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Diptera: Tephritidae) by Pupal Parasitoid, Dirhinus Giffardii, Silvestri (Chalcididae: Hymenoptera

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Diptera: Tephritidae) by Pupal Parasitoid, Dirhinus Giffardii, Silvestri (Chalcididae: Hymenoptera 514 Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 25 (No 3) 2019, 514–518 Parasitism preference of normal and irradiated host pupae of Bactrocera zonata, Saunders (Tephritidae: Diptera) and Bactrocera cucurbitae, Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae) by pupal parasitoid, Dirhinus giffardii, Silvestri (Chalcididae: Hymenoptera) Muhammad Naveed*, Rashid Ahmad Khan Nuclear Institute for Agriculture & Biology (NIAB), 38000 Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan E-mail: *[email protected], [email protected] Abstract Naveed, M., & Khan, R. A. (2019) Parasitism preference of normal and irradiated host pupae of Bactrocera zonata, Saunders (Tephritidae: Diptera) and Bactrocera cucurbitae, Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae) by pupal parasitoid, Dirhinus giffardii, Silvestri (Chalcididae: Hymenoptera). Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 25(3), 514–518 Fruit fl ies of the genus, Bactrocera are destructive pests of fruits and vegetables. A number of insecticides are applied for their control which are a serious threat to the environment and human health. Awareness is now developing among the farm- ers towards more sustainable and environmentally safe management practices. In our present study parasitism potential of Dirhinus giffardii and effect of irradiation on host pupae emergence time was investigated. The results showed that maximum parasitism of 40.35 in free choice and 47.30 percent in the no choice test for pupae of Bactrocera zonata and 37.75 in free choice and 35.15 percent in no choice for the pupae of B. cucurbitae, respectively. Maximum parasitism of 58.4 percent was recorded on three day old pupae irradiated with 40 Gy dose. Moreover, D. giffardii emergence from parasitized irradiated pupae, sex ratio were slightly tilted in favor of female with maximum female ratio of 1.22: 1 and 1.19: 1 was observed on 60 Gy dose on B. zonata and B. cucurbitae respectively . On the basis of experimental results it is concluded that D. giffardii can effectively be used to control B. zonata and B. cucurbitae and irradiation could effectively be used to increase emergence time of the host pupae. Keywords: pupae; host; parasitoid; fruit; fl ies Introduction number of groups and also deteriorates the ecological sur- roundings. Now days the focus is towards more safe and Two dominant species of fruit fl ies, Bactrocera zonata eco-friendly management practices, like Male Annihilation and Bactrocera cucurbitae are the most devastating pests of Technique (MAT), Bait Application Technique (BAT), Bio- horticultural crop mainly fruits and vegetables in almost all control and Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) among which parts of Pakistan (Abdullah and Latif, 2001; Abdullah et al., biological control is an important tool in pest management 2002; Stonehouse et al., 2002). Different control approaches program (Baranowski et al., 1993) because of its high adopt- have been adopted for its management to minimize crop ability under natural conditions. Among the fruit fl ies pupal losses. Generally, insecticides are being applied for its con- parasitoid, Dirhinus giffardii has the potential to be exploited trol (Mian et al., 1986), but due to injudicious use of these as bio-control agents against different fruit fl ies species in chemical insecticides the pest acquires resistance against a Pakistan. Parasitism preference of normal and irradiated host pupae of Bactrocera zonata, Saunders... 515 Radiation is considered an important technique for the each species were put in separate cages along with 5 pair economical and mass culturing of natural enemies. Irradia- of Dirhinus giffardii in both the cages. In both free choice tion plays signifi cant role in the production of natural en- and no choice tests, pupae were exposed to the parasites, for emies by increasing shelf life of their host that also results 24 h duration. After 24 h, the pupae were kept separately in in increase parasitism rate (Mannion et al., 1994). The emer- Petri dishes for adult emergence. After emergence, parasit- gence of Anastrepha suspense was completely suppressed oids were counted and calculated on the basis of parasitism after irradiating larvae and no adverse effects were observed per female. This experiment was carried in three replications on the parasitism of larval as well as pupal parasitoid, Dia- each of free choice and no choice test. The parasitism rate in chasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), (Sivinski and both tests was analyzed statistically by using SPSS software. Smittle, 1990). Dichashmimorpha laungicaudata emerged from irradiated pupae of Anastrepha fraterculus was biased Irridiation of the host pupae towards female at every dose applied at 60, 80, and 100 Gy The irradiation test was carried out to investigate its ef- (Bachmann et al., 2015). fects on the host pupae shelf life. A total of 14000 pupae The present studies were conducted to evaluate rearing of Bactrocera zonata were taken from the colony for each of Dirhinus giffardi on pupae of Bactrocera zonata and Bac- dose and exposed to radiation at different doses, 20, 30, 40, trocera cucurbitae to fi nd out its host preference, moreover, 50, 60, 70 and 80 Gy. Exactly 200 pupae each irradiated at host pupae were irradiated at different radiation doses to in- single dose were exposed to 5 pairs of 2-days old parasitoids crease shelf life of the host and the dose rate at which it is in Perspex cage for 24 h. At last the pupae were kept sepa- most preferred by the parasitoid for oviposition. In addition, rately until adult emergence for 12 days. At emergence the the most suitable parasitoid age for parasitization and also to rate of parasitism at different radiation doses with different determine the sex ratio of the parasitoids reared on irradiated ages was calculated. This experiment was carried out using and normal pupae. CRD experimental design. Materials and Methods Effect of irradiated pupae on sex ratio of the parasitoid Fresh pupae were irradiated at doses 20 to 80 Gy. Two The experiments were conducted in the Nuclear Insti- days old parasitoids were exposed to irradiated pupae and tute of Agriculture (NIA), Tandojam. Bactrocera zonata was also on normal pupae for 24 h. After irradiation these were reared on wheat bran based artifi cial diet, whereas Bactroc- kept separately in glass jars. At the time of emergence the era cucurbitae was reared on Bottle gourd, Lagenaria sicer- sex ratio of the parasitoids, Dirhinus giffardii was calculated aria (Molina) one of its natural host. The adults Dirhinus on both irradiated and normal pupae. giffardii were provided 30% honey solution. The pupae of In each set of the experiment, four replications were kept fruit fl ies and parasitoids were taken from their respective for evaluation of the effects. All the experiments were ana- colonies. To determine the effect on shelf life, the pupae were lyzed in completely randomized design (CRD) by using the also irradiated at different irradiation doses by using Gamma analysis of variance (ANOVA). Duncun’s Multiple Range Radiation Source Co-60, Model GWXJ80 of Nuclear Power Test (DMRT) was used to distinguish among the means. Institute of China (NPIC) at Nuclear Institute for Medicine and Radiopathy (NIMRA), Jamshoro. These pupae were ex- Results posed to a dose rate of 1.20 Gy per minute. The experiments were optimized at 27±2°C temperature and 65±5% R.H. Parasitism preference The results indicated that the D. giffardii preferred the Parasitism preference pupae of B. zonata compared to B. cucurbitae at all the host Pupal parasitism preference tests, free choice and no (pupae) ages tested. The parasitism rate was higher on B. choice were carried out on two fruit fl y species, Bactrocera zonata compared to the B. cucurbitae pupae in both the free zonata and Bactrocera cucurbitae. A set of 1200 healthy pu- choice and no choice tests Table 1. At the pupal age of 2-3 pae from Bactrocera zonata and Bactrocera cucurbitae were days, maximum parasitism on both the fruit fl ies pupae was collected from the culture already being maintained in the recorded in free and no choice tests. The parasitism rate per laboratory for each treatment. For free choice test 600 pupae, female of B. zonata and B. cucurbitae was 40.35 and 37.75 300 each of Bactrocera zonata and Bactrocera cucurbitae in free choice and 47.30 and 35.15 percent in no choice re- were put in a Perspex cage along with 10 pairs of freshly spectively. The parasitism rate was the lowest on 5-6 days emerged, Drhinus giffardii. For no choice test 300 pupae of old pupae of both the fruit fl y species which was 0.75 and 516 Muhammad Naveed, Rashid Ahmad Khan Table 1. Evaluation of mean (+ SE) for parasitism preference (free choice and no choice) to pupae of the two fruit fl y species, Bactrocera zonata and B. cucurbitae Host age Mean parasitism per female (days) B. zonata B. cucurbitae Free choice No choice Free choice No. choice 0-1 9.80 d + 0.55 14.88 d + 0.35 5.00 c + 0.36 9.45 d + 0.39 1-2 27.80 b + 0.72 35.55 b + 0.65 15.15 b + 0.53 17.20 b + 0.34 2-3 40.35 a + 0.77 47.30 a + 0.87 37.75 a +2.53 35.15 a + 0.38 3-4 25.70 c + 0.50 22.35 c + 0.43 17.70 b + 0.81 14.70 c + 0.31 4-5 7.60 e + 0.43 7.30 e + 0.44 6.00 c + 0.26 2.50 e + 0.21 5-6 0.75 f + 0.10 0.30 f + 0.13 0.70 d + 0.13 0.45 f + 0.10 6-7 0 0 0 0 7-8 0 0 0 0 LSD values 1.468 1.392 2.809 0.696 Means followed by different letters into the same column indicate a signifi cant difference.
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