Index of Watermark Classes and Subclasses
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INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PAPER HISTORIANS INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR THE REGISTRATION OF PAPERS WITH OR WITHOUT WATERMARKS VERSION 2.1.1 (2013) 1/84 IPH Standard 2.1.1 2013 22.10.2013 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PAPER HISTORIANS INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR THE REGISTRATION OF PAPERS WITH OR WITHOUT WATERMARKS VERSION 2.1.1 (2013) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR THE REGISTRATION OF PAPERS WITH OR WITHOUT WATERMARKS 1 Introduction Practical use of the IPH Registration Standard Since Version 2.0 was published in 1997, computer The comparability of paper data is ensured even if only science has made a tremendous progress. The web and a few, incomplete data are available. In other words: PC performances, exceeding the power of the former Nothing but those data should be registrated which giant computers, have become routine. In the same are unmistakable and assignable; all other criteria time, the interest in historical paper analysis has grown may be omitted, i.e. the corresponding labels should world-wide, together with a demand for more accurate remain void. The Standard prescribes, for basic regis- results. Therefore, the IPH standard had to be revised. tration, only data which serve to identify an item and the corresponding data file. This will minimize the Many of the new watermark collections, especially in registration time involved. Europe, use criteria of their own and different digitali- zing systems. All the more, a normalization of the crite- 2 Function of the Standard ria becomes a must, especially in view of a scholarly standard of the data to be obtained, and the IPH is 2.1 Identification of papers aiming at an international recognition of its Registra- tion Standard. Up to now, potential users were profer- Historians, archivists, librarians, art historians, even ring two negative arguments: the Standard, in their criminologists make use of paper history, especially view, contained many criteria which did not refer to the watermark analysis, in order to identify and date paper specifications of their own collections, and on the other found in documents, books, manuscripts, prints, draw- hand its watermark classification scheme would be too ings, maps etc. general, not allowing any distinction of specific sub- types. Strictly speaking, however, an identification of this kind is only possible if the registration of papers is In view of those arguments, IPH makes the following carried out everywhere according to the same criteria statement: and as comprehensively as possible. The IPH Registration Standard ensures the regis- It is assumed that the registration of papers is possible tration of all historical and modern papers and on small EDP units such as personal computers without paper items, with or without watermarks. Therefore storage of image data, in addition to the traditional card some criteria are defined which apply to single pa- index. per types only. This standard is intended to be a technical standard for The IPH Registration Standard is both, a technical data recording. The exchange of data and the develop- standard of normalized criteria as well as a stand- ment of corresponding software should be based upon ard defining criteria and paper or watermark types, the recommendations of IPH (see Appendices II,1 and fixing their name and specification in the most im- II,2). Compared with the former versions (1.0 / 1992; portant languages, in order to ensure the interna- 2.0 / 1997), the version 2.1.1 / 2013 offers more precise tional compatibility of the paper data. selection possibilities and contains the criteria needed to registrate papers from Far East and from Arab coun- tries without watermarks as well as the entire illustrated index of watermark classes and subclasses. 2/84 IPH Standard 2.1.1 2013 22.10.2013 2.2 Basis of the Standard 3 Data to be registered The data marked * must be recorded with first priority as a basic This standard is based on the following conditions: registration. - Watermark is understood to be any mark 3.0 Data of the sheet Section, Code, Description, Subcodes (underlined) which appears in the sheet of paper where there is a difference in sheet thickness regardless of how it is 3.0.0* IDEN produced or of the grade of paper or depression (wire Entry number of the database (or card index) or other elevation on the mould, impression on the wet or dry sheet of paper, hand- or machine-made 3.0.1* DREV paper). Date of entry or updating (formatted DD.MM.YYYY) - With handmade paper in particular, the wa- 3.0.2* INST termark provides information about the chronological Whereabouts; institution operating the watermark data- order in the production of the sheets primarily by com- base (in abbreviated form, e.g. FPBN = Paris, Biblio- paring the small differences between the individual thèque Nationale). watermarks. Together with known dates of use or pro- IPH will keep a compulsory list of sub-codes (abbrevi- duction this results in dating sequences which can be ations) of all institutions operating a watermark data- used to draw other conclusions. base. - In order to prepare such dating sequences it is 3.0.3* SIGN necessary to record the information on each watermark Identification of the original sheet: inventory or acces- as comprehensively as possible, including technical sion number data and information on its use. e.g. Ms. Gr. 0219 - The unique paper sheet is the starting point of 3.0.4* SUBS every registration. Its data lead to conclusions concern- Number/subunit of the original sheet ing the basic production unit, the mould. e.g. fol. 96 - All data not collected on a complete sheet or 3.0.5 BIBL half-sheet have to be mentioned sub 3.0.9 as „frag- References from a Bibliography: abbreviation of the ment‟, even if the sheet (e.g. in a book) could be recon- bibliography + number of the reference quoted structed. The descriptions of original moulds have to be If there are several references, they are separated by a stored in a separate file. numeral following the code: BIBL1, BIBL2, etc. - A considerable help in preparing such regis- 3.0.6 REFE tration is the determination of the position of the mark Literature references, mentioning author (with first in the pair of moulds used for handmade paper and the name), title, year, volume, page changes of screen or dandy roll or molettes for ma- If there are several references, they are separated by a chine-made paper. Distinct differences between water- numeral following the code, e.g. REFE1, REFE2, etc. marks from a single or pair of moulds generally come from faults in the wire profile, the mould cover or the machine wire or the dandy roll as a result of continued 3.0.7 FUNC wear during production. Paper kind (general) in accordance with the end use art artist paper 1 - A short description of the object is compulso- dec decorated paper ry; the bibliographical and codicological description of dr drawing or painting paper the object has, as complete as possible, to be stored in a graph graphic paper separate data file. min minor quality, refuse oth other kinds - The source must be given sub 3.0.6 for any pr printing paper information taken from existing literature; such data sec security paper have to be earmarked by a following #. spec special watermarked paper (portrait, commemorative, etc.) - The more complete the registration of the st stamped paper information about the paper sheet, the more valuable it wr writing paper is for comparison with similar sheets. 1 IPH will publish specifications for registration of decorated papers in a separate database. 3/84 IPH Standard 2.1.1 2013 22.10.2013 3.0.8 USEP 3.0.15 TONE End use of paper Shade, given in full back backing paper (drawing or prints) book book (printed) 3.0.16 PATT doc document Pattern, given in full draw drawing A special, separate database for decorated papers is end endpaper recommended for collections containing major lots of env envelope such papers. map map (geogr.) ms manuscript (letter, bound, notebook, 3.0.17 SIDE loose note, score) Position of wire side mus music book, printed music SD wire side facing down obj paper object SU wire side facing up oth other end use SN facing not known pa paper art It is recommended to collect data with the wire side paint painting paper facing down. plain plain sheet print print (work of graphic art) The following information is important especially for shif shifu paper machine-made paper: spir spirit paper (mock money) subs paper substituting other kind of ma 3.0.18 PULP terial Type of raw materials used, given in full tec technical paper (e.g. paper for gold e.g. rags of linen, linen/linters 50:50; beating) hardwood/softwood pulp 50:50 wrap wrapping paper 3.0.18 FILL 3.0.9* STAT Fillers, given in full State of sheet e.g. starch; china clay H half sheet F fragment 3.0.19 SIZE T trimmed Type of sizing, given in full U untrimmed e.g. starch sizing; rosin sizing 3.0.10* DIMH 3.0.20 SDEG Height of the sheet (in mm) Degree of sizing FS full sized 3.0.11* DIMW HS half sized Width of the sheet (in mm) NS unsized 3.0.12 STAN 3.0.22 COAT Allocation to a (historical/local/temporary) standard Type of coating, given in full dimension with reference giving time and place of e.g. wheat starch; latex standard and the original height and width in mm (e.g. : Foolscap Folio, London 1850c., 203 x 330; 3.0.23 CMOD cf.Labarre, Dictionary, p.259) Mode of coating A absent 3.0.13 COLO D double side Colour of the sheet S single side C coloured (surface dyeing or dyed coating) 3.0.24 DYES M marbled/decorated (all varieties) Dyestuffs used, given in full; if