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Geogenic Arsenic Contamination in Northwest of Iran; Role of Water Basin Hydrochemistry

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Geogenic Arsenic Contamination in Northwest of Iran; Role of Water Basin Hydrochemistry JournalJournal of of Environmental Environmental Health Health and and Sustainable Development(JEHSD) Sustainable Development Geogenic Arsenic Contamination in Northwest of Iran; Role of Water Basin Hydrochemistry Mohammad Mosaferi 1, Sepideh Nemati 2, Fereydoon Armanfar 3*, Ataollah Nadiri 4, Amir Mohammadi 5 1 School of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. 2 Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. 3 Regional Water Company of East Azerbaijan Province, Office of Water Resources Quality Conservation, Tabriz, Iran. 4 Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. 5 Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. A R T I C L E I N F O ABSTRACT Introduction: Arsenic contamination of surface and groundwater has been ORIGINAL ARTICLE categorizd among high profile environmental problems around the world. The matter is of most concern where unsafe water is used for drinking. Sahand region reservoir in northwest of Iran supplies water for drinking, Article History: industrial and agricultural purposes throught irrigation of 11000 hectares of Received: 6 November 2016 lands. Accepted: 5 February 2017 Materials and Methods: The hydrochemistry status of Sahand dam basin and arsenic plume distribution in water recourse was evaluated by analyzing 308 water samples from surface and ground water according to the standard methods. in addition, geological features information of basin were obtained *Corresponding Author: based on recent site studies and field investigations. Fereydoon Armanfar Results:Elevated concentrations of arsenic (range = 0-1440 ppb, mean = 171.68 ppb) were detected in water basin and dam. According to the Email: delineating evidences, regional geological background and volcanic activities [email protected] can be considered as the main sources of the natural genesis of arsenic in the study area. Downloaded from jehsd.ssu.ac.ir at 15:07 IRST on Friday October 1st 2021 Tel: Conclusion: Notable amounts of arsenic sulfide were recorded in seams, +984133382221 gaps , fractures of limestone, marl, sandstone and an overlying ferruginous conglomerate. Concentrations of arsenic varied seasonally highlithing the maximum concentration observed in autumn and early winter (December). Keywords: Seasonal fluctuations can be probably attributed to changes in geochemical Arsenic, conditions in sediments at the bottom of reservoir. Hydrology, Groundwater, Volcanic Activities, Dam, Iran. Citation: Mosaferi M, Nemati S, Armanfar F, et al. Geogenic Arsenic Contamination in Northwest of Iran; Role of Water Basin Hydrochemistry. J Environ Health Sustain Dev. 2017; 2(1): 209-20. Introduction earth's crust (1.5-2 µg/g), it can accumulate in Natural contamination of water resources (both rocks to concentrations of much higher magnitude surface and groundwater) by arsenic is an than this value 2, 3. Accumulation of As and metals important concern in many countries 1. In spite of in soils can affect the quality of water which can low average abundance of arsenic in the upper potentially affect terrestrial and aquatic Geogenic Arsenic Contamination Mosaferi M, et al. communities, it onsequently can affect the quality water for drinking and industrial purposes, and quantity of drinking water directly and provides water for irrigation of about 11000 indirectly 4, 5. Over 200 different mineral arsenic hectares of agricultural lands. According to forms can be present in natural soils 6. However, preliminary limited unpublished studies conducted 7 orpiment (As2S3), realgar , and arsenopyrite in the area by the local Water Organization (FeAsS) are the most common solid phases of As (Bandab), contamination to arsenic and heavy in the subsurface environment 8, 9. One of the main metals has been reported in reservoir water . Due processes that control distribution of arsenic in to the importance of this issue for water supplies of water is its reaction at water-mineral interfaces the region, the present study was conducted to 10,11. Likewise arsenic amount in the geological determine the extent and severity of arsenic source material, the environmental conditions contamination problem, as well as the control chemical and biological transformation of hydrogeochemical properties of water in Sahand materials 12 and therefore arsenic mobilization reservoir and related surface and groundwater mechanisms vary with location, depending on resources. The study also aimed to identify the hydrogeological and redox conditions 13. sources of arsenic pollution to assist management Regarding the environmental problems caused of the problem. by the presence of arsenic in water resources, the Materials and Methods geochemistry of groundwater and arsenic The study area description and geology contamination mechanisms have been widely The study area is located in the north west of investigated 14, 15. As reported by Tisserand et al. Iran in the south-eastern part of East Azerbaijan groundwater arsenic of geogenic origin in the province and is 26 km from Hashtrud County western Alps is generally associated with arsenic- (UTM: X= 644000 to X= 677000 East longitude bearing sulfide minerals, such as pyrite, arsenian and Y= 4134000 to 4155000 North latitude) pyrite, and arsenopyrite in the crystalline rocks 16. (Figure 1). The area is a part of Hashtrud County Arsenic contamination of water resources in Iran close to Sahand volcanic mountains and has been was first recognized in Kurdistan province, in the severely affected by volcanic activity. The study West of Iran, where a high concentration of arsenic district is also located in the basin of Caspian Sea less than 1 mg/L in some villages was reported 7. and in the sub-basin of the Sefidrud River. Since then a number of studies were undertaken to Downloaded from jehsd.ssu.ac.ir at 15:07 IRST on Friday October 1st 2021 The largest river in the basin is Qarranqu River investigate the occurrence of arsenic and its possible and as mentioned earlier, the main purpose of health effects in this area. For example, Mosaferi et Jehsd.ssu.ac.ir constructing the Sahand dam was to provide a al.17, in their study in Kurdistan province, reported reservoir on this river with sufficient capacity for hyperkeratosis and hyperpigmentation as a result of the development of irrigated agriculture in the chronic exposure with arsenic. south western part of Hashtrud County in addition The spatial coincidence between the arsenic to provision of water for industrial and potable use. anomaly in groundwater and the distribution of The Qarranqu River basin has an area of 820 km2, travertine springs was found by Keshavarzi et al. in 210 initiates from Sahand Mountain (height: 3542 m) water resources of Kurdistan and West Azerbaijan and after 51 km reaches to dam site (height: provinces 18. 1560 m). Sahand dam was constructed with soil Sahand dam with capacity of 135×106 m3 is and an impervious central core. The length, width, located in East Azerbaijan province and is an and height of the dam are 405 m, 10 m, and 35 m, important reservoir in the region. The reservoir is respectively. Six village and 320 hectars of located in the south western part of Hashtrud agricultural land were submerged by dam. County (Figure 1) and in addition to supplying JEHSD, Vol (2), Issue (1), March 2017, 209-20 Mosaferi M, et al. Geogenic Arsenic Contamination Figure 1: Location of the studied area The major part of the region is characterized by scattered volcanic peaks. Pyroclastic deposits of a semi-arid and cold climate. The average annual Sahand have precipitated around the volcanic mass precipitation (rain and snow) is 340 mm year-1, the intermittently in form of alluvial conglomerate and average relative humidity is about 55 %, and mean volcanic ash. Travertine forming springs are also temperature in the coldest month (January) and observed in the region for example around the warmest month (July) are respectively 6 ˚C and 12 Goltappeh village 19. ˚C (Bandab 2004; Bandab 2014). Water sampling and analysis Based on the collected data from site visiting, In order to evaluate the water quality and field investigations, and previous studies (Bandab hydrochemistry status in the basin, a total of 308 2004; Bandab 2014) regional hydrogeological samples were collected and analyzed during the setting is classified into: Upper Red Formation period 2002-2015. Water samples included 144 Deposits (URFD), pyroclastic deposits, and samples from surface and ground waters of the Downloaded from jehsd.ssu.ac.ir at 15:07 IRST on Friday October 1st 2021 volcanic lava pile of Sahand volcano. basin and 164 samples from the reservoir These formations have the highest development and discharging water from Sahand dam. It should in the region and their age is from Miocene to be noted that a specific sampling and analysis Quaternary. Type of URFD is destructive and due strategy has been designed since 2007 that to low depth of related sea, gypsiferous deposits focused on geological formations where previous and salt are seen frequently. For this reason, all investigations had indicated that there were surface runoff and springs discharged from this Jehsd.ssu.ac.ir Jehsd.ssu.ac.ir significant arsenic anomalies. geological formation contain high content of The samples for heavy metals and arsenic dissolved salts and are saline. These formations are analysis were acidified to pH less than 2 with nitric 2112 highly faulted and form highly unstable hill-slopes acid while non-acidified aliquots were used for which leads to frequent land-slides. Due to water major and minor ions analysis. All samples were adsorption by gypsum, intense swelling of the filtered and collected in precleaned polyethylene earth (by 30 to 40 cm) is observed in some bottles, labeled, and stored in a cool box at 4˚C locations, e.g., Shurdaraq village 19. immediately after collection until analysis. Pyroclastic deposits and volcanic lava pile of The quality characteristics (physicochemical Sahand volcano have covered a wide part of area.
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