DOCSLIB.ORG

Species Composition and Spatial Distribution of Dominant Trees in the Forest Ecotone of a Mountain Ecosystem, Northern Thailand

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Species Composition and Spatial Distribution of Dominant Trees in the Forest Ecotone of a Mountain Ecosystem, Northern Thailand Environment and Natural Resources Journal 2019; 17(3): 40-49 Species Composition and Spatial Distribution of Dominant Trees in the Forest Ecotone of a Mountain Ecosystem, Northern Thailand Dokrak Marod1,2, Sutheera Hermhuk1,3*, Sarawood Sungkaew1,2, Sathid Thinkampheang4, Torlarp Kamyo5 and Wimonmart Nuipakdee6 1Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand 2Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, NRU-KU, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand 3Faculty of Agricultural Production, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand 4Cooperation Centre of Thai Forest Ecological Research Network, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand 5Department of Agroforestry, Maejo University, Phrae Campus, Phrae 54140, Thailand 6Man and Biosphere Programme, Mae Sa-Kog Ma Biosphere Reserve Office, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok 10900, Thailand ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Received: 9 Oct 2018 Plants’ ecological niches are important to study, particularly for applying the Received in revised: knowledge to restoration programs. This study clarified the relationships of tree 11 Jan 2019 species composition and spatial distribution to environmental factors in a mountain Accepted: 29 Jan 2019 ecosystem. A 3 ha permanent plot was established across the forest ecotone at Doi Published online: Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. The spatial distributions 19 Mar 2019 DOI: 10.32526/ennrj.17.3.2019.21 of the 20 dominant tree species were analyzed using a generalized linear model (GLM) combined with geographic information system (GIS) techniques. High Keywords: species diversity was found, including 165 species representing 118 genera and 59 Doi Suthep-Pui National Park/ families. Elevation strongly influenced tree distribution, which could be divided into Ecological niche/ Forest three groups: low-altitude species in deciduous dipterocarp forest (DDF), high- ecotone/ Long-term ecological altitude species in lower montane forest (LMF) and coexisting DDF and LMF research /Permanent plot species. The GLM analysis revealed that soil texture, which ranged from sandy to clayey, influenced tree distribution. The results suggest that restoration programs should select suitable species based on their niches. * Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] 1. INTRODUCTION 2003; Valencia et al., 2004) . Such plots not only Environmental factors control plant provide information about the forest dynamics but can regeneration processes, including plant also be used to study species distribution (Dallmeier, establishment, reproduction and distribution (Guisan 1992; Condit et al., 1999). Statistical approaches such and Zimmermann, 2000; Turner, 2001). Many as canonical correspondence analysis or logistic researchers have defined two types of ecological regression are used to analyze species distribution as gradient affecting plant distributions. The first a function of environmental factors (Guisan and includes direct factors that govern physiological Zimmermann, 2000; Lan et al., 2011; Asanok et al., processes (nutrients and climatic factors) and the 2017). For instance, the dominant species is second comprises indirect factors (such as determined based on the total number of trees (Li et topographic factors, habitat type and geology) that al., 2009; Lan et al., 2011; Asanok et al., 2017; have no direct physiological relevance to species Walthert and Meier, 2017) and quantitative values performance or survival strategies (Guisan et al., such as the importance value index (Campos et al., 1999; Austin, 2002; Bacaro et al., 2008). Indirect 2000) and total basal area (Homeier et al., 2010; Höfle factors can be measured in the field and are often used et al., 2014) are used as dependent variables. The because they are correlated with the observed tree results reflect the appearance of a niche or the spatial distributions. suitability of a species in a particular area (Lan et al., Studies based on long-term ecological research 2011). A tree distribution map often needs to be have reported that large permanent plots can be used coupled with geographic information systems (GIS), to predict plant distribution (Bunyavejchewin et al., which have become popular in recent forest ecology https://doi.org/10.32526/ennrj.17.3.2019.21 Marod D et al. / Environment and Natural Resources Journal 2019; 17(3): 40-49 41 studies (Caillaud et al., 2010; Walthert and Meier, 2. METHODOLOGY 2017), particularly in tropical forests, where high 2.1 Study area plant species diversity is associated with The study area in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park environmental conditions (Condit et al., 1999; Harms is located at latitude 18° 43'3" - 19° 7'30" N and et al., 2001; Lan et al., 2011). Although studies have longitude 98° 48'20" - 98° 57'10" E in Chiang Mai covered almost all forest types, few have documented Province, Thailand (Figure 1). About 85% of the land the forest ecotone (FE) between lowland and upland cover is forest and 15% consists of agricultural land forest along altitudinal gradients. and urban areas (Charnsungnern and Tantanasarit, The mountain ecosystem in the upper reaches 2017). The area is characterized by a subtropical of the Ping River at Doi Suthep-Pui, Chiang Mai climate, with a long dry season alternating with a Province, Northern Thailand, is an important area for short, wet season; the annual precipitation is 1,139 plant conservation (Fukushima et al., 2008). The mm and mean temperature is 24°C. The altitude environmental factors responsible for plant ranges from 312 to 1,656 m.a.s.l. Geologically, the distribution can vary in the FE located between area contains steep hills and valleys consisting of lowland and upland forest (Tang and Ohsawa, 1997), high-grade metamorphic complex rocks and especially the topographic and climatic factors sandstone (Rhodes et al., 2005). The soil texture (Martin et al., 2007). In addition, soil properties in this varies along altitudinal gradients from sandy soil and area also vary due to the soil parent material, which is sandy clay loam at lower elevations to mostly sandy related to topographical and geological gradients clay loam and clay soil at higher elevations (above (Rhodes et al., 2005; Weill and Munkholm, 2015) or 1,000 m.a.s.l.) (Marod et al., 2014). Complex vegetation cover (Ueda et al., 2017). Deciduous and environmental factors are found in the Doi Suthep-Pui evergreen species coexist in the FE located at altitudes mountain ecosystem, especially elevation gradients, between deciduous dipterocarp forest (DDF) and which influence the distribution of forest types; these lower montane forest (LMF) (Marod et al., 2015). The can be classified into deciduous forest (mixed plants in this FE are very sensitive to environmental deciduous forest and deciduous dipterocarp forest), changes (Odum, 1959; Frelich, 2002; Marchand and mostly found in low elevations <1,000 m.a.s.l. and Houle, 2006), especially increases in temperature and evergreen forest (lower montane forest and pine drought (Ameztegui and Coll, 2011). Marod et al. forest), mostly found at higher elevations (≥1,000 (2015) reported that deciduous species, which mostly m.a.s.l.) (Marod et al., 2014). occupy the DDF and are highly adapted to drought, can occur at higher altitudes. By contrast, evergreen 2.2 Plot establishment and investigation species are susceptible to environmental changes. In 2016, a 3 ha permanent transect (50 × 600 Therefore, rapid environmental changes may m2) was established in the FE between DDF and LMF influence their regeneration and distribution (Ruiz et (latitude 18°47'4"N, longitude 98°54'58"E), where the al., 2008). However, little long-term ecological elevation ranged from 900 to 1,100 m.a.s.l. (Figure 1). research has examined the adaptation and migration According to Hermhuk (2014) and Marod et al. (2015), of tree species in a LMF in relation to changes in three forest zones were identified based on stand environmental variables. Consequently, this study clustering and canonical correspondence analysis clarified the species composition and examined (CCA) related to their elevation: a DDF zone from 900- correlations between spatial tree distribution and 940 m.a.s.l., a FE zone from 941-980 m.a.s.l. and a environmental factors (topographic and soil LMF zone above 980 m.a.s.l. The transect plot was properties) in a 3 ha permanent plot in Doi Suthep-Pui divided into 300 subplots (10 × 10 m2). Trees with a National Park, Northern Thailand. The results of this diameter at breast height (DBH) larger than 1 cm were research should support natural resources tagged; then, DBH was measured, positions were management, especially the selection of trees for recorded as (x, y) coordinates, and the species were restoration programs in mountain ecosystems. identified based on Smitinand (2014). 42 Marod D et al. / Environment and Natural Resources Journal 2019; 17(3): 40-49 Figure 1. The location of the study site and permanent plot in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. 2.3 Environmental data collection 2.4 Data analysis 2.3.1 Topographic factors 2.4.1 Forest structure and species composition The topographic factors (elevation, slope and The forest structure and species composition aspect) of the subplots were characterized using a are described in terms of the number of individual digital elevation model (DEM) developed by the Geo- stems, the basal area (BA) and the dominant species Informatics and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Large Ground-Based Observing Campaign of the Disintegrating Planet K2-22B
    This is a repository copy of A large ground-based observing campaign of the disintegrating planet K2-22b. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/138580/ Version: Published Version Article: Colón, K.D., Zhou, G., Shporer, A. et al. (27 more authors) (2018) A large ground-based observing campaign of the disintegrating planet K2-22b. Astronomical Journal, 156 (5). 227. ISSN 0004-6256 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aae31b © 2018 The American Astronomical Society. Reproduced in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ The Astronomical Journal, 156:227 (11pp), 2018 November https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aae31b © 2018. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. A Large Ground-based Observing Campaign of the Disintegrating Planet K2-22b Knicole D. Colón1 , George Zhou2 , Avi Shporer3 , Karen A. Collins2 , Allyson Bieryla2 , Néstor Espinoza4,5,6, Felipe Murgas7,8, Petchara Pattarakijwanich9 , Supachai Awiphan10, James D.
    [Show full text]
  • NHBSS 047 2K Mustow Lotic
    NAT. NAT. HIST. BULL. SIAM Soc. 47:225-252 ，1999 LOTIC MACROINVERTEBRA TE ASSEMBLAGES IN NORTHERN THAILAND: ALTITUDINAL AND LONGITUD I1河 AL DISTRIBUTION AND THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTION Stephen Stephen E. Mustow 1 ABSTRACT distribution 百le distribution and composition of invertebrate faunas was studied in upland ，lowland and and urban sites in the north basin of the River Ping in Th ailand. Th e princip a1 physico ・ chemical chemical features of 23 sites were measu 問 d 佃 d the invertebrates in se ぉ onal net-sweeps ， bottom bottom kick and dredge samples identified to fam i1 y leve l. Canonic a1 correspondence an a1 ysis was was used to assess relationships between environmen ta1 and biological data. Taxon accretion was was studied at two sites in order to determine the sampling effo 民間:quired to ∞u巴ct representa ・ tive tive kick-samples. Accretion rates were within the range recorded in temperate rivers. Di 釘'er- ences ences in the fauna amongst 血e 23 sites were explained by temperaωre ，conductivity ，pH ，and current current velocity. Reductions in diversity at severely pollu 旬 d sites were sm a1 ler 伽 n in simi ・ larly larly impacted sites in temperate regions. INTRODUCTION Th e ecology of aquatic invertebrates in Asia as a whole is poorly understood (RUNDLE ET AL. ， 1993; DUOGEON ，1995) ， not least in Th ailand for which few studies are reported in in the literature. Th e most detailed studies in Th ailand have been of a reservoir in 白e central central region (JUNK ，1975 ， 1977) and of a rice field in the Northeast (HECKMAN ， 1979).
    [Show full text]
  • A Global Overview of Protected Areas on the World Heritage List of Particular Importance for Biodiversity
    A GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF PROTECTED AREAS ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST OF PARTICULAR IMPORTANCE FOR BIODIVERSITY A contribution to the Global Theme Study of World Heritage Natural Sites Text and Tables compiled by Gemma Smith and Janina Jakubowska Maps compiled by Ian May UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre Cambridge, UK November 2000 Disclaimer: The contents of this report and associated maps do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP-WCMC or contributory organisations. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP-WCMC or contributory organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION 1.0 OVERVIEW......................................................................................................................................................1 2.0 ISSUES TO CONSIDER....................................................................................................................................1 3.0 WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?..............................................................................................................................2 4.0 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY......................................................................................................................3 5.0 CURRENT WORLD HERITAGE SITES............................................................................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the Ctfs-Aa International Field Biology Course 2005
    ^^^Sij**jiit o PROCEEDINGS OF THE CTFS-AA INTERNATIONAL FIELD BIOLOGY COURSE 2005 KHAO CHONG, THAILAND 15 June-14 July 2005 Edited by Rhett D. Harrison Center for Tropical Forest Science - Arnold Arboretum Asia Program National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Thailand Preface Preface The CTFS-AA International Field Biology Course is an annual, graduate-level field course in tropical forest biology run by the Center for Tropical Forest Science - Arnold Arboretum Asia Program (CTFS- AA; www.ctfs-aa.org) in collaboration with institutional partners in South and Southeast Asia. The CTFS-AA International Field Biology Course 2005 was held at Khao Chong Wildlife Extension and Conservation Center, Thailand from 15 June to 14 July and hosted by the National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Thailand. It was the fifth such course organised by CTFS-AA. Last year's the course was held at Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak and in 2001 and 2003 the courses were held at Pasoh Forest Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia. The next year's course will be announced soon The aim of these courses is to provide high level training in the biology of forests in South and Southeast Asia. The courses are aimed at upper-level undergraduate and graduate students from the region, who are at the start of their thesis research or professional careers in forest biology. During the course topics in forest biology are taught by a wide range of experts in tropical forest science. There is a strong emphasis on the development of independent research projects during the course. Students are also exposed to different ecosystem types, as well as forest related industries, through course excursions.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis Report on Ten ASEAN Countries Disaster Risks Assessment
    Synthesis Report on Ten ASEAN Countries Disaster Risks Assessment ASEAN Disaster Risk Management Initiative December 2010 Preface The countries of the Association of Southeast (Vietnam) droughts, September 2009 cyclone Asian Nations (ASEAN), which comprises Brunei, Ketsana (known as Ondoy in the Philippines), Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, catastrophic flood of October 2008, and January Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, is 2007 flood (Vietnam), September 1997 forest-fire geographically located in one of the most disaster (Indonesia) and many others. Climate change is prone regions of the world. The ASEAN region expected to exacerbate disasters associated with sits between several tectonic plates causing hydro-meteorological hazards. earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis. The region is also located in between two great Often these disasters transcend national borders oceans namely the Pacific and the Indian oceans and overwhelm the capacities of individual causing seasonal typhoons and in some areas, countries to manage them. Most countries in tsunamis. The countries of the region have a the region have limited financial resources and history of devastating disasters that have caused physical resilience. Furthermore, the level of economic and human losses across the region. preparedness and prevention varies from country Almost all types of natural hazards are present, to country and regional cooperation does not including typhoons (strong tropical cyclones), exist to the extent necessary. Because of this high floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, vulnerability and the relatively small size of most landslides, forest-fires, and epidemics that of the ASEAN countries, it will be more efficient threaten life and property, and droughts that leave and economically prudent for the countries to serious lingering effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6 South-East Asia
    Chapter 6 South-East Asia South-East Asia is the least compact among the extremity of North-East Asia. The contiguous ar- regions of the Asian continent. Out of its total eas constituting the continental interior include land surface, estimated at four million sq.km., the the highlands of Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and mainland mass has a share of only 40 per cent. northern Vietnam. The relief pattern is that of a The rest is accounted for by several thousand is- longitudinal ridge and furrow in Myanmar and lands of the Indonesian and Philippine archipela- an undulating plateau eastwards. These are re- goes. Thus, it is composed basically of insular lated to their structural difference: the former and continental components. Nevertheless the being a zone of tertiary folds and the latter of orographic features on both these landforms are block-faulted massifs of greater antiquity. interrelated. This is due to the focal location of the region where the two great axes, one of lati- The basin of the Irrawady (Elephant River), tudinal Cretaceo-Tertiary folding and the other forming the heartland of Myanmar, is ringed by of the longitudinal circum-Pacific series, converge. mountains on three sides. The western rampart, This interface has given a distinctive alignment linking Patkai, Chin, and Arakan, has been dealt to the major relief of the region as a whole. In with in the South Asian context. The northern brief, the basic geological structures that deter- ramparts, Kumon, Kachin, and Namkiu of the mine the trend of the mountains are (a) north- Tertiary fold, all trend north-south parallel to the south and north-east in the mainland interior, (b) Hengduan Range and are the highest in South- east-west along the Indonesian islands, and (c) East Asia; and this includes Hkakabo Raz north-south across the Philippines.
    [Show full text]
  • 1988 Aedes (Finlaya)
    Mosquito Systematics Vol. 20(l) 1988 Aedes (Finlaya) reinerti, a New Species from Northern Thailand Related to Aedes (Finlaya) formosensis Yamada (Diptera: Culicidae) Rampa Rattanarithikul’ and Bruce A. Harrison2 ABSTRACT. The adults, larva, pupa, male and female genitalia are described and illustrated for Aedes (Finlaya) reinerti, a new species from northern Thailand, and are compared with a related species, Aedes (Finlaya) formosensis. The bionomics and distribution of the new species are discussed. Lectotypes are designated for Aedes formosensis and Finlaya khasiana. INTRODUCTION. In June-July, 1978 the Department of Medical Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand, conducted mosquito taxonomic surveys on the tallest mountain in Thailand, Doi Inthanon in Chiang Mai Province. During this trip specimens of an Aedes (Finlaya) species were collected and reared which were initially determined as Ae. (Fin.) formosensis Yamada 1921, originally described from Formosa (Taiwan). Later, characters were noted on several stages of these spec- imens which made us suspect that they represented an undescribed species or a previously described species that was currently considered a synonym of Ae. f ormosensis. An examination of specimens at AFRIMS collected in Chiang Mai in the 1960s revealed additional specimens with the same distinctive characters, and in 1982-83 the junior author found additional specimens from the 1960s housed in the Smithsonian collections at the National Museum of Natural History (USNM). There are 2 synonyms listed under Ae. formosensis in Knight and Stone (1977), i.e., Aedes pallirostris Edwards, 1922 and Finlaya khasiana Barraud, 1923. The latter was synonymized under Ae. formosensis by Barraud (1934), while Knight (1968) synonymized the former with Ae.
    [Show full text]
  • Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) 127-143 Nachr
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo Jahr/Year: 2010 Band/Volume: 31 Autor(en)/Author(s): Naumann Stefan, Nässig Wolfgang A. Artikel/Article: Two species in Saturnia (Rinaca) zuleika Hope, 1843 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) 127-143 Nachr. entomol. Ver. Apollo, N. F. 31 (3): 127–143 (2010) 127 Two species in Saturnia (Rinaca) zuleika Hope, 1843 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) 1 2 Stefan Naumann and Wolfgang A. Nässig Dr. Stefan Naumann, Hochkirchstrasse 71, D­10829 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] Dr. Wolfgang A. Nässig, Entomologie II, Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, D­60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; wolfgang.naessig@ senckenberg.de Abstract: The type locality for Saturnia zuleika Hope, different populations in the group, but only hesitated to 1843 as reported in the original description (“Silhet”) is describe them at the species level. We also uncovered a evident ly erroneous; the same probably being the case for misidentified type lo ca li ty, which might also have been Salassa lola (West wood, 1847). Based on the illustration in the ori gin al de scrip tion and possible syntype material, the responsible for the hesi ta tion of earlier authors. taxon was apparently describ ed from Himalayan material Saturnia zuleika was described by Hope (1843: 132, pl. (prob ab ly from the Dar ji ling area) bearing wrong locality XI, fig. 5) stating that it came from “Silhet”. Hope’s new data. The populations from all extra­Hi ma lay an localities belong to a different spe cies, Saturnia (Ri na ca) lesoudieri species was illustrated; this drawing is reproduced here Le Moult, 1933.
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism, Biodiversity, and Culture: Toward a Sustainable Ecotourism Strategy
    1996 (April - December) | Links to explore Ecotourism in the Himalayas: The Nepalese Experience by Elizabeth Kalbfuss Yak-packing in Nepal (Photo: Elizabeth Kalbfuss) NAMCHE BAZAR: For centuries, this hillside village — the gateway to the Mount Everest region — has been renowned as a market centre. Even today, a few traders still travel across the snowpeaks from as far away as Tibet and surrounding hills to barter salt and yak meat for rice, millet and other goods from the south. But lodge owners from across the region also travel to the Saturday market to pick up supplies for the tourist trade: peanut butter, Mars and Snickers candy bars, and rolls and rolls of toilet paper. More than 20 years of intensive tourism have had a significant impact on both the way of life of Sherpa communities and the environment they depend on. "I remember in 1970 when we first saw trekkers here and everybody went out to see the white people," says Anu Sherpa, who has lived in Namche Bazar all his life. At that time, he was an 11-year old boy with one year of schooling who dressed in clothes made from yak wool and wore buffalo-skin shoes. Now he owns and runs the Himalayan Lodge Restaurant and Bar, complete with roof-top satellite dish. While his wife likes to watch movies on one channel, he cheers for the Australian cricket team on the sports channel. Tourism Boom All of Namche is a boom town. At least half a dozen new trekking lodges were under construction this spring: stone houses with wooden beams obtained from outside the protected forests of the park.
    [Show full text]
  • * Correspondence To: Yujing Yan, Email: [email protected] Or Charles C
    Supplementary Materials for Phytogeographic history of the Tea family inferred through high-resolution phylogeny and fossils *Yujing Yan1,2, *Charles C. Davis2, Dimitar Dimitrov1,3, Zhiheng Wang4, Carsten Rahbek5,1,4,6,7, Michael Krabbe Borregaard1 1. Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark 2. Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 3. Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway 4. Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 5. Center for Global Mountain Biodiversity, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark 6. Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silkwood Park campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK 7. Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. * Correspondence to: Yujing Yan, email: [email protected] or Charles C. Davis, email: [email protected] This PDF file includes: Appendix 1 (p.4) Supplementary Notes 1 (p. 2-4) Supplementary Tables S1 to S11 (p.7-42) Supplementary Figures S1 to S10 (p.43-52) 1 Supplementary Note 1. Inference of biogeographical patterns using a fully Bayesian method in RevBayes We applied an alternative biogeographic method proposed by Landis et al. (2020) to a subset of our Theaceae empirical dataset and compared its performance to our method. This method uses a hierarchical Bayesian approach to account for the uncertainty in the position of fossils (lack of characters), phylogenetic relationships, and the geological/biogeographic template at once.
    [Show full text]
  • MIN MAX AFGHANISTAN Kabul -25.5 40 Kandahar
    MIN MAX AFGHANISTAN Kabul -25.5 40 Kandahar -12.1 46.5 Jalalabad -7.8 48.8* * dubious,likely taken with not proper instruments Mazar al Sharif -24 48.1 Ghazni -33.5 37 Zaranj -13.2 49.6* * a dubious 51.0C was likely taken with not proper instruments Farah -11.9 49.8 Shahrak -52.2 ALBANIA Tirana -10.4 42.2 Durres -9 39.5 Shkoder -13 42.8 Cerrik -9.4 43.2 Kucova 43.9 Kallmet 45.3* * unofficial, questioned Kukes -22 42.5 Sheqeras -26.8 Moscopole -27.5* * unofficial, dubious Bize -34.7* * unofficial, dubious ALGERIA Algiers Airport -4 47.5 Oran -3 45.8 In Salah -3.3 50.6 Ouargla -6.7 50.4 Batna -20 43.8 Constantine -10 45.5 Tamanrasset -7 41.6 ANDORRA Andorra La Vella -16 38.5* * dubious Hidroelectrica -16 36 Engolaster Lake -21 33 Ransol -23 36 Grau Roig -27.3 Port d'Envalira -34* * unofficial, dubious ANGOLA Luanda 12 36.9 Bie (Silva Porto) -5* 31.7* * suspicious, likely taken under not proper conditions Mavinga -3.9 Bicuari Nat.Park -4.1 Namibe 3 40.3 Espinheira 40.6 Cabinda 12 34.4 ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Saint John's 15.6 33.8 Bird Airport 16 34.9 Codrington (Barbuda)17.2 35* * suspicious ARGENTINA Buenos Aires Obser.-5.4* 43.3 * -6.4C was also recorded in June 1830 Ezeiza Airport -7.8 44.3 Cordoba -10.3 45 * a 45.6C in 1917 was likely taken with not proper instruments Bahia Blanca -11.8 43.8 Mar del Plata -9.3 41.6 Mendoza -9.2 44.4 Rosario -11.1 42.4* * an old record of 43.9C was likely taken with not proper instruments Santiago del Estero -10 46.5* * a temperature of 47.0C was also recorded in the observatory Catamarca -9 47* * a temperature
    [Show full text]
  • Název Prezentace
    10. Tourist attractions in the Asia Předmět: The Tourist Attractions in the Czech Republic and in the World Geography of Cyprus Cyprus is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean. Cyprus is located south of Turkey, west of Syria and Lebanon, northwest of Israel, north of Egypt, and southeast of Greece. A very narrow band of mountains (the Kyrenia) slices across the northern edge of Cyprus. That low range of mountains reaches a maximum of 1,024 m in elevation. In the south and western portions of the island the Troodos Mountains dominate. The highest point on Cyprus, located in the center of the Troodos range, is Mount Olympus at 1,952 m. Rivers are seasonal and only flow after heavy rain, and under those conditions the Pedieos is the longest river in Cyprus. It rises in the Troodos Mountains, flowing northeast through the capital city of Nicosia. It then steers east, meeting the sea at Famagusta Bay. The river has a total length of approximately 100 km. Cyprus has over 100 dams and reservoirs, and all are the island's principal source of water for both agricultural and domestic use. The main tourist attractions in Cyprus There's no shortage of ancient sites in Cyprus but Kourion is the pick of the bunch. Romantically situated across a coastal cliff with tumbling views of the countryside and Mediterranean below, it's a magical place. The entire site is vast, but the most famous section is the theater and the House of Eustolios, which holds a clutch of fine, well-preserved mosaics.
    [Show full text]