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Nordic Fire & Safety Days June 7th and 8th 2018 in Trondheim, Norway Book of Proceedings RISE Rapport 2019:54 ISBN 978-91-88907-57-8 BOOK OF PROCEEDINGS Nordic Fire & Safety Days Book of Proceedings Nordic Fire & Safety Days 2018 ISBN is 978-91-88907-57-8 DOI is 10.23699/40g3-6g70 2 BOOK OF PROCEEDINGS Nordic Fire & Safety Days Preface The Nordic Fire & Safety Days (NFSD) is an annular conference on Fir and Safety in the Nordic countries. The conference is organized by RISE Research Institutes of Sweden and RISE Fire Research Norway, in collaboration with Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), the Technical University of Denmark, Lund University, Aalto University, Luleå University, University of Stavanger, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Iceland University, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd and the Danish Institute of Fire and Security Technology. NFSD are developed as a response to the extensive interest in the areas of fire and safety engineering in the Nordic countries. The conference in 2018 was hosted by the NTNU in Trondheim, Norway. Fire safety has been a major concern for societies since civilizations emerged. Protecting people, assets and environments from fires have been approached from many perspectives and scientific disciplines. The Nordic Fire & Safety Days 2018 bridges the two stances of fire engineering and fire rescue. Regulations and practices established for fire safety engineering emphasize materials, fire dynamics, and how to prevent and protect against fire hazards in engineered systems that also include evacuation from fires. The designs of the systems are more or less independent from considerations of the actual uses of the systems when put in operation. The predominant knowledge is characterized by regulations, norms and recognized practices, simulation models and to some extent low scale experiments. This year´s Nordic Fire & Safety Days hosted 134 delegates who enjoyed two days of knowledge- sharing from 66 presentations, discussions and social arrangements. The works presented at the Nordic Fire & Safety Days 2018 demonstrated a significant scientific depth and societal relevance. Some of the work presented at the conference resulted in the 22 papers included in this publication. The topic of Nordic Fire & Safety Days is: From fire safety engineering to fire rescue - feed-back mechanisms to foster improvements. This book of papers is structured in accordance with the topic chosen for the conference, with basic knowledge (Fire dynamics) for both Fire safety engineering (Structural fire safety; Fire safety engineering; Fire and materials; Tunnel fire safety) and Fire response (Pre and post fire emergency activities). Anne Dederichs, Ove Njå, Luisa Giuliani and Aleksandra Zawadowska 3 BOOK OF PROCEEDINGS Nordic Fire & Safety Days Scientific committee The scientific committee, which was in charge of reviewing the papers, included the following members: Anne Dederichs (RISE, Technical University of Denmark) Björn Karlsson (Iceland University) Frank Markert (Technical University of Denmark) Simo Hostikka (Aalto University) Ove Njå (University Stavanger) Petter Grytten Almklov (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) Patrick van Hees (Lund University) Marcus Abrahamsson (Lund University) Luisa Giuliani (Technical University of Denmark) Petra Andersson (RISE) Raul Ochoterena (RISE) Aleksandra Zawadowska (RISE) Michael Försth (RISE) Haurkur Ingason (RISE) Tuula Hakkarinen (VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd) Ulf Wickström (Luleå Technical University) Pierrick Anthony Mindykowsky (RISE) Anne Steen Hansen (RISEfr, Norway) Trond Kongsvik (NTNU) Geir Sverre Brautsus (Helse Stavanger) Øivind Solberg (Statoil) kirsti.vastveit Albert Lunde Mikkel Bøhm (Metropol) Bjarne Hagen (Western Norway University of Applied Sciences) Bjarne Husted (Lund University) 4 BOOK OF PROCEEDINGS Nordic Fire & Safety Days Table of contents Structural fire safety Numerical study on the effect of post-earthquake fires on the resistance of fire-insulated steel frames ............. 6 Experimental study on the mechanical properties of fire exposed concrete ........................................................ 12 Comparing performance-based fire safety design using stochastic modelling to Eurocode partial coefficient method ................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Fire and materials Methods for accelerated ageing of composite materials: a review ..................................................................... 26 Fire performance assessment of FRP materials ................................................................................................... 31 Fire dynamics Smoke spread in modern building fires. Influence of the directed air flow as a result of a ventilation system .. 38 Frame shading width influence on glazings reaction to fire ................................................................................. 48 Swedish method of smoke control system ........................................................................................................... 55 Analysis of fire loads in residential buildings. Fire load survey in apartments in Serbia ....................................... 60 Heat flux in jet fires ................................................................................................................................................ 65 Tunnel fires On the interpretation of risk acceptance of major tunnel fires ............................................................................ 70 Influence of longitudinal ventilation velocity on tunnel fire development and spread ........................................ 74 Inherent fire safety engineering in complex road tunnels – learning between industries in safety management ............................................................................................................................................................................... 80 Fire safety engineering A Nordic approach to fire safety engineering. Will standardization of probabilistic methods to verify fire safety designs of novel buildings improve engineering practices? .................................................................................. 88 Building fire codes as a part of the national security. Emphasizing critical deliveries to industry and consumers ............................................................................................................................................................................... 94 Safe at home: Fire safety for risk-exposed groups ............................................................................................... 100 Pre- and post-emergency procedures Emergency preparedness for tunnel fire. A systems-oriented approach ........................................................... 106 A predictive decision-aid device to warn firefighters of catastrophic temperature increases using a time-series algorithm ............................................................................................................................................................. 113 Fire investigation as learning tool ...................................................................................................................... 119 Emergency preparedness analysis ...................................................................................................................... 125 Incident Commander as the leader on-scene ..................................................................................................... 131 Report from the Nordic Fire & Safety Days 2018 Workshop on funding of research and development in the Nordic countries and development in the Nordic countries and Europe – report from the Nordic Fire & Safety Days 2018 .......................................................... 139 5 BOOK OF PROCEEDINGS Nordic Fire & Safety Days Numerical study on the effect of post-earthquake fires on the resistance of fire-insulated steel frames Gabriel-Victor Risco Varvara Zania Luisa Giuliani Trenton Fire Ltd Dept. of Civil Engineering Dept. of Civil Engineering London, United Kingdom Technical University of Denmark Technical University of Denmark [email protected] Kongens Lyngby, Denmark Kongens Lyngby, Denmark [email protected] [email protected] Keywords: post-earthquake fire, framed steel building, fire- When a structure is subjected to an accidental action, a protected steel frame, fire insulation damage, dynamic nonlinear significant reduction of the permanent and variable loads is FE analysis introduced in the respective load combination. However, these ABSTRACT reduced load values combined with damage sustained during the earthquake, could potentially lead to premature collapse of Fires and earthquakes are accidental actions with a low the structure. probability of occurrence [1], however a large number of Recent historical events documented by Scawthorn [3], earthquakes have been followed by fires resulting in large suggest that a structure which has previously experienced an amounts of material damage. The aim of this study is to earthquake, would not be as resistant to fire action as the investigate the effect of earthquakes on the fire resistance of integer structure. The reasons for this behaviour were insulated moment resisting frames. For this purpose, a proposed by Della Corte et al. [4], as the first

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