Yong-Lim Kim Hideki Kawanishi Editors the Essentials of Clinical Dialysis
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Yong-Lim Kim Hideki Kawanishi Editors The Essentials of Clinical Dialysis 123 The Essentials of Clinical Dialysis Yong-Lim Kim • Hideki Kawanishi Editors The Essentials of Clinical Dialysis Editors Yong-Lim Kim Hideki Kawanishi Division of Nephrology Tsuchiya General Hospital Kyungpook National University Hiroshima Hospital Japan Daegu South Korea ISBN 978-981-10-1099-6 ISBN 978-981-10-1100-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1100-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017960882 © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Over the past half century, dialysis has developed and progressed as a thera- peutic replacement of renal function. Correct understanding of a patient con- dition and providing needed treatment forms the core of patient care, just as locating a vessel is critical in sailing. Further, optimal care of patients with end-stage renal disease requires a thorough grasp of different treatment options related to dialysis. This book guides readers through all the relevant options with great readability. Intended to be an introductory material for dialysis specialists, this book was written to provide latest insights and guidelines with much simplicity and clarity. Illustrations would further enhance reader understanding. While dialysis patterns might differ from country to country depending on national healthcare policies, this book focuses on universal treatment meth- ods across the world. Some countries might not have access to dialysis con- sumables or peritoneal dialysis fluids that are mentioned in this book. Lastly, my sincere gratitude goes to all those authors who took part in writ- ing this book for the hard work and dedication. Daegu, South Korea Yong-Lim Kim Hiroshima, Japan Hideki Kawanishi v Contents Part I Preparation of Dialysis 1 Dialysis Indication and Initiation Time for Dialysis . 3 Norio Hanafusa 2 Modality Selection �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 23 Sun-Hee Park Part II Hemodialysis 3 The Basics of Vascular Access Construction and Its Timing ������ 39 Seiji Ohira✠ 4 Hemodialysis Procedure and Prescription . 49 Won Kim 5 Technological Aspect for Hemodialysis ���������������������������������������� 73 Yoshihiro Tange and Shingo Takesawa 6 Flux of Dialysis Membrane: Benefit and Risk . 81 Tadashi Tomo 7 Anticoagulation ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 85 Naoki Kimata and Kenichi Kokubo 8 The Concept of Hemodialysis Adequacy and Kinetics . 101 Hideki Kawanishi 9 Complications of Hemodialysis . 105 Joon Ho Song 10 Hemodiafiltration . 127 M.P.C. Grooteman, M.J. Nubé, and P.J. Blankestijn Part III Peritoneal Dialysis 11 Peritoneal Physiology and Peritoneal Membrane . 153 Hiroyuki Terawaki vii viii Contents 12 Types of PD . 163 Hyo Jin Kim and Kook-Hwan Oh 13 Peritoneal Access ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 179 Mizuya Fukasawa 14 Peritoneal Dialysis Prescription ���������������������������������������������������� 191 Mi Jung Lee and Dong-Ryeol Ryu 15 Kinetic Modeling and Adequacy in PD ���������������������������������������� 215 Tae Ik Chang and Seung Hyeok Han 16 Peritonitis and Exit-Site Infection ������������������������������������������������ 243 Bum Soon Choi 17 Complication of PD (Except Infection) ���������������������������������������� 257 Hitoshi Sugiyama, Toshio Yamanari, and Hiroshi Morinaga Part IV Summary of Dialysis Related Guidelines 18 Preparation and Timing of Dialysis Initiation ���������������������������� 279 Seong Eun Kim Index . 281 Contributors P.J. Blankestijn, M.D. University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands Tae Ik Chang, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, NHIS Medical Center, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea Bum Soon Choi, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic St. Mary Hospital, Seoul, South Korea Mizuya Fukasawa, M.D. Blood Purification Unit, Yamanashi University, Yamanashi, Japan M.P.C. Grooteman, M.D. VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Seung Hyeok Han, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Severance Hospital, Seoul, South Korea Norio Hanafusa, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Blood Purification, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan Hideki Kawanishi, M.D. Tsuchiya General Hospital, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan Hyo Jin Kim, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Gyungju, South Korea Seong Eun Kim, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, South Korea Won Kim, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, South Korea ix x Contributors Yong-Lim Kim, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea Naoki Kimata, M.D. Komagome Kyoritsu Clinic, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan Kenichi Kokubo, M.D. Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan Mi Jung Lee, M.D. Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, CHA University, Pocheon, South Korea Hiroshi Morinaga, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Medical Information, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan M.J. Nubé, M.D. University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands Kook-Hwan Oh, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea Seiji Ohira, M.D. Sapporo Kita Clinic, Japanese Society for Dialysis Access Sapporo, Japan Sun-Hee Park, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea Dong-Ryeol Ryu, M.D. Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea Joon Ho Song, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, South Korea Hitoshi Sugiyama, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Human Resource Development of Dialysis Therapy for Kidney Disease, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan Shingo Takesawa, M.D. Department of Medical Engineering, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Japan Yoshihiro Tange, M.D. Department of Medical Engineering, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Japan Hiroyuki Terawaki, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Ichihara, Chiba, Japan Tadashi Tomo, M.D., Ph.D. Clinical Engineering Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan Toshio Yamanari, M.D. Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan Eung-suk Lee, * Illustrator Part I Preparation of Dialysis Dialysis Indication and Initiation Time for Dialysis 1 Norio Hanafusa 1.1 Background Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group 2013). However, creatinine has a limitation that the 1.1.1 Kidney Functions serum levels are influenced by muscle mass or the amount of meat that the patients ate as their Kidneys have many functions to maintain internal foods. Therefore, the patients with reduced mus- milieu of aqueous phase. These include mainte- cle mass or appetite which is prevalent among nance of hydration status, electrolyte concentra- older population experienced lower serum creati- tion, and acid-base status and excretion of nine levels compared to those who have the same endogenous or exogenous wastes. Moreover, kid- GFR but sufficient muscle mass (Grootendorst neys also produce several hormones. et al. 2011). Actually, those who have higher pro- On the other hand, some chronic kidney dis- duction or urinary excretion of creatinine tended ease (CKD) patients