Results of the Reformation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

MARTIN LUTHER AND THE REFORMATION 07 Use the information in this page to understand the consequences (or results) of the Reformation. 3 2 Europe Divided Wars of Religion Europe was divided into Conflict over religion led to Catholic and Protestant civil wars in countries such countries. Southern Europe as France, Germany (the Holy 1 Catholic Counter-Reformation remained largely Catholic, Roman Empire) and England. The Catholic Church reformed and Northern Europe Religious conflict sometimes itself to counter the spread of became Protestant. led to wars between countries. the Protestant religions. This Conflict between Spain and happened through the Council England was caused partly by of Trent, the establishment of religion, and this led to the new religious orders and the failed invasion of England by setting up of the Inquisition. the Spanish Armada. The Thirty Years War, from 1618 to 1648, was a major religious war, which involved most of the main countries of Europe. Results of the Reformation 6 Education Education became more 4 important. The Protestant Intolerance and Persecution churches wanted everyone Catholics persecuted Protestants, to read the Bible. Protestant and Protestants persecuted leaders wanted all children Catholics. Rulers believed that to attend school. only those of the same religion as themselves could be loyal 5 subjects. Art and Architecture In England, Mary Tudor executed Protestant churches were plain, about 300 people as heretics. without statues or stained glass. Because of this, Protestants Catholic churches were built in nicknamed her ‘Bloody Mary’. Her the Gothic or Renaissance style, half-sister, Elizabeth I, executed and were often richly decorated. about 200 Catholics. A new artistic style, the Baroque, gave expression to this. This influenced painting, architecture, sculpture and music. 77 03 Making History TRB.indd 77 10/07/2018 13:08.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Martin Luther’S New Doctrine of Salvation That Resulted in a Break from the Catholic Church and the Establishment of Lutheranism
DO NOW WHAT DOES THE WORD REFORM MEAN? WHAT DO YOU THINK IT MEANS REGARDING THE CHURCH? Learning Targets and Intentions of the Lesson I Want Students To: 1. KNOW the significance of Martin Luther’s new doctrine of salvation that resulted in a break from the Catholic church and the establishment of Lutheranism. 2. UNDERSTAND the way humanism and Erasmus forged the Reformation. 3. Analyze (SKILL) how Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the most dynamic form of Protestantism. Essential Question. What caused the Protestant Reformation? REFORMATION RE FORM TO DO TO MAKE AGAIN BUT DO OVER/MAKE WHAT AGAIN?THE CHURCH! Definitions Protest Reform To express strong To improve by objection correcting errors The Protestant Reformation 5 Problems in the Church • Corruption • Political Conflicts Calls for Reform • John Wycliffe (1330-1384) – Questioned the authority of the pope • Jan Hus (1370-1415) – Criticized the vast wealth of the Church • Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536) – Attacked corruption in the Church Corruption • The Church raised money through practices like simony and selling indulgences. Advantages of Buying Indulgences Go Directly to Heaven! • Do not go to Hell! • Do not go to Purgatory! • Get through Purgatory faster! • Do not pass Go! Martin Luther Who was Martin Luther? • Born in Germany in 1483. • After surviving a violent storm, he vowed to become a monk. • Lived in the city of Wittenberg. • Died in 1546. Luther Looks for Reforms • Luther criticized Church practices, like selling indulgences. • He wanted to begin a discussion within the Church about the true path to salvation. • Stresses faith over He nailed his Ninety- works, rejected church Five Theses, or as intermediary.
[Show full text]
Martin Luther Worksheet
Name: __________________________ MartinProtestant Luther (1483 - 1546) Reformation Martin Luther was a German monk and teacher of theology (religion). He troubled about the possibility of not going to heaven. He led a strict life, but was worried about sin. Luther read the writings of early Christian theologians, including St. Augustine, and the Bible. He found the answer he was looking for in Paul's Letter to the Romans (Romans 1:17 - "The righteous shall by his faith.") Only faith (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person. No good works, rituals, etc. would save a person if they did not believe. Martin Luther prepares to burn the papal bull. Overall, Luther was a rather crude man. He had no trouble with talking about taking up arms against those who opposed him. He also saw ﬁt to use foul language to combat evil. For example, he dismissed the Jewish rabbis' interpretations of Scripture as "Jewish piss and sh_ _." He thought his physical ailments were caused by the devil, who was trying to stop him. Before Martin Luther died, when he was very ill, he told his wife, "I am fed up with the world, and it with me. I am like a ripe stool, and the world is like a gigantic anus, and so we're about to let go of each other." The Beginnings Indulgences Tetzel, a friar, sold indulgences. Doctrines of indulgences taught that Christ and the saints had stored up a treasury of merit. Indulgences could reduce the amount of time spent in purgatory; did not bring forgiveness of sin.
[Show full text]
The Word They Still Shall Let Remain
The Word they still shall let remain: A Reformation pop-up exhibit This exhibit marks the 500th anniversary of the start of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. We invite you to explore different perspectives on the Reformation, including the impact of print in producing the German, Swiss, radical, and English reform movements, as well as the response from the Catholic Church and the political ramifications of reform. Indulgences granted by several Popes of Rome in the several churches of Rome collected by William Crashaw in Fiscus Papalis, 1621. V.a.510(8), fol. 1-2v In 1095, Pope Urban II first introduced indulgences as pardons for sin to entice fighters to join the crusades. Later, these ephemeral sheets of forgiveness were granted for completed pilgrimages, for purchase to release souls from purgatory (the doctrine itself authorized in 1439), and were sold to cover sins during life out of the “Treasury of Merits,” a spiritual coffer that contained redemption through the deaths of martyrs and Christ. Rome officially announced the sale of indulgences in exchange for pardon of sin in 1476, 41 years before the 95 Theses. Pope Leo X provided the bishopric of Mainz to Albrecht of Brandenburg and then allowed him to sell indulgences to pay back personal debts. Indulgences are granted to this day for receiving Holy Communion, reciting the rosary, the exercise of the Stations of the Cross and reading scripture, among other acts. Here we see a manuscript account of the various indulgences offered and received, copied from Crashaw’s Fiscus Papalis and provides information on the amount of time remitted from purgatory.
[Show full text]
The Thirty Years' War: Examining the Origins and Effects of Corpus Christianum's Defining Conflict Justin Mcmurdie George Fox University, [email protected]
Digital Commons @ George Fox University Seminary Masters Theses Seminary 5-1-2014 The Thirty Years' War: Examining the Origins and Effects of Corpus Christianum's Defining Conflict Justin McMurdie George Fox University, [email protected] This research is a product of the Master of Arts in Theological Studies (MATS) program at George Fox University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation McMurdie, Justin, "The Thirty Years' War: Examining the Origins and Effects of Corpus Christianum's Defining Conflict" (2014). Seminary Masters Theses. Paper 16. http://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/seminary_masters/16 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Seminary at Digital Commons @ George Fox University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Seminary Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ George Fox University. A MASTER’S THESIS SUBMITTED TO GEORGE FOX EVANGELICAL SEMINARY FOR CHTH – 571-572: THESIS RESEARCH AND WRITING DR. DAN BRUNNER (PRIMARY ADVISOR) SPRING 2014 BY JUSTIN MCMURDIE THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR: EXAMINING THE ORIGINS AND EFFECTS OF CORPUS CHRISTIANUM’S DEFINING CONFLICT APRIL 4, 2014 Copyright © 2014 by Justin M. McMurdie All rights reserved CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 PART 1: THE RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR 6 Corpus Christianum: The Religious, Social, and Political Framework of the West from Constantine to the Reformation 6 The Protestant Reformation, Catholic Counter-Reformation, and Intractable Problems for the “Holy Roman Empire of the
[Show full text]
Sacred German Music in the Thirty Years'
Musical Offerings Volume 3 Number 1 Spring 2012 Article 1 2012 Sacred German Music in the Thirty Years’ War Brandi Hoffer Cedarville University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/musicalofferings Part of the History Commons, and the Musicology Commons DigitalCommons@Cedarville provides a publication platform for fully open access journals, which means that all articles are available on the Internet to all users immediately upon publication. However, the opinions and sentiments expressed by the authors of articles published in our journals do not necessarily indicate the endorsement or reflect the views of DigitalCommons@Cedarville, the Centennial Library, or Cedarville University and its employees. The authors are solely responsible for the content of their work. Please address questions to [email protected]. Recommended Citation Hoffer, Brandi (2012) "Sacred German Music in the Thirty Years’ War," Musical Offerings: Vol. 3 : No. 1 , Article 1. DOI: 10.15385/jmo.2012.3.1.1 Available at: https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/musicalofferings/vol3/iss1/1 Sacred German Music in the Thirty Years’ War Document Type Article Abstract The religious and political turmoil of the Thirty Years’ War significantly impacted the performance and preservation of sacred Baroque music in the German lands. Conflict between the Catholics and Protestants created an unstable social environment, which resulted in a myriad of responses from composers and performers. Leading composers including Heinrich Schütz, Michael Praetorius, Thomas Selle, and Heinrich Scheidemann, expressed their values either overtly or implicitly depending upon their occupational, geographical, political, and religious positions. Research indicates that the influences of the Thirty Years’ War created an ideal environment for the flourishing of the following German music in the late Baroque Era.
[Show full text]
Minor Festivals: Presentation of the Augsburg Confession, June 25
Minor Festivals: Presentation of the Augsburg Confession, June 25 June 25th—U.A.C—Cornerstone Reminder “I speak of Thy testimonies before kings, and I am not ashamed.” (Psalm 119:46) Engraved on the cornerstone of St. Peter’s Lutheran Church, located to the left of the main church doors, are the letters U.A.C. Many visitors and members of our congregation ask, “What is the U.A.C. all about?” Here’s the answer that you can share with those who ask: On January 21, in the year of our Lord 1530, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles V, decreed that the heads of state in his realm were to meet in the city of Augsburg, Germany, beginning in April of that year. Among the issues that they were to consider was the division between the Lutherans and the Roman Catholics. Elector John, ruler of Saxony, ordered Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon, along with others, to prepare a Lutheran confession to present at the Diet of Augsburg. They immediately prepared a document called the Torgau Articles, which they delivered to the Elector in the city of Torgau. From there they made their way to Augsburg, stopping in the city of Coburg, where Luther had to remain because it was unsafe for him to appear in Augsburg. Melanchthon took with him the Torgau Articles, along with two other documents written chiefly by Martin Luther—the Schwabach Articles and the Marburg Articles. Upon his arrival in Augsburg, Melanchthon discovered that the Roman Catholic theologian John Eck had prepared 404 Propositions that misrepresented the Lutheran position.
[Show full text]
The Ninety-Five Theses by Martin Luther October 31, 1517, Wittenberg, Germany the Ninety-Five Theses 4
The Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther October 31, 1517, Wittenberg, Germany The Ninety-Five Theses 4. The penalty of sin remains as long as the hatred of self, that is, true inner repentance, until our entrance into the kingdom of heaven. The Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences 5. The pope neither desires nor is able to remit any penalties except those imposed by his Posted: October 31, 1517 own authority or that of the canons. The Eve of All Saints Day 6. The pope cannot remit any guilt, except by Castle Church declaring and showing that it has been Wittenberg, Germany remitted by God; or, to be sure, by remitting guilt in cases reserved to his judgment. If his For oral debate on November 1, 1517 right to grant remission in these cases were disregarded, the guilt would certainly remain Out of love and zeal for truth and the desire to unforgiven. bring it to light, the following theses will be publicly discussed at Wittenberg under the 7. God remits guilt to no one unless at the same chairmanship of the reverend father, Martin time he humbles him in all things and makes Luther, Master of Arts and Sacred Theology and him submissive to his vicar, the priest. regularly appointed Lecturer on these subjects at that place. He requests that those who cannot be 8. The penitential canons are imposed only on present to debate orally with us will do so by the living, and, according to the canons letter. themselves, nothing should be imposed on the dying.
[Show full text]
JOHN WESLEY's VIEW of MARTIN LUTHER . . . Leo G
JOHN WESLEY'S VIEW OF MARTIN LUTHER LEO G. COX, Ph.D. Since the middle ages two men have stood out as great leaders in our world in the area of church life. Martin Luther's leadership in the Great Reformation of the 16th century and John Wesley's leadership in the Evangelical Revival of the 18th century stand out as important. Students of history find it impossible to minimize the influence of either one of these men upon the modern world. Generally Methodists have admired the work of Luther and looked upon the Reformation as a stepping stone to the Wesleyan Revival, but there has been too much ignorance of Luther among Wesleyans, and only very recently has the need been felt and steps taken toward an exploration of Luther's works by Methodists. On the other hand, there is a natural tendency among Lutherans to regard the Wesley revival as the English form of pietism and to dismiss Methodism as a heresy.1 It would undoubtedly be an aid to scholarship in both groups if each could better understand the other. In this paper I shall seek to find out what Wesley himself thought of Luther and his work. Since Wesley lived 200 years after Luther, it will be interesting to note just what concepts he formed of this great man, and what differences he re- cognized between their two theologies. I The View Hidden Wesley was born in 1703 and came into what he called his evangelical con- version in May of 1738 at the age of 35.
[Show full text]
Letter from Birmingham Jail 1
Letter From Birmingham Jail 1 A U G U S T 1 9 6 3 Letter from Birmingham Jail by Martin Luther King, Jr. From the Birmingham jail, where he was imprisoned as a participant in nonviolent demonstrations against segregation, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., wrote in longhand the letter which follows. It was his response to a public statement of concern and caution issued by eight white religious leaders of the South. Dr. King, who was born in 1929, did his undergraduate work at Morehouse College; attended the integrated Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, one of six black pupils among a hundred students, and the president of his class; and won a fellowship to Boston University for his Ph.D. WHILE confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling our present activities "unwise and untimely." Seldom, if ever, do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all of the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would be engaged in little else in the course of the day, and I would have no time for constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I would like to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms. I think I should give the reason for my being in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the argument of "outsiders coming in." I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every Southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia.
[Show full text]
Constructing the Past 1 the Darker Side of Martin Luther Emily Paras If We Wish to Find a Scapegoat on Whose Shoulders We May La
Constructing the Past 1 The Darker Side of Martin Luther Emily Paras If we wish to find a scapegoat on whose shoulders we may lay the miseries which Germany has brought upon the world-I am more and more convinced that the worst evil genius of that country is not Hitler or Bismarck or Frederick the Great, but Martin Luther. -Reverend William Ralph Inge, 1944. Martin Luther is remembered as one of the most famous religious figures in history, considered to be the founder of Protestantism. However, there was a lesser known side of him, one that was dark and full of hatred. Unknown to popular knowledge, Luther wrote a treatise in 1543 titled On the Jews and Their Lies. In this 65,000-word document, he repeatedly attacks the Jews. The consequences of this treatise were far reaching, even extending into the present day, as his writings continue to be reproduced in pamphlets by neo-Nazi and anti-Semitic groups. More devastating, his writings were circulated during the most horrifying event of the 20th century: the Holocaust. Hitler himself named Luther as one of history’s greatest reformers in his novel, Mein Kampf. How much did Luther’s writings affect Hitler and the Nazis? This paper will serve as evidence of how difficult it is to accurately recount past events, especially ones that involve unpleasant aspects of world history. I will examine this topic using primary sources written by Luther and Hitler and official documents concerning the International military tribunal at Nuremburg to explore Luther’s influence on Hitler.
[Show full text]
The Catholic Response to the Protestant Reformation
PART OF A GREATER TRADITION The practice of recording the lives and deaths of saints was not original to the Reformation. In fact, it had long been a part of the Christian tradition, where the main figure of Jesus Christ was often considered to be the ultimate martyr himself. Throughout the middle ages, some of the most popular books were those of Saints’ Lives, which contained many stories of early Christians in the first, second, and third centuries who had been persecuted by the Romans. Saints’ Lives were an especially popular phenomenon in England: one of the most famous authors was Aelfric, who ran the Church in England in the eleventh century. Another was Bede, the first English historian, who wrote the Life of Cuthbert in the seventh century. An entire genre of CATHOLIC PRACTICES PROTESTANT VIOLATIONS Saints’ Lives in Middle English popped up between the times of the Norman Invasion and the Reformation. ARGUMENT The Catholic church under Pope Leo X In Martin Luther’s 95 Theses, he denied There were a few important distinctions between Medieval Saint’s Lives and post-Reformation Using the Theatrum Crudelitatum, Catholics from the sold “indulgences,” which lessened the idea that salvation could be martyrologies, however. First, some of the older authors like Aelfric would actually avoid the more gruesome th 16 century responded to pressures from the rising Protestant one’s punishment for sin. purchased. details of a story in order to focus on the religious piety of the saints. Clearly, this was not the case movement with the familiar rhetoric of martyrdom.
[Show full text]
The Ninety-Five Theses
THE NINETY-FIVE THESES In 2017 Lutherans are celebrating the 500th anniversary of the Reformation. Yet the Reformation continued throughout Luther’s life and beyond; in fact, we hope it is continuing still today. What hap- pened five hundred years ago, in 1517, was the event that sparked it all: Luther’s writing and publiciz- ing of the Ninety-Five Theses. Most of us have heard of the Ninety-Five Theses, but few of us have read them or even have a clear idea of what they say. And many other writings of Luther are more significant, including his “Sermon on Indulgences and Grace,” written to explain his views to nonscholars. Yet the Theses have historical value, and they are reproduced here in a translation by noted Reformation scholar Timothy Wengert. The best way to read them is in context with a reliable guide. For that reason, Fortress Press has recent- ly published Martin Luther’s 95 Theses with commentary and introduction by Timothy J. Wengert, and with two accompanying documents by Luther (the October 31, 1517, letter to Archbishop Albrecht and the 1518 Sermon on Indulgences and Grace). This short book (978-1-4514-8279-9) includes a study guide and is recommended for both group and individual use. In it you will learn what an indulgence is, how Luther moved from preaching indulgences to preaching against them, and the discussion around whether the Ninety-Five Theses were ever nailed to the church door. Luther didn’t, of course, intend to start a split with the Roman Catholic Church.
[Show full text]