DOCSLIB.ORG

Changes in Cotyledon Mrna During Ethylene Inhibition of Floral Induction in Pharbitis Nil Strain Violet

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Changes in Cotyledon Mrna During Ethylene Inhibition of Floral Induction in Pharbitis Nil Strain Violet Plant Physiol. (1987) 84, 545-548 0032-0889/87/84/0545/04/$O 1.00/0 Changes in Cotyledon mRNA during Ethylene Inhibition of Floral Induction in Pharbitis nil Strain Violet Received for publication October 21, 1986 and in revised form December 26, 1986 MICHAEL LAY-YEE', RoY M. SACHS, AND MICHAEL S. REID* Department ofEnvironmental Horticulture, University ofCalifornia, Davis, California 95616 ABSTRACT during a 16 h inductive dark period inhibited flowering (12, 13). Floral induction in seedlings of Pharbitis nil strain with one Using a static gas treatment system, Suge (13) found that 100 II/ Violet, L ethylene inhibited flowering of Pharbitis seedlings when ap- cotyledon removed, was manipulated by applying various ethylene treat- plied in the latter halfofa 16 h dark period but not when applied ments to the remaining cotyledon during a 16 hour inductive dark period. for 8 h from the beginning of the dark period. Some caution is Exposure of cotyledons to ethylene (100 microliters per liter) for 4 hours in at different times during the dark period inhibited flowering to some required interpreting these findings because static treatments extent, with inhibition being greater towards the end of the dark period. could result in elevated CO2 levels, which can inhibit ethylene RNA from cotyledons given a 16 hour dark period (induced) or exposed action (3). to 100 microliters per liter ethylene throughout the dark period, which The mechanism by which ethylene inhibits floral induction in completely inhibited flowering, was examined. The poly(A)+RNA was SDPs is unknown. Suge (12) concluded from his studies on P. translated in vitro using a wheat germ system, and the resulting transla- nil that ethylene had no effect on the translocation of a 'floral tion products were analyzed by two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate- stimulus' from cotyledons to the apex, and that ethylene-treated polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. There were substantial qualitative cotyledons did not transfer any flower inhibiting entity. He and quantitative differences between the poly(A)'RNA extracted from suggested that ethylene was inhibiting the induction process(es) induced cotyledons and that from those exposed to ethylene throughout in the cotyledons. In a later paper, Suge (13) reported that the the dark period. Some of these changes are similar to those observed endogenous gibberellin (GA) content decreased by approxi- when flowering was inhibited by photoperiodic treatments (M Lay-Yee, mately 30% in ethylene-treated plants, and that GA3, GA7, or RM MS Reid 1987 Planta. In The of these kinetin applied at the start of ethylene treatment, partially re- Sachs, press). significance stored flowering in ethylene treated plants. He concluded, never- findings to our understanding of the molecular control of flower induction theless, that the mechanism of flower inhibition by ethylene was is discussed. unlikely to be due to effects on the biosynthesis or action of endogenous GAs. He suggested that the effect of applied GAs and kinetin on ethylene-induced inhibition might be due to indirect effects of these chemicals. We have recently demonstrated qualitative and quantitative changes in mRNA populations following flower induction in P. nil strain Violet (9). Abeles (1) suggested that in Xanthium Ethylene has been reported to affect the flowering behavior of ethylene may interfere in some way with the 'orderly' production a number of plants. Cooper and Reece (8) found that a 6 h of RNA required for the flowering process. Ethylene has been treatment with 1000 ,l/L ethylene induced 100% flowering in found to affect gene expression in a number of systems. For pineapple. Ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), an ethyl- example, ethylene enhanced RNA and protein synthesis in bean ene releasing compound, was found to induce flowering in abscission zone explants prior to abscission (2). Ethephon was mango (4, 5) and treatment of the SD2 plant Plumbago indica found to increase the level of several mRNAs in intact soybean L. with ethephon was also found to promote flowering (10). hypocotyls (16), and Christoffersen and Laties (6) found that the In contrast, the flowering of many of the classical SDPs is rise in respiration of ethylene treated carrot roots was associated inhibited by ethylene. In Xanthium pennsylvanicum, flower for- with an increase in polyribosome number and size, and the mation was fully suppressed by 10 and 100 Ml/L ethylene applied appearance of new mRNAs. during a 16 h inductive dark period (1). Tjia et al. (14) found The aim ofthe work described here was to study the sensitivity that flower bud production of Chrysanthemum morifolium 'In- of P. nil seedlings to ethylene at different times during a 16 h dianapolis White,' was inhibited by continuous exposure to 1 to dark period using a flow-through gas treatment system, and to 4 yd/L ethylene in short days. Ethylene was more effective when investigate the effects of ethylene on cotyledon gene expression given during the dark period than when applied during the light during an inductive dark period. It was hoped that in addition period. Cockshull and Horridge (7) reported that 100 or 1000 to clarifying the mode of action of ethylene in inhibiting flow- ,ul/L ethephon delayed flower initiation in C. morifolium 'Polaris' ering, the results would serve as another probe for investigations when applied as a foliar spray at the onset ofshort days. Ethylene of the photoperiodic control of flowering at the molecular level (100 ,ul/L) applied to seedlings of Pharbitis nil strain Violet (9). ' Recipient ofa Fulbright travel grant and a New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research study award. Present address: Di- MATERIALS AND METHODS vision of Horticulture and Processing, Department of Scientific and Plant Material. Seedlings of Pharbitis nil can be induced to Industrial Research, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand. flower at 23°C with a single 16 h dark period. Flowering can be 2Abbreviation: SD, short day; E, ethylene. inhibited by giving ethylene (100 ul/L or more) during the 545 546 LAY-YF,E ET AL. Plant Physiol. Vol. 84, 1987 inductive dark period (12). The cotyledons have been shown to be the site of perception of the photoperiod (1 1), and also the site of ethylene action in the inhibition of flowering (12). f--z The seeds were treated with concentrated H2SO4 for 30 min, -j rinsed well, and soaked for 7 h in aerated deionized H20. The 0. seed was then germinated on moist filter paper in the dark at 0- 27C. When the emerging radical was approximately 5 mm in cn length the seedlings were planted in 1:1:1 peat:sand:bark in 6 x 4 x 5.5 cm plastic pots. The developing seedlings were grown -LJ I-jw under continuous light (Norelco metal halide R, 400 W, 250 ;E U- m-2 s-') at 27C and watered daily with modified Hoagland nutrient solution. Seven d after the acid treatment the cotyledons were expanded and uniform plants were selected for treatment. wm One cotyledon was removed from each plant and the remaining z in a cotyledon enclosed black Plexiglas chamber, thus isolating tJ it from the apex and the rest of the plant, which were kept in continuous light (Phillips VHO/EW 185 W/ 1500 mamp, 30 ,uE m-2 s-' at plant level). Each Plexiglas chamber was equipped for flow-through gas treatment. Ethylene Sensitivity of Pharbitis Seedlings. To study the sen- sitivity of the plant to ethylene at different times during the 16 HIOURS OF ETHYLENE TREATMENT h dark period, the enclosed cotyledons were subjected to ethylene FIG. 1. Effect of ethylene treatment at different times during the 16 (100 ,ul/L) continuously, or for 4 h starting 0, 4, 8, or 12 h after h dark period on flowering ofP. nil. Bars with no letters in common are the start of the dark periods. The cotyledons were maintained in significantly different (P = 0.05). the dark in ethylene-free air when not being treated with ethylene. The temperature was maintained at 23 ± 2C during the 16 h Effect of Ethylene on Cotyledon Poly(A)'RNA. RNA yields treatment period, following which plants were returned to con- were determined spectrophotometrically by UV absorption. The tinuous light (Norelco metal halide R, 400 W, 250 uE m-2 s-', yields ofpoly(A)+RNA were determined from the pooled samples 400-700 nm), at 27C. The flowering response was determined comprising fractions, eluted from the oligo-dT-cellulose column, as the average number offlower buds per plant and was evaluated with highest A at 260 nm. From cotyledons subjected to SD and after 15 d. Each treatment was applied to three replicates of five E, the yields of total RNA (0.82 and 1.00 mg/g fresh weight, plants each. respectively), and poly(A)+RNA (10.4 and 12.4 ,g/g fresh weight, Effects of Ethylene on Cotyledon Poly(A)'RNA. To study the respectively), were similar. effects of ethylene given during a 16 h inductive dark period on Poly(A)+RNA populations from SD and E cotyledons were the mRNA population of Pharbitis cotyledons, seedlings, pre- first compared by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the pared as above, were given a 16 h dark period throughout which corresponding translation products. Without the addition of they were treated with either air (SD) or 100 ,l/L ethylene (E). exogenous poly(A)+RNA the wheat germ system produced no Following treatment, the cotyledons were harvested, frozen in detectable radiolabeled polypeptides (Fig. 2). When Pharbitis liquid N2, and stored at -80C pending RNA extraction. cotyledon poly(A)+RNA was added a number of radiolabeled Poly(A)+RNA in the RNA extracted from the frozen cotyledons bands were observed.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Genetic Suppression of Plant Development and Chloroplast Biogenesis Via the Snowy Cotyledon 3 and Phytochrome B Pathways
    CSIRO PUBLISHING Functional Plant Biology, 2015, 42, 676–686 http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/FP15026 Genetic suppression of plant development and chloroplast biogenesis via the Snowy Cotyledon 3 and Phytochrome B pathways Diep Ganguly A, Peter Crisp A, Klaus Harter B, Barry J. Pogson A and Verónica Albrecht-Borth A,C AARC (Australian Research Council) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University Canberra, Acton, ACT 0200, Australia. BZentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. CCorresponding author. Email: [email protected] Abstract. Plant development is regulated by external and internal factors such as light and chloroplast development. A revertant of the Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heyhn. chloroplast biogenesis mutant snowy cotyledon 3 (sco3–1) was isolated partially recovering the impaired chloroplast phenotype. The mutation was identified in the Phytochrome B (PhyB) gene and is a result of an amino acid change within the PAS repeat domain required for light-induced nuclear localisation. An independent phyB-9 mutation was crossed into sco3–1 mutants, resulting in the same partial reversion of sco3–1. Further analysis demonstrated that SCO3 and PhyB influence the greening process of seedlings and rosette leaves, embryogenesis, rosette formation and flowering. Interestingly, the functions of these proteins are interwoven in various ways, suggesting a complex genetic interaction. Whole-transcriptome profiling of sco3–1phyB-9 indicated that a completely distinct set of genes was differentially regulated in the double mutant compared with the single sco3–1 or phyB-9 mutants. Thus, we hypothesise that PhyB and SCO3 genetically suppress each other in plant and chloroplast development.
    [Show full text]
  • BIO 102 General Biology Lecture Outline Plantae I. Introduction A. Taxonomy Domain
    BIO 102 General Biology Lecture Outline Plantae I. Introduction A. Taxonomy Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Plantae B. General characteristics Multicellular Autotrophic / Photosynthetic Cellulose cell wall Reproduction – alternation of generations C. Life cycle Alternation of generations Haploid = gametophyte, which produces gametes via mitosis Diploid = sporophyte, which produces spores via meiosis Meiosis = cell division from 2n to n Mitosis = cell division either from 2n to 2n, OR from n to n Fertilization = combine gametes: n + n = 2n Homospory vs. heterospory II. Major Groups of Plants A. Characterized by 4 criteria in branching manner Vascular vs. non-vascular Seed production or lack thereof Types of seeds produced Development & morphology B. Non-tracheophytes (nonvascular plants) General characteristics No vascular tissue Gametophyte (haploid) generation dominant Requires water for reproduction Examples Liverworts Hornworts Mosses Moss reproductive cycle C. Tracheophytes General characteristics Vascular tissue: Xylem and Phloem Specialized tissues: Leaves Roots Stems Cuticles Stomata Sporophyte (diploid) generation dominant Divisions based on seed-bearing vs. non-seed bearing (Seed vs. spore) D. Seedless plants BIO 102 General Biology Lecture Outline General characteristics Have vascular tissue but lack seeds Examples Ferns Whisk ferns Club mosses Horsetails E. Seed-bearing plants General characteristics Have vascular tissue and seeds Divisions based on whether seeds are “covered” or not F. Gymnosperms General characteristics Vascular plants with “naked” seeds = i.e., no fruit Examples Conifers Gingkos Cycads Gnetophytes Gymnosperm life cycle G. Angiosperms General characteristics Vascular plants with “covered” seeds = i.e., seeds within fruits Fruits are derived from flowers Angiosperm = flowering plant Divisions are based on development and plant morphology (i.e., structures) Angiosperm life cycle H.
    [Show full text]
  • Eudicots Monocots Stems Embryos Roots Leaf Venation Pollen Flowers
    Monocots Eudicots Embryos One cotyledon Two cotyledons Leaf venation Veins Veins usually parallel usually netlike Stems Vascular tissue Vascular tissue scattered usually arranged in ring Roots Root system usually Taproot (main root) fibrous (no main root) usually present Pollen Pollen grain with Pollen grain with one opening three openings Flowers Floral organs usually Floral organs usually in in multiples of three multiples of four or five © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Reproductive shoot (flower) Apical bud Node Internode Apical bud Shoot Vegetative shoot system Blade Leaf Petiole Axillary bud Stem Taproot Lateral Root (branch) system roots © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Storage roots Pneumatophores “Strangling” aerial roots © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Stolon Rhizome Root Rhizomes Stolons Tubers © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Spines Tendrils Storage leaves Stem Reproductive leaves Storage leaves © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Dermal tissue Ground tissue Vascular tissue © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Parenchyma cells with chloroplasts (in Elodea leaf) 60 µm (LM) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Collenchyma cells (in Helianthus stem) (LM) 5 µm © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 5 µm Sclereid cells (in pear) (LM) 25 µm Cell wall Fiber cells (cross section from ash tree) (LM) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Vessel Tracheids 100 µm Pits Tracheids and vessels (colorized SEM) Perforation plate Vessel element Vessel elements, with perforated end walls Tracheids © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Sieve-tube elements: 3 µm longitudinal view (LM) Sieve plate Sieve-tube element (left) and companion cell: Companion cross section (TEM) cells Sieve-tube elements Plasmodesma Sieve plate 30 µm Nucleus of companion cell 15 µm Sieve-tube elements: longitudinal view Sieve plate with pores (LM) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Soybean Growth and Development
    EARLY SOYBEAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT A soybean seed has two distinct parts: the cotyledons and the embryo. The two cotyledons are the main food storage structure, which supply food during emergence and for the seven to ten days after emergence through the V1 growth stage. The embryo itself is comprised of three parts. 1. The radicle is the first root and it’s the first part of the embryo to penetrate the seed coat. Lateral roots form from the radicle, and tiny root hairs then develop on the lateral roots. Root hairs are the main absorbing surface of the entire root system. A soybean’s root system branches and rebranches within the first four to five weeks after planting, with the bulk of root mass persisting in the top six inches of soil. 2. The hypocotyl is the stem below the cotyledon. It begins to elongate after the radicle and forms an arch, which is pushed upward. As the arch breaks the soil surface, it pulls the cotyledons and epicotyl up. The uppermost cells of the hypocotyl stop growing as cells on the underside continue to straighten the arch. This process lifts the cotyledons into an upright position. 3. The epicotyl is comprised of the small leaves, stem and the apical growing point. The epicotyl is protected between the cotyledons until after emergence. The loss of a cotyledon is not lethal to the seedling, but damage to the epicotyl is. The hypocotyl arch is a large structure that is relative to seed size, utilizing considerable seed energy to push through the soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Red Cotyledon of Lettuce Study of Abnormality Shows Seedling Growth Not Always Retarded, Calls for Modified Germination Requirements
    Red Cotyledon of lettuce study of abnormality shows seedling growth not always retarded, calls for modified germination requirements Wesley H. Dempsey and James F. Harrington Many lettuce seedlings with red coty- must have produced normal plants. Evi- ledons--seed leaves-produce normal dently a slight reddening of the cotyledon plants, and their general classification as is not serious enough to produce a weak abnormal is not justified. plant as long as the roots are normal. The high percentage of seedlings with To further test the effect of red coty- red cotyledons constitutes a new problem ledon on subsequent plant growth, trans- for California lettuce seed growers and plants were made from the germination seedsmen. Because of the inflexible rules tests of normal, abnormal C, and abnor- defining a normal seedling, seed analysts mal B seedlings. There were three repli- are forced to call reddening of the coty- cations of each lot. After four weeks ledons symptoms of abnormality. As a growth in flats in\the greenhouse all result, many lots are rated low in germi- plants appeared to be growing normally. nation even though most of the seedlings Fresh weight determinations were made are normal except for the reddening of of each treatment. The results are shown Red cotyledon condition in lettuce seedlings. the cotyledons. N is a normal seedling; c, b, and a are three in the following table. A slight but sig- An investigation was undertaken to de- categories of abnormal seedlings. nificant retardation of growth had oc- termine the effect of the red cotyledon curred among the B seedlings.
    [Show full text]
  • AGR-223: Identifying Soybean Growth Stages
    AGR-223 University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Identifying Soybean Growth Stages Cooperative Extension Service Carrie A. Knott and Chad Lee, Plant and Soil Sciences ccurate identification of soybean Soybean growth stages are divided a soybean field that has 10 percent of the growth stages is important to maxi- into two phases: vegetative (V) and re- plants with two fully developed trifoliate mizeA grain yield and profitability, because productive (R) (Table 1). When identify- leaves (V2), 60 percent of the plants with most management decisions are based ing vegetative growth stages of soybean three fully developed trifoliate leaves upon the growth stage of soybean plants (figures 1 to 5), the primary consideration (V3), and 30 percent of the plants with within the fields. Two plant growth habits is the number of fully developed leaves four fully developed trifoliate leaves exist for soybean: indeterminate and on the main stem. A fully developed leaf (V4) will be the V3 growth stage. This is determinate. Indeterminate cultivars can is one that has all leaflets open (Figure because 70 percent of the field is or has produce both vegetative and reproduc- 4), while an undeveloped leaf has leaflet already been the V3 growth stage. tive growth simultaneously until about edges that are still touching (figures 2 and Key features of soybean growth stages R5 growth stage. Most indeterminate 3). Reproductive growth stages (figures 6 are highlighted within this guide. For a cultivars are maturity groups 00 to IV. to 13) are identified by specific flower, comprehensive description of soybean In contrast, determinate cultivars will pod, and seed characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant ID. Agricultural Lesson Plans. INSTITUTION Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 364 744 CE 065 309 TITLE Plant ID. Agricultural Lesson Plans. INSTITUTION Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale. Dept. of Agricu ral Education and Mechanization. PUB DATE 92 NOTE 33p.; For related documents, see CE 065 306-311. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Agricultural Education; Behavioral Objectives; *Classification; Learning Activities; Lesson Plans; *Plant Growth; *Plant Identification; *Plants (Botany); Secondary Education ABSTRACT This lesson plan is intended for use in conducting classes on plant identification. Presented first are a series of questions and answers designed to convey general information about the scientific classification of plants. The following topicsare among those discussed: main types of plants; categories of vascular plants; gymnosperms and angiosperms; dicots; monocots; plant families; and classification of plants by their parts (leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, and roots), life cycle, and/or hardiness. Also provided are the following: a glossary of pertinent scientific terms, four worksheets, answers to the worksheets, a quiz and quizanswers, six overhead transparency masters, and a lesson plan for teaching students to identify 10 plants. Included in the lesson planare an objective, list of equipment needed, detailed steps for completing the activity, and student activity record sheet. (MN) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best
    [Show full text]
  • Swahili-English Dictionary, the First New Lexical Work for English Speakers
    S W AHILI-E N GLISH DICTIONARY Charles W. Rechenbach Assisted by Angelica Wanjinu Gesuga Leslie R. Leinone Harold M. Onyango Josiah Florence G. Kuipers Bureau of Special Research in Modern Languages The Catholic University of Americ a Prei Washington. B. C. 20017 1967 INTRODUCTION The compilers of this Swahili-English dictionary, the first new lexical work for English speakers in many years, hope that they are offering to students and translators a more reliable and certainly a more up-to-date working tool than any previously available. They trust that it will prove to be of value to libraries, researchers, scholars, and governmental and commercial agencies alike, whose in- terests and concerns will benefit from a better understanding and closer communication with peoples of Africa. The Swahili language (Kisuiahili) is a Bantu language spoken by perhaps as many as forty mil- lion people throughout a large part of East and Central Africa. It is, however, a native or 'first' lan- guage only in a nnitp restricted area consisting of the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba and the oppo- site coast, roughly from Dar es Salaam to Mombasa, Outside this relatively small territory, elsewhere in Kenya, in Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika), Copyright © 1968 and to a lesser degree in Uganda, in the Republic of the Congo, and in other fringe regions hard to delimit, Swahili is a lingua franca of long standing, a 'second' (or 'third' or 'fourth') language enjoy- ing a reasonably well accepted status as a supra-tribal or supra-regional medium of communication. THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA PRESS, INC.
    [Show full text]
  • Seedling Emergence Patterns
    1 Seedling emergence patterns Learning objective: To be able to recognize the two major seedling emergence patterns. Background information: There are two common patterns of seedling emergence. The most common pattern is where the cotyledons are raised above ground as the seedling emerges. The seedling forms a hypocotyl hook that pushes through the soil. Once the seedling reaches the light, the hook opens to create a straight seedling. This pattern is called epigeous. In the second pattern, the cotyledons remain underground and the stem (epicotyl) emerges above ground. This pattern is called hypogeous. Large seeded plants like Kentucky coffeetree and oaks tend to have hypogeous germination. The cotyledons function as the repository for food reserves in the seed. During seed development the plant stores food in the cotyledons that the seedling will use for emergence. Once the seedling emerges into the sunlight, it can begin to make its own food through photosynthesis. 2 In the group of plants covered in this website, the oaks, nuts (Ohio buckeye, black walnut and pecan), paw paw, and Kentucky coffeetree have a hypogeous seedling emergence pattern. For black walnut, pecan, and paw paw, the cotyledons never emerge from the seed. All the other plant species on the website have a epigeous seedling emergence pattern. An easy comparison can be made using Kentucky coffeetree and honeylocust. They are both in the legume family and only have physical dormancy. The seeds are easy to collect, are large and store for a very long time so the experiment can be conducted any time of the year. Procedures: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Cotyledon Orbiculata
    Alfred Maroyi /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 11(10), 2019, 3491-3496 A review of botany, medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of Cotyledon orbiculata Alfred Maroyi Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa. Abstract Cotyledon orbiculata is a succulent shrub widely used as herbal medicine throughout its distributional range in southern Africa. This study is aimed at providing a critical review of the botany, biological activities, phytochemistry and medicinal uses of C. orbiculata. Documented information on the botany, biological activities, medicinal uses and phytochemistry of C. orbiculata was collected from several online sources which included BMC, Scopus, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Elsevier, Pubmed and Web of Science. Additional information on the botany, biological activities, phytochemistry and medicinal uses of C. orbiculata was obtained from pre-electronic sources such as book chapters, books, journal articles and scientific publications sourced from the University library. This study showed that the leaves, leaf sap and roots of C. orbiculata are mainly used as herbal medicines for earache, epilepsy, infertility, respiratory problems, sexually transmitted infections, skin problems, sores and wounds, toothache, ulcers and worms. Phytochemical compounds identified from C. orbiculata include cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, gallotannin, phenols, reducing sugar, saponins, tannins and triterpene steroids. Pharmacological research revealed that C.
    [Show full text]
  • Weed Seedling Identification Guide This Guide Is Not a Complete List of All the Weeds to Be Found in Croplands Or Rangelands
    EB0215 Weed Seedling for Montana and the Northern Identification Guide Great Plains by Hilary Parkinson, Jane Mangold and Fabian Menalled This project was funded in part by the Montana Department of Agriculture’s Noxious Weed Trust Fund; Montana Wheat and Barley Commission; Extension Integrated Pest Management (EIPM) through the USDA; and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture through the Western Integrated Pest Management Center. We would like to thank Susan Anderegg for her work designing and assembling this publication; Matt Lavin, Rose Malisani, Bobbie Roos and Steve Young for their reviews; and Bugwood.org for sharing their large collection of high quality photos. Hilary Parkinson Plant Identification Diagnostician and Research Associate Jane Mangold Assistant Professor, Extension Invasive Plant Specialist Fabian Manalled Associate Professor, Extension Cropland Weed Specialist © 2013 Montana State University Extension EB0215 The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Montana State University and Montana State University Extension prohibit discrimination in all of their programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital and family status. Issued in furtherance of cooperative extension work in agriculture and home economics, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Jill Martz, Director of Extension, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Weed seedling identification: A keystone component of integrated weed Weed Seedling Identification management (IWM). Principles of IWM . iii Tips on using this guide . vi Rapid and accurate identification of weeds at the seedling stage is the first step in the design of a successful weed management program that saves Broadleaf Weeds producers and land managers time and money, and reduces herbicide use.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy and Morphology of the Cotton Seed and Seedling
    Chapter 1 ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE COTTON SEED AND SEEDLING Jack Mauney, Jarman Enterprises, Mesa, Arizona 85201 INTRODUCTION The structures of the seed of the cotton plant (Gossypium sp.) have been described in great detail by Brown (1927), Baranov and Maltzev (1937), Leahy (1948), Tharp (1965), Mauney (1968), and 0osterhuis and Jerstadt (1999). The definitive structures of the seed and seedling which influence the development of the subsequent crop are: 1) vascular connections, 2) seed coat and chalazal pore connections, 3) cotyledons, 4) hypocotyl and radicle axis, and 5) apex. This review will concentrate upon these five elements of the seed anatomy and morphology. VASCULAR CONNECTIONS OF THE SEED During development the seed is connected to the vascular system of the plant through the attachment of the funiculus to the placenta of the boll (Figure 1K). There are vascular strands consisting primarily of phloem in the raphe (Fig 1, J) of the seed extending to the chalazal pore on the distal portion of the developing seed. The vascular strands end at the pore. Thus, all hy- dration and nutrition for the developing embryo must enter the embryo sac through the spongy (unvascularized) tissue of the chalazal pore. This arrangement enables the plant to bathe the developing embryo in endosperm with very high osmotic potential (Mauney, 1961; Trolinger, et al., 1993) while the canopy operates at familiar, and fluctuating, water potential (Van Iersel et al., 1994, Van Iersel et al., 1995; Van Iersel and Oosterhuis, 1996) SEED COAT AND CHALAZAL PORE STRUCTURE Seed dormancy is evolutionarily and culturally necessary for cotton which has a long period of exposure to weather before harvest.
    [Show full text]