number diet analysis. Fecal samples found Seville, a device will be used to for the survival of large predators – of allele types and certain alleles fresh are divided into subsamples, allow dart sedation of animals, with Alana Gomes Vila Velha Studying for a such as the white-lipped peccary become more common. which are selected for analysis of minimum intervention required Ribeiro University master’s degree (Tayassu pecari), the capybara intestinal parasites and virology for the containment of animals, (Hydrochaeris hydrochoerus) and Current Study Laura Martins Vila Velha Studying for a (See list on page 17). As well as fecal guaranteeing that the capture, Magalhães University master’s degree the paca (Cuniculus paca) – or The current study is being carried out samples, 34 scratches and 104 places aided by biologists and veterinary of methods for populational Ana Paula Jejesky Vila Velha Studying for a by a group of researchers (See list on with tracks or footprints of large physicians, is much less stressful for supplementation through the de Oliveira University doctorate degree page 15), three master’s students and felines were recorded. the jaguars”, explains Ana Srbek. transfer of pumas from other areas,

14 MAIS MAIS 15 Felines

so that the local populations can remain healthy on the long term. Laboratory Analysis Balance The project will also identify of Samples which ecological mechanisms can he analyses will be done at the rectum of captured species help reduce direct competition the Laboratory of Ecology and samples collected in the field between jaguars and pumas; it and Conservation of (when fresh) are evaluated for the is essential for their coexistence T Biodiversity at UVV (diet and use of presence of eggs, larvae and adult in Linhares-Sooretama block and space), the Laboratory of Wildlife helminths, as well as for cysts and in other fragmented areas of the Health at UVV (parasitology), the oocysts of protozoans. For this, a country. "These predators are key Laboratory of Virology at UFES combination of sampling methods to ensuring a balanced ecosystem (virology), and the Laboratory of are adopted, such as flotation as they control prey populations. Animal Breeding at UVV (breeding). (Willis method) and spontaneous Lack of such regulation creates Leonardo Merçon Leonardo sedimentation (HPF method). imbalance among the species and Diet The identification of intestinal may even lead to a cascade reaction The analysis of the diet is done endoparasites (eggs, larvae, cysts, that will reduce the seed dispersal The felines are a flagship species, through the identification of and oocysts) is done with the help in the forest," says Ana Srbek. popular and very useful for non-digested items (hairs, quills, of an optical microscope. Volkov Valentyn Furthermore, the predators bone fragments, teeth, scales, usually consume weak or sick awareness campaigns that and many other) contained in the Virology animals, helping to keep the of positive samples for genetic we have been running fecal samples. For this, the samples The analysis of viral infection prey populations healthy too”, sequencing to identify are washed under running water, of jaguars and pumas is done Ana Srbek comments. the microorganisms. dried in an oven, and screened to for different agents, such as the The study of pumas has another separate and classify the content. Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), as to raise awareness that all the Further Information Breeding positive impact, on education, as The hairs, specifically, are separated well as the adenovirus, rotavirus, researchers have contributed a lot For more information For analysis of reproductive pointed out by Jackeceli Falqueto, according to morphotype reovirus, and picobirnavirus. For to”, said Jackeceli. on research related capacity, the animal’s semen is Environmental analyst of RNV (coloration, length, and thickness) this, a swab is collected from the to the topic, read collected. The material collected and biologist responsible for the As someone who knows the and submitted to microstructural oral and nasal cavity (conjunctiva) http://www.bibliotecadigital. support, evaluation, and monitoring structure of the Reserve, Ana analysis (identification of medulla and the feces. The swabs are is placed in a solution of buffered ufmg.br/dspace/handle/ of the research projects carried Srbek emphasizes the area is and cuticle), with the help of an stored in a means of transport formalin. The morphological 1843/BUBD-998LEE. out in the area. “The felines are a an environmental asset that optical microscope. This technique and the feces are stored in and quantitative analyses of flagship species, popular and very shows Vale’s responsibility to the is used to identify the prey, in the universal containers that are kept the semen are done through an useful for awareness campaigns biodiversity conservation and case of mammals, as well as to refrigerated in thermal containers optical microscope to identify that we have been running ever enables exchanges between confirm the species of predator to be sent to the laboratory. the occurrence and frequency more frequently, mainly directed to the company and the academic From the research carried out (analysis of hair ingested during Viral detection is done through of the main sperm defects, the children in the region, but also world, which is beneficial for both in RNV, information has been self-cleaning). the extraction of nucleic acid, considering those associated to to adults and educators. Poaching parties and helps to ensure faster generated that contributes to using the Boom method, and the spermatogenic process, to the and forest fires are problems that improvement of knowledge and conservation of the flora and fauna Parasitology later detection of viral genomes transport of sperm through the affect the large felines and all the innovation. “The Reserve is an not just within it, but in other areas For the analysis of endoparasites, through PAGE (RNA) and PCR epididymis and the process biodiversity, requiring an effort inexhaustible source of knowledge. too”, she comments. the feces collected directly from (DNA and RNA), with the sending of maturation.

16 MAIS MAIS 17 Mammals

hypoxanthus), in three municipalities The species selected are of the mountain region, Santa Teresa, Santa Maria de Jetibá, and characterized as key species Conservation of Santa Leopoldina. as they have ecological Sérgio Lucena Mendes, a biologist functions that are essential with a master’s and doctorate Mammals Threatened for the ecosystem degree in Ecology, respectively from the University of Brasilia and the University of Campinas, was the with Extinction president of the Scientific Board displacement, which is high in the complex, which has a low altitude and director of the Mello Leitão case of the jaguars, medium for (up to 100m), the vegetation fits Museum of Biology, in Espírito the ungulates and low among the the definition of Dense Lowland in Espírito Santo Santo. Currently, he is director muriquis,” he explains. Ombrophylous Forest, known as of the National Institute of the Tabuleiro Atlantic Forest. The research sites, in turn, were Atlantic Forest (INMA, Instituto defined based on the need The species selected are Nacional da Mata Atlântica) and to understand the effects of characterized as key species elected through a call professor at UFES and member of landscapes with diverse anthropic because they have ecological for tender that Vale the Advisory Board of the Atlantic characteristics for the conservation functions that are essential for and Research Support Forest Research Institute (IPEMA, S of these species, through studies the ecosystem, as regulators of Foundations of the State of Espírito Instituto de Pesquisas da Mata focused on the different types prey populations (in the case of Santo put out in 2015, the study on Atlântica). He comments that of habitats, populations, and the pumas and jaguars), and seed "Conservation and Management the project, financed through evaluation of different conflicts dispersers, in the case of frugivores, of Mammals Threatened with the tender, encompasses studies with humans. While Linhares- helping with the maintenance Extinction in Fragmented that were already in progress Sooretama block has the most and regeneration of the forests (in Landscapes of the Atlantic Forest" and had the opportunity to be extensive continuous forest, with the case of the muriqui and the uses RNV area for research on developed with resources and disturbed and deforested areas ungulates). These species also have, ungulates (hoofed mammals), support structure offered by the around it, the mountain region has as an indirect contribution, the specially the tapir (Tapirus terrestris), Vale-Fapes-Faperj tender, and patches of forest, but the total of capacity to raise awareness among the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), provides research grants for post- these areas is larger than the block. the lay audience, as charismatic and the white-lipped peccary graduate students, acquisition of The mountain regions are part of flagship species that attract the (Tayassu pecari). photographic traps and laboratory the geomorphological formation attention of the public, equipment, among other things. The study led by professor Sérgio of the Basement complex, with especially children. Lucena Mendes from Federal “We chose to extend the studies altitudes that vary from 200m to Objectives University of Espírito Santo (UFES, on these animals based on two 1200m, in the phytogeographical Universidade Federal do Espírito criteria – they are endangered region of the Atlantic Forest; The project, which began in 2017 Santo) is carried out in different parts species and they are deemed Montane and Submontane and will run until 2020, aims to of Espírito Santo, as it includes other emblematic because they symbolize (Santa Maria de Jetibá), Lowland, contribute to the conservation of two subprojects: one is focused the anthropic impact on the fauna. Submontane and Montane (Santa these mammals, developing and Ricardo Teles on the puma (Puma concolor) These animals act as landscape Teresa), as well as Lowland and spreading models of research and population and the other covers detectives, complementing each Submontane (Santa Leopoldina). In conservation of endangered fauna the northern muriqui (Brachyteles The biologist Andressa Gatti prepares a photographic trap other in many aspects, including the Vale Natural Reserve-Sooretama in fragmented environments, with

18 MAIS MAIS 19 ReservaMammals Natural Vale

the use of population management, More playful activities, such In the mountain region, evaluation habitat management, environmental is also taking place of whether education and scientific as a play for children under five, the structure and configuration popularization strategies. of different patches of forest in and field experiences in RNV Mutum Preto Private the Santa Maria de Jetibá region Natural Heritage For this, the first step was to obtain with school students from the affect the functional diversity of Reserve (RPPN) the classification of the region’s land Sooretama Biological region have contributed to the species of large and medium-sized Reserve (Rebio) use from the digital orthophoto mammals. For this purpose, the mosaic product IEMA 2012/2015, understanding of the importance researchers performed an analysis which contains aerial images of biodiversity preservation of hierarchical aggregation of provided by the State Institute for the Recanto das Antas RPPN environmental similarity of all Environment and Water Resources of the patches of forest in the (IEMA, Instituto Estadual do Meio populations are very inbred (when indispensable subsidies for the study. municipality. Then, they selected Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos) of mating occurs between relatives). The biologist Andressa Gatti, with a 45 patches of forest with different Espírito Santo. “This allows us to Vale Natural Reserve Consanguinity can have negative doctorate and postdoctoral degree environmental characteristics, estimate the number and size of consequences, such as animals being in Animal Biology at UFES, has been such as size, shape, interior area, Protected areas fragments and possible connectivity less capable due to a lack of genetic interested in ungulates since she was connectivity and total border, Patches of forest between them. One of our proposals variability, making the translocation an undergraduate. Coordinator of amongst others. is to define the best routes for of individuals necessary to promote the research into this group within The orange spots indicate the places where the photographic traps were the movement of the species, if A photographic trap was installed in genetic enrichment. With the the project, she tells us that there set up in the Linhares-Soortema region it were necessary to create new each selected patch of forest for the comparison of animals from different are more than 30 thousand images connections”, says Sérgio Lucena. monitoring of large and medium- the most important characteristics do Jetibá, there were no records of patches of forest, their genetic recorded on the 48 traps installed in sized mammals. In the time leading the Linhares-Sooretama block, being for patches of forest to be able pumas, according to Marina Zanin, A stochastic model (that incorporates proximity will be evaluated for the up to September 2018, 14 species analyzed in the second semester of to keep large and medium- coordinator of the activity. However, probabilistic elements) will be used establishment of the relevance of were recognized, amongst them the 2018. “On some cameras we have sized species of mammal alive, three wild felines were identified: during the project to compare translocation between groups. paca (Cuniculus paca), the collared almost 1,5 thousand photos. First, guaranteeing the maintenance of the little spotted cat (Leopardus animal populations with the anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla), Sources for genetic studies in the we are evaluating the 2 thousand the functions of the ecosystem. guttulus), the ocelot (Leopardus fragmented area. In this way, the the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) case of collared peccaries and images taken between January and pardalis) and the jaguarundi probability of a species being present and the brown brocket (Mazama Partial Results white-lipped peccaries are hair March 2017, in monitoring spots (herpailurus yagouaroundi). in an specific patch of forest will be gouazoubira). and fecal samples, respectively. chosen randomly, based on 4km² It has already been identified that, in estimated, based on a simulation Regarding the genetic study of the These biological materials will allow squares. The system of squares The researchers will use generalized the five patches of Atlantic Forest in done based on the characteristics of tapirs, based on DNA extraction estimation of the population’s genetic guides the location of the sites and which muriquis are being monitored, the landscape and the populational linear models to compare the values from fecal samples, up to now, 40 diversity and degree of inbreeding, keeps 2km between each of them, found for functional diversity and the number of animals is higher density of the species. individuals are estimated to be as well as testing the occurrence of to maximize the probability of the structure and configuration of than initially expected. According to The laboratory and genetic study, recent population bottlenecks and capturing an image of the species. the patches of forest in question estimates, there are 100 individuals in the Linhares-Sooretama block. done by teams from UFES and the evaluating the genetic population A mathematical model supports With these analyses, it will be from at least two groups, which “Despite the difficulty of working Federal University of ABC (UFABC, structure of the species in the the project (see table on page 22) established if the structure of is especially important as females with non-invasive samples, there is Universidade Federal do ABC), will Linhares-Sooretama landscape. and allows for the measurement the patches of forest is affecting migrate from group to group to a lot of hope that new individuals allow for the realization of important of the ratio between the presence the functional diversity of the procreate. The more groups there will be identified. And, up until now, analyses for all of the species. In the Photographic Traps and absence of species and various local communities of large and are, the greater the chance of their the results have revealed moderate case of the muriquis, for example, The use of photographic traps, variables, such as vegetation and the medium-sized mammals. Then, the expansion. In the first stage of the genetic diversity for the sampled it will be possible to discover if the part of the research, produces proximity of highways," she added. researchers will be able to point to monitoring of felines in Santa Maria individuals”, Andressa Gatti reports.

20 MAIS MAIS 21 Mammals

Regarding awareness, 70 residences in the region of Linhares-Sooretama Researchers Model of Occupancy have been visited to meet with the Name Institution Title occupants and give them a calendar or the construction of the to note down the dates on which Federal University Sérgio Lucena Mendes Doctor models of occupancy, the of Espírito Santo the animals are seen. This exchange, Fdata collected in the field, coordinated by biologist Danielle Federal University in this case the records of the Yuri Luiz Reis Leite Doctor de Oliveira, is extended to farmers of Espírito Santo photographic traps, is necessary. and elements of it will help for the Each five days of records is Federal University creation of a plan for the reduction Ana Paula Cazerta Farro Doctor considered to be one occasion, of Espírito Santo of conflict between people and meaning that during the 50 day animals. More playful activities, such Federal University study there was a total of 10 Leonora Pires Costa Doctor as a play for children under five, and of Espírito Santo occasions. From there, records field experiences in RNV with school Federal University were constructed for the detection students from the region have Andressa Gatti Doctor of Espírito Santo of each species (H), and for each contributed to the understanding photographic trap site for each area, Wildlife Conservation of the importance of biodiversity Alexine Keuroghlian Doctor for each sampling occasion, using a Society Pantanal preservation. grid with a binary coding of “0” or “1”, Federal University in which “1” indicates the detection “The access to the forest provided Cibele Biondo Doctor of ABC of the species and “0” indicates by the Vale Natural Reserve is very non-detection. good, as is the support of the local Federal University Danielle de Oliveira Doctor team and the joint work that we of Espírito Santo For example: the history of detection are doing aimed at education and for site i of one species in the first, Doñana Biological Francisco Palomares Doctor the spread of scientific information, Station second and forth occasions during which includes the use of social one season is codified by the vector Federal University media. I believe that the partnership Jade Huguenin Rios Graduate Hi =11010, and the probability Ricardo Teles of Espírito Santo with companies broadens the of detection is calculated by Pr (Hi possibilities for doing innovative University = 11010) = Ψ p1p2(1-p3)p4(1-p5), Karen Barbara Strier Doctor Area of study within Vale Natural Reserve research, that benefits society”, of Wisconsin in which Ψ is the parameter for the Andressa comments. probability of occupancy and pi is Federal University the variable, the probabilities of and detection are calculated Letícia Almeida Moura Graduate the probability of detection during The studies are also making the of Espírito Santo occupancy psi (Ψ) and detection through logistic regressions the sampling occasion in site i. academic development of the (p), are calculated, building different (logit link function) of the Federal University Maria Cecília Martins Doctor models with different combinations predictor variables. researchers possible. There is a of Espírito Santo Then, to establish the probability master’s student, four doctoral of detection and occupancy of of variables. After the construction Federal University Further Information students and one postdoctoral Marina Zanin Doctor tapirs, collared peccaries and of various possible models, the of Maranhão student on the project, as well as white-lipped peccaries, available analysis provides the ranking of the To better understand the three graduates that will produce Federal University programs for this purpose are used, best models tested (or, of the best model of occupancy, visit Maria Otávia Crepaldi Doctor monographs in 2018 based on the of Vale do São Francisco such as Presence, Mark or scripts combinations of the variables), to http://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/vtcfwru/ research done. The first scientific to be used in program R (statistical explain the occupancy (presence) spreadsheets/?Page=occupancy/ Federal University articles on the project are expected Paula Modenesi Ferreira Graduate programming software). Based of the species in the landscape as a of Espírito Santo occupancy.htm. to be published in 2019. on the history of detection and whole. The estimates of occupancy

22 MAIS MAIS 23 Recovery of Degraded Areas

Integrated RDI

The company designed a management Projects for Recovery model for environmental RDI programs with the aim of promoting greater of Degrade Areas coordination among projects, thus optimizing their application

he development of projects The researchers and the operational specialists from Renova and from dedicated to RDI at Vale areas of the company involved the State Foundation of Environment Thas over time generated in the projects have worked (FEAM, Fundação Estadual results with ever more potential for together, sharing information, do Meio Ambiente). Southeast corridor, “promoting Structure of the Program Model integration due to its complementary methodologies, results and the interaction of the program Nei Rivello, Environmental analyst The methodology developed by Vale researchers should act as a team approach. From this standpoint, the even the locations where the for RDA with new research and of the Recovery Management of promotes coordination among various to save time, reduce costs, and company designed a management research takes place in the field. new projects, between Vale and Degraded Areas and Mine Closure, actors and RDI projects, prioritizing generate accurate results. Our task, Furthermore, other company universities, allows us to innovate, model for environmental RDI who coordinated the technical looking for the best methodologies the establishment of synergies of the as is successively being done in RDA, programs with the aim of promoting initiatives are being considered in meeting, reminds us that there is still results related to RDA. For this, the is to identify the projects that could for the recovery process, beyond the greater coordination among projects, the program, such as the Biofactory a lot to learn regarding RDA studies, technological challenges faced by make up a program and, from there, in Minas Gerais, and a project environmental gain of rehabilitating thus optimizing their application. as it is a relatively recent area of the company and the portfolio of RDI coordinate them to obtain transversal that will use sewage slurry operational areas and environmental Based on this premise, the application knowledge with a multidisciplinary projects for RDA, being executed by benefits, with a focus on the use of in the RDA process. compensation, restoring them to character, involving issues related to Vale, are being mapped out. This will the results. The application of the of the program for Recovery of their natural state and forming biology, agronomy and climatology, allow everyone to benefit from the knowledge acquired, in this content, Degraded Areas is a promising To apply the knowledge obtained ecological corridors. We hope to amongst others. “We challenged knowledge already acquired, is fundamental”, says Edgar Sepúlveda, example. The four research projects through the RDA studies, there have achieve better quality in the services researchers of projects approved in to generate new results, and to Technological Development analyst. presented over the following pages already been two technical meetings of recovery of areas and a shorter the joint tenders of Vale and Research develop training programs aiming illustrate that connected studies can held this year. The second of them was execution time, as by previously “Vale’s professionals and departments Support Foundations, in 2011, to to share all this knowledge with deliver better results more quickly and larger, the “1st RDA Technical Meeting”. identifying the best techniques for interested in replicating the interact with us in the search for new the operational areas. at a lower cost. Two of the projects Held in the Águas Claras mine and each area we increase the effectivity methodology of RDI program studies, more directed at plugging have been developed and contracted in the Ferrous Metals Technology of the process and reduce repeat “For the concept behind the management or inserting their the specific holes in mining RDA, jointly through partnerships with Center (CTF, Centro de Tecnologia work with new planting in areas program to be fulfilled, total synergy projects into the program for Recovery related to our daily operations. They educational and research institutions de Ferrosos), both in Nova Lima, that were not successful. The and interconnection between the of Degraded Areas can contact saw the proposal as an opportunity, and address the selection of native Minas Gerais, the meeting allowed technological advance provides technological challenges of the the Management of Technology and the integrated project is showing species for recovery of degraded areas the exchange of experiences, as it sustainability for the RDA process. areas involved and the projects and Innovation for Sustainability, relevant results”, Rivello confirms. – one deals with knowledge of soil physically brought together teams We also benefit from the qualification executed is necessary. Each study by emailing [email protected]”, adds while the other focuses on monitoring from various departments of the For Ricardo de Oliveira, and technical training of the within the program should consider Domenica Blundi, technical specialist the recovery process. business, university researchers, and Environmental manager for the Vale professionals. the others that make it up, and the in STI and R&D Project Management.

24 MAIS MAIS 25 Framework Species

Study Will Define Framework Species for Recovery of Degrade Areas

he research project "Species Geraldo Fernandes is a full from Rupestrian Fields for professor at UFMG. With a master’s TUse in Recovery of Degraded and doctorate degree from Areas" was presented by the biologist Northern Arizona University in Geraldo Fernandes and contracted Ecology and Evolutionary Ecology, jointly by Vale and the Research respectively, the biologist did Support Foundation of Minas Gerais his post-doctorate at Stanford (Fapemig, Fundação de Amparo à University. The current project Pesquisa de Minas Gerais) in 2018. continues the research “Biodiversity, The study began at the beginning of eco-efficiency and sustainability the year, and is expected to conclude applied to the recovery of in 2020. It aims to enhance the rupestrian fields”, approved in knowledge on recovery processes for Vale-Fapemig tender in 2010 rupestrian fields by identifying the and concluded in 2014. Ricardo Teles reference ecosystem – vegetation, soil, and mycorrhizae (association “In the first project, we created between fungi and roots) – and parameters for the germination of nutritional quality, which creates a of plants in these fields, spread over site in four major distinct habitats Federal University of Viçosa (UFV, the regenerative potential of the endemic and endangered species peculiar vegetation as it is difficult an area that represents less than that characterize the landscape: Universidade Federal de Viçosa), soil, with the use of arbuscular in rupestrian fields. We even for the plants to take root, grow 0.8% of the Brazilian territory,” two canga habitats (nodular and coordinators of related studies that mycorrhizal fungi. It also seeks to managed to save two endangered and produce seeds. Wind, little said the professor. battened) and two quartzite are part of the program for Recovery species. Now, our focus is on of Degraded Areas. At the same time, learn about the space occupied by water, and temperatures that can Phases rupestrian fields (sandy field the plant community in rupestrian framework species, those acting vary between 5 and 60 degrees, on and rock outcrop). phytosociological measurements fields regarding the CSR structure, as facilitators and capable of rock, means they are very hostile. During the first phase of the current were collected, such as the height of which evaluates the ability to promoting biodiversity in the Rupestrian fields are home to a research project – already completed Soil samples were collected, 20 the plant and diameter at soil level, compete with other plants (C); environment. The term rupestrian wealth of species, as diverse as the – the researchers carried out a field centimeters deep, that will be of all the individual plants within tolerate stresses (S); and survive the comes from the word rock and is Amazon in number of species by survey in Minas Gerais to identify analyzed jointly by professors Igor the areas chosen in the field; that is, partial destruction of biomass (R). an area in which the soil has low area. There are 6 thousand species the species that represent the Assis and Luiz Eduardo Dias, of the ten areas of 10m x 10m per site for

26 MAIS MAIS 27 Framework Species

woody stratum and ten areas of 1m x Mycorrhiza the microbial biomass, recovering the carbon stock. This substance 1m per site for herbaceous stratum. biological activity and favoring the helps with the stability and the “Mycorrhiza are important because, restoration of the cycle of nutrients decompaction of the soil”, she says. From the laboratory analyses of soil over millions of years of evolution, and the clustering of the soil”, samples, including physicochemical they have created a mutualistic Geraldo explains. Next Steps analyses and those that predict DNA association with plants. They receive Backed by the research, the next step extraction and genetic sequencing energy from plants, and serve as an The biologist Yumi Oki, who is part is to select up to three framework through PCR (polymerase extension of the root. This larger area of the study team, adds that, using species in each type of habitat chain reaction) to identify the increases the absorption capacity of the identification of the species of and produce seedlings through environmental DNA (see table on important elements from the soil for mycorrhiza as a base, one could collection of mature fruits in the field. page 28), researchers will find out plant nutrition. The interaction also evaluate which of them will favor the The definition of framework species which mycorrhiza occur in that increases the activity and diversity establishment or the development takes into account the study on rupestrian field area, which elements of heterotrophic microorganisms of vegetation in degraded areas. the reference ecosystem – existing, compose the soil, and which (that depend on the consumption of “The mycorrhizal fungi also produce pre-existing or hypothetical – that species were able to colonize previously formed organic material) glomalin, a glycoprotein related serves as a guide for recovery the environment. and contribute to the expansion of to the stability of the clusters and projects. That is: belonging to each location and capable of altering Plant Propagation the microenvironment of the soil, Reference Ecosystem And Cultivation modifying the surface, interfering with drainage and producing Vegetation

plant litter (layer formed by the Ricardo Teles Habitat Composition Functional Identi cation of the diversity and structure characterization framework species deposition of plant remains and the accumulation of living organic Species selection material in different stages of Geraldo Fernandes, in the decomposition), also sustaining rupestrian fields of Serra da Calçada Battened Soil the specialized fauna. These species hardpan will allow more efficient recovery A AM Identi cation of degraded areas with advantages Evaluation of diversity of species Nodular for the environment, time Arbuscular hardpan DNA Polymerase chain Sequencing mycorrhizal scales and cost. extraction reaction (PCR) fungi (AMF) selection “This is critical for Vale. Currently we Outcrop of Evaluation of the concentration of glomalin have a standard set of species (mix) quartzite (glycoprotein produced by AMF that helps with soil stability) A for revegetation, which works well in some sites but not so efficiently Autoclaving S AM Stony eld Soil + in others. We will now be able to of quartzite Sodium citrate Reading on the identify the key species that are Centrifugation spectrometer most attractive for the development of each area,” said Luiza Vieira, The scheme allows for the graphic visualization of the different phases of the study, the laboratory phases of environmental analyst responsible for which are carried out at UFMG itself and by partners, such as Fiocruz, in the case of DNA extraction and sequencing. Ricardo Teles A characteristic of rupestrian fields taken into consideration during each phase is the diversity of edaphic (relating to the soil) Vale’s Biofactory, a breeding ground environments and the mosaic of associated vegetation, as a result of a myriad of ecological and geomorphological filters. for native species in Minas Gerais. Yumi Oki, with different soil specimens from rupestrian fields

28 MAIS MAIS 29 Framework Species Soils

The research also includes creating Further Information a model to determine the best In the links below, you will find more sequence for inserting these plants in information about the research the degraded area and propagation Paths to Improve project and related studies. https:// in nursery, following the production www.sciencedirect.com/science/ of a germination protocol. article/pii/S0929139311002204; Throughout the phases, Vale will https://link.springer.com/ the Efforts for apply the knowledge acquired chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-29808-5_8; and https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.ser. through workshops and meetings org/resource/resmgr/custompages/ with employees and researchers that publications/ser_publications/ Recovery of will discuss some themes, such as opportunities_for_integratin.pdf. nutritional profile of plants, correct fertilization and use of nutrients in ideal quantity and quality, species Degraded Areas selected for a better performance Researchers when planted, detailing of the hosen to join the group of in Carajás and the Iron Quadrangle UFV; and determining the nutrient relationship between mycorrhiza Name Institution Title research projects that are part region of Minas Gerais. One of its demand of these species and species from rupestrian fields, to support fertilization. Geraldo Wilson Federal University of the program for Recovery results included the selection of and long-term monitoring of the Doctor C Fernandes of Minas Gerais of Degraded Areas, the study species for the revegetation of ore Luiz Eduardo Dias is an agronomist performance of the plants. “Recuperação ambiental de áreas tailing deposit basins considering Federal University who earned a bachelor’s, master's Yumi Oki Doctor mineradas no Quadrilátero Ferrífero” some issues, such as the dosage “For us, at the university, this of Minas Gerais and doctorate degree from UFV, (Environmental Recovery of Mined of fertilizer to use and seed partnership with companies allows studying the “Solos e Nutrição de UNA University Areas in the Iron Quadrangle Region sowing methods. Daniel Negreiros Doctor Plantas” (Soils and Plant Nutrition). He for the development of research Center of Minas Gerais), coordinated by Now, it aims at promoting activities earned his post-doctorate degree in projects that, if it were not for professor Luiz Eduardo Dias from UFV, Federal University to apply the obtained results in other 1999 from the University of Maryland, this, would take much longer to Thaíse Bahia Doctor was first developed this year through of Minas Gerais research studies; holding courses, and from July 2014 to September complete. It also makes the purchase the joint call for tender between Vale training and events to qualify 2018, he served as Chief Executive Universidade Federal and Fapemig, from 2017. of equipment viable and contributes Vanessa Gomes Master’s degree Vale’s technical team; planning Officer at the Arthur Bernardes de Minas Gerais to the professional training of The current work is mainly based and conducting experiments to Foundation (FUNARBE, Fundação researchers. In the current project, Federal University on the knowledge acquired from a evaluate recovery techniques with Arthur Bernardes), the institution Jéssica Cunha Graduate we have three master’s students, of Minas Gerais previous research project, selected the use of organic matter sources in that supports UFV. Since the 1990s, four undergraduates and, indirectly, during the joint call for tender different iron mining environments his main focus has been research Federal University Dario Paiva Graduate between Vale and Fapemig, and in the region of Nova Lima (Minas on RDA. He was one of the founders four doctoral students involved. For of Minas Gerais which focused on “Recuperação Gerais); using framework species (to of the Brazilian Society for Recovery Vale, it is an opportunity to deal with Federal University ambiental de áreas de extração de help and boost biodiversity in the of Degraded Areas (Sociedade people who are intellectually restless Julio Cesar Santiago Graduate of Minas Gerais minério de ferro” (Environmental environment) and native species Brasileira de Recuperação de Áreas and have high creative capacities, Recovery of Iron Ore Extraction of rupestrian fields, selected by the Degradadas) and creator of the first Federal University that always go above and beyond Maria Luiza Abatemarco Graduate Areas), from 2010. This study, Ecology Research Group from UFMG postgraduate course on the topic of Minas Gerais the original propositions. concluded in 2016, was conducted and professor Eduardo Gusmão from at UFV in 1995.

30 MAIS MAIS 31 Soils

Alignment We have started the project by applying “We have started the project by the knowledge acquired in the past in applying the knowledge acquired in the past in order to disseminate it order to disseminate it at Vale, which at Vale, which will allow us to align will allow us to align the teams and the teams and standardize processes and protocols,” said Luiz Eduardo. standardize processes and protocols “The first phase of this survey was data collection, including through reports sent by the company to revegetation of ferruginous environmental agencies over time. macroporosity, microporosity, total (CO2 evolution), microbial biomass There is already a large volume of rupestrian fields, ecosystems with porosity, penetration resistance, carbon, and calculation of the information about RDA at Vale.” extremely poor soil quality that water retention capacity, and microbial metabolic quotient rates. contain one-third endemic plant hydraulic conductivity. Among those variables related to The courses and training, which species in varying degrees of rarity vegetation, there will be an analysis The chemical analysis will began during the second half of and with different life strategies. of the biomass produced, growth, determine the available contents 2018 and will continue into 2019, Since the environments formed and basal area. of P, Na, K, and S; exchangeable cover the following topics: basic after mining activities are identified contents of Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+ e Experiments knowledge of soil fertility and by low resilience, the initial H+Al; available contents of the plant nutrition; the role of organic experiments will target the soil and The first two experiments – set up micronutrients B, Fe, Mn, and matter in the physical, chemical, and the substrate that will support the in an exhausted mine and a waste Zn; organic matter content; total biological characteristics of the soil; development of the vegetation. rock pile – will measure the effect foliar analysis as a tool to evaluate contents of As, Cd, Pb, and Ni; of the three sources of organic the nutritional state and optimize “The initial recovery activities determination of the pH in water matter to be selected based on fertilization; and revegetation should be those that allow an and in KCl; and the determination the material availability. However, processes for slopes and tailing acceleration of the natural process of electrical conductivity in the the focus is on using lower-cost deposits based on the knowledge of pedogenesis (formation process) saturation paste (maximum water material that can add carbon to and experiences acquired by Vale. occurring in the substrate present saturation point in the soil). The the system. “We may work with in the area,” explained the professor. biological evaluation will consist of a commercial source of organic The training will be for members of “The presence of soil, structured determining the basal respiration compound, mixed with sewage RDA technical teams at the company. with the capacity to retain water and “The visual analysis of the plant nutrients, is essential for the future allows us, for example, to identify self-sustainability.” Researchers possible nutritional deficiencies,” explained the professor. “The training Thus, disturbed and undisturbed Name Institution Title will help technicians work the field samples of the soil will be Federal University with a new perspective.” collected from experimental Luiz Eduardo Dias Doutor of Viçosa units representing the rupestrian Second Focus Federal University fields. The physical evaluations Igor Rodrigues de Assis Doutor

Ricardo Teles of Viçosa The second focus of the study of the substrates will include Federal University is based on experiments aimed identification of the granulometry, Maísa Quintiliano Alves Graduate Luiz Eduardo Dias, agronomist and professor at the Federal University of Viçosa of Viçosa at selecting species for the (UFV, Universidade Federal de Viçosa) relative density (compaction),

32 MAIS MAIS 33 Soils Grass Species

slurry and topsoil,” explained to cultivate species. In another, the professors Eduardo Gusmão and the researcher. The experiments soil will be used as a medium to Igor Rodrigues. Igor is part of the will evaluate the growth of the grow plants, which will allow the team from my project, as I am different species planted and study of plant-substrate relations part of his team. Our backgrounds Selection of Native those originating from natural concerning the nutrient demand. and experience will improve the regeneration that may of be After the end of the experimental consistency and efficiency of the interest for planting programs. period – which will last from 120 process. It is also important to to 150 days – the plants will be cut, remember the contribution toward Grass Species for The species defined by the research divided into parts (aerial and root), professional development at the group, coordinated by professor and dried in a forced air circulation university; there are two master’s Geraldo Fernandes (from UFMG), and oven at 65° for 48 hours. After that, students and two undergraduate those selected by professor Eduardo the macro and micronutrients will research students working on Use in RDA Gusmão (from UFV) will be added be calculated for the samples. my project. The research on RDA to the plants previously selected in Brazil is still recent. It is a new by Vale during previous projects, The final product of the studies will science that will gain a great he program for Recovery of potentially phytotoxic quantities recover the native vegetation cover such as rosemary, maricá (Mimosa include brochures and guidebooks deal with this integration,” Degraded Areas includes of elements that occur naturally in areas degraded by iron mining. bimucronata), Sesbania candeia, with a list of suggested species said Luiz Eduardo. and chamomile. Four different for revegetation of the different T the scientific research in the regional soils (such as iron That is why it works with previously species mixtures will be analyzed environments generated by ore "Desenvolvimento de metodologia and manganese, among others), identified resistant grass species for the cut slope (exhausted mine) extraction. It will also include tables Glossary of para recomposição vegetal de without presenting expressive Eduardo Gusmão is a professor and experiment and four other mixtures of critical ranges of leaf nutrient Chemical Elements áreas impactadas pela mineração physiological and morphological biologist with a doctorate degree in will be analyzed for the waste rock contents suggested for seedlings de ferro utilizando gramíneas changes in their tissues. Al – Aluminum Plant Physiology from UFV. Working pile (slope) experiment, based on of native species from the Iron nativas resistentes" (Development As – Arsenic Underway since 2015 and with in a coordinated manner with the the availability of seeds during the Quadrangle region of Minas Gerais. of Methodology for Plant Recovery conclusion planned for 2019, a other researchers from the program planting period. B – Boron in Areas Affected by Iron Mining "From the innovation standpoint, team led by Eduardo Gusmão for RDA, he commented: “We Ca – Calcium Activities Using Resistant Native Finally, experiments in the our research aims to evaluate which (See table on page 37) is using proposed a change in paradigm, Cd – Cadmium Grass Species), coordinated by the greenhouse (a structure that is sources of organic matter can experiments on the field and in a an innovative action for the professor Eduardo Gusmão from covered and sheltered to protect help accelerate the pedogenesis Fe – Iron greenhouse (sheltered structure mineral segment. The knowledge UFV. The current work derives the plants against external process in the substrata after H – Hydrogen that protects plants against on species as well as physical and from a previous study, conducted meteorological agents) will be mining in that region, among K – Potassium outdoor meteorological agents) to environmental attributes of the as part of a joint call for tender conducted to study the nutrient other aspects. Another major gap develop a reliable methodology areas will serve as basis for the KCl – Potassium chloride between Vale and the Research demand among the pre-selected in the environmental recovery that can be easily replicated to definition of the species that can Mg – Magnesium Support Foundations from Pará, species (present in the first processes that we hope to solve Mn – Manganese Minas Gerais, and São Paulo, experiment). This is relevant to is knowledge of the nutritional launched in 2010. optimize the fertilization work demand of different native Na – Sodium We proposed a change and generate knowledge about species of vegetation found in the Ni – Nickel In the first initiative, laboratory in paradigm, an the nutrient demand as well as ferruginous rupestrian field. These P – Phosphorus studies allowed researchers to identify species of tropical acidity and compaction tolerance studies will give us the opportunity Pb – Lead innovative action for of the native species found in the to work with researchers from grass species with satisfactory S – Sulfur the mineral segment Iron Quadrangle region of Minas related and complementary physiological performance and Gerais. One experiment will use a areas. Besides professor Geraldo Zn – Zinc growth in soils with tailings, hydroponic solution as a medium Fernandes, I joined the studies of capable of accumulating

34 MAIS MAIS 35 Grass Species

be used in each site, reducing the The research has given the university Further Information Organizational Chart of the Scientific Research recovery time and boosting the the opportunity to qualify its To learn more about the efficiency of the process.” human resources by supporting topic, access http://www. locus.ufv.br/bitstream/ The research has reached a post-graduate and two master’s Approach Procedures Produtos handle/123456789/7794/ an advanced phase. Dozens degrees, as well as granting four texto%20completo.pdf?sequence of planned stages and sub- undergraduate research scholarships. Selection of native species Climate-environmental characterization, =1, http://dx.doi.org/10.15244/ stages have produced studies in greenhouse material collection, and initial The study also gave UFV the pjoes/68429, and http:// on-site evaluation of the resistant covering the following topics: grass species responses opportunity to acquire important www.locus.ufv.br/bitstream/ Consolidation of ecophysiology of the germination Selection of resistant species using physiological indicators equipment for its laboratories that handle/123456789/10614/texto of resistant grass species and physiological indicators, based on for the selection of new %20completo.pdf?sequence Sensitive Resistant chlorophyll fluorescence resistant species their response to water stress; can be used for scientific progress =1&isAllowed=n. On-site simulation of the effects of humic acids (produced in the area of RDA. deposition of MSPF and on from the biodegradation of dead resistant native grass species Characterization of the organic matter) on the growth environment to be recovered Resistant grass species response and physiological metabolism of and initial responses from to water and nutritional stress Researchers Proper method to native grass species; colonization resistant species Influence of interactions among growth incorporate resistant station, substrate nutrient content, and species to the affected area and development of arbuscular Name Institution Title water availability regarding the on-site mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on mining revegetation dynamic Research of the resistance tailing substrates; and plant Federal University mechanism Ecophysiology of resistant Eduardo Gusmão Doctor growth analysis and morphological of Viçosa grass species germination and Method to characterization (See the table with allelochemical interactions improve the seed the organizational chart for the Sowing method and on-site germination process Federal University interspecific interactions studies on page 36). Luzimar Campos Doctor Research of the of Viçosa propagation method Humic acid action on grass “The grass species are the starting physiology metabolism

point of the ecological succession Evaluation of the addition of humic Proper method to Federal University process, favoring the introduction Maria Catarina Megumi Doctor acids and organic matter in substrate enrich the substrate with of Viçosa containing mining tailings organic compounds based of other species or the natural Research of the substrate On-site methodological application on plant nutrition colonization of the area,” explained enrichment method of organic component and interactions Eduardo Gusmão. “Because exotic Federal University with environmental variables Marihus Altoé Baldotto Doctor species can cause an imbalance in of Viçosa Integrated method to recover the vegetation cover the vegetation recover method to Integrated the biodiversity of the environment, Prospection of microorganisms that help the colonization process we are working to select native Prospection of microorganisms Federal University and method for use Proper method to species that can compete with Advânio Siqueira Doctor Mycorrhizal development and of Viçosa and inoculation inoculate and cultivate the exotic ones, efficiently use growth of tropical grass species in mining tailings after inoculation with AMFs resistant grass species resources as nutrients, and stabilize with AMFs Federal University On-site methodological application the substrate.” Based on the work Marliane Soares Doctor of Viçosa of AMF inoculation on plants and done so far, two species presented Consolidation of techniques interactions with environmental variables satisfactory growth in all test conditions and have already been Federal University Talita Oliviera Doctor selected – Setaria parviflora and of Viçosa Paspalum densum.

36 MAIS MAIS 37 Monitoring

Index Will Allow The study results can be used in Monitoring of RDA other areas, including outside the Iron Quadrangle region of Minas Gerais, to the

onitoring for recovery recovery, training on monitoring vegetation analyses, such as the degree that the technological framework of degraded areas is a activities for the technical staff calculation of their volume – of the research will be easily replicable, M very important phase of the company, and a survey information that is often more in RDA activities development of guiding parameters and important than simply the surface with adaptations in each environment process as it generates technically environmental recovery status covered. After this phase, there reliable information, which indicators, characterized will be analyses on the survival allow the company to keep by vegetation and soil of and biometry of the native tree its action planning or make different areas undergoing species, an estimation of soil possible corrections, and also a recovery process. fauna, quantification of the CO2 Researchers serves as basis for reports to flow and organic carbon in the Igor Rodrigues earned a bachelor’s the environmental agencies, soil, and evaluation of the degree Name Institution Title degree in Agricultural and which have become increasingly of system self-sufficiency after Environmental Engineering from Federal University concerned with this issue. introducing the species. There Igor Rodrigues de Assis Doctor of Viçosa UFV, together with a master’s and will also be an analysis of other Therefore, the scientific project doctorate degree in Soils and variables associated with the soil, Federal University Shared Knowledge “Monitoramento dos processos Luiz Eduardo Dias Doctor Plant Nutrition from the same such as fertility, total elements of Viçosa de recuperação de áreas For more information about institution. He believes that the (As, Pb, Cd, Fe, and Mn), microbial mineradas no Quadrilátero Federal University research projects related to the study results can be used in other biomass carbon and nitrogen, Maísa Quintiliano Alves Graduate Ferrífero” (Monitoring Processes of Viçosa topic, read http://www.locus.ufv. areas, including those outside the aggregate stability, and water of Recovery of Mined Areas in the br/handle/123456789/1604. Iron Quadrangle region of Minas retention capacity. Federal University Iron Quadrangle region of Minas Gustavo Barbosa Doctor Gerais “to the degree that the of Viçosa Gerais), coordinated by professor technological framework of the “We will have a strong statistical Igor Rodrigues de Assis from UFV, component for the study,” Federal University research will be easily replicable, Geraldo Fernandes Doctor Glossary of was started in 2018 as an integral explained Rodrigues. “The of Minas Gerais with adaptation in part of the program for RDA. This mathematical analysis of the data Chemical Elements each environment.” Federal University Fernanda Zeidan Master’s degree unprecedented study at Vale is obtained, use of new technologies, of Viçosa As – Arsenic set to run until 2020 with aims of About the methodology and integration with the studies Cd – Cadmium creating a specific recovery index developed, the professor explains from the other researchers of the excellent interaction we have with to develop new researchers. There Fe – Iron for the Iron Quadrangle region that drones will record high- program for RDA will provide us of Minas Gerais. It included the definition images, georeferenced the support we need to develop a Vale teams, the perspective for is a master’s student and two Mn - Manganese development of a practical guide and interpreted by software, technically well-grounded index. It application of the knowledge at undergraduate research students Pb – Lead to monitor areas undergoing which will allow more detailed is also important to point out the the company, and the opportunity contributing to our study.

38 MAIS MAIS 39 Slurry

Sanitary Sewage The sanitary sewage slurry has contents Slurry as a of organic matter that increase soil fertility. With 2% organic matter, the soil is already less susceptible to Solution for RDA erosive processes and has improved physical characteristics eveloped internally by found in the region to 2%. This her master’s degree at UFMG Roberta Guimarães, could significantly reduce costs for during the second half of 2018, D Vale’s environmental the company, since it will reduce using the study as the topic for her analyst, the “Estudo de viabilidade the purchase of organic matter dissertation. She explains that the de aplicação de lodo de esgoto sources while avoiding expenses sanitary sewage slurry is a waste from the areas located near the As for the organic variables, there nitrogen (nitrate/nitrite), pH, and na Recuperação de Áreas associated with transporting the with a predominantly organic Timbopeba mine, in Ouro Preto was the monitoring of substances total potassium contents. Degradadas no Quadrilátero composition, obtained at the end (Minas Gerais). The types of soil such as chlorinated benzenes, sewage slurry produced by Vale to “During this process, we sowed a Ferrífero” (Feasibility Study on the of the sewage treatment process were chosen based on their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, sanitary landfills. mix of plants used in RDA at Vale, Application of Sewage Slurry in the and widely used internationally for representativeness in the Iron and phenanthrene. The fertility There are also very significant achieving excellent results. There Recovery of Degraded Areas in the soil recovery. In the United States, Quadrangle region of Minas Gerais. analysis on the soils/substrate environmental benefits generated was an increase of organic matter Iron Quadrangle Region of Minas 45% of the 8 million tons of dry The slurry considered for the test included the organic matter by material reuse. The more than content in the soil, there was no Gerais) is part of the program for matter from sanitary sewage slurry comes from the sewage treatment content, macronutrients, and 10,000 hectares of areas suitable leaching of heavy metals, and the Recovery of Degraded Areas and generated per year are applied electrical conductivity. In terms of plants of Vale and Copasa. vegetation that grew by the use of has produced promising results for receiving sanitary sewage to soils for agricultural and forest sanitary quality, the monitoring sewage slurry was more resistant since its implementation in 2016. slurry (58.5% of the total area production and RDA efforts. “The Laboratory analyses of soil and considered viable helminth eggs, than that developed with the based on the scenario proposed sanitary sewage slurry has contents waste rock characterization since they are the pathogenic The scientific research is focused, organic compound commonly by the study) can accommodate of organic matter that increase soil evaluated the quantification of total organisms that are hardest to among other objectives, used under the same fertilization almost 350,000 metric tons of fertility. With 2% organic matter, the concentration of some elements, remove. For the agronomic potential on comparing contents of conditions. According to the slurry. This represents a mass 500 soil is already less susceptible to such as arsenic, barium, cadmium, analysis, there was an evaluation of organic matter and macro and estimations based on demand and times larger than the production erosion processes and has improved and lead as the inorganic variables. organic carbon, total phosphorus, micronutrients existing in the costs, we concluded that if the from Vale's treatment plants physical characteristics, such as organic compound conventionally organic compound used is replaced in Minas Gerais and the Betim macro and microporosity,” she said. used by Vale and in the sewage with sanitary sewage slurry, we Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) slurry. In addition, doses of both To conduct the experiment that can achieve significant savings from Minas Gerais Sanitation There are also very significant the slurry and organic compound would test this premise, cambisol compared to the current cost, Company (Copasa, Companhia de currently used were defined and pile waste rock samples were environmental benefits since a portion of the costs from Saneamento de Minas Gerais). to increase the organic matter used from the Capitão do Mato generated by material reuse the recovery of degraded areas is content in soils and in the mineral Roberta Guimarães earned a degree mine, in Nova Lima (Minas Gerais), associated with the purchase of (waste rock) substrate commonly in Geography and will conclude together with latosol samples organic matter,” said Guimarães.

40 MAIS MAIS 41 Biofactory Person

Vale’s Biofactory Reproduces Native Species Ricardo Teles

ale’s Biofactory started its operation in 2015. Education and VIt was the first of the mineral sector specialized in the conservation and breeding of Qualification for botanical species of native flora. Located in the Ferrous Metals Ricardo Teles Technology Center in Nova Lima Vale's seedling production center Changes Focused (Minas Gerais), the Biofactory houses a laboratory that maintains for example, that still do not have a of the information presented to the ideal nutrition, temperature defined protocol for development environmental agencies, as well as on Sustainability and lighting conditions to ensure in a laboratory. We conducted very our own perception of the recovery the development of seedlings in successful tests with the yellow maturity stage, which is paramount a protected environment. This ipê tree. We also plan to expand to mapping our initiatives," she era Lucia Imperatriz her associate professorship there, Sustentável do MMA, Ministério ensures almost full use of the seeds production using the tissues of pointed out. Furthermore, there Fonseca, the biologist, becoming a full professor in do Meio Ambiente), and National collected in the field, as opposed plants, without the need to collect are plans to use the species chosen Vearned a degree from the 1992. During her career, she was Technical Biosafety Commission to what would happen in nature, the seeds, which is only possible during the rupestrian field research School of Philosophy, Sciences and a representative of USP and the (CTNBio, Comissão Técnica Nacional where many do not germinate. during certain periods of the year.” at the Biofactory. Literature, of the University of São Brazilian Society for the Progress of de Biossegurança). She also served Paulo (USP, Universidade de São Science (SBPC, Sociedade Brasileira on the Managing Board of WWF- Initially, priority was given to rare She revealed that she welcomes Currently, the Biofactory has Brasil and the Environmental Defense Paulo). She earned her master’s para o Progresso da Ciência) for species and those threatened with researchers from universities 40 thousand specimens being and doctorate in Zoology at the Association of São Paulo (ADEMA- extinction, primarily from rupestrian and other institutions interested acclimatized through nutrient entities such as the São Paulo State SP, Associação de Defesa do Meio fields (more severe environments), in environmental studies and depletion and water deficit, among USP Biosciences Institute, advised Environmental Council (CONSEMA, Ambiente de São Paulo). with a focus on orchids, bromeliads, combines efforts with the teams other factors, at which stage the by Dr. Paulo Nogueira-Neto. After Conselho do Meio Ambiente do and cacti. “Today, we have new working in the program for RDA. plants are prepared to withstand that, she began her teaching Estado de São Paulo), Commission Since 2014, she has served as ITV DS challenges,” explained Luiza "Surveys such as the one that the external environment in which career as an assistant professor in on Public Policies and Sustainable Senior Researcher, in Belém (Pará), where Vieira, the environmental analyst will create scientific indicators they will be inserted. Of this total, 1972. In 1977, she transferred to Development from Ministry of the she coordinates a team of researchers responsible for the Biofactory. “We to monitor these areas will help 15 thousandspecimens are ready for the university’s recently-founded Environment (CPDS, Comissão de focused on studies that promote also want to produce tree species, us both in terms of the accuracy use in the field. Ecology Department and completed Políticas Públicas e Desenvolvimento sustainable development, contribute

42 MAIS MAIS 43 Person The legacy I leave is the message that education is crucial; that is, toward high-level professional global project approved by the Global together with Dr. Simon Potts, from develop technologies related taking advantage of talents is qualification in the region, and create Environment Facility – Conservation the United Kingdom. IPBES was just to the topic? Why did you solutions for important issues related to and Management of Pollinators for beginning its activities and the topic of choose to work in the area of essential. Talents can be found in Research, Development, and mining. During this interview, she shares Sustainable Agriculture Using an the disappearance of bees was a request Innovation (RDI)? the academic world, but also all Ecosystem Approach. I also participated from the 119 countries that made up her life story, the research projects she around us has participated in, and the challenges in many events associated with the topic the platform at the time. This evaluation, With global population growth, we faced to maintain biodiversity in Brazil as a speaker. The book “Polinizadores which involved the work of 77 scientists increasingly need to interact with and worldwide. no Brasil: contribuição e perspectivas from the five regions of the United society, working with it to find new naturalists, as part of a classic research and indicate new possibilities for para a biodiversidade, uso sustentável, Nations, was used to write an executive paths that help keep humanity within Professor: you are a reference study that is quite rare today. It can environmental management. I am conservação e serviços ambientais” summary and a full report on pollinators the limits of use of the Earth so we can on the study of bees in the be seen in the flora of Carajás (http:// certain that knowledge on biodiversity, country. When did you first (Pollinators in Brazil: Contribution and (https://www.ipbes.net/assessment- maintain the resilience of life on the rodriguesia.jbrj.gov.br), with plants basic for human well-being, can become interested Perspectives for Biodiversity, Sustainable reports/pollinators). These documents, planet. With bees pollinating agricultural identified by the specialists. However, improve everyone’s quality of life. in this topic? Use, Conservation, and Environmental after approval during Plenary Session of crops, for example, we improve the quantity and quality of food in the the use of genetic tools allowed us to I first became interested when I Services), which I organized together IPBES in Kuala Lumpur, was submitted What does it take to be a same physical space. In nature, better examine many of the issues addressed good researcher or developer graduated. There are several species of with other three researchers, presents for approval by CBD during COP13 from a molecular biology and genomic of social-environmental information about the topic and can be (13th meeting of the Conference of the pollinated flowers produce larger bees in Brazil identified at the present technologies? and perfect fruit, affecting breeding. perspective. We left the infinite space time, over 1.8 thousand species. There found at: www.livrosabertos.edusp.usp. Parties). A new agenda for pollinators Research, development, and innovation and got to the very heart of life, It is necessary to listen to the different are more than 20 thousand species br/edusp/catalog/book/8. worldwide is now being evaluated at are necessary for us to improve the the DNA of the species studied. An parties, evaluate the problem based worldwide. Learning about the more You were also nominated by COP14, of the Convention on Biological living conditions in the countryside. I extraordinary challenge for research, on scientific criteria, propose a solution representative groups, their biology, use, the Brazilian government Diversity, for the years between 2018 believe that education and qualification development, and innovation – as well through the results produced by the and conservation is a challenge I have to participate in a global and 2030. In Brazil, public policies for evaluation about here in Brazil can promote a major as for researchers. research, and stay focused on applying always welcomed. With environmental pollinators are currently being discussed pollinators, correct? change, which is required these new results. We generally start pressures springing from land use and by the country’s Senate. Around the What can you contribute with for sustainability. your experience in RDI? with a global issue and apply social- anthropic actions, certain countries have Yes. In 2014, I was nominated by the world, 20 countries have already signed Brazilian government to be part of environmental technologies locally. organized together to protect bees. The the Coalition of the Willing on Pollinators The work over these last four years I have extensive experience with a new Intergovernmental Science- However, we need to also consider local first global project with common goals (http://promotepollinators.org/), which at ITV-DS was undertaken in a university life, where it is possible Policy Platform on Biodiversity and knowledge and social hierarchy, the was the creation of an International includes commitments to maintain unique scenario marked by major to organize very constructive work Ecosystem Services (IPBES), the first cultural part. Building a scenario for use Initiative for the Conservation and national programs that protect the use opportunities, representing a challenge groups and always innovate with new Global Evaluation about Pollinators, of the environment during this phase of Sustainable Use of Pollinators (IPI), and conservation of their pollinators. for multidisciplinary research. At the technologies and recent developments Pollination, and Food Production. After life on Earth, where there are limits for submitted to the Convention on Speaking of social- same time that we use the database of science. This is the case, for example, that, I received the invitation from the maintaining environmental resilience, Biological Diversity (CBD) and approved environmental technologies in format for biodiversity, with landscape of genomic tools, which help us with IPBES secretary, Dr. Anne Larigauderie, demands changes in customs and in the agricultural biodiversity segment an encompassing sense, what and satellite image tools, we were able environmental planning and actions to serve as co-chair for this evaluation, motivates you to research and environmental recovery. in 2000. She co-authored the document to refine the searches for species in focused on the recovery of degraded that gave origin to this program (São areas we identified as endemic. Geology areas, so important right now. The What is the main legacy Paulo Declaration on Conservation and I believe that education and guided us through the searches. The modeling for current and future species that your work can leave for society? Sustainable Use of Pollinators). It was qualification here in Brazil can use of satellite images was the base for distribution (if climate change occurs followed by the organization of the promote a major change, which the landscape ecology, models and as predicted by the Intergovernmental I learned that it is crucial to bridge the Brazilian Pollinators Initiative (currently construction of future corridors. The Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and knowledge obtained in the academic within the sphere of the Ministry of the is required for sustainability local work of the taxonomist, however, the work with satellite images allow world with that of different sectors of Environment) and development of a was conducted as that of the former us to conduct more precise analyses society. It is necessary to transform a

44 MAIS MAIS 45 Person MAIS Bio

threat into an opportunity. Working for and could use the expertise of ITV to out on the field. We published books the environment is no easy task, but it is help train scientists in issues related and field guides, and there are other rewarding. We always have very special to the Amazon. We work to promote publications currently being prepared. partners, who use their qualification to Research and Development associated However, I still have one more dream: offer significant contributions based on to biodiversity by qualification on environmental education material new perspectives and solutions. We first sustainability at the professional master’s geared toward training professors and need to work with that which unites degree course from ITV. During this year, students from the region based on the us to later address the differences, 2018, the topic “Mining and Biodiversity” studies conducted in Carajás. For the which should be viewed respectfully is being discussed during COP (by 194 coming year, we will kick off a project by all sides involved with the issue. member states of the United Nations for generation of income with the The legacy I leave is the message that that are part of the CBD). In this sense, community based on education is crucial; that is, taking Vale’s actions focused on promoting native beekeeping. advantage of talents is essential. biodiversity are highlighted in several Talents can be found in the academic different points, including the research In your opinion, what will the mining of the future be world, but also all around us; they are conducted there. like and what benefits will it people with open minds and a greater Why is this work important bring to communities and the degree of understanding who teach specifically for Carajás? environment? us so much. However, it is required to When we develop our research The mining of the future will be learn how to identify them. We have studies, we gather pre-existing increasingly sustainable and will help a huge mission: lead the way so that information found in reports and improve the life of communities and the next generations will be left with other documents. We analyze much the environment. Instead of a threat, MAIS Bio Celebrates an environment functioning in the of it from an ecological perspective it will become a major opportunity same way (or better) than the one we and in partnership with the scientific because it invests in RDI, has principles, received from the generations that community. Through several field follows local social development, and came before us. Scientific Research expeditions, it was possible to conduct offers benefits for society during a Why is this work important a single study on Carajás canga flora period of major uncertainties. I have for Vale? (with over thousand species) published the conviction that this work started projects at Vale I came to work at ITV to address the in four volumes of the Scientific Journal in Carajás will continue and better topic of canga and cave biodiversity, Rodriguésia edited by the Rio de Janeiro integrate decision maker, scientific initially in the Amazon Region, four Botanical Garden; study the bees, birds, research, and educational actions. razil is one of the signatories conservation guidelines, by sharing years ago. During that period, placing and bats of Carajás to show how they The biodiversity and mining analysis to the Convention on them internally. The selection biodiversity at the center of people’s interact with plants and their current conducted by CBD will also reveal BBiological Diversity, a United of the best papers, classified as attention was already an institutional and future distribution, considering Nations’ treaty that entered into new paths and value these actions RDI initiatives and submitted as priority. Vale Institute of Technology is the climate change estimated by being developed. force on December 1993 and is cases, was announced during the multidisciplinary and counts on a highly IPCC; better understand the animals celebrating its 25th anniversary For a viable future, the “Experiences in Biodiversity” meeting competent scientific management and plants found in caves, with an in 2018. Vale created MAIS Bio Ricardo Teles world needs... held on May 22 and 23, at the Center team focused on integrating research extensive study in collaboration with Award to celebrate this date and areas to gather high-quality data that the Vale Speleology area; as well as start Nature and the flexibility of humans to highlight the studies and initiatives for Environmental Protection and support the company’s decisions. We DNA barcoding and genomic studies make the necessary changes focused conducted by Vale professionals in Education of Mata do Jambreiro, in also work with local scientific institutions that complement the approaches on environmental sustainability. compliance with the biodiversity Nova Lima (Minas Gerais).

46 MAIS MAIS 47 MAIS Bio

Fifty-six professionals attended evaluation committee, explained the two-day event. On May 22 there were two categories: one We strive to promote this – International Day of Biological dedicated to ITV initiatives, which mission at Vale and show Diversity – employees who are based on RDI studies, while the submitted their initiatives other covered initiatives related to the importance of being presented them and shared Planning and Operation. However, at the forefront of knowledge experiences with their colleagues. the same criteria applied to both The day after included a hiking categories. The presented cases activity at Mata do Jambreiro, should enable the application of considered essential to expanding some institutional presentations – knowledge, generate tangible and/ Acknowledgment about RNV, Valuation of Ecosystem RDI at Vale. “Vale also produces or intangible financial benefits “Among the many positive Services and RDI at Vale – as well science through employees who (cost reduction and positive image features, the awards represented as the announcement of winners invest in development of innovative for society, among others), as well an opportunity to disseminate who won a certificate, books about solutions,” explained Domenica. as demonstrate compliance with the Sustainability Policy and the biodiversity, and the opportunity to “They often work with support from Vale’s Sustainability Policy and UN’s Sustainable Development Goals have their research featured in this education and research institutions Sustainable Development Goals. The – two critical guiding elements second edition of MAIS newsletter. that bring complementary and studies should also bring innovation with which our actions are in full fundamental knowledge to science According to Patrícia Daros, to Vale (unprecedented to the compliance,” commented Letícia. and technology studies. We strive Biodiversity and Environmental mining industry and to the world) “MAIS Bio Award was created as to promote this mission at Vale and Recovery manager at Vale, the with development underway or a means of acknowledging the show the importance of being at number and quality of the 30 completed. External partnerships effort and dedication of research the forefront of knowledge, while initiatives registered in the meeting with research institutions, NGOs, professionals, either working on legal enabling the interaction with “attested to Vale’s high degree of and companies would also add requirements aspects or on research universities and promoting maturity regarding the subject. Vale points to the score. projects that are not immediately the initiatives inside and is making huge efforts to promote interconnected, but which will be outside the company.” biodiversity, is increasingly aware very useful and, therefore, need Further Information The meeting “Experiences in that effective biological diversity MAIS Bio to be disclosed. We kept the Biodiversity” had its first edition in management improves control over To learn more about Vale's subject options open to allow Awards 2017, before the creation of MAIS Bio ore mining processes, and needs Sustainability Policy, visit: the presentation of several Award. Now, the idea is to include to boost sharing of this knowledge http://www.vale.com/ cases lines of research.” this annual meeting on Vale’s agenda, both internally and externally.” All hotsite/Style%20Library/ presented 16 Edgar Sepúlveda, Technological gathering an increasing number of the initiatives were published in an RelatorioSustentabilidade/ Docs/Poli%CC%81tica_Global_ Development analyst, and Domenica attendees and project submissions to abstract book, with 12 of its authors Operational and de_Sustentabilidade_Vale. Planning cases Blundi, technical specialist in STI the award. “It has worked out! We saw invited to attend the event and 9 pdf. The UN Sustainable and R&D Project Management, teams engaged, greater integration 16 studies submitted to Development Goals are were the other members of the with operations, and dissemination MAIS Bio Award. ITV-DS cases available at

analyst who helped organize the agenda2030/. 3 winners Ricardo Teles as theoretically consistent and “We will definitely reap many Award and was part of the project potentially applicable – two aspects positive benefits.”

48 MAIS MAIS 49 MAIS Bio Cases Presented Several Approaches Planning and Operation Areas Title Authors

Breno Damiani, Glauber Fonseca, Helbert Botelho, Adelophryne Sp.: Study, Ecology and Conservation to Biodiversity Leilane Bárbara, Lívia Nepomuceno, Stella Oliveira, of the Flea-Frog in Areas Protected by Vale Micheline Senna and Rafael Rezende pen to multiple subjects, part in initiatives with social more than 5 thousand hectares Vale’s Contributions to the Conservation Mayla Feitoza and Flavia Presti MAIS Bio Award gathered impact, such as the preservation of protected native vegetation, of the Hyacinth Macaws in Carajás 16 competitors, of Humpback whales. Regarding including offset areas and legal O Occurrence of Guiana Dolphins during Dredging Guilherme Maricato, Erick Monteiro, seven from ITV and nine from the importance of research, reserves; it is an area four times Activity at Sepetiba Bay (Rio de Janeiro) Luís Fernando Jupy and Juliane Ferreira the Operation and Planning Patricia Daros, Biodiversity larger than that affected by the Herbarium at Vale Natural Reserve and its Contribution to Geovane Siqueira and Jonacir de Souza departments of the company. and Environmental Recovery project. This is also the result of Conservation of the Atlantic Forest Flora of Espírito Santo The subjects addressed challenges manager at Vale, recalls that the quality studies that supported Helbert Botelho, Rafael Rezende, Breno Damiani, Kannabateomys Amblyonyx: Study, Ecology and in several areas, such as recovery “many Vale projects create positive these projects.” Glauber Fonseca, Stella Oliveira, Lívia Nepomuceno, Conservation of Bamboo Rats in Areas Protected by Vale of degraded areas and genomic environmental impact; that is, the Micheline Costa and Leilane Gomes studies that can help enhance environmental offsets provided are Meet the winners of MAIS Bio Award. Emanuelle França, Ernesto Sakai, Geovane Siqueira, Vale Natural Reserve: 10-year Contribution The table below lists the titles and Jonacir de Souza, Marcio Ferreira, Miguel Effgen compliance with environmental greater than the actual impacts. to Forest Recovery in Espírito Santo and Rayany Batista requirements, in addition to S11D Eliezer Batista complex, names of the professionals involved showing the possibility to take for example, contributes with in the other cases. Satellite Monitoring, Puma Concolor Habitat and Helbert Botelho, Rafael Rezende, Breno Damiani, Conservation Area within Protected Areas of Brucutu Glauber Fonseca, Stella Oliveira, Lívia Nepomuceno, Mine (São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo, Minas Gerais) Micheline Costa and Leilane Gomes Winners of MAIS Bio Award Vale Institute of Technology – Sustainable Development

Planning and Operation Areas Title Authors

Title Authors Eco-Corridors Connecting Protected Areas to Reduce Marcelo Awade, Leandro Reverberi Tambosi, Human Impact on Forests in the Eastern Amazon Rafael Melo and Tereza Giannini

Ana Amoroso (main author), Creating the Net Positive Impact: Carajás Flora and its Endemic Species from the Rupestrian Fields Ana Maria Giulietti, Daniela Zappi, Maurício Watanabe, Lídia Maria dos Santos, Marco Pivari, Special Species, Licensing, Mitigation, Offsetting and of the Iron Quadrangle Region of Minas Gerais Nara Mota, Pedro Viana and Vera Fonseca Sérgio Antônio Tomich Santos and Sara Dias Conservation Implications

Tereza Cristina Giannini, Rafael Cabral Borges, Friends of the Humpback: Wildlife Watching Tourism Ecological Interactions between Fauna and Flora Leonardo Miranda, Marcelo Awade, Alistair John Roberta Atherton (main author), and Environmental Conservation as a Foundation for Applied to Recovery of Degraded Areas Campbell, Ulysses Madureira Maia and Carlos Eduardo Thiago Ferrari, Sandro Firmino, Paulo Rodrigues, Fostering the Social and Environmental Development Pinto da Silva Leonardo Merçon and Daniel Rocha of Espírito Santo Elena Babiitchouk, Vera Fonseca, Tasso Guimarães, Evolutionary Genetics Applied to Luiza Romeiro, Edilson Freitas, Juliana Teixeira, Vale Institute of Technology – Sustainable Development Vale’s Conservation Management Jorge Filipe dos Santos, Lourival Tyski, Delmo Fonseca, Guilherme Oliveira and Alexandre Castilho

Title Authors Potential Geographic Distribution Models Leonardo Miranda, Wilian Costa, Rafael Borges, and the Impact of Climate Change on Species André Luís Acosta and Tereza Giannini Genetic Bases for Licensing and Biodiversity Guilherme Oliveira (main author), Providing Ecosystem Services in Carajás Conservation Studies – Carajás Plant Ronnie Alves, Talvâne Lima, Renato Oliveira, Monetary and Non-Monetary Valuation of Juliana Hipólito, Bruna dos Santos, Rafael Borges, Sergio DNA Barcode Database Gisele Nunes and Santelmo Vasconcelos Pollination Services in Two Protected Areas in Brazil Dias, Rodolfo Jaffé, Vera Fonseca and Tereza Giannini

50 MAIS MAIS 51 Humpback

Aspects The coast of Espírito Santo (Brazil) boasts one of the largest “The Friends of the Humpback is concentrations of humpback interesting in many aspects. It raises whales, hence the importance environmental awareness, promotes of carrying out a study to create the wildlife watching tourism – mechanisms to ensure their

Leonardo Merçon Leonardo suitable to the location – generating conservation. From a scientific employment and income, and perspective, the work carried out contributes to the conservation by biologists and oceanographers of a cetacean threatened with associated to institutes is based on extinction,” comments Roberta. “The the photo identification of whales; relationship with the communities in studies on cetacean behavior, the areas where Vale operates is key bioacoustics and biogeography; to ensuring the sustainability of its management of beach areas; business. This engagement has been and mapping via Geographic very positive; it has produced major Information System (GIS). effects here.” She points out that From the photos, the whales are the project is also supporting the identified by the pigmentation Vale Supports the qualification of researchers. The study patterns (black and white spots) gathers 13 professionals – including of their caudal fin, unique in each oceanographers, biologists and individual, as their “fingerprints”. undergraduate students from these Humpback Whale Bioacoustics – using hydrophones areas – and will serve as basis for an to record humpback chants – undergraduate thesis and a doctoral allows the identification of different thesis at UFES. At Ecoceano (a junior types of sound emitted among company of the UFES Oceanography Conservation Project groups of whales and the possible course), eight students were interference of noises produced by awarded undergraduate research nautical, seismic or sonar activities. he case “Amigos da Jubarte: of MAIS BIO Award. Tied for first place effort between environmental scholarships to work on the project. GIS maps the area of humpbacks, turismo de observação e with another case (See page 56), it groups operating along the with the support of a geolocation conservação ambiental was awarded for contemplating a coast of Espírito Santo state and T data storage system. como alicerces para o fomento ao series of goals in compliance with the following institutes: O Canal desenvolvimento socioambiental the company's Sustainability Policy, (director), Últimos Refúgios, The relationship with the The studies also aim to identify do Espírito Santo” (Friends of for its strong research and innovation Ecomaris, and Baleia Jubarte the main anthropogenic threats to the Humpback: Environmental communities in the areas where animals, such as chemical pollution basis, for the quality and details of the (co-directors). Vale strengthened Conservation and Wildlife Watching new studies on whales, as well as for of water, interaction with solid ties with the initiative in 2016 and Vale operates is essential to Tourism as a Foundation for Fostering the successful results and the social waste, entanglement in fishing became a partner in 2017, along the Social and Environmental ensure the sustainability of its visibility of the project, known by nets, poaching, and trampling Development of Espírito Santo) with the City Government by vessels, which will serve as people from the state of Espírito Santo. business. This engagement of Vitória and UFES, providing presented by Roberta Atherton, has been very positive basis for the government to apply Community Relations analyst at Vale, The Friends of the Humpback financial support and mitigation measures. Jubart.Lab, was selected as one of the winners was created in 2014 as a joint expertise to the project. the scientific laboratory of the

52 MAIS MAIS 53 Humpback

project, gathers the inventory Leonardo Merçon Leonardo of information, photos, and videos produced in the maritime expeditions. The footage will be used in a documentary – already in production – featuring the migratory journey of the whales Further Information from the Brazilian coast to the Researchers and other circumpolar waters of Antarctica. stakeholders can find more Results information at the website:

Mosaico Imagem www.queroverbaleia.com. Relevant project goals include education and generation of Roberta Atherton, Vale Community income by encouraging the wildlife Watching expedition in Espírito Santo Relations analyst watching tourism, which have already produced significant results. Vitória offered 34 educators and prize drawing and took ten of season this year will produce Throughout 2017, the Friends of students of the public-school our employees on a boat trip last another report to be published the Humpback project engaged six Learn More about the Humpback Whale system the opportunity to learn year. Everyone was blown away by next year, and so on. thousand people in its initiatives, more about the humpback whales. what they saw out in the sea. From with more than 200 interested • At birth, this mammal “Partnerships are very important 40 tons In different occasions, the students a qualification and information- in participating in the first weighs 1 ton on average. for a group like ours,” commented had access to video and design sharing standpoint, our purpose is qualification of key professionals An adult humpback whale Thiago Ferrari, founder of Instituto workshops as well as the possibility to extend the training to the staff at for the initiative. For those directly can grow to about 52 feet O Canal and coordinator of the of participating in a whale watching the port area and to those working related to tourism (a group of 50 (16 m) long and weigh as Friends of Humpback project. expedition. in the ships.” In 2017, 620 visitors to 60 people composed of tourism much as 40 tons. The financial and operational took tourism and research cruise operators and agents, boat captains, An educational brochure with support provided by Vale is key • Its great fins reach up trips in Vitória. The activity fishermen and sailors), the training information on whales was to our research, as it validates the to a third of its length. has been consolidating the addresses issues such as biological developed to guide and increase scientific aspects of the project. • Humpbacks feed humpback whale as a true concepts, approach techniques, 16 meters public awareness, being also The company is also engaged in especially on krill, cultural and environmental and whale watching rules. As for distributed in initiatives of the raising public awareness through small invertebrates icon for Espírito Santo. biologists and oceanographers, the • Humpback whales are project, such as the “Humpback environmental education activities, that occur mainly in information is more focused on known for producing song Whale Festival”. The cultural event which is one of our priorities.” the polar regions. Diagnosis academic knowledge. sounds as a means of celebrates the whale watching In April 2018, the first whale The project has gained prominence • They live up to 60 years. communication. season (from June to November) Students from elementary to watching diagnosis was published both in social media and in the and is part of the annual calendar of university education, both private • They spend seven months • It is believed that humpback and contained a description of press since, as a flagship species, the city of Vitória. and public, take on specific actions. in the Brazilian coast whales in the Brazilian coast the work developed so far. In whales show great potential to For instance, a seminar held in procreating and feeding now number about 20 “You can already book humpback 2017, the expeditions launched increase society’s concern with October 2017 in partnership the calves, and then thousand, predominantly whale watching tours through in 20 research cruises studied and the issue, which helps in the with Municipal Departments migrate to regions in the states of Bahia and the website queroverbaleia.com,” mapped 121 groups of humpbacks, conservation of their habitat and of Education, Tourism, and near Antarctica. Espírito Santo. anticipated Roberta. “To promote in a total of 370 individuals. The consequently in the conservation Environment from the city of the initiative at Vale, we held a studies conducted in the sighting of all marine flora and fauna.

54 MAIS MAIS 55 Species of Flora

minarum, and Dyckia consimilis. As example, until September 2018, of the 50 species initially listed as Species of interest endemic, 14 had their knowledge expanded, three species were observed as non-endemic to for conservation in the Iron Quadrangle region of Minas Gerais, two species are not exclusive to the canga vegetation, 11 species (including the two the Iron Quadrangle previous ones) were registered as non-canga, and another eight may also confirm registration in a lithology other than ferruginous.

Region of Minas Gerais Júlia Andrada Precautionary ne of the main concerns support of botanists and a network Principle related to licensing of taxonomists renowned in their “By the precautionary principle, of mining activities fields of activity, promoting an O and without much knowledge by environmental agencies is integration with key researchers. Hippeastrum morelianum about a particular species, it is the conservation of rare species Ana Amoroso, author of the case, is common to classify a species as of considered endangered or endemic a Forest engineer at Vale, in Minas conservation interest,” explained (occurring only in a specific area). This was the first work to be EN (endangered) according to Gerais. She first got involved with Ana Amoroso. To learn more about The challenge posed to the entire carried out systematically on the the National Center for Plant research during her Engineering plants in this category, we started society within this context is to Physical flora of seven Private Reserve Conservation (CNCFlora, Centro undergraduate years at the State a study by surveying the data increase knowledge about plant Area of Study of Natural Heritage (RPPN's), Nacional de Conservação da University of São Paulo (Unesp, available in physical and virtual species – the same applies to animals allowing to locate in these areas Flora). Others were known only in Universidade Estadual Paulista). The Iron Quadrangle region of Minas herbaria on approximately 50 –, safely using scientific evidence to plants that have long been found ironstone outcrops and were found Ana was a scholarship student at Gerais – a study area – is located in a species mentioned by authors as define which species fall into these in floristic surveys, such as the in protected areas in different the National Council for Scientific transition zone between the biomes endemic to canga environments. categories and thus act towards and Technological Development Stephanopodium englerii – an lithologies, such as the species We identified the potential areas their conservation. of the Atlantic Forest, to the east, and endemic species classified as Vriesea longistaminea, Vriesea in which the plants could appear (CNPq, Conselho Nacional de the Brazilian savanna in the west. It Selected as one of the winners of Desenvolvimento Científico e is structured on a diverse group of the MAIS Bio Award, the work on Tecnológico) and at the Research rocks that determine the occurrence “Special Species of the Ironstone Support Foundation from São Paulo This was the first work to be carried out of different ecosystems. The region Outcrops of the Iron Quadrangle (Fapesp, Fundação de Amparo à boasts a wide variety of vegetation systematically on the flora of seven Private Region of Minas Gerais” presents Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo). formation, ranging from fields to studies carried out since 2015 to In 2018, she started her master’s Reserve of Natural Heritage (RPPN's), allowing better understand the flora available degree at ITV-DS in Belém (Pará), in forests. Government Ordinance No. to locate in these areas plants that have in protected areas of the region. the area of Sustainable Use of Natural 443/2014 provides the official list Bringing innovative knowledge as it Resources in Tropical Regions, and is of Brazilian flora species threatened long been found in floristic surveys fills gaps in information on species, currently developing a study on the with extinction, which are protected the research is carried out with the “Flora of the ironstone outcrops”. by different conservation measures.

56 MAIS MAIS 57 Species of Flora

Phases A network of partner and key (the Index Herbariorum, global taxonomists is being used to herbaria network) and so then Started in 2015, the survey carried accurately identify species and included in the Virtual Herbarium out through the project has been acquire more in-depth knowledge. of Flora and Fungi of the National expanded to different RPPNs In addition to supporting the Institute of Science and Technology over time, with support from project on special species, these (INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Vale’s operational areas, finally professionals are providing scientific Tecnologia: http://inct.florabrasil.net). reaching seven priority sites (See description in many other similar These actions enable sharing this the chart). The survey amounted studies carried out at Vale. It is a important knowledge with society. to 1,700 collections of more than gradual work, since the collection “In addition to the above 600 species. Once the botanist of the plants in the areas depends mentioned, our research responsible for the fieldwork on the phenological period, when projects identified that the identified a potentially rare or flowering takes place. Some places species Acianthera modenstissima, endangered species, they would are difficult to access and require L. rubiginosa, and Symphyopappis immediately record it and forward long-distance walks, sometimes lymansmithii, considered endemic it to the taxonomists who were up to four hours. One phase of the to the canga of the Iron Quadrangle in charge of the specific family project that started in 2018 and will region of Minas Gerais by key for confirmation. be developed in partnership with authors, also had their distribution ITV-DS involves the use of genomics The activity evolved into a more extended to other Brazilian regions.

Ricardo Teles tools, which require collecting only detailed process breakdown that More species of conservation a small part of the plant for genetic would emphasize the species interest are being found in places analysis in laboratory (See the classified by the literature as other than thecanga vegetation of Article on page 60). the Iron Quadrangle. These are very Ana Amoroso, Forestry engineer endemic to the canga vegetation important findings for the recovery of the Iron Quadrangle region of Endemic Species through a multicriteria analysis, The data also enable the selection and translocation of specimens, Minas Gerais. “We found species Definition followed by an active prospection as they demonstrate that the of matrices and collection of seeds in places never mentioned in the in RPPNs protected by Vale. In the intended for seedling at Vale’s The final phase of the study, species may not have their literature and we realized that Iron Quadrangle region of Minas Biofactory. It will allow introducing scheduled for 2020, will define the development restricted to we lack studies to define the Gerais, the company Preserves species where they naturally occur plants that are definitely endemic in ferruginous environments,” endemism of such species, as well more than 50,000 hectares, where during processes for Recovery of RPPN’s where the the regions assessed, consolidating added Ana Amoroso. as the lithology of their places of there is 20 RPPN’s – an area 3.2 Degraded Areas. This information first stage of the all the gathered information with occurrence. The species might times larger than the land occupied also helps in territory management work was carried out support from mathematical tools. adapt better to the ferruginous by its operations.” planning and licensing of • Andaime rupestrian field, for example, Using knowledge acquired earlier, expansions and new projects. Further Information The information gathered in this • Capitão do Mato without being necessarily endemic the work also included classifying work broadens the knowledge The results of the studies contribute • Capivary II to it. Or it might occur both in the some of the plants according to To learn more about the species ferruginous rupestrian field and listed, visit: http://cncflora.jbrj.gov. about both the species and RPPNs, to attaining the goals set out in the • Cata Branca the color of their flowers and then reinforcing the potential of such global agenda of the Convention the quartzite rupestrian field,” compiling the data into a guide br/portal/pt-br/profile/Vriesea%20 • Capanema reserves and the importance on Biological Diversity, a multilateral explained the forestry engineer. for researchers and general public minarum and http://cncflora.jbrj.gov. of conservation, in addition to treaty to which Brazil is a signatory, • Horto Alegria At this stage of the work, other visiting places, such as the Rola-Moça br/portal/pt-br/profile/Vriesea%20 supporting future studies on the and to the Global Strategy for Plant • Poço Fundo State Conservation Units mountain state park. Each identified longistaminea. rich biodiversity of each reserve. Conservation as well. entered the study. species is added to indexed herbaria

58 MAIS MAIS 59 Genomics characters – that served as basis for the DNA bar codes - Small, Sanger sequencing surveys – demands the involvement of Intraspecific/coalescent scarce professionals given the degree - Universal of specialization required, in addition Interspecific/speciation - Identifies the intraspecific variation to borrowing material from collections and possibly using additional A. Fonte: dna- barcoding. technologies, such as electron Barcoding blogspot.com “gap” Peng et al. , J microscopy. It is a time-consuming # Econ Entomol and expensive model. 2015 Chloroplast Genome B. Therefore, the implementation of Overlap molecular tools is being considered # to streamline and improve this process. DNA barcoding was the method chosen for the research concerned. Since the complete Genetic distance genetic sequencing would be a rbcL / matK / rpoB / rpoC1 / trnH-psbAtrnM(cat )/ atpF-atpH / psbK-psbl very complex, time consuming and 15,289 500 trnM(catnad2) 00 1 Ricardo Teles 4,5 ,00 1 9 0 15,28 500 nad2 expensive process, the researchers 40 00 1, 1 ,9 14,5 000 ,50 3 0 1 40 1, 2 0 ,9 50,0 are using regions of the chloroplast 50 13 00 3, 0 1 2 00 ,0 0 ,5 trnI(gat) 20 genome to generate species- 0 3 rrnS , 0 1 5 0 ,0 0 3 trnI(gat)trnW(tca) 2 0 trnV(tac) rrnS , DNA Barcoding 1 0 5 distinguishing sequences. Thus, 0 ,0 trnC(gca) 0 3 trnW(tca) 0 1 trnV(tac) 3 0 rrnL , trnQ(ttg) trnY(gta) 0 ,5 trnC(gca) 0 the DNA barcoding method uses 2 0 0 3 1 rrnL 0 , trnL1(tag) 0 5 trnY(gta) , 0

0 2 regions that evolve at rates that allow 1 cox1 3

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0 cox3 1 trnT(tgt) 4

0 trnP(tgg) 0 commented Guilherme. “To get an , 5 0 cox3 0 1 trnT(tgt) 0 nad3 , 0 0 trnN(gtt) 5 0 , 5 0 idea of how important this work is, the 0 trnA(tcg) nad4 nad3 ,0 he winner of MAIS Bio Guilherme Oliveira is biologist and professional experience includes 1 0 trnN(gtt) 0 trnS1(gct) 5 nad6 , 0 0 trnA(tgc) 0 0 nad4 5 overall species extinction rate is higher 0 1 trnE(ttc) , 0 nad5 trnS1(gct) 5 Award, selected among positions in entities related to his area nad6 , 0 Senior Researcher, Environmental 0 0 0 nad4l 90 nad5 trnE(ttc) trnG(tcc),5 than the rate of description. In 2014, ,5 0 5 0 0 the cases presented by 0 ,0 Genomics Group at ITV-DS, in Belém. of activity, such as president of the 6 nad4l 9 trnG(tcc) , 5 00 T 0 9 0 a group of 70 taxonomists launched 0 ,0 0 , 0 50 trnR(tcg) 6 researchers from ITV-DS, addresses After graduating from UFMG, he Brazilian Association of Bioinformatics 0 6,

9,0 8 0 0 a complex survey of Carajás canga 00 ,500 ,00 trnF(gaa),50 trnR(tcg) 7 6 the “Genetic Basis for Biodiversity and Computational Biology and 8,000 7,500 earned a doctorate degree from 8,5 00 trnH(gtg00 ) 7,0 trnF(gaa) flora, which currently houses 1,100 8,000 7,500 Conservation and Licensing Studies Texas A&M University (United States), director of the International Society trnH(gtg) known species, to collect material for – Carajás Plant DNA Barcode where he had the opportunity to of Computational Biology. ETSITS1ITS2ETS the genetic analysis of the species. This 18S 5,8S 26S Database”. Written by Guilherme work in the Biology Department. He The work he described in the case phase took four years and enabled the Oliveira, the text presents a project also worked in the Department of was based on the perceived need development of a referenced genetic Bar codes are small fragments of DNA used to identify species. The “barcode carried out in collaboration with Biology at the University of York in of tools to accelerate the mapping library. The work allowed gap” separates the species with clear genetic differentiation. In some cases, several researchers (See table on England, at the Pasteur Institute in of biodiversity in regions that will be us to duplicate all of the genetic there is an overlap of genetic diversity of the species, which affects the taxonomic definition. Several markers are used in plants, usually derived page 62) and with support from France, and at Fiocruz in Minas Gerais, affected by mining activities. Today, the information available about the from the circular chloroplast genome. Other markers are derived from the scholarship students. as a Senior Researcher. Guilherme’s description of specific morphological entire Brazilian flora.” linear genome of the cell nucleus (ITS2).

60 MAIS MAIS 61 Genomics

Research Phases of 7,082 DNA barcodes have been Since DNA Barcoding does not Flora of Carajás – A Molecular Perspective generated so far. The family of plants always provide the expected In the field phase, taxonomists that generated the highest number accuracy in information, the collect leaves that are preserved of codes is the Convolvulaceae entire chloroplast genome may in hypersaline solutions. Then, (1,320). Other frequent families are be required, depending on the in the laboratory, robots extract the Poacea (328) and the Rubiacea importance of the plant. In this case, bulk DNA from the samples and (343). The main markers used were of the 600 nucleic bases previously prepare enzymatic reactions for the chloroplast derivatives atpF-atpH, analyzed, the process will now sequencing. The polymerase chain cover approximately 150 thousand reaction (PCR) delimits the region ITS2, matK, psbK-psbI, rbcL, rpoB, bases. Very special cases may require to be analyzed and amplifies that rpoC1, trnH-psbA and ycf1. region in millions of copies. The amplification reaction is used at a later phase to enable the The work allowed us to sequencing reaction. In the case duplicate all of the genetic of DNA barcoding, amplification is performed on an individual information available about basis using the Sanger the entire Brazilian flora sequencing method.

The information is managed and analyzed through a system Eleocharis sp. Flora Vol 1 that integrates a barcoding tool Researchers developed by Vale, the Pipebar/ Collaboration OverlapPer – software registered Name Title The work was carried out in with the National Institute of Partial phylogenetic tree of the Carajás canga plants. Molecular analysis enables identifying the collected plants close cooperation with the automatically and contains metadata related to their origin and close species. Talvâne Lima Graduate Industrial Property (INPI, Instituto Biodiversity and Ecosystem Nacional de Propriedade Industrial) Services group led by Master’s Bruno Simões working with the complete genome the soil without having to use the – and ITVBioBase Database. These researcher Vera Fonseca and degree of millions of nucleic bases, for plants as samples. “For Vale, this technologies combined can coordinated by botanists Ana Master’s example. Currently, 20 plants fall into work becomes faster and less costly,” generate automatic data analysis and Giulietti and Daniela Zappi. Mariana Dias degree this special category, including the map all the data produced. Thus, the explained Guilherme. “In 2019, we jaborandi (See chart). sequences obtained are classified To learn about the entire Master’s will validate the process for approval Further Information Renato Oliveira degree into species as the process advances. group, visit: https://www. Improvements by the environmental agencies. This oliveira.life/research-group. Researchers and other “If we have the plant identified by a Gisele Nunes Doctor will inhibit surprises along the way The process itself already represents stakeholders can find more taxonomist for a specific sequence, and anticipate mining planning a major evolution, but it also information about the research that identification is expanded to all information. We also work closely Marcele Laux Doctor offers opportunities for further project development at ITV other similar sequences,” explained improvement. Plants can be with degraded area recovery teams, website: http://www.itv. the researcher. “The phylogenetic Ronnie Alves Doctor analyzed in groups, rather than which will benefit immensely org/publicacoes/. To read analysis delimits the species found.” individually, to obtain a mass from the process developed here, Rodriguésia magazine, visit: http://rodriguesia.jbrj.gov.br/. At the end of the process, a barcode Santelmo Vasconcelos Doctor sequencing, and it is also possible as it streamlines monitoring the is generated for each species. A total to collect DNA traces through progression of the recovery process.”

62 MAIS MAIS 63 Genomics

José Oswaldo Siqueira, ITV DS Scientific Director, recalls that the Research Will Help environmental agencies that regulate the mining activity consider this research extremely relevant as the Jaborandi Planting results can streamline their processes. ince 2016, a research “The Brazilian legislation follows project has been carried out a precautionary principle; that specifically on Jaborandi is, mining is forbidden in places S (Pilocarpus microphyllus) to help lacking knowledge about certain planting of the species – which is plants or animals,” emphasized threatened with extinction due Siqueira. Hence the importance to commercial exploitation – and of genomic and metagenomic benefitting the community that studies, even in cave areas, for makes a living on jaborandi harvesting example, which are home to in the National Forest (Flona, Floresta rare troglobites (invertebrate Nacional) of Carajás. The jaborandi animals) not identified by the is the only source of the active conventional method. ingredient pilocarpine, a substance With the new techniques, it is used in the treatment of glaucoma. possible to identify the existence of troglobites in other places, Carried out by ITV-DS in partnership which is scientifically relevant, with the Federal Rural University since it expands the knowledge of Amazônia (UFRA, Universidade on this species and favors their Federal Rural da Amazônia), ICMBio, preservation, besides proving that Centroflora and Vale, the study Ricardo Teles a cave does not necessarily need aims at understanding, among to be classified as a maximum other factors, which genetic types protection area. These studies also of jaborandi are most capable of point to an important shift in the Guilherme Oliveira, producing pilocarpine and, among work developed by ITV and in our those, which will grow healthy in the professionals’ vision – to conduct Senior Researcher at ITV-DS, environment inhabited by jaborandi Ricardo Teles quality and in-depth research that leaf collectors. can be put into practice.” lab department, focused on native Researchers Cinthia Bandeira and Wesley Rangel at ITV-DS To this end, the researchers are Moreover, the entire society can species of the Carajás canga vegetation sequencing the jaborandi genome Germplasm Bank was created to technologies have been required benefit from all the knowledge to generate the reference genome, enable the production of seedlings to generate the reference genome generated and shared. The Emílio the basis of the study. The evaluation to be planted by leaf collectors that, consequently, will allow such as GenBank and BOLDSytem will in its segment, the Rodriguésia Goeldi Museum, in Belém, received of several individuals will enable from 2019 onwards. the selection of individuals. This the exsicatas (specimens of dried make the research available to anyone Scientific Journal published four to identify the most efficient ones. challenge has led an increase of and pressed plants) from the field interested in its results. Edited by the volumes dedicated exclusively to The research has compiled a large Given the large size of jaborandi computational processing capacity work conducted by taxonomists, for Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro, disseminating the complete study on volume of information about genome – one and a half times and the introduction of new its herbarium. World-class databases the most important of the country the Carajás canga vegetation. the plant genome, and an Active the human genome – different technologies at ITV-DS.

64 MAIS MAIS 65 Ricardo Teles 2018 / 11 Comments, suggestions | or questions? M#02 AIS Email [email protected] Mining: Attitude, Innovation and Sustainability

66 MAIS MAIS 67 Vale extracts ore using state-of-the-art technology that helps ensure a sustainable future.

Conveyor belt system - S11D Eliezer Batista Complex Canaã dos Carajás – State of Pará

Vale develops technology to produce very high-quality ore, which requires less coal in the steelmaking process therefore, reducing greenhouse gases. Vale rethought the whole process. We have improved the extraction, the transportation, the delivery and made our production more sustainable.

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