The last twelve months or so have seen a major resurgence of interest in the iconography of (1749–1806), the great eighteenth-century Whig politician, orator The Year of the Fox and statesman.

It coincides with a vigorous campaign to rehabilitate the reputation of George III (reigned 1760– 1820), popularly thought of as the ‘mad King’ who lost the American colonies. That cruel and inaccurate portrayal belies the King’s significant role as a patron of the arts, science and architecture during a period of extraordinary advancement in manufacturing and technology, as well as the development of the arts. David Wilson looks at how Fox is commemorated in stone – in busts, statues and monuments.

Figure 1. Bust of Charles James Fox by Joseph Nollekens RA, signed and dated 1 March 1796. National Portrait Gallery, . Private Collection; © Hilary Chelminski.

 Journal of Liberal History 50 Spring 2006 The Year of the Fox

eorge III’s achieve- only revealing the marriage to his Wales (who had himself been a ments have been family and friends in 1802 (Fig. 2). former lover of Mrs Armitstead much overshad- Fox is remembered for his and who was regularly with Fox owed by the extrav- opposition to the war with the at the racecourse and gambling agant and profligate American colonies, and his sup- tables). In 1788, during the tem- Gbehaviour of his eldest son, later port for the campaigns for Parlia- porary illness of the King, and Regent and in due course King mentary reform and the abolition without a care for the prospects George IV. Charles James Fox is of slavery. Fox held junior office of his political faction in the credited by many historians (and in the early 1770s and subse- Commons, Fox argued for the was certainly regarded by George quently was Britain’s first Foreign automatic Regency of his friend III) as the prime influence on the Secretary (in 1782, in the cabi- the Prince of Wales, thus denying Prince and as being responsible net headed for a few months by the right of Parliament to debate for leading the young George the Marquess of Rockingham). anything regarding the Prince, into a dissolute life of debauchery Thereafter, apart from two rela- and in the process destroying his and excess, which soured forever tively brief periods when he was party’s credibility as the defender the Prince’s relations with his in the cabinet (as Foreign Secre- of the rights of Parliament. These father. This recent interest in Fox tary, for most of 1783 and in the matters and a number of other has been greatly encouraged by eight months before his death in instances where Fox allowed the permanent display, since 2003, 1806), a combination of personal his passions to rule his intellect, of a magnificent eighteenth- grudges and his increasingly radi- secured for him a place in the century white marble portrait cal views became a barrier to his political wilderness, a landscape of bust of him by the great sculptor reappointment to high office, and which he was the chief cultivator. Joseph Nollekens RA in the new most of his career was spent in Despite his long parliamentary Regency galleries at the National opposition to the government. career, Fox’s total time in office Portrait Gallery (Fig. 1) and by a Although, through his elo- was only five years, including his project, undertaken with support quence and determination, he three periods as Foreign Secretary from English Heritage, to re- rose to become the leader of the Fox com- that totalled less than two years. landscape in ‘official’ Whig opposition in the Fox’s political arch-enemy, London, the site of Richard West- House of Commons, his own bined a William Pitt, died in 1806, hav- macott RA’s posthumous statue temperament was his downfall. It ing held the premiership almost of Fox. These developments are a found expression in his support long politi- continuously from 1783 until prelude to celebrations to be held for the French Revolution and his death, with only one break in 2006 to mark the bicentenary his opposition to the war with cal career, between 1801 and 1804. Only of Fox’s death on 13 September France and to various measures spanning then was a ‘Ministry of all the Tal- 1806. (such as the suspension of habeas ents’ given the seals of office and Fox combined a long political corpus in 1794) enacted by a fear- thirty-five George III, recognising that Fox career, spanning thirty-five years, ful British government against its was now the only great statesman with an unconventional lifestyle: own citizens, some of whom were years, with alive, acquiesced in Fox’s appoint- he cohabited for many years with suspected of plotting insurrection. ment as Foreign Secretary and the famous courtesan, Elizabeth There were numerous disputes an uncon- the real head of the government Bridget Cane (commonly called with George III, especially over ventional under the nominal premiership of Mrs Armitstead) whom he subse- Fox’s relationship with the King’s Lord Grenville. Fox was, however, quently married in secret in 1795, unpopular son George, Prince of lifestyle. by then ill with dropsy, and died

Journal of Liberal History 50 Spring 2006  the year of the fox

Figure 2. Mrs Armitstead, Figure 3. Mausoleum at Figure 4. Nollekens’ statue of Figure 5. Fox’s neo-classical engraving after Sir Joshua Wentworth Woodhouse, Charles Watson-Wentworth, temple at St. Anne’s Hill, Reynolds PRA, National Portrait Yorkshire, dedicated to the 2nd 2nd Marquess of Rockingham Chertsey, as it appeared in Gallery, London. Marquess of Rockingham. in Garter Robes, with the 1974. Photograph courtesy of plaster replica bust of Fox in the Knight Frank. background, in the Mausoleum at Wentworth Woodhouse.

 Journal of Liberal History 50 Spring 2006 the year of the fox within months of taking office. members. Ironically, the friendship ‘Here is a missioned a replica of the bust Ironically, he was buried beside of Fox and Burke terminated irre- from Nollekens for the temple of Pitt in . trievably in 1791 following their man who political friendship at Wentworth Fox’s association with Rock- irreconcilable differences over Woodhouse. ingham and his deep and lifelong the French Revolution (which could dom- A number of the close political friendship with the Marquess’s Burke deplored), and a serious associates of Fitzwilliam and Fox heir and nephew, the fourth Earl breach occurred in the relation- inate the commissioned replicas of the bust. Fitzwilliam, led to the commission ship between Fox and Fitzwil- House of Some eleven are recorded, includ- of Nollekens’ bust of Fox. Model- liam when, in 1794, the latter and ing the bust now in the National ling of the bust probably started a number of other senior Whigs Commons, Portrait Gallery. That one was in 1789 and the marble was com- defected and went over to the specifically commissioned from pleted in 1791. The bust had been government, leaving Fox to pre- infuriate Nollekens by Fitzwilliam as a gift intended for a temple of political side over a disaffected and demor- for Fox’s partner, Mrs Armitstead, friendship at Wentworth Wood- alised ‘rump’ opposition whose the Tories to whom it is inscribed. The gift house in Yorkshire, the ancestral effectiveness was fatally damaged. by the lib- seems to have been something home of Rockingham, to whom Fitzwilliam was then appointed of a ‘peace offering’ and reflected the temple was dedicated by Fit- Lord Lieutenant of Ireland by Pitt, erality of a rapprochement between Fox zwilliam (Fig. 3). Rockingham but was not a success. and Fitzwilliam following the had also briefly held the premier- The bust of Fox, Nollekens’ his views, latter’s dismissal by Pitt from the ship between 1755 and 1756, dur- most famous production, has Lord Lieutenancy of Ireland in ing which time he secured the been described by leading experts and com- 1795. The bust was completed repeal of the infamous Stamp Act, as ‘commanding’ and as Nolle- mand the on 1 March 1796, when it was the much despised measure that kens’ ‘masterpiece in the Baroque despatched to St Anne’s Hill taxed the legal transactions of the manner’. As Margaret Whinney unswerv- at Chertsey, the country home Americans (and other colonists) has pointed out, ‘the flamboyance shared by Fox and Mrs Armit- who were nevertheless denied of Fox’s character has been seized ing loyalty stead, where they were very representation in Parliament. The to perfection and the grossness of happy together, became very temple (the work of the architect his physique has been emphasised of his keen gardeners, and where Fox John Carr of York) is described in rather than ignored. The swift friends.’ enjoyed the life of a country gen- both the estate accounts and in turn of the head with the curls tleman and indulged his passion correspondence as a ‘mausoleum’, jutting from it, and the piercing for classical literature. The bust although Rockingham (who eyes are all the more impressive stood in one of three niches in a died in July 1782 after only three against the bulk of the shoulders. small temple of friendship in the months in office) was not, in fact, Here is a man who could domi- grounds of St Anne’s Hill, that buried there, but in York Min- nate the House of Commons, had been erected in 1794 and ster. The temple, owned by the infuriate the Tories by the liberal- was dedicated to Fox’s nephew Fitzwilliam Wentworth Amenity ity of his views, and command the (and intended political successor) Trust, is open to the public for unswerving loyalty of his friends.’ Henry, third Lord Holland, with part of the year. Catherine the Great, Empress whom Fox and Mrs Armitstead Nollekens’ full-length statue of of Russia, was a great admirer of were very close (Fig. 5). It was to Rockingham in the temple is not Fox and wished to acknowledge St. Anne’s that Fox retired after surrounded by his ancestors, but his friendly diplomacy during declaring in 1797 that he would by eight busts (many by Nolle- the Russo-Turkish war, which attend Parliament no more. Over kens) of friends and political allies, broke out in 1788. During the the years, and before Fox resumed including Fox, Lord John Cavend- period of March to April 1791, his seat, St. Anne’s became a place ish (Chancellor of the Exchequer in powerful displays of eloquence for entertaining Fox’s political in the Rockingham government) in the Commons Fox galvanised associates and friends including and Edmund Burke, the politi- public opinion against the gov- George, Prince of Wales. cian and political philosopher ernment and dissuaded Pitt from The socle (base) of the bust and writer, who at one time had sending ships to secure the res- was inscribed with a quatrain been Rockingham’s Private Sec- titution to Turkey of the fortress extolling the virtues of Fox, writ- retary. The busts were removed of Oczakow and a small strip of ten by his friend and brother-in- from the temple some time ago to land lying between the rivers Bug law, the satirist and poet Richard a private collection, and replaced and Dniester, which had been Fitzpatrick. The quatrain reads: with plaster casts (Fig. 4). Fitzwil- seized by the Russians from the liam’s temple of political friend- Turks. The grateful Catherine A Patriot’s even Course he ship was a sort of Whig cabinet, let it be known that she desired steer’d, reflecting the cabinet presided a marble bust of Fox. On learn- Mid Factions wildest Storms over by Rockingham in the early ing this news, Fitzwilliam ceded unmoved; months of 1782 and of which Fox, the bust to Catherine (it is now By all who mark’d his Mind Fitzwilliam and Cavendish were in the Hermitage) and then com- revered,

Journal of Liberal History 50 Spring 2006  the year of the fox

By all who knew his Heart beloved.

While apparently posthumous, these lines were actually added to the socle in Fox’s lifetime and were most likely intended as an expression of the popularly per- ceived qualities of Fox, not least his title, ‘Man of the People’. This was earned in Fox’s election campaign of 1780 for the seat of Westminster, when he invited his friend, Georgiana, the daz- zling Duchess of Devonshire, to join him on the hustings. Fox was magnificent, whipping up the crowd with speeches about the rights of the British people, Par- liamentary reform and the conse- quences of royal tyranny. In 1802 Nollekens completed a new bust of Fox, commissioned by Francis, fifth Duke of Bed- ford, for his Temple of Liberty at Woburn Abbey, which was intended to honour Fox as the great champion of civil liberty and justice and the opponent of tyranny and oppression. The 1802 bust, in which Fox is portrayed with short hair in the manner of a Roman Republican, was accom- panied in the Woburn temple by busts of Fox’s political associates (also made by Nollekens). The second bust is thought to have been reproduced in Nollekens’ studio at least fifty times in marble and many more times in plaster, possibly reflecting the cult that grew up around Fox. This sec- ond bust of Fox and Nollekens’ posthumous bust of Pitt were fre- quently exhibited as a pair. John Kenworthy-Browne has commented that, ‘as an expression

Figure 6. Statue of Charles James Fox, by Richard Westmacott RA, Bloomsbury Square, London.

Figure 7. The restoration of Bloomsbury Square, London, under way in 2003, with Charles James Fox looking north toward and the statue of his friend Francis, 5th Duke of Bedford.

Figure 8. Monument to Charles James Fox, Westminster Abbey, by Richard Westmacott RA.

 Journal of Liberal History 50 Spring 2006 the year of the fox of Whig liberalism a Temple of Figure 9. Statue Liberty was not new: the Gothic of Francis, 5th temple at Stowe had originally Duke of Bedford, by Richard been so described. But in 1800 Westmacott RA, such a fane [temple or shrine] Russell Square, must necessarily be associated London. with the French Revolution. Of the Revolutionary aims, liberté came first. There was a temple dedicated to Liberty at Nantes in 1790 and doubtless others else- where.’ Nicholas Penny has also pointed out that such temples were ‘not an uncommon type of garden building in the eight- eenth century’ but that the tem- ple at Woburn was unusual, not only because it had been brought indoors (forming a part of the main structure of the house), but because it honoured not Liberty in general, but Fox, its human and living embodiment. Following his death, Fox’s friends joined together to raise the money to pay for his funeral been placed, facing south, at the much loved. It was a melancholy in Westminster Abbey, to pay his south end of Russell Square (Fig. sight, God knows …’ debts and provide a pension for 9). Francis had been one of the The year 2003 saw refur- his widow. A committee, com- noble Lords who remained faith- bishment works at Bloomsbury prising a number of his close ful to Fox when many senior Square in London. They included political associates, was formed Whigs, no longer able to support extra protection for the statue to erect a monument and a statue, Fox’s opposition to the war with by the reinstatement of railings and its members (who included France, deserted him and went around the plinth and some radi- Earl Fitzwilliam and Richard over to the government in 1794. cal pruning of the foliage adja- Fitzpatrick) all contributed very To the intense grief of his friends, cent to the statue so as to expose generously, as did George, Prince not least Fox, the Duke died sud- it more fully for public view. This, of Wales, whom Fitzwilliam denly in 1802 following an oper- incidentally, has helped to ful- described (some seven weeks ation. fil one of the benefits intended after the death) as ‘deeply affected Westmacott’s statue of Fox was by those who erected the statue, with the death of Fox & has not admired by the press, the critic in namely that Fox should be able to recovered his spirits since’. The The Gentleman’s Magazine in 1816 gaze upon his friend Francis, fifth committee chose Richard West- commenting: ‘Dignity and repose Duke of Bedford in nearby Rus- macott RA as the sculptor for appear to have been the leading sell Square (Fig. 7). both commissions. objects of the artist’s ideas … the The work on Bloomsbury A bronze statue, completed in likeness of Mr Fox is perfect and Square happily coincided with 1814, was eventually unveiled in striking … This statue, and the the Save our campaign, June 1816, after a long search for statue of the late Duke of Bed- an initiative of the Public Monu- an appropriate site. In the end, the ford, by the same artist [Westma- ments and Sculpture Associa- committee agreed that the statue cott], at the other extremity of tion, which is intended to help should be located in Bloomsbury Bedford-place, form two grand the public identify and protect Square on land donated for that and beautiful ornaments of the at risk and to increase purpose by John, sixth Duke of Metropolis.’ Mrs Fox recorded in public awareness of the wealth Bedford, the brother of Fran- her diary of 30 June 1816: ‘Went of public sculpture throughout cis, the fifth Duke (Fig. 6). The afterwards to Bloomsbury Square Britain. One of the most evident statue of Fox is positioned on to see the statue of my angel examples of the cultural output of the north end of the square fac- which is magnificent and simple nineteenth-century Britain is its ing north so that the great man just as I could wish, but I do not public sculpture, of which there can look directly down Bedford like its being placed there. If it are possibly as many as 15,000 Place to the statue (also by West- could not be placed in Westmin- examples, ranging from sculptural macott) of his dear friend Fran- ster it should have been on this reliefs on buildings through polit- cis, Duke of Bedford, which had dear Hill [St Anne’s] which he so ical and imperial heroes to war

Journal of Liberal History 50 Spring 2006  the year of the fox

Figure 10. Statue of Fox Bibliography by EH Bailey RA. © Palace of Jonathon Marsden, ed., The Westminster. Wisdom of George III (2005). Christopher Hobhouse, Fox (Constable, 1934). David Wilson, ‘Nollekens and Fox in the temple – The ‘Armistead’ bust’, The British Art Journal, Vol. IV, No. 3, pp. 65–79 (2003), and references cited there. Margaret Whinney, Sculpture in Britain 1530–1830 (Harmondsworth, 1964). John Kenworthy-Browne, ‘The Temple of Liberty at Woburn Abbey’, Apollo, July 1989, pp. 27–32, 69. Nicholas Penny, ‘The Whig Cult of Fox in Early Nineteenth-Century Sculpture’, Past and Present, 20 February 1976, pp. 94–107. British Library, Additional Manuscripts 58955, f. 53 (Fitzwilliam’s correspondence with Lord Grenville on the death of Fox); 51476–51507 (Mrs Fox’s Diary, 1806–1841); and 38678, f. 187 (Bailey’s statue of Fox). memorials. English Heritage’s Whinney to be ‘probably West- lines were ‘fitter for a paragraph involvement with the London macott’s masterpiece, and has a in history than for an inscription Borough of Camden in the res- greater composition of nobil- for a Monument’ and in her diary toration of Bloomsbury Square, ity than any monument in St. Mrs Fox, truly upset at causing including the associated work to Paul’s. Fox, the great Whig, dies in any offence to Grey, wrote: ‘I am assist the public visibility of West- the arms of Liberty, while Peace afraid my not liking it as well macott’s statue of Fox, is very wel- bends, mourning, at his feet.’ as many of my friends do may come. Some further works of tree The famous slave kneels in front, hurt Lord Grey which will give pruning are to be undertaken, but gazing at Fox who had spoken me real pain to do but … I am money also needs to be raised to strongly in favour of his liberty. more than ever convinced that clean the statue. It is a most impressive work. The the name only is the best to have Westmacott was also the sculp- great Italian neo-classical sculptor, on the monument …’ Westma- tor commissioned by the commit- (of whom West- cott solved the dilemma himself, tee to produce the monument to macott was a pupil in the early by producing a pedestal with Fox in Westminster Abbey (Fig. 8). 1790s) once commented that he insufficient room for a lengthy The monument was not unveiled had never seen any work which inscription. The inscription, in until 1822, largely due to delays surpassed Westmacott’s figure of stark contrast with the magnifi- occasioned by alterations to the the slave on the monument. cent statuary above, merely states Abbey as part of the preparations Before the monument was Fox’s name and dates of birth and for the somewhat theatrical coro- installed, a controversy arose death. Mrs Fox saw the monu- nation of George IV. The critic over the length and content of ment in November 1822. In her in The Mirror of Literature, Amuse- its inscription. One draft was diary entry for 14 November she ment, and Instruction for February composed by Fox’s close friend wrote: ‘… afterwards to Westmin- 1823 commented that ‘the head Charles (Earl) Grey. Mrs Fox ster Abbey to see the Monument of Mr. Fox is admirably executed, was shown Lord Grey’s lines, parts of which I like very much. I the likeness good; and those gen- but reluctantly rejected them: think upon the whole it is beauti- erous and magnanimous feel- ‘Alas! What Inscription can tell ful, but it is ill placed and rather ings which predominated in the the hundredth part of the vir- too low …’ expression of his countenance, tues of his heart and mind or of The subject of Fox iconogra- strongly portrayed’. The monu- his benevolence to Mankind, no phy cannot be left without some ment has been stated by Margaret words can do it’. In her view, the mention of the representation of

10 Journal of Liberal History 50 Spring 2006 the year of the fox the statesman in Parliament, Arts (Fig. 10). The price was ling of the earlier (1791) bust and nineteenth-century sculpture which was, after all, his spir- £1,000. The statue was com- of Fox by Nollekens, with its and pictures. He is currently edit- itual home. St Stephen’s Hall pleted and erected in the year long hair and curls. ing the diaries and papers of ‘the in the Palace of Westminster of its commission and was anonymous Republican’ Thomas contains the white marble favourably commented on David Wilson is Director-des- Hollis (1720–74) on whom he statue of Fox sculpted by E. H. by the critic in the Art Journal ignate of the Wordsworth Trust, has already published extensively. Bailey RA in 1855, after being of that year. In its treatment Centre for British Romanticism, He can be contacted through the offered the commission by of the head and face of Fox, Cumbria. He has researched and Wordsworth Trust at d.wilson@ HM Commissioners of Fine it closely follows the model- published widely on eighteenth- wordsworth.org.uk. RESEARCH IN PROGRESS If you can help any of the individuals listed below with sources, contacts, or any other information — or if you know anyone who can — please pass on details to them. Details of other research projects in progress should be sent to the Editor (see page 3) for inclusion here.

Hubert Beaumont MP. After pursuing candidatures in his native The Liberal Party in the West Midlands from December 1916 to Northumberland southward, Beaumont finally fought and won Eastbourne the 1923 general election. Focusing on the fortunes of the party in in 1906 as a ‘Radical’ (not a Liberal). How many Liberals in the election Birmingham, Coventry, Walsall and Wolverhampton. Looking to explore fought under this label and did they work as a group afterwards? Lord the effects of the party split at local level. Also looking to uncover the Beaumont of Whitley, House of Lords, London SW1A 0PW; beaumontt@ steps towards temporary reunification for the 1923 general election. parliament.uk. Neil Fisher, 42 Bowden Way, Binley, Coventry CV3 2HU ; Neiltfisher@ aol.com. Letters of Richard Cobden (1804–65). Knowledge of the whereabouts of any letters written by Cobden in private hands, Recruitment of Liberals into the Conservative Party, 1906–1935. autograph collections, and obscure locations in the UK and abroad for a Aims to suggest reasons for defections of individuals and develop an complete edition of his letters. (For further details of the Cobden Letters understanding of changes in electoral alignment. Sources include Project, please see www.uea.ac.uk/his/research/projects/cobden). Dr personal papers and newspapers; suggestions about how to get hold of Anthony Howe, School of History, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 the papers of more obscure Liberal defectors welcome. Cllr Nick Cott, 1a 7TJ; [email protected]. Henry Street, Gosforth, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE3 1DQ; N.M.Cott@ncl. ac.uk. Cornish Methodism and Cornish political identity, 1918–1960s. Researching the relationship through oral history. Kayleigh Milden, Life of Wilfrid Roberts (1900–91). Roberts was Liberal MP for Institute of Cornish Studies, Hayne Corfe Centre, Sunningdale, Truro TR1 Cumberland North (now Penrith and the Border) from 1935 until 1950 3ND; [email protected]. and came from a wealthy and prominent local Liberal family; his father had been an MP. Roberts was a passionate internationalist, and was Liberal foreign policy in the 1930s. Focusing particularly on Liberal a powerful advocate for refugee children in the Spanish civil war. His anti-appeasers. Michael Kelly, 12 Collinbridge Road, Whitewell, parliamentary career is coterminous with the nadir of the Liberal Party. Newtownabbey, Co. Antrim BT36 7SN; [email protected]. Roberts joined the Labour Party in 1956, becoming a local councillor Liberal policy towards Austria-Hungary, 1905–16. Andrew Gardner, in Carlisle and the party’s candidate for the Hexham constituency in 17 Upper Ramsey Walk, Canonbury, London N1 2RP; agardner@ssees. the 1959 general election. I am currently in the process of collating ac.uk. information on the different strands of Roberts’ life and political career. Any assistance at all would be much appreciated. John Reardon; The Liberal revival 1959–64. Focusing on both political and social [email protected]. factors. Any personal views, relevant information or original material from Liberal voters, councillors or activists of the time would be very Student radicalism at Warwick University. Particulary the files affair gratefully received. Holly Towell, 52a Cardigan Road, Headingley, Leeds in 1970. Interested in talking to anybody who has information about LS6 3BJ; [email protected]. Liberal Students at Warwick in the period 1965-70 and their role in campus politics. Ian Bradshaw, History Department, University of The rise of the Liberals in Richmond (Surrey) 1964–2002. Interested Warwick, CV4 7AL; [email protected] in hearing from former councillors, activists, supporters, opponents, with memories and insights concerning one of the most successful local Welsh Liberal Tradition – A History of the Liberal Party in Wales organisations. What factors helped the Liberal Party rise from having no 1868–2003. Research spans thirteen decades of Liberal history in councillors in 1964 to 49 out of 52 seats in 1986? Any literature or news Wales but concentrates on the post-1966 formation of the Welsh cuttings from the period welcome. Ian Hunter, 9 Defoe Avenue, Kew, Federal Party. Any memories and information concerning the post- Richmond TW9 4DL; 07771 785 795; [email protected]. 1966 era or even before welcomed. The research is to be published in book form by Welsh Academic Press. Dr Russell Deacon, Centre for Liberal politics in Sussex, Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight 1900– Humanities, University of Wales Institute Cardiff, Cyncoed Campus, 14. The study of electoral progress and subsequent disappointment. Cardiff CF23 6XD; [email protected]. Research includes comparisons of localised political trends, issues and preferred interests as aganst national trends. Any information, Aneurin Williams and Liberal internationalism and pacificism, specifically on Liberal candidates in the area in the two general elections 1900–22. A study of this radical and pacificist MP (Plymouth 1910; of 1910, would be most welcome. Family papers especially appreciated. North West Durham/Consett 1914–22) who was actively involved in Ian Ivatt, 84 High Street, Steyning, West Sussex BN44 3JT; ianjivatt@ League of Nations Movement, Armenian nationalism, international tinyonline.co.uk. co-operation, pro-Boer etc. Any information relating to him and location of any papers/correspondence welcome. Barry Dackombe. 32 Liberals and the local government of London 1919–39. Chris Ashburnham Road, Ampthill, Beds, MK45 2RH; [email protected]. Fox, 173 Worplesdon Road, Guildford GU2 6XD; christopher.fox7@ virgin.net.

Journal of Liberal History 50 Spring 2006 11