... sustainability (why + how)

BROUGHT TO YOU BY qut guild & ENVIRONMENT OFFICERS SEREN WYATT + HANNAH SMITH Acknowledgement of Country. In the spirit of Reconciliation, the 2020 Environment Officers acknowledge the tradi- tional custodians of the land on which this e-book was created: the Nunukul, Goenpul, and Ngugi people of Quandamooka Country, and the Turrbal people of Yuggera Country. We pay our respects to the Elders, past, pres- ent, and emerging; and acknowledge that sovereignty was never ceded. Foreword. Thank you for downloading our eBook! This eBook is all about waste, what it is, how to reduce it and why you should.

Its a handy guide that can explain, clarify and reinforce the importance of living a sustain- able lifestyle.

As students, we acknowledge how import- ant it is to be budget and time-conscious. As a result, we have ensured that this guide is not only affordable and easy to follow, but is filled with student discount codes! Enjoy! Contents.

Recycle. Breakdown ...... 05 Food ...... 07 Plastic ...... 08 Paper / Metal ...... 10 Printable ...... 11

Reuse. Essentials ...... 13 Composting ...... 14 Other Tips ...... 16

Diet. Introduction ...... 20 Land Use + Clearing ...... 21 Water Use ...... 28 Greenhouse Gas Emissions.. 30 Meat (inc. Fish) ...... 34 FAQ...... 39

Beauty. Reading Labels ...... 42 Shower Routine ...... 43 Products ...... 46

Cleaning. Products ...... 51

Fashion. Seven Forms ...... 55 Purchase ...... 56 Dispose ...... 57 Ethical Brands ...... 58

End. References ...... 62

... 4

recycle. 5 the Breakdown. In modern society, almost everything we consume comes with waste – it’s become impossible to avoid.

OVER 80% OF IT CAN BE SEPARATED A Food. INTO FOUR DISTINCT AREAS: B Plastic. C Metal. D Paper.

... 6 RECYCLE

What really highlights this global issue is simply how unaware people are of how much waste they produce.

We are so used to our lives of pre-packaged convenience that we probably don’t even realise the sheer magnitude of rubbish we leave behind in our wake.

It is so important that we become conscious of our waste so that we reduce our impact on the environment.

From June 2016-17, Australia produced a staggering 67 million tonnes of waste. While the previous page highlighted the four main contributors, this gives you a more in-depth breakdown – The average Australian produces FOOD [30%] PAPER [32%] TEXTILES, ETC [15%] around 540kg of waste per year. PLASTIC [16%] GLASS, METAL [7%] THAT’S 10KG PER WEEK —

SRC: CLEAN UP AUSTRALIA PER PERSON. 7 RECYCLE

A Food. 30% of our food waste is made up of food scraps. Most of this can/ should be recycled.

RECYCLE + Fruit Scraps + Vegetable Scraps + Coffee Grounds + Egg Shells + Old Wine + Old Herbs & Spices

DON’T RECYCLE - Animal products - Meat - Fish skins - Bones - Butter - Milk - Inorganic Materials - Aluminium Foil

So that’s food waste, but what other organic material and pet related items should/ shouldn’t you recycle?

RECYCLE + Dry Leaves + Finely-chopped Wood + Shredded Newspaper + Manure + Grass & Plant Clippings + Pet Bedding (herbivores only - rabbits, hamsters etc) + Dry Cat & Dog Food + Dust from Sweeping/Vacuuming

DON’T RECYCLE - Pet Droppings (esp. cats & dogs) 8 RECYCLE

B Plastic. Plastic makes up 16% of household waste, but nearly ninety percent ends up in landfill when it can be recycled.

RECYCLE WOOLWORTHS ACCEPT: + All firm and flexible plastic + Soft Plastics – those returned to + Soft drink bottles store are recycled by our partners + Takeaway containers REDcycle and Replas into benches, + Margarine containers bollards and other items that can + Milk and juice bottles be used in our stores and car + Yoghurt tubs parks. We collect reusable green + Biscuit and sushi trays bags when they get old and worn, + Detergent and shampoo bottles single-use plastic bags, bread + Disposable plates and cups bags, biscuit wrap and frozen food bags.

DON’T RECYCLE - All soft plastics - Plastic bags - Plastic Film - Cling wrap - Chip packets - Toothpaste tubes - Bubble wrap - Styrofoam and polystyrene products - Straws - Disposable nappies - Toys - Toothbrushes

But just because we can’t put some plastics in our bins doesn’t mean we can’t recycle them elsewhere.

BRISBANE CITY COUNCIL ACCEPT: + Toys – good quality for donation, or broken plastic toys recycled in the hard plastic bin + Electronic waste 9 RECYCLE

B

Some plastics can also be recycled for money!

Containers for Change. Accepted. For each bottle recycled, you will receive a 10c refund. This can either be used as cash, store credit or can even be donated to charities.

WHAT CAN BE DONATED? PLASTIC GLASS Most aluminium, glass, plastic, steel and liquid paperboard beverage containers between 150ml and three litres are eligible for a refund when returned to a container refund point. To be eligible, the beverage container must: ALUMINIUM PAPER BOTTLES + Have contained a beverage product that is not excluded from the scheme* + Contain the refund mark– 10 ¢ Excluded.

*EXCLUSIONS. - Less than 150ml or greater than 3L - Containers without a refund mark - Any plain milk containers PLAIN MILK WINE - Any glass containers that contained wine or spirits - Containers 1L or more which have contained flavoured milk, pure fruit or vegetable juice, cask wine or cask water - Concentrated/undiluted cordial or syrup containers SPIRITS CORDIAL - Sachets above 250ml which have contained wine - Registered health tonics

To find your nearest collection point, access this link : https://www.containersforchange.com.au/qld/ where-can-i-return 10 RECYCLE

C D Metal. Paper.

RECYCLE RECYCLE + Vegetable and food cans + Newspaper + Pet food cans + Junk Mail + Soft drink cans + Gift Wrapping Paper + Pie trays + Packaging Paper + Aerosol cans + Used Note Books + Aluminium foil + Glossy Paper - Magazines + Paint tins (empty and dry) + Envelopes + Greeting Cards + Paper Bags DON’T RECYCLE + Scrap Paper - Batteries - Gas bottles - Wire DON’T RECYCLE - Scrap iron or tin - Padded Envelopes - Cutlery - Photographs - Thermal Fax But just because we can’t put some metals in - Paper Tissues our bins doesn’t mean we can’t recycle them - Toilet Paper elsewhere. - Baking Paper - Nappies

BRISBANE CITY COUNCIL ACCEPT: + Batteries (domestic quantities only of household batteries including AAA and D batteries, and lead acid batteries such as car batteries) + Gas Bottles + White goods and appliances Here’s a printable guide for quick reference!

Food + Organic. Plastic. Metal. Paper. Recycle. Recycle. Recycle. Recycle. + Fruit Scraps + All firm and flexible plastic + Vegetable and food cans + Newspaper + Vegetable Scraps + Soft drink bottles + Pet food cans + Junk Mail + Coffee Grounds + Takeaway containers + Soft drink cans + Gift Wrapping Paper + Egg Shells + Margarine containers + Pie trays + Packaging Paper + Old Wine + Milk and juice bottles + Aerosol cans + Used Note Books + Old Herbs & Spices + Yoghurt tubs + Aluminium foil + Glossy Paper - Magazines + Dry Leaves + Biscuit and sushi trays + Paint tins (empty and dry) + Envelopes + Finely-chopped Wood + Detergent and shampoo bottles + Greeting Cards + Shredded Newspaper + Disposable plates and cups + Paper Bags BRISBANE CITY COUNCIL: + Manure + Scrap Paper + Batteries (domestic quantities + Grass & Plant Clippings BRISBANE CITY COUNCIL: of household batteries like + Dry Cat & Dog Food + Toys + Electronic waste AAA and D batteries, and lead acid batteries like car WOOLWORTHS: batteries) + Soft Plastics – worn, + Gas Bottles single-use plastic bags, + White goods and appliances bread bags, biscuit wrap and frozen food bags.

Don’t Recycle. Don’t Recycle . Don’t Recycle. Don’t Recycle. - Animal products - Soft plastics ** - Batteries * - Padded Envelopes - Meat - Plastic bags ** - Gas bottles * - Photographs - Fish skins - Plastic Film - Wire - Thermal Fax - Bones - Cling wrap - Scrap iron or tin - Paper Tissues - Butter - Chip packets ** - Cutlery - Toilet Paper - Milk - Toothpaste tubes - Baking Paper - Inorganic Materials - Bubble wrap - Nappies - Aluminium Foil - Styrofoam and - Pet Droppings (esp. polystyrene products cats & dogs) - Straws - Disposable nappies - Toys * - Toothbrushes

* can be recycled via Brisbane City Council. * can be recycled via Brisbane City Council. ** can be recycled via Woolworths. 12

REUSE. 13 REUSE

Now that we’ve discussed how to dispose of your waste, its time to take steps to reduce it.

Being waste-free doesn’t mean giving up Being waste-free is a lifestyle. It’s no use all your favourite things. You can still get owning the products if you forget to take takeaway, coffees, bubble tea; and it also them out with you! If you know you are going doesn’t mean inconvenience – yes, you can to feel like having bubble tea, pack it! If you still put your produce in individual bags know you want takeaway, take a container when grocery shopping. Fortunately, there with you. It also helps to carry spares in the are many options you can use for all of those car, in case you forget or make an unplanned things instead of using single-use prod- stop at sushi. So what can you include in your ucts. While the cost may seem big upfront, uni bag? like $30 for a pack of reusable Ziplock + Straw bags, it saves you money in the long run – + Reusable cup (coffee, bubble tea, (you won’t need to top up on Ziplock bags tumbler – whatever you’re most every fortnight)! likely to use) + Container if you can’t get Essentials. enough of takeaway Here is a list of single-use products you can easily replace with reusable alterna- tives. All of these products are available at eco-friendly stores, such as BIOME, Seed & Sprout, Kappi, Flora & Fauna, and more, both online and in person. Don’t forget – by using QUT’s student discount codes, you can get a further discount off many of these products. + Shopping bags + Produce bags + Bakery bags + Sandwich bags + Food wraps + Ziplock bags + Straws + Cutlery + Coffee cups + Tumblers (juices, smoothies, iced drinks, etc.) + Bubble tea * + Silicone baking paper (called ‘un-baking paper’, sold at Seed & Sprout) Enter code KAPPIQUT15 for a + Lunch bags/containers flat 15% off your shop. + Containers (take to takeaway) + Skip the reusable plastic and visit kappi.com.au DIY your cleaning products! 14 REUSE

Composting. STEP 1) CHOOSE YOUR BIN have space for a giant bin, don’t worry! You Some people like to have an open pile or a can still compost! These compost bins are compost bin. I chose a bin because its neater, perfect for apartment living or for people and my pets couldn’t access it. There are who don’t generate much garden waste. three types of bins: These bins are usually at a much smaller scale. They convert kitchen scraps into Continuous Composters compost for your house plants or garden. There are large enclosed bins that handle These bins are perfect for people who simply a variety of materials from garden waste want to compost kitchen scraps without to kitchen scraps. The compost generally doing much. travels down to the bottom of the bin and can be removed a few times a year. These bins are STEP 2) CHOOSE YOUR LOCATION perfect for gardeners who want to compost Make sure you choose an area that is flat, garden waste and kitchen scraps without receives lots of sun and is well-drained. Also! any effort! Don’t make my mistake – choose a place that is nice and close to a door. You don’t want to Batch Composters be doing long walks every time you want to These bins are bins that tumble. These bins fill it up! accelerate the composting process but do require more effort. The bin requires a STEP 3) LAYER! balanced batch (we will talk about this in step First, start with course materials like twigs 3) to be placed inside and ‘cooked.’ It needs (this allows for drainage and aeration). Then to be turned daily and checked for sufficient add leaves. After that alternate between moisture. These bins take as little as four to brown and green layers. eight weeks. This bin is ideal for gardeners Brown (Carbon Rich Materials) who want to create compost at faster rates + Dried Leaves and are willing to put in a bit more effort! + Egg Cartons + Paper Towels / Napkins Please note, however, while one batch is + Dried grass clippings cooking, you will have to collect and place + Shredded Newspaper your other compostable materials for the + Bark next batch in another location. People either + Coffee Filters + Straw put these in an open pile or even in a contin- + Sawdust uous composter. + Dryer/Vacuum Lint + Cardboard Indoor Composters and Worm Bins + Dead House Plants If you don’t have access to a garden or don’t + Brown Paper Bags 15 REUSE

Green (Nitrogen Rich Materials) STEP 6) HARVEST YOUR COMPOST + Green Leaves Your finished compost should look dark + Garden Waste and crumbly. Depending on your bin, the + Flowers compost will be either located at the top or + Vegetables bottom, and also will take a varying level + Fruit Peels + Scraps of time (check your bin’s manual to deter- + Coffee Grounds mine these factors). Make sure you remove + Tea Leaves/Bags all the finished compost from the bin and + Egg Shells leave unfinished materials to continue decomposing. STEP 4) ADD AS YOU GO With composting, it is easy to add accumu- STEP 7) USE YOUR COMPOST lated waste as you go. Here is what I do: You can use your compost for a few things: I usually have a cute bin on my kitchen bench Add it to your lawn for my food scraps. These bins can be found Use to top flower beds at IKEA or even Kmart. This reduces my need Use as a soil conditioner to go to the compost bin every two seconds while cooking (awesome for me because I am lazy). Usually takes me a few days to fill and then I add it to my compost bin. It is import- ant to remember brown and green. So, when- ever you add food scraps, try and add brown too. I usually collect garden waste and leave it out to dry so I can add as I go. If you only add brown (kitchen scraps) your compost will be too wet. Continue to do this until it is full.

STEP 5) MAINTAIN YOUR COMPOST BIN Make sure you mix fresh layers with lower layers Keep the bin nice and moist – add water if need be Mix it weekly – this helps eliminate odours 16 REUSE

Still think you can do more? Try a few of these!

Try using glass jars as storage or for planting. You can even sell them.

Tetrapak milk cartons can be used as bricks for your garden by filling them with cement/clay/sand.

Egg cartons can be used as pots to grow seedlings.

Old blankets and towels can go to animal shelters.

Margarine tubs and takeaway containers can be used for leftovers.

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DIET. 18

Your ecological footprint is calculated by adding up the environmental impact of your lifestyle. What you eat, the products you use, the electricity you go through, even how you get where you need to go.

Lets look at what you eat.

... 19 19 DIET

A plant based diet or vegan lifestyle is the single best change an individual can make to their personal habits.

Whether you choose to purchase grain-fed or grass-fed, distantly or locally sourced, generic or organic, factory farmed or free- range animal products, animal agriculture is the most unsustainable diet for the planet.

Transitioning to a plant-based vegan diet helps switch the demand and transition industries into more eco-friendly practices. 20 DIET

Introduction. A recent study by Chai et al.(2019) compared was that animal agriculture is the most envi- **** This is not an exhaustive source of the environmental impact of an omnivorous ronmentally damaging agricultural prac- information. There are plenty more environmental concerns that this chapter diet (a diet inclusive of animal products), a tice and stated that “impacts of the lowest does not touch on – this is meant to be vegetarian diet (no meat, but inclusive of impact animal products typically exceed a basic starting point for those who are unaware of the basic impacts of animal eggs and dairy), and a vegan diet (also known those of vegetable substitutes, providing products. At the end of this chapter you will find a list of further resources as plant-based diet) (a diet with absolutely new evidence for the importance of dietary if you are interested in learning more. no animal products). What the research change”[2]. If you are interested in a more **** found was that a vegan diet is the most envi- detailed analysis of the study, you can find it ronmentally sustainable diet, due to requir- at the end of the Diet section. ing less water in food production, occupying less space in farming, and producing less To put it most simply, animal agriculture emissions per 2000 calories[1]. If you wish to has devastating effects on the environ- read this study for yourself, access the link ment, globally, nationally, and locally. It in the Footnote at the end of the Diet section. is the leading cause of deforestation and land-clearing; the industry drives loss of In 2018, Oxford University researchers, biodiversity; erosion occurs as a conse- Poore and Nemecek, followed 38,700 farms across 119 countries in the world’s quence of land clearing, increasing waste most comprehensive study to investigate and sediment run-off into the waterways, the relationship between agriculture and therefore depleting water quality; soil is the environment. The study investigated compacted due to the animals’ heavy foot- the agriculture industry’s impact on the prints, degrading soil quality; it exploits environment, focusing on land use; fresh- a disproportionately large amount of water withdrawals weighted by local water water resources; and most notably, it scarcity; and greenhouse gas induced acid- produces the most substantial amount ification (air pollution) and eutrophication of anthropogenic (human-caused) green- (water pollution). What their research found house gas emissions. 21

BEEF REQUIRES 42x MORE LAND THAN STAPLE PLANT FOODS.

Land Use. Globally, 50% of Earth’s habitable land is used we only get about 40 new calories of milk, GLOBAL LAND USE (FIGURE TWO) for agriculture[3]. Of that, animal agriculture, 22 calories of egg, 12 of chicken, 10 of pork, 100CE-2016 (HECTARES x YEARS)

including meat, eggs, and dairy, accounts or 3 of beef”. URBAN for 77% of land use[4]. However, animal agri- culture only produces 18% of global calorie Half of the world’s supply, and 37% of global protein supply[5]. habitable land is used for What this means is, despite occupying an agriculture. Only a thousand 4B overwhelming majority of land, animal agri- culture produces disproportionately less years ago, this figure was food compared to the resources it exploits. less than 5%.

In comparison, crops for plant-based foods 3B GRAZING only occupy 23% of land used for agriculture, while producing 82% of global calorie supply, and 63% of global protein supply[6]. This tells us that it is much more efficient and sustain- able to produce and consume plant-based 2B foods as they require significantly less land, while still producing a large supply.

In his article for National Geographic, Foley (n.d.) explained “only 55% of the world’s crop 1B calories feed people directly; the rest are fed CROPLAND to livestock (about 36%) or are turned into biofuels and industrial products (roughly 9%)”[7]. Foley further argues that this is an inefficient way of attaining food. He says, “for every 100 calories of grain we feed animals, 100 500 1000 1500 2016

SRC: OUR WORLD IN DATA 22 DIET

To demonstrate the extent of this dispropor- GLOBAL LAND USE FOR FOOD PRODUCTION (FIGURE ONE) tionate use of land and resources, at a social WITH CALORIE AND PROTEIN SUPPLIES HIGHLIGHTED. level, the animal agriculture industry plays EARTH’S SURFACE a huge role in the global famine and switch- ing to a plant-based diet would definitely 29% LAND ... 149M KM2 71% OCEAN address world hunger significantly. Based off 2019 United Nations data, over 820 million LAND SURFACE people experience famine every year[8]. A 2 10% study by Cassidy, West, Gerber and Foley 71% HABITABLE LAND ... 104M KM 19% BARREN GLACIERS (2013) found that by replacing animal agricul- ture with “growing food exclusively for direct HABITABLE LAND human consumption [we] could, in principle, 51% AGRICULTURAL 37% FORESTS 11% increase available food calories by as much SHRUB as 70%, which could feed an additional 4 billion people (more than the projected AGRICULTURAL LAND

2-3 billion people arriving through popula- 77% LIVESTOCK 23% tion growth)”[9]. (MEAT + DAIRY) CROPS

This means that we could feed the whole GLOBAL CALORIE SUPPLY world without excessively exploiting the land. 18% But why does land use matter? If the entire M+D 82% CROPSM world was to eat the average Australian diet, we would require 158% of habitable land to GLOBAL PROTEIN SUPPLY be used for animal agriculture[10]. However, 37% MEAT+ there is obviously not enough land for that; DAIRY 63% CROPSM therefore, it is unsustainable. When some countries, such as Australia and the United States, consume unsustainable diets, it puts immense pressure on the environ- ment. This pressure escalates with increased demand as the population continues to grow exponentially.

SRC: OUR WORLD IN DATA 23 DIET

SHARE OF GLOBAL HABITABLE LAND NEEDED FOR AGRICULTURE (FIGURE THREE) Why does animal agriculture occupy signifi- IF EVERYONE HAD THE DIET OF cantly more land than plant-based crops? THE PERCENTAGE OF GLOBAL HABITABLE LAND AREA NEEDED FOR AGRICULTURE IF THE TOTAL WORLD POPULATION WAS TO ADOPT THE AVERAGE DIET OF ANY GIVEN COUNTRY (2011). Animal agriculture requires land for produc- ing livestock feed (such as soy and grains), as well as land for grazing the livestock. Land use for livestock feed is problematic because it means that lots of resources, such as land, water, and the livestock feed, are used for meat and dairy production, as opposed to being used for humans.

Fun Fact Lots of critics of the vegan diet instantly point out that soy plays a huge role in defor- estation. While this is true, it has absolutely nothing to do with demands from veganism. In fact, only ~6% of global soybean supply is consumed by humans, while 70-75% is fed to chickens, pigs, cows, and farmed fish[11]. The remaining amount is used in vegetable oil, or other non-food products like biodiesel [12].

As you saw in [figure one], 50% of Earth’s habitable land is used for agriculture, and of that, 77% is occupied by animal farming. This makes the animal industry the great- est human-use of land in the world. But at a more local scale, animal agriculture is the greatest use of land in Queensland too, with NO DATA LESS THAN CURRENTLY USED GREATER THAN CURRENTLY USED NOT POSSIBLE WITH GLOBAL LAND the majority of land being used for grazing. [figure four]

SRC: OUR WORLD IN DATA LAND USE IN QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA (FIGURE FOUR)

24

SRC: QLD GOVERNMENT 25 DIET

The fact that the majority of Queensland – and Australia, and the world – is used for animal agriculture means there are major implications for the environment. Particularly in Queensland, the animal product industry has devastating consequences for the Great Barrier Reef. Extensive land use for animal products impacts trees, wildlife, waterways, oceans, soil, air quality, and more. The greater the land used for animal agriculture, the more far-reaching the environmental impacts are.

LAND USE PER 100 GRAMS OF PROTEIN (FIGURE FIVE) MEASURED IN METERS SQUARED (M2) PER 100 GRAMS OF PROTEIN ACROSS VARIOUS FOOD PRODUCTS

LAMB & MUTTON 184.8M2 BEEF (MEAT) 163.6M2 CHEESE 39.8M2 MILK 27.1M2 BEEF (DAIRY) 21.9M2 PIG MEAT 10.7M2 NUTS 9.9M2 OTHER PULSES 7.3M2 POULTRY 7.1M2 EGGS 5.7M2 GRAINS 4.6M2 FISH (FARMED) 3.7M2 GROUNDNUTS 3.5M2 PEAS 3.4M2 TOFU (SOYBEANS) 2.2M2 PRAWNS (FARMED) 2M2

0M2 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

SRC: OUR WORLD IN DATA 26 26 DIET DIET

Land Clearing. Animal agriculture, particularly beef, is the for over 93% of all deforestation and land leading cause of global deforestation and clearing[19]. land clearing. Research by Yale University’s Land clearing has detrimental effects on School of Forestry and Environmental the environment. Most obviously result- Studies has found that cattle ranching, ing in loss of trees, which are essential in farmland used for a large number of cattle, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmo- accounts for 80% of current deforestation sphere. Additionally, it also leads to loss of rates in the Amazon region[13]. The Amazon biodiversity, as well as erosion and sedimen- is the largest exporter of beef in the world, tation (sedimentary and waste run off from providing a quarter of the global market. farmland into waterways), which has further Most people assume the issue of land clear- implications for water quality. ing for meat products only exists in the Amazon, because that is all we hear about Sedimentation occurs when sediment from in the media. However, the reality is that the land is carried through waterways and settles same trend can be seen in Australia, with on the sea bottom[20]. As a result of sediment beef accounting for 73% of all deforestation build up, water turbidity increases, smoth- in Queensland[14]. ering coral and other organisms, reducing their access to light, therefore hindering Australia is the second largest exporter of growth[21]. [see figure six] beef in the world[15]. The industry occupies 43% of Australia’s total land mass[16], making Activities such as land clearing exacerbate the industry the dominant use of land, and erosion as vegetation provides the ground is responsible for 73% of all land clearing in with protection from wind erosion[22]. When Queensland[17]. According to a joint report by tree cover is removed, soil and other sedi- WWF and RSPCA(2017), tree-clearing rates in ments present on the land become exposed Queensland have tripled, with an estimated to the wind[23]. High levels of sediment are 300,000ha of forest and woodlands being often present in areas with a large amount of cleared from 2014-2015 alone[18]. In the livestock grazing activity[24], showing a direct Great Barrier Reef region, one of Australia’s link between livestock and this environmen- beef production hotspots, cattle accounted tal issue. It is particularly concerning that 27 DIET

INFLUENCES OF DEFORESTATION ON RUNOFF, (FIGURE SIX) GROUNDWATER AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.

LESS INFILTRATION MORE RUNOFF, MORE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MORE INFILTRATION

SEDIMENT DEPOSIT

SRC: RESEARCHGATE - THE NATURE CONSERVANCY the Great Barrier Reef catchments account In addition, in their joint report, WWF and (Qld)) that were enacted in order to protect for half of Queensland’s cattle industry[25], RSPCA(2017) estimated that land clearing in Queensland forests were repealed by the with thirty-five major river systems draining Queensland kills 34 million native wildlife Newman Government in 2012[27]. Since the per year[26]. This obviously has devastat- 424,000km² of land into the Great Barrier Newman Government’s intervention, land ing impacts on our native wildlife, particu- Reef. With such a high level of livestock activ- clearing rates in Queensland, especially in larly our koala population. Unfortunately, ity occurring along waterways that drain into not much is being done to stop this. Land the vulnerable Great Barrier Reef region, the vulnerable Great Barrier Reef, it poses clearing laws (the Vegetation Management increased significantly from prior years when significant issues for the health of the Reef. and Other Legislation Amendment Bill 2004 the 2004 Bill was in place. 28 DIET

Water Use. Animal products require substantially more water resources than plant-based crops and products. This is particularly unsustainable for environments susceptible to drought, such as Australia.

It is unsustainable to prioritise sending resources to industries that do not provide proportionate product to the resources being used. According to Australia’s own meat and livestock industry, Meat and Livestock Australia (2018), a study on Australian cattle farms found that cattle drank 40 litres of water per head per day, while those in subtropical conditions drank an average of 44L/head/day, and those that experienced mild summers and cold winters drank 30L/ head/day[28]. It has also been noted that consumption of water increases as heat increases[29] - this is something to consider as Australia continues to break records for hottest days, and as our winters become warmer.

These numbers are significant as, at any given point, there are approximately 26 million heads of cattle in Australia that require 30-44L, or more as heat increases, each per day. Even more concerningly, the majority of these cattle exist in those hotter regions, where the cattle require 29 DIET

a more substantial amount of water (for even more water again through the produc- reference of location of cattle, see MLA’s tion of feed, such as grains for cattle. Cattle Distribution Map 2018). As a very According to 2018-19 data from ABS[32], 2.2 rough estimate, this equates to cattle million megalitres of water were applied to consuming 1.40 billion litres of water per day pastures for cereals for feed off, hay, and for drinking needs alone (or 1400 megalitres silage. Including the water used for drinking, per day). this means around 5 million megalitres of water are consumed per year for the cattle Additionally, according to Dairy Australia, and dairy industries alone – even more if we dairy cows have even higher water needs included the needs for poultry etc. Keep in than beef, with dairy cows requiring between mind that animal products only provide 18% 70 litres (for non-pregnant cows in a cool of global calories. This is therefore a hugely environment ( <15C)), to 142 litres (for preg- disproportionate use of water. nant cows in a warm environment (21-25C)), to over 150 litres (lactating cows, 150 litres Not only is meat an inefficient use of water, minimum, plus more for weather allowance) but it is not an industry that will ever thrive of water per HOUR, per cow[30]. Considering in Australia due to the nature of Australia’s Dairy Australia reported that there are environment. Australia is consistently in approximately 1.65 million dairy cows in drought. Farmers are always struggling to Australia[31], this equates to an absolute bare provide water and feed for their cattle, and minimum of 3 billion litres (3049ML) per day, as a result, many cattle die in the paddocks. to more than 5.9 billion litres (5940ML) of Unless Australia is suddenly granted billions more megalitres of water, there is no way water used per day for dairy cows’ drinking conditions will improve in the future, so how needs alone. can the industry thrive? It can’t. It is impera- These numbers do not even factor in the tive that Australia’s agriculture compliments water usage required for feed, nor does it the environment, otherwise farmers will only consider the water needs for poultry, lamb, continue to struggle. goat, and other animal products.

The animal agriculture industry consumes 30 30 DIET DIET

Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Animal agriculture produces a substan- one source of methane and nitrous oxide in tial amount of greenhouse gas emissions. Australia, accounting for 56% and 73% of the According to research by Chai et al. (2019), country’s emissions, respectively[36]. This is animal agriculture, especially cattle, why changing eating habits is arguably more accounts for 44% of global methane emis- important than ditching the car. sions] [33]. Looking more specifically into the agriculture industry’s greenhouse gas A Queensland Government report published production, animal agriculture contributes in 2020 has highlighted that Australia’s 80% of the entire agriculture sector’s nitrous greenhouse gas emissions from livestock [37] oxide and methane output[34]. Chai et al.’s have increased over recent decades . It study (2019) found that ruminant animals, such was reported that “in 2016, Queensland was as cattle, sheep, and dairy, produce the most the largest source of agricultural greenhouse significant amount of greenhouse gases out gas emissions in Australia. … animals such of all livestock. as cattle, sheep, horses, goats, and pigs account for 80% of Queensland’s total agri- Livestock is Australia’s third largest contrib- cultural emissions”. This is no surprise given utor of greenhouse gas emissions, after that Queensland is Australia’s most produc- [35] energy and transport . However, this state- tive beef state. The remaining 19% of emis- ment is pretty deceiving in itself because sions was caused by management of soil and greenhouse gases are not equal. Western manure, and use of urea as fertiliser, while Australia’s Department of Primary Industries rice cultivation and burning were responsible and Regional Development explains that due for less than 1%[38]. to different levels of potency, some green- house gases are worse than others. In partic- It is important to note that while some data ular, methane is 25 times more potent than shows a decrease in greenhouse gas emis- carbon dioxide, while nitrous oxide is 298 sions from agriculture, this is not due to times more potent than carbon dioxide. So progression with sustainability, but rather while livestock is the third largest contrib- it is due to the occurrence of drought and utor of greenhouse gas emissions, it is very floods which impact the industry’s activity concerning that livestock is the number and productivity[39] [40]. 31

Your fast facts.

More than Double. Reduced Three Times (3x). A study on UK dietary Consumption. Each gram of beef generates patterns found that high Reduced consumption of three times more greenhouse meat-consuming eaters were animal-based products and gas emissions than staple responsible for 2.5x more, increased vegetable intake plant foods. and average meat eaters 2x result in lower greenhouse more, greenhouse gas emis- gas emissions. sions than people on vegan diets. 43 Kilograms. Greenhouse gases 80 Percent. released during beef Litres of water used by the production/kg. Roughly fashion industry each year. half of this is methane.

Lets get more in-depth...

... 32 DIET

LAND-USE CHANGE FARM ANIMAL FEED PROCESSING TRANSPORT RETAIL PACKAGING Above-ground changes Methane emissions from Farm emissions from Emissions from energy Emissions from energy Emissions from energy Emissions from the in biomass from defor- cows, methane from rice, crop production and its’ use in the process of use in the transport of use in refrigeration and production of packag- estation, and below- emissions from fertil- processing into feed for converting raw agricul- food items in-country other retail processes ing materials, material ground changes in soil izers, manure and farm livestock. tural products into final and internationally. transport and end-of-life carbon. machinery. food items. disposal. FOOD: GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS ACROSS THE SUPPLY CHAIN (FIGURE SEVEN)

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS PER KILOGRAM OF FOOD PRODUCT (kg CO2 -EQUIVALENTS PER kg PRODUCT

BEEF (MEAT) 60 LAMB & MUTTON 24 CHEESE 21 BEEF (DAIRY) 21 CHOCOLATE 19 COFFEE 17 PRAWNS (FARMED) 12 PALM OIL 8 PIG MEAT 7 POULTRY MEAT 6 OLIVE OIL 6 FISH (FARMED) 5 EGGS 4.5 RICE 4 FISH (WILD CATCH) 3 MILK 3 CANE SUGAR 3 GROUNDNUTS 2.5 WHEAT & RYE 1.4 TOMATOES 1.4 MAIZE (CORN) 1.0 CASSAVA 1.0 SOYMILK 0.9 PEAS 0.9 BANANAS 0.7 ROOT VEGETABLES 0.4 APPLES 0.4 CITRUS FRUIT 0.3 NUTS 0.3 NUTS

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

LAND-USE CHANGE FARM ANIMAL FEED PROCESSING TRANSPORT RETAIL PACKAGING Above-ground changes Methane emissions from Farm emissions from Emissions from energy Emissions from energy Emissions from energy Emissions from the in biomass from defor- cows, methane from rice, crop production and its’ use in the process of use in the transport of use in refrigeration and production of packag- estation, and below- emissions from fertil- processing into feed for converting raw agricul- food items in-country other retail processes ing materials, material ground changes in soil izers, manure and farm livestock. tural products into final and internationally. transport and end-of-life carbon. machinery. food items. disposal.

SRC: OUR WORLD IN DATA 34 DIET

Meat. When someone announces they are vegan, (2007) found that it required 13.3 million acres of the emissions from food and what you eat suddenly every meat eater in the room only to produce feed for livestock in the United is far more important than where your food eats free-range, organic, grass-fed meat States in 2007, and a conversion to entirely travelled from”. from local farms, “so I don’t cause the same grass-based produce would require an addi- The previous page contains a graph repre- issues as the McDonalds meat anyway”. But tional 26.6 million acres to produce the same senting data from Poore and Nemecek’s how sustainable is free-range, organic, and amount of beef produced that year. research (2018). [see figure seven] grass-fed meat? Does local make an environ- mental difference? Is there any way to eat Conventional meat, It looks at where greenhouse emissions come animal products? though detrimental to the from in the food supply process, looking at environment, is therefore land use, farming, feed, processing, trans- GRASS-FED & ORGANIC. port, retail, and packaging. It is the largest Grass-fed and organic products are no better three times more efficient meta-analysis of global food systems to for the environment than typical grain-fed, than grass fed, organic date. The study includes data from more than conventional animal products. In fact, these 38,000 farms in 119 countries, making it the meat. most comprehensive study on this topic. methods of raising livestock puts even The additional land use would further require more pressure on environmental resources, more deforestation and water resources, and making it even less sustainable. the impacts of soil compaction would affect A study by Avery & Avery(2008) revealed that this land too, making the problems more not only does grain-fed, organic beef take far-reaching than they currently are. two times longer to produce than conven- tional beef (meaning the likelihood of this LOCAL MEAT. method existing is essentially impossible), Locally sourced animal products still require but transitioning to an entirely organic and the same resources as animal products made grass-fed system would produce 60% more “further away”. While sources, including the greenhouse gas emissions per pound of United Nations, state that locally-sourced beef. This is due to the increased use of land. products are better for the environment, In their analysis on beef production from Ritchie (2020) explains that the difference Iowa State University’s Leopold Center for is minimal. She says “GHG emissions from Sustainable Agriculture, Avery and Avery transportation make up a very small amount 35 35 DIET DIET

Fishing Industry. Any fish you purchase from supermar- kets, takeaway shops, and seafood shops are retrieved through commercial fishing. Commercial fishing involves using large trawlers and nets to indiscriminately catch fish. There are a huge number of environ- mental harms associated with commercial fishing practices. These include overfishing, habitat destruction, by catch, and derelict fishing gear.

Overfishing [see figure eight] refers to when fish are caught at a rate too high for fish numbers to replenish. Overfishing is inevitable as global consumption of fish per capita has doubled from what it was fifty years ago [41]. From 1961-2017, the consumption rate of fish was greater than the rate of population growth [42], indicat- ing an exponentially increasing pressure on the ocean. OVERFISHING AND ITS’ CONSEQUENCES (FIGURE EIGHT)

INDISCRIMINATE FISHING. BIG FISH. NURSERIES Use of non-selective gear (like nets and traps) often Large fish produce more young that are likely to survive Near-shore habitats serve as nurseries for many fish. removes more herbivourous fish. These fish eat algae to adulthood. Their absence means fish populations Catching young fish in nets removes them before they and help keep the ecosystem in balance. dwindle over time. can help replenish the population.

SPAWNS. MARINE DEBRIS. Some species gather in large numbers at predictable Traps set too close to reefs and marine debris (such times and locations to mate. Spawning Agregations are as ghost traps, lost nets, monofilament and lines), can particularly vulnerable to overfishing. damage coral reefs, which take a long time to recover.

SRC: NATIONAL OCEAN SERVICE (UNITED STATES) 37 DIET

One obvious environmental impact of over- orous and small prey fish. … Predatory fishing is the impact on species. A report fish are extremely important for maintain- by Davies et al. (2009) found that of the 95.2 ing a balanced ecosystem on the reef, yet million tonnes of fish caught in a single year, predators such as coral trout, snapper and 38.5 million tonnes – or 40.4% – was bycatch emperor fish remain the main target for [43]. In 2018, the quantity of fish caught rose to both recreational and commercial fishers. … the highest level ever at “96.4 million tonnes Predator numbers were severely depleted in – an increase of 5.4% from the average of the heavily fished areas, while smaller prey fish previous three years”[44]. According to figures such as damselfish, and herbivores such as from a United Nations conference on Trade parrotfish, had increased greatly in number and Development (2018), approximately 90% having been released from predation”. [48] of global fish stocks are now “fully exploited, There are a number of flow-on effects from overexploited, or depleted”[45]. In reality, overfishing. These include loss of species, these numbers are higher due to illegal resulting in endangered species and and unregulated pirate fishing, where catch disrupting the food chain and local ecosys- numbers are not reported[46]. tem; catching threatened species through From an Australian perspective, a 10-year bycatch; and bottom trawling can damage study of Australia’s declining fish stocks by sensitive habitat areas, like corals, sponges Edgar et al. (2018) identified overfishing as the and seagrass beds, disrupting those fragile leading cause of fish decline. In reefs where ecosystems [49]. fishing was permitted, large fish numbers diminished by 36% [47]. Researchers from James Cook University, Boaden et al. (2015), explained that the removal of large fish from the ecosystems, particularly in the Great Barrier Reef, was changing the biodiversity of the marine environment. Lead researcher of the study, and PhD student, April Boaden, explained, “A stable and healthy reef includes a high abundance and diversity of predatory fish and a relatively low number of herbiv- 38 DIET

Sustainable Meat. It is important to note that this entire arti- Kangaroo flesh has a low fat content, and is cle relates to the environmental concerns free from impurities, as the animals do not of mainstream meat - i.e. beef, dairy, poul- require chemical drenching. They can toler- try, etc. I would like to point out that, from ate a harsh environment and, moreover, their the perspective of the environment, First feet do not break up the surface of the soil, or Nations methods of agriculture is sustainable compact it - both of which lead to erosion. (p. [50] and has worked for 80,000+ years. 53)

The difference between this agriculture and In this way, it is more environmentally First Nations’ agricultural practices is that sustainable to consume kangaroo or emu conventional agriculture is mass produced meat, instead of conventional sources of and it does not compliment the Australian meat. However, it is important to note that First Nations’ traditional agricultural prac- environment (exploitative of the resources, tices did not mass produce meat products in cannot thrive as an industry, thus damaging the way Western agriculture does. So if we, the environment). On the other hand, First as a nation, were to transition to consuming Nations peoples have lived on this land for kangaroo meat etc., it would be imperative over 80,000 years, and in this time, their for First Nations peoples to be in charge agricultural systems did not have detrimen- of the “farming” or harvesting due to their tal effects on the environment. Knowledge of knowledge of such agricultural practice and the land and sustainable practices underpin conservation. It would also still mean a shift First Nations agricultural practices. in diets, where animal products do not make Some examples of First Nations peoples’ up the majority of each meal. agricultural methods are highlighted in For more information on First Nations Bruce Pascoe’s book, Dark Emu. One exam- peoples’ agricultural practices, check out ple that Pascoe discusses that I would like to Dark Emu and Treading Lightly. draw attention to is the idea that kangaroo and emu meat, for example, are eco-friendly alternatives to our typical meat sources. An excerpt from Dark Emu explains: 39 DIET

FAQ QUESTION. QUESTION. of global calories, while plant-based foods Would a transition to plant based farming Would there still be sustainability issues if contribute 82%. To meet modern require- kill more animals than animal agriculture the whole world went vegan? Wouldn’t we ments for a completely vegan world, we (e.g. due to pesticides, tractors running over require more land to meet the demands so would only require 18% of plant-based global animals in the fields, etc.)? we can feed everyone with plant-based food, calories worth of land on top of the current now that meat would be gone? plant-based crops’ land use. This would be ANSWER. substantially less than current land-use, due No. There is a huge difference between inten- ANSWER. to how efficient plant-based agriculture is, in tionally, systematically farming and killing If the world were vegan, it would be a far comparison to animal agriculture. sentient beings (animals that have an aware- more sustainable place, simply because Even in countries like Australia and the US, ness), and unintentionally killing a few bugs, animal products require disproportionately where meat consumption is more than 18% mice, etc. in the process of fruit, nut, vegeta- more land, water and food than plant-based of our national calories, switching to plant- ble or grain agriculture. Another example of products. based crops would still require significantly animal death that people refer to is shoot- When we produce animal products, we need less land due to the amount of resources that ing pest animals to protect crops. However, to give the livestock lots of food - more food go into animal agriculture that plant-based even then, the number of animals, whether it than humans require themselves - in order foods do not require (such as less land, less is bugs or pests, killed in the process reduces to keep producing and manufacturing. This water, and no food is required to be grown to when we eliminate animal agriculture. means that the animal agriculture industry feed plant based crops, saving more water This is because, as outlined previously, many uses significantly more resources than plant- and land again). crops (e.g. up to 75% of soy) are fed to live- based crops could ever require. stock. By eliminating livestock farming, not Think of It Like This Though outlined previously, I will drop a few only do we use less resources and farm less, Australia has 26 million cattle (beef only - points from this article below as a reminder: but it means that there are less accidental not dairy). These cows weigh 340-600kg. killings of bugs etc. that will occur as a result. 77% of agricultural land is currently used for We therefore need to feed them A LOT If you choose to eat animal products, even more than the average human. Each head of more animals are killed to feed you. Three animal agriculture. This land is used for both billion animals are killed per day for food [51]. livestock, and to grow the food required to cattle requires approximately 15.8kg of food Simon Hill has a podcast called Plant Proof feed them. Plant-based foods only occupy per day - and with 26 million of them, this which touches on this subject. Search for 23% of agricultural land. Despite the large comes out to roughly 411 million kg of food/ Episode #104. land required, livestock only contributes 18% day. In addition, each head consumes about 40 DIET

(FIGURE NINE)

30-44L of water/day, or a estimated total of Therefore, by transitioning the world to a FEED REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ONE 780 million - 1.1 billion litres of water/day (for vegan diet, it would significantly reduce the KILOGRAM OF MEAT OR DAIRY ANIMAL FEED REQUIRED TO PRODUCE CERTAIN PROD- drinking needs alone). exploitation of resources while being able to UCTS, MEASURED AS DRY MATTER FEED IN KILOGRAMS provide plenty of food. PER KILOGRAM OF EDIBLE WEIGHT OUTPUT. Meanwhile, the average Australian adult eats 3.1kg of food per day (including beverages and BEEF water). That equates to 77.5 million kg per day: 333.3 million kg of food LESS than our LAMB/MUTTON livestock (and let’s not even talk about water!). PORK It was difficult to find Australian data on feed, but according to global data by Alexander et POULTRY al(2016), it requires 25kg of feed to produce 1kg EGGS of beef, as well as, according to Australian data, 515L of water. 25kg of food and 515L of WHOLE MILK 0.7 KILOGRAMS water for one kg of beef. That is a highly inef- ficient use of resources to produce a small amount of meat when people could consume 0 5 10 15 20 25 the resources directly.

In fact, as explained in a previous section, a SRC: OUR WORLD IN DATA study by Cassidy, West, Gerber and Foley(2013) found that by replacing animal agriculture **** with “growing food exclusively for direct 2.https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/ pdf_file/0005/148415/Market-specifications-for- human consumption [we] could, in principle, cattle.pdf 3.https://futurebeef.com.au/knowledge-centre/beef- increase available food calories by as much cattle-feedlots-feed-consumption-and-liveweight- as 70%, which could feed an additional 4 gain/ 4.https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup billion people (more than the projected 2-3 /4364.0.55.009Main+Features12011-12?OpenDocument 5.https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/feed- billion people arriving through population required-to-produce-one-kilogram-of-meat-or- growth)”[9]. dairy-product **** 41

BEAUTY. 42 BEAUTY

Sustainable Beauty.

Reading the Labels. When analysing products and discussing such as vegan[1], cruelty-free, organic, natu- whether they are classified as sustainable ral, and even palm-oil free.[2] In order to help and ethical, there are two main things to make your way through the beauty industry consider — first, ingredients and second, without getting lost in labels and miniature business practices. When looking at text, these labels have been made to make ingredients, it is important to note words your shopping a little bit easier.

CERTIFIED VEGAN CRUELTY FREE Contains no animal ingredients or by-prod- The company and their ingredient suppli- ucts, does not use animal ingredients ers do not conduct, commission, or pay or by-products in the manufacturing for any tests on animals for ingredients, process, and is not tested on animals by formulations, or finished products. any company or independent contractor.

CERTIFIED VEGAN NOT TESTED ON ANIMALS Contains no animal ingredients or by-prod- The company and their ingredient suppli- ucts, does not use animal ingredients ers do not conduct or commission animal or by-products in the manufacturing testing of their products process, and is not tested on animals by any company or independent contractor.

CRUELTY FREE AND VEGAN NOT TESTED ON ANIMALS The company and their ingredient suppli- None of its products and ingredients ers do not conduct, commission, or pay have ever been tested on animals by it, for any tests on animals for ingredients, by anyone on its behalf, by its suppliers formulations, or finished products and do or anyone on their behalf and must not not contain any animal ingredients. contain any ingredients derived specifi- cally from killing an animal or provided as a by-product from killed animals

AUSTRALIAN CERTIFIED ORGANIC The products are grown and processed without the use of synthetic chemicals, fertilisers, or GMO’s.

NOTES It is important to note that not tested on animals doesn’t 1 If the product states that it is vegan, than necessarily mean vegan because it could still have animal this means it is free from any animal product. ingredients. 2 Palm oil has been claimed to contribute greatly No animal ingredients doesn’t mean vegan because it could still to environmental degradation through the damage be tested on animals to peat land, and further to the clearing of large areas of rainforest and greenhouse gas emissions. 43 BEAUTY

Shower Routine.

When in a shower, or bath, it is important focus heavily on ensuring their scalp is thor- to note that any shampoo, body wash or oughly cleaned. Roughly every few weeks, face wash will end up in our water systems. individuals use a vinegar rinse. This consists Despite wastewater systems treating the of spraying apple cider vinegar solution (4 water, a report by RSC found that these tablespoons of apple cider vinegar and 1 cup treatments are unable to prevent chemicals of water in a spray bottle) all over the hair from these household products from enter- (roots and ends) and letting it sit for a few ing the environment. It is essential that the minutes. Individuals then rinse it out and let ingredients in your beauty products are it dry. checked, because not only are many of these chemicals bad for the environment, but many BICARB SODA & APPLE CIDER VINEGAR are bad for your skin. Another common method is the Bicarb Soda and Apple Cider Vinegar method. This No Poo Method. consists of using a Bicarb Soda rinse – to get INTRODUCTION rid of the oils and then applying Apple Cider Since discovering the damaging issues of Vinegar to the ends (like conditioner). This shampoos, I have gone for a drastic approach, method saved my greasy hair! the no-poo method. No, this does not mean + 1tsp baking soda I am not using the toilet; it means cutting + 2 tbsp apple cider vinegar shampoo out entirely. Although extreme, + 1000ml water (2x 500ml) and initially a somewhat difficult process, the + two reusable spray bottles results are rewarding. I have found that my Here is how it works: hair is lighter, shinier and healthier. Regular shampoo strips the natural oils from your add the baking soda and 500ml of water to a reusable hair, making your hair overproduce oils and spray bottle in return, make you need to wash your hair. add the apple cider vinegar and It’s an ever-going cycle that makes your hair 500ml of water to a second spray more and more dependent on shampoo. After bottle. using years and years of drugstore sham- wet your hair and spray the bicarb soda mix onto your scalp. poos, my hair was oiler than ever, and I had Massage it in, really focusing to do something drastic. on the scalp. It will start to feel quite soapy (this is the WATER & APPLE CIDER VINEGAR grease). People approach this No-Poo Method in continue to apply and scrub many different ways. The most common until it no longer feels soapy in your hands. is the water only, and apple cider vinegar. rinse your hair out, and spray When using the water only approach, individ- the vinegar mix to your ends. uals massage their scalp in the shower (just Let it sit for two minutes and like how they do it at the hairdressers) and wash it out. 44 BEAUTY

After using this method, I did this once a FAQ week, and my hair looked amazing. It is Why would we do this? Let’s answer a few essential, however, that you look after your common misconceptions… hair. Once washed, apply oil to your ends, and Q) Does your hair smell? continue to upkeep it by making the most of your natural oils. A) Absolutely not. Many people worry that the vinegar will have an intense smell, although this is true when you initially MAKING THE MOST OF YOUR NATURAL apply it, once your hair is dry you won’t OILS smell a thing! Because your scalp and It is important to note, that when initially hair are clean, it won’t smell. However, transitioning to the no-poo method, your some individuals do like to spray a small hair will freak out for a second. Your hair will amount of essential oils or perfumes to overproduce oil and will continue to overpro- their hair. duce oil for weeks. This stage can last from Q) Why Apple Cider Vinegar? 1 month to 4 months. During this transition stage, your hair will just be adjusting to the A) Apple cider vinegar helps detangle, new method and will be finding its natural defrizz, bring back body and shine, balance. It is worth the wait though! Life decrease residue, stimulate the scalp, hacks for this transition stage, wear hats, decrease dandruff and unclog hair follicles. headbands, and I even straightened my hair, so it looked nice and glossy (surprisingly I Q) How often should you use the vinegar received many compliments during my tran- rinse? sition stage, so it was not all bad!) A) It all depends on your hair and what it is used to. Many people find that they use THE DREADED TRANSITION STAGE it every time they wash their hair for the It is important to note, that when originally initial transition stage; however, once the transitioning to the no poo method, your hair hair is climatized, it may be reduced to will freak out for a second and will overpro- once or twice a month. duce oil and will continue to overproduce Q) Does this work for oily or dry hair? oil. To be completely honest, this stage can last from 1 month to 4 months. During this A) This no-poo method can work entirely for transition stage your hair will just be adjust- all people. However, each person’s hair ing to the new method and will be finding its is different and therefore needs differ- ent things. An important thing to note natural balance. It is worth the wait though! is that oily hair requires higher amounts Life hacks for this transition stage, wear hats, of vinegar and dry hair requires less. head bands and I even straightened my hair, Many different techniques are out there, so it looked nice and glossy (surprisingly I such as the bicarb method. I recommend received many compliments during my tran- simply trying different things and learn- sition stage, so it was not all bad!) ing what works for your hair! 45 BEAUTY

Body Wash. If you want to purchase sustainable body washes, here are a few different available brands.

Love Beauty and Planet This brand is amazing. The bottles are made from 100% recyclable products, the ingredi- ents are sustainably sourced, and are 100% vegan.

Organiq Australia This brand is also incredibly luxurious. They have some of the most amazing body scrubs, including a coconut scrub and eucalyptus scrub. Both scrubs are entirely organic, natural and vegan. The products contain no synthetic chemicals, parabens, artifi- cial colouring and synthetic colours. These scrubs are designed for sensitive skin and help tone, radiate and refresh your skin. You can purchase these products online with our QUT discount*.

*

Enter code QUTGUILD for 15% off your shop.

visit organicaustralia.com.au 46 BEAUTY

Beauty Products.

Now that we have covered the shower WHAT ARE THESE INGREDIENTS? routine, it’s important to look at other What does vegan beauty mean, aren’t all beauty products. Although they do not go beauty products vegan? Unfortunately, not. down our drains, we still need to look at the Based on ingredients and testing, many ingredients. makeup products have negative impacts on animals. Common animal products found in beauty products include

Ambergis Gelatin Waxy oil that lines whales’ Boiled skin, tendons, ligaments and stomachs; found in perfumes bones of animals found in creamy cosmetics Carmine Crushed up bugs; found in eye Guanine shadow and nail polish Crushed fish scales – found in eye shadow Chitin Ground-up exoskeletons of Lanolin crustaceans, insects and arachnids – Excretion from wool-bearing mammals; found in many skincare products found in lipsticks and makeup removers Civet Anal glandular secretion from Squalene a civet Livers of sharks – found in eye shadow Cochineal Dye crushed beetles;found in blush and Stearin or Stearic Acid lipsticks Fat from cows, sheep and pigs

Collagen Tallow Protein from animal tissue;found in Animal fat – found in foundations lip-plumping glosses

Elastina Protein found in animal artery walls, intestines, lungs and skin – found in many skincare products

Estrogen Extracted from pregnant horse urine; found in lotions 47 BEAUTY

Makeup. Tanning. Lots of makeup is comprised of animal prod- Many tans are tested on animals, to ensure ucts and tested on animals. It is essential to that the products you purchase don’t harm be aware of these products and ensure that animals; it is essential that the brands are what you are applying to your skin is not only researched, and you only support ethical, cruelty-free but also suitable to put on your cruelty-free brands. skin. Numerous brands that focus entirely One brand that sells certified organic fake on specific sustainable makeup, such as tan is Three Warriors. This brand has a face foundation, lipstick etc. Just for ease of tan aqua mist that is not only vegan and convenience; however, I find that it all being organic but leaves your skin glowing and on the same site much easier. If you check hydrated. Don’t forget to apply the student out BIOME’s makeup section, you will find discount code 2. sustainable and vegan eyeshadows, lipsticks, foundations, bronzers, blushes, brushes etc. Nail Polish. Make sure you apply the discount code 1. Regular nail polishes commonly contain carmine and guanine. It has also been found that the ingredients in the perfumes include musk oil shark liver oil and ambergris.

Sienna Byron Bay is a vegan nail polish brand that is the first Aussie nail polish brand free of 1 Benzophenone -1. They are the first company to ban the micro-plastic glitter, from all production. All packaging is 100% recycla- ble, and their products are vegan certified, Enter code UNI10 for a flat 10% off your shop. non-toxic certified and the corporation is a certified B Corporation (meaning it meets visit biome.com.au the highest standards of verified social and environmental performance, public transpar- ency and legal accountability).

If you sign up to their mailing list, you can get 2 10% off your first order! Sunscreen. Enter code GUILD15 for a Many sunscreens contain animals’ products. 15% discount. These include beeswax, chitin, collagen, elas- visit threewarriors.com.au tin, lanolin and stearic acid. They have also been known to contain harmful chemicals. In 48 BEAUTY

a recent article by the ABC, the sunscreen Hair Removal. chemical Oxybenzone was blamed for harm Similar to makeup wipes, hair removal tech- to coral reefs. This chemical is known to be niques such as shaving have added to the found in more than 3,500 sunscreen prod- many environmental issues associated with ucts and has caused deformities in baby disposable products. It is, therefore, an coral. awesome investment to invest in reusable Seed and Sprout have a perfect sunscreen methods such as the safety razor. that is SPF 50, 100% reef safe, 100% plas- tic-free, 100% vegan, 100% Palm Oil Free, This razor can be found at Kappi. The razors fragrance-free, non-greasy and made in are made from Brass Alloy, making it durable Australia. These sunscreens are available and corrosion resistance. If cared for prop- both tinted or un-tinted and protect both erly, the razor will last a lifetime! The razor your skin and the environment. You can get has also been known to reduce ingrown hairs, 10% off if you apply our discount code 3. and razor burn! Deodorant. You can access these via the Kappi website – don’t forget to apply the discount code 5. Many deodorants such as dove test their products on animals. Other organic deodor- ants contain ingredients such as beeswax, Sanitary Products. making them non-vegan. A good vegan Most women menstruate 40 years in total deodorant brand includes KIND-LY. Their for 5 days a month. This equates to roughly deodorants contain organic ingredients, are 2,400 days, which means women bleed for vegan, cruelty-free, contain no aluminium, roughly 6.5 years! Common period products contain probiotics and magnesium, contain are plastic eutopias with tampons and pads no synthetic fragrances and are Australian wrapped in plastic, with applicators, plas- made. It is not only environmentally friendly tic strings, plastic absorbency tissues, and but has also received numerous awards! If synthetics. There are many different sani- you head to their website, don’t forget to tary products on the market that attempt to apply the QUT discount code 4. eliminate the negative environmental issues associated with our periods. Makeup Removal. It is important to note that removing makeup ORGANIC TAMPONS AND PADS has significant impacts on the environment TOM Organic has Tampons and Pads that are as make up wipes, are disposable and non-re- 100% organic certified, hypoallergenic, fully cyclable. To help reduce the negative impact biodegradable, contains no synthetic chem- that these wipes have, reusable wipes are icals or dye, not tested on animals, cruelty extremely helpful. free and vegan. These products are available You can access these via the BIOME website on the BIOME website –don’t forget to apply don’t forget to apply the guild discount code 1. the guild discount code 1. 49 BEAUTY

MENSTRUAL CUPS AND REUSABLE PADS 3 If you wish to go completely waste free there are a few options out there. These include menstrual cups, and reusable pads. You can Enter code QUTGUILD for access menstrual cups via the BIOME website 10% off your shop. For reusable pads, you can purchase either visit seedsprout.com.au a pad that attaches to your underwear (can be found via a few websites such as the Juju pad at BIOME) or you can actually purchase reusable underwear that has a pad inside 4 the underwear (can be found at Modibodi website). These options are easy ways to reduce your waste and can be reused easily!

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CLEANING. 51 CLEANING

Cleaning products contain many hazardous chemicals.

Green cleaning products are unlikely to contain these chemicals. As a result, they are less likely to pose health risks and are much safer to use around people with weakened immune systems or health conditions.

They are also less harmful to the environ- ment. They do not contain toxic chemicals that cause significant air or water pollution. These products can easily be made at home, making it a cheaper, easier and eco-friendly solution.

Here are a few different recipes suggested by the Green Building Alliance. DIY CleaningDIY Products.

DISINFECTANT A multipurpose disinfectant that helps to remove germs + 2 cups water + 1 tbsp liquid castile soap + 1 tsp of tea tree oil Combine ingredients in a spray bottle.

ALL-PURPOSE CLEANER An all-purpose cleaner for many hard surfaces + water + vinegar Combine equal parts of each in a spray bottle. 52 CLEANING DIY Cleaning (cont) Products. GLASS CLEANER AIR FRESHENER Create a cleaner for glass surfaces Freshen up a room or a fridge and stovetops. + Use either dried or + 1/4 cup white vinegar fresh flowers, or boil + 1/4 cup rubbing alcohol water with vanilla, + 2 cups warm water cinnamon, slices of + 1 tbsp cornstarch lemon or oranges, or other spices. Add ingredients to a + To deodorize a spray bottle (and mix). refrigerator or carpet, leave baking soda in an open bowl or sprinkle on the carpet. Let it sit on the carpet for a few minutes before vacuuming it up. DRAIN CLEANER Create a mixture to unclog drains + 1/2 cup baking soda + 1 cup vinegar + boiling water Pour 1/2 cup baking soda LAUNDRY DETERGENT into a clogged drain + 1/2 cup washing soda Follow with 1 cup + 1 cup soap flakes vinegar + 1/2 cup baking soda Let sit for about 15 Combine in bottle minutes Pour boiling water down the drain.

MULTIPURPOSE SCRUB Use with a brush, sponge, or scrub- ber to clean the surface of sinks, stoves, and other hard surfaces + Water + Baking Soda Combine enough of each to make a paste 53

FASHION. 54 FASHION

Fashion and its’ manufacturing process contribute to many significant environmental issues.

This is done through countless means, includ- ing the chemicals used to dye the fabrics, the factories in which they are manufactured, the resources used to manufacture the items, and even the poor-quality (or fast fashion) garments that end up in our landfill.

Fashion contributes to water pollution, waste accumulation, microfibres in our ocean, rain- forest destruction, water consumption, soil degradation and desertification, greenhouse gas emissions and chemicals addiction.

70 Million. Trees cut down each year to make our clothes.

23 Kilograms. Greenhouse gases generated /1KG of fabric produced.

1 Litre. Chemicals needed to produce just 1KG of textile.

1.5 Trillion. Litres of water used by the fashion industry each year. 55

SEVEN FORMS OF sustainable fashion. By ensuring we purchase, use and dispose of clothes correctly, we can play a key part in reducing our environmental impact.

THE SWEDISH FASHION CONSULTANCY FIRM GREEN STRATEGY LISTS SE VEN FORMS OF SUSTAINABLE FASHION.

on-demand and custom made green and clean (see next page) high quality and timeless design fair and ethical repair, redesign and upcycle rent, lease and swap second-hand and vintage

BUT REALLY, ALL YOU NEED A TO DO IS KEEP TWO SIMPLE Purchase. What to look for when THINGS IN MIND. purchasing new clothes. B Dispose. What to do with clothes you don’t want anymore.

... 56 FASHION

A

Purchase. When purchasing clothes, there are a few Is the design timeless? Is the design main factors to look at. going to be fashionable in a month? Can you use this garment in multiple outfits? Ask yourself if you’ll wear something Can you style it differently? 30+ times. If not, put it down. What are you purchasing the garment Keep an eye out for these materials: for? If you are going to a dinner or a party, why not consider renting, leasing NYLON AND POLYESTER or borrowing an outfit? made from petrochemicals and non-bio- degradable. Making these materials Where are you purchasing these clothes produces large amounts of water and from? Are they from a vintage or second- creates nitrous oxide – a gas 310 times hand shop? If so – yay, you are already more potent than carbon dioxide. Put it contributing to this sustainable fashion down if it’s made from this. cycle!

Lastly, when looking at the brand also RAYON (VISCOSE) consider how fair, ethical and clean the to make this material lots of harmful manufacturing process is – we will look chemicals are used and forests are further into this shortly. cleared, and farmers are displaced. Put it down if it is made from this.

COT TON takes up large agricultural land, is the most pest intensive crop in the world. Chemicals typically remain in the fabric and are released during the lifetime of the garments. Look out of organic cotton though; this is much better.

Keep an eye on the quality of the cloth- ing. If poor, put it down – it is important that it is of high quality to ensure it will last and doesn’t end up in the bin after two weeks. 57 FASHION

B

Dispose. If your clothes break, try to repair, redesign or upcycle. It is so important that clothes are not just thrown in the bin – they end up in our landfill and contribute to our signif- icant waste problems. So instead either stitch up the clothes, reuse the material for a pencil case or bandana or another creative design. If you are clearing out your closet and want to dispose of old clothes don’t bin them! Donate your garments to charity, give them to friends and relatives, sell them online or even use them as rags (if they’re in poor condition). SWOP. >> SWOP make it easy to buy, sell or trade high quality pre-loved cloth- ing. Here you can exchange old clothes for a credit instore (worth 50% of the value of your clothes) or cash (worth 25% of the value of your clothes).

Click here to check out their crite- ria and see if you have any clothing items that can be exchanged.

Online. If some of your clothes don’t suit SWOP, then why not look at sell- ing them online! Try Facebook Marketplace, Gumtree or Depop — make sure when advertising, you take clear photos, note the size and the brand. 58 FASHION

Ethical Brands.

In 2019, Baptist World Aid conducted a Activewear. report that graded 130 companies from A+ + Adidas + Kathmandu to F based on companies’ policies, transpar- + Reebok + Patagonia ency and traceability, auditing and supplier + Icebreaker relationships, worker empowerment and environmental management. This report critically evaluated popular brands such as Underwear + Socks. + Goldtoe Lingerie Adidas, Ally Fashion, Nike and Showpo, and + Berlei + Playtex Bras the results were interesting. + Bonds + Lululemon + Bras n Things Activewear + Jockey + Mighty Good + Kayser Basics

Women. + Witchery + Kowtow + Etiko + Mimco + Kookai

Men. + Politix + Rodd & Gunn + Industrie

Youthful Brands. + Cotton On Apparel (Kids, Body, + Champion Rubi, Supre) + Zara + American + Naturebaby

Basics. + SABA (Basics) + Alternative + Sportscraft Apparel (Basics) + Hanes + JAG (Basics) + Zara + AS Colour + Liminal + Trenery Apparel + Etiko + Nobody Denim + Freeset Tees + Outland + Country Road Denim 59 FASHION

25% PARENT COMPANIES THAT ACHIEVED A GREAT GRADE (A – B+)

27% PARENT COMPANIES THAT ACHIEVED A FAILING GRADE (D – F) Grades. D- A B- F C A- C+ A- C B F D+ C+ F D+ C D B- F C+ C- C+ C- C C+ F C+ B+ D A- A- C- B D- C+ A+ D+ B- F D D- B A+ D+ B D- B A- B B+ B+ A F C B- C+ D+ OVERALL GRADE

COMPANY & Fitch Abercrombie adidas Stores ALDI Ally Fashion* Crawford* Anthea & Co. APG Group Arcadia Colour AS ASICS ASOS City* Baby Bardot Clothing* Barkers Bec and Bridge* Ben Australia Sherman & Less Best Group Betts Big W Bloch* Blue Illusion Boardriders Boden Boohoo (Apparel) Collective Brand (Footwear) Collective Brand Camilla and Marc* NZ Canterbury City Chic Collective Coles* On Group Cotton Country Road Group Cue Jones David Decjuba* Designworks Etiko Ezibuy X Factory Farmers* Brands Future Fast 21* Forever New Forever T-Shirts Freeset of the Loom* Fruit Gap Inc. Gazal* Group Pants General Gildan Activewear Gorman H&M Holdings Glasson Hallenstein Hanesbrands Springs* Hot of Quirky House Huffer Group Hugo Boss Hunting & Fishing NZ B- A+ A+ F A+ A+ A+ A+ A A+ F A- A+ F A- A+ A- A+ F A+ A- A+ A- A+ A+ F A+ A+ A- A+ A+ A A+ B+ A+ A+ A A+ B A- C A+ A+ A A A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ F A+ A+ A+ A-

POLICIES

TRANSPARENCY D- A+ A- F D+ A+ B A+ B A- F C- B+ F C+ C+ D+ B+ F C+ C- B+ C- C+ B F A- A C+ A+ A D B+ F C+ A D+ A- F D F A- A+ C A F B+ A A- A- A- A F B- A B+ C + TRACEABILITY

AUDITING AND SUPPLIER D- B+ B- F C- A C- A- C B F D- D+ F C C D C F C+ C C+ C D C F C A- D A- A C- B F C+ A- D C- F D F C+ A+ D C+ F B A C B- B A+ F C+ C- C- D RELATIONSHIPS

W O R K E R F B- D- F C- B- D- B- D- C- F F D F D- D- F D+ F D D D+ D- D C- F D C+ F B B D+ C- F D A+ F C- F F F C- A+ D- D+ F D+ C+ C- C- C+ B+ F D- D D F EMPOWERMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL D A A- F F B C A- B B F F C+ F F C+ F C- F B+ C- D C D D F D+ D F B+ B+ F B- F C- A+ F C+ F D D B+ A+ D- A- F B+ A- B+ A+ B+ A+ F D- D+ B C- MANAGEMENT

= FAIL * = NON-RESPONSIVE COMPANY SRC: BAPTIST WORLD AID 60 A+ A A- B+ C C+ C- B D+ A B+ A- A+ B C- B A+ C+ F A- B- B+ C F A+ D B- A- B B- B- A- D B+ C+ A+ D C- A F C B C+ B- C- C+ B+ A- A C B C- F D+ B C+ F F OVERALL GRADE

COMPANY Icebreaker Inditex Industrie Jeanswest JETS Group Just K&K Walker* Karen Sylvester* Kate Kathmandu Kmart Australia Kookai Kowtow Brands L Lacoste & Co.* Strauss Levi Liminal Apparel Jane Lorna Lowes Lululemon Athletica Macpac & Spencer Marks Max* Apparel Merric NZ* Mighty Good Group Group Footwear Munro Myer Baby Nature Balance New Next Nike Nobody Denim Noni B Group Co. Nudie Jeans Group Oroton Outland Denim Oxford Pagani Patagonia Brands* United Pavement Postie+ Puma Corp.* PVH Williams R.M. Ralph Lauren* Apparel Retail Group Rip Curl Rodd & Gunn RREPP Apparel Ruby Seafolly Seed Heritage Showpo* Group Winter Simon de Group Sussan NZ Swanndri Men Ltd.* Wise 3 Fashions* T&T A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ B- A+ A+ A+ A+ F A+ A- A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A- A+ A+ A+ A A+ A+ F A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A A A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ F A A+ A+ F F

POLICIES

TRANSPARENCY A+ A B+ A- C+ C+ C B- C- A+ A A- A+ B+ C- A- A+ B- F A B A+ B F A+ D C+ A- A- B+ A- A+ D+ A C+ A+ D B- A+ D- C A- B+ A- B- B A A A+ C B C- F D+ B B F F + TRACEABILITY

AUDITING AND SUPPLIER A+ A B B+ D+ B- D+ B D- A- B+ A- A B+ D+ B- B+ B- F A+ B- C C F B+ D- B A- C+ B- C B+ D B- B A+ D C- A F D+ B C B D+ B B B- B+ C- B+ C- F D+ B+ D+ F F RELATIONSHIPS

W O R K E R A- B+ B+ C F D+ D- C- F B+ C- B- A- D+ F D- A+ C- F B- D+ D+ D F A+ F D+ B- D D- D- B+ F B- D+ A+ F D- B F C- D+ D- D- F D- D+ B- B+ D+ D D- F F C+ D+ F F EMPOWERMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL A+ A+ A+ A C D+ F B- D B+ C- B+ A+ A- D+ A+ A+ F F A- C+ A+ F F A+ F D+ A+ B+ B- A+ A F B+ F A+ D F A+ F C A B- D D+ D+ B A- A+ C- A D F F C+ B F F MANAGEMENT B F C+ C- B- D- C F B+ B F F C D- B- OVERALL GRADE

COMPANY Australia Target Factory* The Baby The Iconic* Group The PAS Group The Warehouse Tigerlily* of Life Tree Cooper* Trelise UNIQLO Corp. VF Co.* Distributing Voyager Wish Designs* Group Workwear WORLD* Zimmermann A+ F A+ A+ A+ C- A B+ A+ A+ F F A A A

POLICIES

TRANSPARENCY A- F B C A- D C F A A- F F B- F C+ + TRACEABILITY

AUDITING AND SUPPLIER B F C- C- B- F C F B+ C+ F F C+ F B RELATIONSHIPS

W O R K E R C- F D- F D+ F D+ F D D+ F F D F C+ EMPOWERMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL C- F C+ D C- D- D F A+ A+ F F D F D+ MANAGEMENT

= FAIL * = NON-RESPONSIVE COMPANY SRC: BAPTIST WORLD AID 61

End. 62

References.

[1] https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/15/4110 [2] https://science.sciencemag.org/content/360/6392/987/tab-pdf [3] https://ourworldindata.org/environmental-impacts-of-food [4] https://ourworldindata.org/environmental-impacts-of-food [5] https://ourworldindata.org/environmental-impacts-of-food [6] https://ourworldindata.org/environmental-impacts-of-food [7] https://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/feeding-9-billion/ [8] https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/15-07-2019-world-hunger-is-still-not-going-down-after-three- years-and-obesity-is-still-growing-un-report [9] https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034015/meta [10] https://ourworldindata.org/agricultural-land-by-global-diets [11] https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/soybeans [12] https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/soybeans [13] https://globalforestatlas.yale.edu/amazon/land-use/cattle-ranching [14] https://www.wilderness.org.au/images/resources/Beef-Deforestation-Scorecard-Report.pdf 2019, (p.7) [15] https://www.mla.com.au/prices-markets/market-news/australia-becomes-the-most-valuable-beef-exporter- in-2019/ [16] https://www.wwf.org.au/what-we-do/food/beef#gs.4v8mo4 [17] https://www.wilderness.org.au/qlddeforestation [18] https://www.wwf.org.au/ArticleDocuments/353/pub-tree-clearing-hidden-crisis-of-animal-welfare- queensland- 7sep17.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y (p.4) [19] https://www.wilderness.org.au/images/resources/The_Drivers_of_Deforestation_Land-clearing_Qld_ Report.pdf (p.6) [20] https://www.reefplan.qld.gov.au/resources/explainers/how-does-sediment-affect-the-gbr [21] https://www.reefplan.qld.gov.au/resources/explainers/how-does-sediment-affect-the-gbr [22] https://ref.epa.vic.gov.au/business-and-industry/guidelines/erosion-and-sedimentation-impacts- guidance [23] https://ref.epa.vic.gov.au/business-and-industry/guidelines/erosion-and-sedimentation-impacts- guidance [24] https://niwa.co.nz/our-science/freshwater/tools/kaitiaki_tools/impacts/sediment/causes/sediment [25] https://www.mla.com.au/globalassets/mla-corporate/prices--markets/documents/trends--analysis/fast- facts--maps/cattle-numbers-map-2019-june-2018-1.pdf [26] https://www.wwf.org.au/ArticleDocuments/353/pub-tree-clearing-hidden-crisis-of-animal-welfare- queensland-7sep17.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y (p. 4) [27] https://eprints.qut.edu.au/105605/8/105605.pdf (p. 4) [28] https://www.mla.com.au/globalassets/mla-corporate/research-and-development/program-areas/feeding- finishing-and-nutrition/feedlot-design-manual/04-water-requirements-2016_04_01.pdf (p.4) [29] https://www.mla.com.au/globalassets/mla-corporate/research-and-development/program-areas/feeding- finishing-and-nutrition/feedlot-design-manual/04-water-requirements-2016_04_01.pdf (p.6) [30] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjQrvXh1aPqAhXzzD gGHVMXBwQQFjABegQIChAD&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffeed.dairyaustralia.com.au%2F-%2Fmedia%2Flandingpagebuilder %2Ffeed-planning%2Fpdfs%2Fdrinking-water-access-and-quality.pdf%3Fla%3Den%26hash%3D42851563CBA011797 A56692D5EDC9CDE2B4E8028&usg=AOvVaw2yDW9h21lJN-RtRydxPnOa (p.2) [30] https://www.dairy.edu.au/information/australian-dairy-cows [31] https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/4618.0Main+Features12018- 19?OpenDocument [32] https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/15/4110 (p.11) [33] https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/15/4110 (p.11) [34] https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/climate-change/reducing-livestock-greenhouse-gas-emissions [35] https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/climate-change/reducing-livestock-greenhouse-gas-emissions [36] https://www.stateoftheenvironment.des.qld.gov.au/pollution/greenhouse-gas-emissions/agriculture- sector-greenhouse-gas-emissions [37] https://www.stateoftheenvironment.des.qld.gov.au/pollution/greenhouse-gas-emissions/agriculture- sector-greenhouse-gas-emissions [38] https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CC_MVSA0143-Briefing-Paper- Australias- Rising-Emissions_V8-FA_Low-Res_Single-Pages.pdf (p.21) [39] https://www.industry.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-02/nggi-quarterly-update-sep-2019.pdf p. 15 [40] http://www.fao.org/3/i3720e/i3720e.pdf (p.62) [41] http://www.fao.org/3/ca9229en/CA9229EN.pdf (p.65) [42] https://wwfeu.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/bycatch_paper.pdf (p.20) [43] http://www.fao.org/state-of-fisheries-aquaculture [44] https://unctad.org/en/pages/newsdetails.aspx?OriginalVersionID=1812 [45] https://www.worldwildlife.org/industries/tuna [46] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.2934 [47] http://www.esajournals.org/doi/full/10.1890/ES14-00292.1 [48] https://www.afma.gov.au/fisheries-management/methods-and-gear/trawling [49] Pascoe, B. (2014). Dark Emu. Magabala Books. [50] https://sentientmedia.org/how-many-animals-are-killed-for-food-every-day/ [51] https://phys.org/news/2018-04-environmental-footprint-egg-industry.html