2018 / 11 | M#02 AIS Mining: Attitude, Innovation and Sustainability
The program integrates researches and increases the use of native species for Recovery of Degraded Areas
Vale Natural The company protects Spotlight Reserve is a 850 thousand hectares MAIS Bio Award celebrates quality scientific research center of research in the country projects at Vale Summary Ricardo Teles
Words Vale Natural Person Reserve 04 Vale is committed 43 Professor and master researcher to the environment at Vale Institute of Technology 06 Vale Natural Reserve in its daily practice – Sustainable Development (RNV, Reserva Natural Vale) (ITV-DS, Instituto Tecnológico has been a privileged space for Vale – Desenvolvimento researchers from Brazil and all Cover Sustentável), Vera Fonseca’s over the world for decades career is dedicated to science 13 Felines Research projects on pumas MAIS Bio and jaguars aim at contributing Award to their conservation sua conservação
18 Mammals Mammals are the object of study within RNV and in other forested areas in Espírito Santo Ricardo Teles
47 MAIS Bio Humpback whales, species Ricardo Teles of flora and genomics – the winning themes Recovery of Degraded 52 Humpback Ricardo Teles Areas (RDA) 24 56 Species of Flora Researches on native species, soil, 26 Framework Species 60 Genomics and monitoring are Expediente members of a group 31 Soils of projects for Recovery Editorial committee: Sandoval Carneiro and Gleuza Jesué | Coordination: Domenica Blundi and Janaína Rezende of Degraded Areas | Technical Consultancy: Edgar Sepúlveda, Letícia Guimarães, Murilo Fiuza and Nei Rivello | Editorial: Tempero Comunicação 35 Grass Species | Editing and Revision: Filipe Barros, Janaína Rezende and Tempero Comunicação | Graphic Design: Imaginatto Design and Marketing | Desktop Publishing: Dia Design | Translation: Ccaps | Organization: Management of Technology and Innovation 38 Monitoring for Sustainability | Acknowledgements: Alberto Ninio, Ana Amoroso, Ana Srbek, Andressa Gatti, Danielle Redig, Eduardo Gusmão, Fernanda Tarbes, Geovane Siqueira, Geraldo Fernandes, Guilherme Oliveira, Igor Assis, Jackeceli Falqueto, José Oswaldo Siqueira, Luiza Vieira, Luiz Eduardo Dias, Luiz Felipe Campos, Marcio Ferreira, Patrícia Daros, Ricardo de Oliveira, Roberta Atherton, 40 Slurry Roberta Guimarães, Sérgio Lucena, Thiago Ferrari, Vera Castro, Vera Fonseca, Yumi Oki and all those who have supported the creation of this edition of the newsletter. 42 Biofactory
Cover photo: Biofactory, Vale's seedling production center in Nova Lima (Minas Gerais) 2 MAIS Words Biodiversity as a Concept and a Practice The company is also responsible for protecting an area that adds up to 8.5 thousand km² (850 thousand hectares), 5.6 times larger than The concern for biodiversity is the total area occupied by its operations in Brazil closely tied to Vale’s existence and is well reflected in its Mission
"To transform natural resources Cláudia Dantas Tancredo Luciana into prosperity and sustainable development"; in its Vision, which Reservas Particulares do Patrimônio the United Nations' Sustainable Further Information demonstrates its love for the human Natural), which are home to more Development Goals (SDGs) together MAIS newsletter is a publication race and for the planet; and in its than 70 flora species threatened with the Impact Mitigation Hierarchy. intended to communicate the scientific Values, as life matters most. The with extinction. Vale has already This tool provides a best-practice research projects conducted by Vale and company is fully aware that mining formalized a proposal to regularize approach to avoid and reduce its partners in teaching and research 77 thousand hectares of Legal negative impacts, and then recover activities significantly interfere with institutions. Through this publication, Reserve, and it should soon attain areas that are no longer used by the environment and, thus, has it is possible to find out more about 100 thousand hectares among all the company operations, before applied the concept that pursuing innovative initiatives capable of rural properties. finally considering the possibility No Net Loss to biodiversity in its contributing to the solution of important areas of operation – a commitment of offsetting the residual impacts. The Vale Fund, a Public Interest Non- issues for the company, both now and made since 2013 – is not just a Alberto Ninio and Gleuza Jesué Thus, Vale remains in compliance Governmental Organization (OSCIP, in the future. The newsletter can be read with the World Bank's Performance tangible goal, but that it can serve Organização da Sociedade Civil de in its entirety, in PDF version or on the studying various subjects, such The company is also responsible Standards for Financial Institutions, as a starting point to take it even Interesse Público) created in 2009, website: www.vale.com/MAIS. It would as environmental services, water for protecting an area that totals as well as with the principles of the further. That is, it can make positive invested R$120 million in initiatives be a pleasure to see you there. resources, genomics, climate 8.5 thousand km² (850 thousand International Council on Mining long-term changes to biodiversity. for three environment-related sectors change, and land use. As an hectares), 5.6 times larger than and Metals (ICMM), which promotes in the Amazon region, contributing Therefore, Vale operates in different example, the survey of the Carajás the total area occupied by its access to financial resources for to the implementation and Shared Knowledge areas, including investments rupicolous formations over iron operations in Brazil. The theme of Vale’s expansion and environmental consolidation of 230 thousand km in RDI and partnerships with outcrops (Viana et al., 2016), known this edition of the MAIS Newsletter compensation projects. If you think the projects presented in (23 million hectares) of conservation knowledge centers in Brazil and as canga vegetation that has been is Vale Natural Reserve. It is located MAIS newsletter could be useful for units in six states, benefiting Mining and biodiversity have become abroad to create solutions capable conducted by ITV-DS, together in the state of Espírito Santo, your department within Vale, contact indigenous and fishing communities, interconnected, which is something of preventing, mitigating, and with the Emílio Goeldi Museum in and has become a reference [email protected]. If you do so, we will among many others. worth celebrating, both by our offsetting impacts while offering Belém (Pará) and 140 Brazilian and center for scientific research into be able to share more information company and by society as a whole. society new and transformational foreign researchers, allowed the biodiversity in the country, with These initiatives – just a few of about the studies, important for the knowledge as a legacy for registration of 1,080 species that 240 projects developed. The Iron hundreds – show that the company conservation of biodiversity, and By Alberto Ninio, future generations. ITV-DS, were cataloged into four volumes Quadrangle region of Minas Gerais is deeply committed to maintaining Sustainability Director eventually put you in direct contact located in Belém (Pará), gathers of the scientific journal Rodriguésia, comprises 12.8 thousand hectares biodiversity, which is also very with the researchers, so you can Gleuza Jesué, exchange your experiences. together dozens of researchers published by the Botanical Garden of protected land in 21 Private good for business. For instance, Vale Environmental Executive with multidisciplinary skills of Rio de Janeiro. Natural Heritage Reserves (RPPNs, combines its efforts to comply with Management.
4 MAIS MAIS 5 Vale Natural Reserve with the Sooretama Biological Reserve, managed by the Chico Mendes Institute of Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio), RNV is part of a preserved area of nearly 50 thousand hectares, which accounts for 10% of the remaining forest cover in the state of Espírito Santo. History
When Vale was created in 1942, the company, was controlled by the Federal Government, and undertook the management of Vitória-Minas railroad (EFVM, Estrada de Ferro Vitória a Minas), nationalized by the ex-president Getúlio Vargas. For the conservation and expansion of the railroad, the mining company required crossties; thus, the purchase of farms in Linhares region was an opportunity Ricardo Teles Vale Natural Reserve: to guarantee a supply of wood for this purpose. Over 25 years, Vale acquired more than 100 properties, the first of them in 1957. Together, Center of Scientific the farms today make up the whole of the Reserve. surveys of the local fauna and flora. by UNESCO. This title was validated The old herbarium, built in 1963 to twice, in 2013 and 2017, reflecting The company contracted a well- Production document the variety of botanical its strategic importance to known professional, Dammis species in RNV, was refurbished. The biodiversity in the country. The area Heinsdijk, technical advisor at the following year, Ariane Luna Peixoto, protects an important and extensive Food and Agriculture Organization NV celebrates, in 2018, 40 1973. In 1978, the Brazilian Institute of by a group of specialist agents, with a biologist and researcher who at remnant of the Tabuleiro Atlantic of the United Nations (FAO), to years as an area officially and Forest Development (IBDF, Instituto the aim to fight against poaching that time was member of Professor Forest, one of the most endangered undertake an assessment on the exclusively dedicated by Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento and forest fires. This has been an R Peracchi’s team but now at is with vegetation areas in Brazil. Since possibilities for the exploitation and the company to conservation and Florestal), an organization replaced important step to meet the goal the Botanical Garden of Rio de the 1960s, approximately three management of the forest. The first scientific research of its biodiversity. by Brazil’s current environmental of conserving the area. The first Janeiro, managed to register the RNV thousand species of plants have report was generated in 1963. From Located in Linhares (north of Espírito regulator (IBAMA, Instituto Brasileiro agreement with strictly scientific herbarium in the Index Herbariorum, been catalogued (more than one then until 1973, other studies on do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Santo), the Reserve was created aims was also signed in 1978. A hundred of them newly discovered the use of wood in the region were of the New York Botanical Garden, Naturais Renováveis), recognized the through the purchase of farms group of researchers from the Federal by science), along with the developed, but the managers of Reserve as an area of research and becoming known all over the world. between 1950 and 1970. Its current Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, following fauna species: 400 birds, RNV concluded that the purchase environmental protection. size, close to 23 thousand hectares – coordinated by professor Adriano Since 2008, Vale Natural Reserve 64 reptiles, 27 fish, 56 amphibians, of ready-made crossties would be equivalent to the size of 23 thousand In that year, Vale created the RNV Peracchi, one of the country’s leading is acknowledged as an Advanced 1.5 thousand insects, 179 spiders, more attractive from an economic football fields – was consolidated in ecosystem protection, composed experts in bats, carried out the first Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve and 102 mammals. Together point of view.
6 MAIS MAIS 7 Vale Natural Reserve 23 thousand hectares In parallel with the work in the Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais, the company technicians and in Forest Sciences and a doctorate Reserve, by the end of the 1960s not in RNV. 3 thousand environmentalists who were fighting degree in Forest Resources, was an and beginning of the 1970s, Vale for forest conservation, when the advisor and employee at Vale and Vale Natural Reserve then has plant species first diversified its investments. In issue was still far from being a priority worked in the Reserve from 1992 to become a research laboratory for 1966, studies related to a project for for society. Amongst Vale’s officials, 2008. Today, he works on research reforestation for industrial purposes. 102 different industrialization of the wood from there were professionals who knew projects in the area, which is very In the middle of the 1970s, the first mammal species the forest reserves were begun, the importance of the area as an important to him. “I fell in love with large experiment with exotic and with the aim of exporting cellulose. environmental asset and worked the Reserve the first time I saw it. native plants in RNV was carried of the species In October 1967, Vale created the 20% hard to preserve it. They included the All these years later, I can say that out, and became known as “Estrada subsidiary Florestas Rio Doce S.A., of birds in Brazil ex-presidents Eliezer Batista, Antônio only international NGOs that receive Meme” study, a reference to the aimed at providing services for the Dias Leite, and Mário Borgonovi, who grants (a type of financing that does agreement signed between Vale reforestation of areas located in Herbarium with was the coordinator Forestry Projects not require repayment) have a similar and the Ministry of Mines and along the Rio Doce valley, in Minas at the end of the 1960s. support structure for researchers. Energy. This experiment aimed at 15.734 exsiccates Gerais. In the 1970s, the paper and The maturity of the studies means discovering species adapted to the cellulose industry grew. In 1974, the Scientific Importance the Reserve plays an important role recovery of the shores of lakes or 500 thousand company founded Celulose Nipo- From then on, the scientific studies for the achievement of the country’s reservoirs used for the production of plant seedlings Brasileira (Cenibra), in partnership grew due to the support structure goal of reforesting 12 million electric power in the southeastern with Japanese investors. The felling created by the company and due to hectares. The knowledge acquired region of the country. of trees for the production of 15 thousand the richness of the biodiversity in the on silviculture allows reforestation to cellulose and paper was carried out The research on silviculture research volumes region. Samir Rolim, an agricultural be partially done with native species”, Ricardo Teles in other areas within the state of intensified the contact between engineer with a master’s degree points out Samir.
Vale and ICMBio, responsible for the Sooretama Biological The book “Silviculture and Reserve, which is adjacent to RNV, sign a partnership Technology of the Atlantic The first farm in the The company changes the RNV herbarium is registered agreement, and the ecosystem protection is extended to that Forest Species”, is published, north of Espírito Santo is plans to use the area for the in the Index Herbariorum of area too. Together, the two reserves total almost 50 thousand analyzing 35 species used purchased, out of the 102 production of crossties. The the New York Botanical Garden, hectares, representing one of the last significant remnant in silviculture, based on data that would make up the current area of RNV (23 thousand becoming known all over areas of the Tabuleiro Atlantic Forest. from the Reserve. future Vale Natural Reserve. hectares) is consolidated. the world.
1957 1973 1979 1999 2008 2018 1942 1963 1978 1998 2000 2012
Vale is created The first forest assessment IBDF, which preceded IBAMA, officially One year after privatization, The Reserve is UNESCO confers Vale performs a valuation and takes on the was published based on recognizes the Vale Natural Reserve as an area Vale maintains the Reserve and opened up to RNV the status of an of the area, which also management of the areas acquired until then. aimed at conservation and scientific research. produces a plan to define its use public visits. Advanced Atlantic Forest reflects its importance Vitória-Minas railroad. A herbarium is created. RNV ecosystem protection is created and and its scientific exploitation. Biosphere Reserve. in monetary terms. the herbarium is refurbished.
8 MAIS MAIS 9 Vale Natural Reserve
Long-Term Research
He is one of the editors of the
book “Tabuleiro Atlantic Forest: Ricardo Teles Diversity and Endemism in the Vale Natural Reserve” (Floresta Atlântica de Tabuleiro: Diversidade e Endemismo na Reserva Natural Vale) and coauthor of “Silviculture and Technology of the Atlantic Forest Species” (Silvicultura e Tecnologia da Espécie de Mata Atlântica), launched in 2018. Written in partnership with researchers from the University of Southern Bahia and Ricardo Teles the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, the latter book analyzes 35 species used in silviculture, based on data from the Reserve. “Jonacir Brown capuchin (Sapajus apella) de Souza, the service assistant at RNV, is known as the notary and yellow-bellied Trogon of the forest. He alone collected (Trogon surrucura aurantius) almost a million measurements of trees over 30 years, evaluating Vale Natural Reserve Map circumference, height, and health. Tabuleiro Atlantic Forest Native grasslands That gives an idea of the volume Santo, 2.7 million seedlings of native reflects the perception that people the physical limit of the Reserve Wetlands (natural water of information available, which has bodies and its associated flora) Tropical Forestry species have already been sent have on the importance of a as a restricting factor for society. supported hundreds of researchers out, with the aim of recovering 1.7 preserved area, we have reached We are making a significant effort Muçununga forest Tabuleiro Secondary Forest at universities from various Brazilian an existence value of US$1 billion. thousand hectares in approximately to bring more communities from states, and from other countries”, For the study, conducted by In the Integrated Management database. Marcio Ferreira, supervisor one thousand rural properties and the surrounding areas into RNV. he reports. state parks”, he adds. environmental economists and an System of Protected Areas, (SGIAP, of Vale Nature Reserve, says that the We want everyone to be able to international consultancy service, For the biologist Ariane Peixoto, Sistema de Gestão Integrada de level of details of the SGIAP goes far discover this magnificent area and Value and Visits more than 6 thousand people “RNV and Sooretama are globally- Áreas Protegidas), developed at beyond the studies. Through the were interviewed in four capitals”, see endemic (exclusive to the area) recognized centers of biological RNV itself, there is an archive with system, you can also search within Luiz Felipe Campos, technical he explained. species close up, such as the red- diversity. They attract people from 15 thousand volumes, made up the RNV nursery for the quantity of specialist in Biodiversity at Vale, billed curassow. When they become all over the world to study the of research projects, books and seedlings of each cultivated species, explains how a master plan was At the beginning of the 2000s, integrated to the Atlantic Forest and fauna, flora, fungi, soil, climate, and publications, such as master’s among lots of other information, created in 1998 to define the the number of annual visitors to understand the biodiversity richness ecological processes. Places that dissertations and doctoral theses. for example. “We have 500 thousand guidelines of the Reserve. In 2000, the Reserve was approximately welcome us, allow the exchange of Currently there are one hundred seedlings in our nursery, of 300 the space was opened up to public 4.5 thousand people. In 2018, around them, people will value this experiences and produce quality, research projects in progress, and species, with the potential of visits and, in 2012, a valuation study RNV receives an average of three natural heritage and engage with long-term research projects are they will all have their reports and reaching 800 species and 3 million of RNV was submitted. “Based on thousand visits per month. “We our efforts to preserve it”, believes extremely rare and valuable. final versions included into the seedlings. Of those, just in Espírito a methodology that monetarily cannot allow ourselves to think of Marcio Ferreira.
10 MAIS MAIS 11 Vale Natural Reserve Felines
Interconnection Between the Amazon Rainforest and the Atlantic Forest
he article “The majestic Jueirana-facão reaches 40 meters science. They are: Cinnamomum canopy-emergent genus in height and almost five meters in baitelloanum, Mezilaurus sessiliflora, TDinizia (Leguminosae: trunk circumference, with a canopy Ocotea batata, and Williamodendron Caesalpinioideae), including a that can be up to 20 meters wide. itamarajuensis. new species endemic to the Its weight, when adult, exceeds 60
The information about flora diversity Ricardo Teles Brazilian state of Espírito Santo”, tonnes. Recently identified, it can be in the Reserve was preserved published in the Kew Bulletin, considered almost extinct, Geovane Study on thanks to its herbarium, a library an English traditional scientific explains: “There are only 12 known of plants maintained by Vale. As research magazine, announced specimens within the RNV area, well as being recognized globally, and 12 others on a private property the identification of a plant in the herbarium has been attracting the Vale Natural Reserve, which in the municipality of Sooretama. Ecology and researchers for decades. Since its Thus, we’re concentrating on is strong evidence of a link, in creation, in 1963, 116 new species the production of seedlings to the past, between the Amazon have been described, with samples propagate the species. We have Rainforest and the Atlantic Forest. deposited in situ and duplicated already managed to produce Health of Felines The jueirana-facão, scientifically in partner institutions, with 106 roughly 600 seedlings, which will named Dinizia jueirana-facao, species occurring within RNV and ten be planted in the Reserve and in is the second tree of its genus. species in the surrounding area. Out or the last 40 years, RNV Atlantic Forest" (Competição, Minas Gerais), Ana Carolina Srbek In the past, only Dinizia excelsa, neighboring properties. of this total, seven were registered has hosted studies on the coexistência e saúde geral de de Araujo formerly worked as discovered in the Amazon at the and published in 2017. “This shows The identification of the jueirana was fauna that are relevant for grandes felinos na Mata Atlântica a Sustainability analyst at Vale. beginning of the 20th century, was the importance of the Vale Natural F only possible because the Reserve is the existing richness in the area, de Tabuleiro), selected among the Now, she is a full professor of the known. “The fact that Dinizia is a Reserve for studies and research a protected area in which researchers focusing on endangered animals proposals submitted in the joint call postgraduate programs in Ecology monospecific genus (made up of can study in detail the flora from projects and its contribution to the that find, in this area, one of their for proposals between Vale and the of Ecosystems and in Animal just one species) reinforces the idea conservation of the remnants of the Tabuleiro, in Espírito Santo. The roads remaining refuges in the Atlantic Science, both at UVV. flora of Espírito Santo and Brazil”, Research Support Foundations of that there was interaction between that cut across it, exclusively used for Forest. Ana Carolina Srbek de Araujo, concludes Geovane. the states of Espírito Santo and Rio the biomes. With the deforestation studies, offer access to the whole of a biologist at Vila Velha University As early as in the 2000s, her project de Janeiro, in 2015. caused by human beings, this its biodiversity. Other recent articles, (UVV, Universidade de Vilha Velha), aimed to define the number of physical interconnection was lost”, With a master’s degree in Zoology jaguars (Panthera onca) existing in published in equally important Further Information has been studying jaguars at RNV comments Geovane Siqueira, magazines, such as the Harvard on an ongoing basis since 2005. of Vertebrates and holding a PhD the region of RNV, and to determine biologist and curator of the Papers in Botany (USA) and Phytotaxa Read more about jueirana-facão Currently, she coordinates the in Ecology, Conservation, and the proportion of females and herbarium of the Vale Natural (New Zealand), announced the at https://link.springer.com/ research project "Competition, Management of Wildlife from the males in the population, as well Reserve and one of the authors presence – in RNV – of botanical article/10.1007/s12225-017-9720-7. Coexistence, and General Health Federal University of Minas Gerais as to evaluate the distribution of of the article. species that were unknown to of Large Felines in the Tabuleiro (UFMG, Universidade Federal de individuals within the reserve area.
12 MAIS MAIS 13 Felines
Using genetic resources, she also one doctoral student. It aims to study New Phases The technique will only be used will also be authorized for reproductive capacity of individuals. evaluated this population situation intra and interspecific competition for pumas, because jaguars are less jaguars in the future. Once freed, they will be equipped A new phase of the project, to check if there was any loss of patterns, establishing the endangered in the Atlantic Forest with transmitter collars (provided for which began in the second half of Once the felines are sedated, genetic variability, which can occur mechanisms that allow maintenance in comparison with pumas, and eight pumas) that will allow much samples will be collected for an due to inbreeding (mating between 2018, comprises the capture and of the populations as well as the local population is extremely more comprehensive monitoring, installation of transmitter collars overall evaluation of their health two related individuals), for example, coexistence of jaguars and pumas via satellite, of the their movements, important. Thus, CENAP authorized on individual animals. It will help condition, through the study of and the proportion. She also studied (Puma concolor) within Linhares- both in relation to the areas they improve monitoring and study the use of this new equipment biological parameters (hematological the animals’ diet and the presence of Sooretama block, in addition to move through and the times in only for pumas. If the success is and biochemical profile) and dosage intestinal parasites. determining the general health of patterns of territory use and which each of them does so. “For confirmed for this species (with no of inorganic contaminants, oral cavity conditions of individual animals. sharing by jaguars and pumas, the identification of the spatial and As part of the results, she estimated additional risks for the individuals), “We started in 2017, with the also enabling the continuation condition and teething, endo and temporal pattern of the area used the existence of nearly 20 jaguars collection of fecal samples to update of the study on diet overlap captures using remote equipment ectoparasites, viral diseases, and the by the pumas, an analysis of the in the Linhares-Sooretama block, the data on diet and parasitology. and general health. geographic location points collected a large remnant area of the forest For that, we walked the non-paved through the transmitter collar will adjacent to RNV. The population Jaguars will be captured with the Researchers internal roads of RNV in search be carried out. This data, along with is composed of two females for help of traps conventionally used of feces and other signs, such as Name Institution Title the points at which feces, tracks and every male, with only adults being in Brazil. In the case of pumas, tracks and scratches, that serve as scratches are found, will be evaluated considered. It is the last remaining a technique unprecedented Ana Carolina Vila Velha signals of the places where jaguars Doctor with the help of Geographical population of these felines in in the country will also be Srbek de Araujo University are found”, Ana Srbek explains. Information Systems (GIS) and will Espírito Santo and one of the last applied, using remote capture João Luiz Vila Velha According to her, the update of Doctor be used to identify the patterns in the Atlantic Forest. equipment, authorized by the Rossi Júnior University information is important to evaluate of spatial and temporal overlap or National Center of Research and The study also concluded that, if there has been any change in the Fábio Ribeiro Vila Velha segregation of the individuals”, states Conservation of Carnivorous Doctor despite the loss of genetic patterns previously recorded that Braga University the researcher. Mammals (CENAP, Centro Nacional variability, the jaguars in RNV still could indicate problems for the de Pesquisa e Conservação de Fernando Federal University At the end of the study, planned have important information for the conservation of the species. Doctor Mamíferos Carnívoros) and ICMBio. Vicentini of Espírito Santo genetic conservation of the species for 2020, with the conclusion of the In total, the researchers have already “Through a partnership with Francisco Palomares Doñana Biological laboratory analyses and the analysis due to the presence of alleles that Doctor Fernández Station, in Spain have not been registered until covered 1,380 kilometers during Francisco Palomares, a Spanish of the data from the collars, there will researcher from the Doñana then in other populations. Genes the sampling phase, and in the first Tarcízio Antônio Federal University be more accumulated knowledge Doctor are made up of alleles, segments 16 months of the study, 459 fecal Biological Station – Spanish Rego de Paula of Viçosa to use for the conservation of in which specific information is feline samples were found, of which National Research Council (EBD- the species. It will be possible, for David Costa Vila Velha 38 have already been confirmed as CSIC, Estación Biológica de Doctor example, to evaluate the need for contained and that may vary among Braga University individuals. The loss of genetic belonging to large species. A portion Doñana – Consejo Superior de specific measures to manage certain variability occurs when, randomly, of each collected sample is used for Investigaciones Científicas) in Hilton Entringer Vila Velha Studying for a species that are considered key preys Júnior University master’s degree there is a reduction in the number diet analysis. Fecal samples found Seville, a device will be used to for the survival of large predators – of allele types and certain alleles fresh are divided into subsamples, allow dart sedation of animals, with Alana Gomes Vila Velha Studying for a such as the white-lipped peccary become more common. which are selected for analysis of minimum intervention required Ribeiro University master’s degree (Tayassu pecari), the capybara intestinal parasites and virology for the containment of animals, (Hydrochaeris hydrochoerus) and Current Study Laura Martins Vila Velha Studying for a (See list on page 17). As well as fecal guaranteeing that the capture, Magalhães University master’s degree the paca (Cuniculus paca) – or The current study is being carried out samples, 34 scratches and 104 places aided by biologists and veterinary of methods for populational Ana Paula Jejesky Vila Velha Studying for a by a group of researchers (See list on with tracks or footprints of large physicians, is much less stressful for supplementation through the de Oliveira University doctorate degree page 15), three master’s students and felines were recorded. the jaguars”, explains Ana Srbek. transfer of pumas from other areas,
14 MAIS MAIS 15 Felines
so that the local populations can remain healthy on the long term. Laboratory Analysis Balance The project will also identify of Samples which ecological mechanisms can he analyses will be done at the rectum of captured species help reduce direct competition the Laboratory of Ecology and samples collected in the field between jaguars and pumas; it and Conservation of (when fresh) are evaluated for the is essential for their coexistence T Biodiversity at UVV (diet and use of presence of eggs, larvae and adult in Linhares-Sooretama block and space), the Laboratory of Wildlife helminths, as well as for cysts and in other fragmented areas of the Health at UVV (parasitology), the oocysts of protozoans. For this, a country. "These predators are key Laboratory of Virology at UFES combination of sampling methods to ensuring a balanced ecosystem (virology), and the Laboratory of are adopted, such as flotation as they control prey populations. Animal Breeding at UVV (breeding). (Willis method) and spontaneous Lack of such regulation creates Leonardo Merçon Leonardo sedimentation (HPF method). imbalance among the species and Diet The identification of intestinal may even lead to a cascade reaction The analysis of the diet is done endoparasites (eggs, larvae, cysts, that will reduce the seed dispersal The felines are a flagship species, through the identification of and oocysts) is done with the help in the forest," says Ana Srbek. popular and very useful for non-digested items (hairs, quills, of an optical microscope. Volkov Valentyn Furthermore, the predators bone fragments, teeth, scales, usually consume weak or sick awareness campaigns that and many other) contained in the Virology animals, helping to keep the of positive samples for genetic we have been running fecal samples. For this, the samples The analysis of viral infection prey populations healthy too”, sequencing to identify are washed under running water, of jaguars and pumas is done Ana Srbek comments. the microorganisms. dried in an oven, and screened to for different agents, such as the The study of pumas has another separate and classify the content. Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), as to raise awareness that all the Further Information Breeding positive impact, on education, as The hairs, specifically, are separated well as the adenovirus, rotavirus, researchers have contributed a lot For more information For analysis of reproductive pointed out by Jackeceli Falqueto, according to morphotype reovirus, and picobirnavirus. For to”, said Jackeceli. on research related capacity, the animal’s semen is Environmental analyst of RNV (coloration, length, and thickness) this, a swab is collected from the to the topic, read collected. The material collected and biologist responsible for the As someone who knows the and submitted to microstructural oral and nasal cavity (conjunctiva) http://www.bibliotecadigital. support, evaluation, and monitoring structure of the Reserve, Ana analysis (identification of medulla and the feces. The swabs are is placed in a solution of buffered ufmg.br/dspace/handle/ of the research projects carried Srbek emphasizes the area is and cuticle), with the help of an stored in a means of transport formalin. The morphological 1843/BUBD-998LEE. out in the area. “The felines are a an environmental asset that optical microscope. This technique and the feces are stored in and quantitative analyses of flagship species, popular and very shows Vale’s responsibility to the is used to identify the prey, in the universal containers that are kept the semen are done through an useful for awareness campaigns biodiversity conservation and case of mammals, as well as to refrigerated in thermal containers optical microscope to identify that we have been running ever enables exchanges between confirm the species of predator to be sent to the laboratory. the occurrence and frequency more frequently, mainly directed to the company and the academic From the research carried out (analysis of hair ingested during Viral detection is done through of the main sperm defects, the children in the region, but also world, which is beneficial for both in RNV, information has been self-cleaning). the extraction of nucleic acid, considering those associated to to adults and educators. Poaching parties and helps to ensure faster generated that contributes to using the Boom method, and the spermatogenic process, to the and forest fires are problems that improvement of knowledge and conservation of the flora and fauna Parasitology later detection of viral genomes transport of sperm through the affect the large felines and all the innovation. “The Reserve is an not just within it, but in other areas For the analysis of endoparasites, through PAGE (RNA) and PCR epididymis and the process biodiversity, requiring an effort inexhaustible source of knowledge. too”, she comments. the feces collected directly from (DNA and RNA), with the sending of maturation.
16 MAIS MAIS 17 Mammals
hypoxanthus), in three municipalities The species selected are of the mountain region, Santa Teresa, Santa Maria de Jetibá, and characterized as key species Conservation of Santa Leopoldina. as they have ecological Sérgio Lucena Mendes, a biologist functions that are essential with a master’s and doctorate Mammals Threatened for the ecosystem degree in Ecology, respectively from the University of Brasilia and the University of Campinas, was the with Extinction president of the Scientific Board displacement, which is high in the complex, which has a low altitude and director of the Mello Leitão case of the jaguars, medium for (up to 100m), the vegetation fits Museum of Biology, in Espírito the ungulates and low among the the definition of Dense Lowland in Espírito Santo Santo. Currently, he is director muriquis,” he explains. Ombrophylous Forest, known as of the National Institute of the Tabuleiro Atlantic Forest. The research sites, in turn, were Atlantic Forest (INMA, Instituto defined based on the need The species selected are Nacional da Mata Atlântica) and to understand the effects of characterized as key species elected through a call professor at UFES and member of landscapes with diverse anthropic because they have ecological for tender that Vale the Advisory Board of the Atlantic characteristics for the conservation functions that are essential for and Research Support Forest Research Institute (IPEMA, S of these species, through studies the ecosystem, as regulators of Foundations of the State of Espírito Instituto de Pesquisas da Mata focused on the different types prey populations (in the case of Santo put out in 2015, the study on Atlântica). He comments that of habitats, populations, and the pumas and jaguars), and seed "Conservation and Management the project, financed through evaluation of different conflicts dispersers, in the case of frugivores, of Mammals Threatened with the tender, encompasses studies with humans. While Linhares- helping with the maintenance Extinction in Fragmented that were already in progress Sooretama block has the most and regeneration of the forests (in Landscapes of the Atlantic Forest" and had the opportunity to be extensive continuous forest, with the case of the muriqui and the uses RNV area for research on developed with resources and disturbed and deforested areas ungulates). These species also have, ungulates (hoofed mammals), support structure offered by the around it, the mountain region has as an indirect contribution, the specially the tapir (Tapirus terrestris), Vale-Fapes-Faperj tender, and patches of forest, but the total of capacity to raise awareness among the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), provides research grants for post- these areas is larger than the block. the lay audience, as charismatic and the white-lipped peccary graduate students, acquisition of The mountain regions are part of flagship species that attract the (Tayassu pecari). photographic traps and laboratory the geomorphological formation attention of the public, equipment, among other things. The study led by professor Sérgio of the Basement complex, with especially children. Lucena Mendes from Federal “We chose to extend the studies altitudes that vary from 200m to Objectives University of Espírito Santo (UFES, on these animals based on two 1200m, in the phytogeographical Universidade Federal do Espírito criteria – they are endangered region of the Atlantic Forest; The project, which began in 2017 Santo) is carried out in different parts species and they are deemed Montane and Submontane and will run until 2020, aims to of Espírito Santo, as it includes other emblematic because they symbolize (Santa Maria de Jetibá), Lowland, contribute to the conservation of two subprojects: one is focused the anthropic impact on the fauna. Submontane and Montane (Santa these mammals, developing and Ricardo Teles on the puma (Puma concolor) These animals act as landscape Teresa), as well as Lowland and spreading models of research and population and the other covers detectives, complementing each Submontane (Santa Leopoldina). In conservation of endangered fauna the northern muriqui (Brachyteles The biologist Andressa Gatti prepares a photographic trap other in many aspects, including the Vale Natural Reserve-Sooretama in fragmented environments, with
18 MAIS MAIS 19 ReservaMammals Natural Vale
the use of population management, More playful activities, such In the mountain region, evaluation habitat management, environmental is also taking place of whether education and scientific as a play for children under five, the structure and configuration popularization strategies. of different patches of forest in and field experiences in RNV Mutum Preto Private the Santa Maria de Jetibá region Natural Heritage For this, the first step was to obtain with school students from the affect the functional diversity of Reserve (RPPN) the classification of the region’s land Sooretama Biological region have contributed to the species of large and medium-sized Reserve (Rebio) use from the digital orthophoto mammals. For this purpose, the mosaic product IEMA 2012/2015, understanding of the importance researchers performed an analysis which contains aerial images of biodiversity preservation of hierarchical aggregation of provided by the State Institute for the Recanto das Antas RPPN environmental similarity of all Environment and Water Resources of the patches of forest in the (IEMA, Instituto Estadual do Meio populations are very inbred (when indispensable subsidies for the study. municipality. Then, they selected Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos) of mating occurs between relatives). The biologist Andressa Gatti, with a 45 patches of forest with different Espírito Santo. “This allows us to Vale Natural Reserve Consanguinity can have negative doctorate and postdoctoral degree environmental characteristics, estimate the number and size of consequences, such as animals being in Animal Biology at UFES, has been such as size, shape, interior area, Protected areas fragments and possible connectivity less capable due to a lack of genetic interested in ungulates since she was connectivity and total border, Patches of forest between them. One of our proposals variability, making the translocation an undergraduate. Coordinator of amongst others. is to define the best routes for of individuals necessary to promote the research into this group within The orange spots indicate the places where the photographic traps were the movement of the species, if A photographic trap was installed in genetic enrichment. With the the project, she tells us that there set up in the Linhares-Soortema region it were necessary to create new each selected patch of forest for the comparison of animals from different are more than 30 thousand images connections”, says Sérgio Lucena. monitoring of large and medium- the most important characteristics do Jetibá, there were no records of patches of forest, their genetic recorded on the 48 traps installed in sized mammals. In the time leading the Linhares-Sooretama block, being for patches of forest to be able pumas, according to Marina Zanin, A stochastic model (that incorporates proximity will be evaluated for the up to September 2018, 14 species analyzed in the second semester of to keep large and medium- coordinator of the activity. However, probabilistic elements) will be used establishment of the relevance of were recognized, amongst them the 2018. “On some cameras we have sized species of mammal alive, three wild felines were identified: during the project to compare translocation between groups. paca (Cuniculus paca), the collared almost 1,5 thousand photos. First, guaranteeing the maintenance of the little spotted cat (Leopardus animal populations with the anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla), Sources for genetic studies in the we are evaluating the 2 thousand the functions of the ecosystem. guttulus), the ocelot (Leopardus fragmented area. In this way, the the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) case of collared peccaries and images taken between January and pardalis) and the jaguarundi probability of a species being present and the brown brocket (Mazama Partial Results white-lipped peccaries are hair March 2017, in monitoring spots (herpailurus yagouaroundi). in an specific patch of forest will be gouazoubira). and fecal samples, respectively. chosen randomly, based on 4km² It has already been identified that, in estimated, based on a simulation Regarding the genetic study of the These biological materials will allow squares. The system of squares The researchers will use generalized the five patches of Atlantic Forest in done based on the characteristics of tapirs, based on DNA extraction estimation of the population’s genetic guides the location of the sites and which muriquis are being monitored, the landscape and the populational linear models to compare the values from fecal samples, up to now, 40 diversity and degree of inbreeding, keeps 2km between each of them, found for functional diversity and the number of animals is higher density of the species. individuals are estimated to be as well as testing the occurrence of to maximize the probability of the structure and configuration of than initially expected. According to The laboratory and genetic study, recent population bottlenecks and capturing an image of the species. the patches of forest in question estimates, there are 100 individuals in the Linhares-Sooretama block. done by teams from UFES and the evaluating the genetic population A mathematical model supports With these analyses, it will be from at least two groups, which “Despite the difficulty of working Federal University of ABC (UFABC, structure of the species in the the project (see table on page 22) established if the structure of is especially important as females with non-invasive samples, there is Universidade Federal do ABC), will Linhares-Sooretama landscape. and allows for the measurement the patches of forest is affecting migrate from group to group to a lot of hope that new individuals allow for the realization of important of the ratio between the presence the functional diversity of the procreate. The more groups there will be identified. And, up until now, analyses for all of the species. In the Photographic Traps and absence of species and various local communities of large and are, the greater the chance of their the results have revealed moderate case of the muriquis, for example, The use of photographic traps, variables, such as vegetation and the medium-sized mammals. Then, the expansion. In the first stage of the genetic diversity for the sampled it will be possible to discover if the part of the research, produces proximity of highways," she added. researchers will be able to point to monitoring of felines in Santa Maria individuals”, Andressa Gatti reports.
20 MAIS MAIS 21 Mammals
Regarding awareness, 70 residences in the region of Linhares-Sooretama Researchers Model of Occupancy have been visited to meet with the Name Institution Title occupants and give them a calendar or the construction of the to note down the dates on which Federal University Sérgio Lucena Mendes Doctor models of occupancy, the of Espírito Santo the animals are seen. This exchange, Fdata collected in the field, coordinated by biologist Danielle Federal University in this case the records of the Yuri Luiz Reis Leite Doctor de Oliveira, is extended to farmers of Espírito Santo photographic traps, is necessary. and elements of it will help for the Each five days of records is Federal University creation of a plan for the reduction Ana Paula Cazerta Farro Doctor considered to be one occasion, of Espírito Santo of conflict between people and meaning that during the 50 day animals. More playful activities, such Federal University study there was a total of 10 Leonora Pires Costa Doctor as a play for children under five, and of Espírito Santo occasions. From there, records field experiences in RNV with school Federal University were constructed for the detection students from the region have Andressa Gatti Doctor of Espírito Santo of each species (H), and for each contributed to the understanding photographic trap site for each area, Wildlife Conservation of the importance of biodiversity Alexine Keuroghlian Doctor for each sampling occasion, using a Society Pantanal preservation. grid with a binary coding of “0” or “1”, Federal University in which “1” indicates the detection “The access to the forest provided Cibele Biondo Doctor of ABC of the species and “0” indicates by the Vale Natural Reserve is very non-detection. good, as is the support of the local Federal University Danielle de Oliveira Doctor team and the joint work that we of Espírito Santo For example: the history of detection are doing aimed at education and for site i of one species in the first, Doñana Biological Francisco Palomares Doctor the spread of scientific information, Station second and forth occasions during which includes the use of social one season is codified by the vector Federal University media. I believe that the partnership Jade Huguenin Rios Graduate Hi =11010, and the probability Ricardo Teles of Espírito Santo with companies broadens the of detection is calculated by Pr (Hi possibilities for doing innovative University = 11010) = Ψ p1p2(1-p3)p4(1-p5), Karen Barbara Strier Doctor Area of study within Vale Natural Reserve research, that benefits society”, of Wisconsin in which Ψ is the parameter for the Andressa comments. probability of occupancy and pi is Federal University the variable, the probabilities of and detection are calculated Letícia Almeida Moura Graduate the probability of detection during The studies are also making the of Espírito Santo occupancy psi (Ψ) and detection through logistic regressions the sampling occasion in site i. academic development of the (p), are calculated, building different (logit link function) of the Federal University Maria Cecília Martins Doctor models with different combinations predictor variables. researchers possible. There is a of Espírito Santo Then, to establish the probability master’s student, four doctoral of detection and occupancy of of variables. After the construction Federal University Further Information students and one postdoctoral Marina Zanin Doctor tapirs, collared peccaries and of various possible models, the of Maranhão student on the project, as well as white-lipped peccaries, available analysis provides the ranking of the To better understand the three graduates that will produce Federal University programs for this purpose are used, best models tested (or, of the best model of occupancy, visit Maria Otávia Crepaldi Doctor monographs in 2018 based on the of Vale do São Francisco such as Presence, Mark or scripts combinations of the variables), to http://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/vtcfwru/ research done. The first scientific to be used in program R (statistical explain the occupancy (presence) spreadsheets/?Page=occupancy/ Federal University articles on the project are expected Paula Modenesi Ferreira Graduate programming software). Based of the species in the landscape as a of Espírito Santo occupancy.htm. to be published in 2019. on the history of detection and whole. The estimates of occupancy
22 MAIS MAIS 23 Recovery of Degraded Areas
Integrated RDI
The company designed a management Projects for Recovery model for environmental RDI programs with the aim of promoting greater of Degrade Areas coordination among projects, thus optimizing their application
he development of projects The researchers and the operational specialists from Renova and from dedicated to RDI at Vale areas of the company involved the State Foundation of Environment Thas over time generated in the projects have worked (FEAM, Fundação Estadual results with ever more potential for together, sharing information, do Meio Ambiente). Southeast corridor, “promoting Structure of the Program Model integration due to its complementary methodologies, results and the interaction of the program Nei Rivello, Environmental analyst The methodology developed by Vale researchers should act as a team approach. From this standpoint, the even the locations where the for RDA with new research and of the Recovery Management of promotes coordination among various to save time, reduce costs, and company designed a management research takes place in the field. new projects, between Vale and Degraded Areas and Mine Closure, actors and RDI projects, prioritizing generate accurate results. Our task, Furthermore, other company universities, allows us to innovate, model for environmental RDI who coordinated the technical looking for the best methodologies the establishment of synergies of the as is successively being done in RDA, programs with the aim of promoting initiatives are being considered in meeting, reminds us that there is still results related to RDA. For this, the is to identify the projects that could for the recovery process, beyond the greater coordination among projects, the program, such as the Biofactory a lot to learn regarding RDA studies, technological challenges faced by make up a program and, from there, in Minas Gerais, and a project environmental gain of rehabilitating thus optimizing their application. as it is a relatively recent area of the company and the portfolio of RDI coordinate them to obtain transversal that will use sewage slurry operational areas and environmental Based on this premise, the application knowledge with a multidisciplinary projects for RDA, being executed by benefits, with a focus on the use of in the RDA process. compensation, restoring them to character, involving issues related to Vale, are being mapped out. This will the results. The application of the of the program for Recovery of their natural state and forming biology, agronomy and climatology, allow everyone to benefit from the knowledge acquired, in this content, Degraded Areas is a promising To apply the knowledge obtained ecological corridors. We hope to amongst others. “We challenged knowledge already acquired, is fundamental”, says Edgar Sepúlveda, example. The four research projects through the RDA studies, there have achieve better quality in the services researchers of projects approved in to generate new results, and to Technological Development analyst. presented over the following pages already been two technical meetings of recovery of areas and a shorter the joint tenders of Vale and Research develop training programs aiming illustrate that connected studies can held this year. The second of them was execution time, as by previously “Vale’s professionals and departments Support Foundations, in 2011, to to share all this knowledge with deliver better results more quickly and larger, the “1st RDA Technical Meeting”. identifying the best techniques for interested in replicating the interact with us in the search for new the operational areas. at a lower cost. Two of the projects Held in the Águas Claras mine and each area we increase the effectivity methodology of RDI program studies, more directed at plugging have been developed and contracted in the Ferrous Metals Technology of the process and reduce repeat “For the concept behind the management or inserting their the specific holes in mining RDA, jointly through partnerships with Center (CTF, Centro de Tecnologia work with new planting in areas program to be fulfilled, total synergy projects into the program for Recovery related to our daily operations. They educational and research institutions de Ferrosos), both in Nova Lima, that were not successful. The and interconnection between the of Degraded Areas can contact saw the proposal as an opportunity, and address the selection of native Minas Gerais, the meeting allowed technological advance provides technological challenges of the the Management of Technology and the integrated project is showing species for recovery of degraded areas the exchange of experiences, as it sustainability for the RDA process. areas involved and the projects and Innovation for Sustainability, relevant results”, Rivello confirms. – one deals with knowledge of soil physically brought together teams We also benefit from the qualification executed is necessary. Each study by emailing [email protected]”, adds while the other focuses on monitoring from various departments of the For Ricardo de Oliveira, and technical training of the within the program should consider Domenica Blundi, technical specialist the recovery process. business, university researchers, and Environmental manager for the Vale professionals. the others that make it up, and the in STI and R&D Project Management.
24 MAIS MAIS 25 Framework Species
Study Will Define Framework Species for Recovery of Degrade Areas
he research project "Species Geraldo Fernandes is a full from Rupestrian Fields for professor at UFMG. With a master’s TUse in Recovery of Degraded and doctorate degree from Areas" was presented by the biologist Northern Arizona University in Geraldo Fernandes and contracted Ecology and Evolutionary Ecology, jointly by Vale and the Research respectively, the biologist did Support Foundation of Minas Gerais his post-doctorate at Stanford (Fapemig, Fundação de Amparo à University. The current project Pesquisa de Minas Gerais) in 2018. continues the research “Biodiversity, The study began at the beginning of eco-efficiency and sustainability the year, and is expected to conclude applied to the recovery of in 2020. It aims to enhance the rupestrian fields”, approved in knowledge on recovery processes for Vale-Fapemig tender in 2010 rupestrian fields by identifying the and concluded in 2014. Ricardo Teles reference ecosystem – vegetation, soil, and mycorrhizae (association “In the first project, we created between fungi and roots) – and parameters for the germination of nutritional quality, which creates a of plants in these fields, spread over site in four major distinct habitats Federal University of Viçosa (UFV, the regenerative potential of the endemic and endangered species peculiar vegetation as it is difficult an area that represents less than that characterize the landscape: Universidade Federal de Viçosa), soil, with the use of arbuscular in rupestrian fields. We even for the plants to take root, grow 0.8% of the Brazilian territory,” two canga habitats (nodular and coordinators of related studies that mycorrhizal fungi. It also seeks to managed to save two endangered and produce seeds. Wind, little said the professor. battened) and two quartzite are part of the program for Recovery species. Now, our focus is on of Degraded Areas. At the same time, learn about the space occupied by water, and temperatures that can Phases rupestrian fields (sandy field the plant community in rupestrian framework species, those acting vary between 5 and 60 degrees, on and rock outcrop). phytosociological measurements fields regarding the CSR structure, as facilitators and capable of rock, means they are very hostile. During the first phase of the current were collected, such as the height of which evaluates the ability to promoting biodiversity in the Rupestrian fields are home to a research project – already completed Soil samples were collected, 20 the plant and diameter at soil level, compete with other plants (C); environment. The term rupestrian wealth of species, as diverse as the – the researchers carried out a field centimeters deep, that will be of all the individual plants within tolerate stresses (S); and survive the comes from the word rock and is Amazon in number of species by survey in Minas Gerais to identify analyzed jointly by professors Igor the areas chosen in the field; that is, partial destruction of biomass (R). an area in which the soil has low area. There are 6 thousand species the species that represent the Assis and Luiz Eduardo Dias, of the ten areas of 10m x 10m per site for
26 MAIS MAIS 27 Framework Species
woody stratum and ten areas of 1m x Mycorrhiza the microbial biomass, recovering the carbon stock. This substance 1m per site for herbaceous stratum. biological activity and favoring the helps with the stability and the “Mycorrhiza are important because, restoration of the cycle of nutrients decompaction of the soil”, she says. From the laboratory analyses of soil over millions of years of evolution, and the clustering of the soil”, samples, including physicochemical they have created a mutualistic Geraldo explains. Next Steps analyses and those that predict DNA association with plants. They receive Backed by the research, the next step extraction and genetic sequencing energy from plants, and serve as an The biologist Yumi Oki, who is part is to select up to three framework through PCR (polymerase extension of the root. This larger area of the study team, adds that, using species in each type of habitat chain reaction) to identify the increases the absorption capacity of the identification of the species of and produce seedlings through environmental DNA (see table on important elements from the soil for mycorrhiza as a base, one could collection of mature fruits in the field. page 28), researchers will find out plant nutrition. The interaction also evaluate which of them will favor the The definition of framework species which mycorrhiza occur in that increases the activity and diversity establishment or the development takes into account the study on rupestrian field area, which elements of heterotrophic microorganisms of vegetation in degraded areas. the reference ecosystem – existing, compose the soil, and which (that depend on the consumption of “The mycorrhizal fungi also produce pre-existing or hypothetical – that species were able to colonize previously formed organic material) glomalin, a glycoprotein related serves as a guide for recovery the environment. and contribute to the expansion of to the stability of the clusters and projects. That is: belonging to each location and capable of altering Plant Propagation the microenvironment of the soil, Reference Ecosystem And Cultivation modifying the surface, interfering with drainage and producing Vegetation