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Tinjauan Ilmiah Black Soldier Fly Dan Peluang Pemanfaatanya

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Tinjauan Ilmiah Black Soldier Fly Dan Peluang Pemanfaatanya TINJAUAN ILMIAH BLACK SOLDIER FLY DAN PELUANG PEMANFAATANNYA Prof. Damayanti Buchori, M.Sc, PhD Departemen Proteksi Tanaman, Faperta Center for Transdisciplinary and Sustainability Sciences IPB University Webinar: Asosiasi Profesor Indonesia- Dewan Guru Besar – Institut Pertanian Bogor, 16 Februari 2021 TINJAUAN ILMIAH BLACK SOLDIER FLY DAN PELUANG PEMANFAATANNYA: THE KNOWN AND UNKNOWN • Bioekologi BSF • Pengembangan Riset BSF Di Bidang Pertanian • Peluang Pemanfaatan BSF di Masa Yang Akan Datang Bioekologi BSF Evolusi BSF Primary terrestrial lineages of the suborder Brachyera, including the infraorder Stratiomyomorpha, diversified in the early Jurassic (160 mya, 54 ). However, the common ancestor of the Stratiomyidae family originated more recently in a radiation event during the early Cretaceous period (around 129 mya, 52 ). The major radiation of clades in Stratiomyidae, such as Hermetiinae, is estimated to be around 60-80 mya using molecular data 52 . The last common ancestor of H. illucens has been estimated to appear during the early Cenozoic (around 40 mya, 52 ). Kim W, Bae S, Kim A, Park K, Lee S, Choi Y, Han S, Park Y, Koh Y. 2011. Characterization of the molecular features and expression patterns of two serine proteases in Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae. BMB Reports. DOI 10.5483/BMBRep.2011.44.6.387. Morfologi BSF • Black Soldier Fly berwarna hitam, bagian segmen basal abdomen berwarna transparan (wasp waist) sehingga sekilas menyerupai abdomen lebah. • Panjang berkisar antara 15-20 mm. • Saat lalat dewasa berkembang dari pupa, kondisi sayap masih terlipat kemudian mulai mengembang sempurna hingga menutupi bagian toraks. • Lalat dewasa tidak memiliki bagian mulut yang fungsional, karena lalat dewasa hanya beraktivitas untuk kawin dan bereproduksi sepanjang hidupnya. Image by Jonathan Tan Sumber: https://maggotbsf.com Black soldier fly (lalat tentara hitam) Imago/ dewasa Larva • Larva berperan penting • Imago tidak memiliki alat mulut sebagai pengurai. yang fungsional dan tidak • Memakan berbagai jenis memakan limbah. bahan organik yang • Kebutuhan nutrien lalat dewasa membusuk. tergantung pada kandungan • Larva mampu mengubah lemak yang disimpan saat masa sejumlah besar biomassa pupa. limbah menjadi protein (≥40%) • Ketika simpanan lemak habis, dan lemak (≥30%). maka lalat akan mati. Sumber: https://wiki.nus.edu.sg/ (Makkar et al. 2014) DISTRIBUSI BSF Peta distribusi BSF diseluruh dunia Sumber: https://wiki.nus.edu.sg • BSF berasal dari Amerika, kemudian tersebar ke wilayah tropis dan subtropis. • Larva BSF hidup di limbah bahan organik yang membusuk, seperti kotoran hewan dan bahan tanaman (decomposer). • Imago/ lalat dewasa sering mengunjungi tanaman berbunga dari family Asteraceae (kenikir) dan Apiaceae (wortel). Menyukai habitat yang terang, dapat ditemukan di sekitar bangunan. Sumber: https://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu Siklus hidup BSF Females lay a single • Seekor betina memerlukan clutch of eggs for waktu 20-30 menit untuk three days bertelur dengan jumlah Adults mate for produksi telur antara 546-1.505 about 3 days after butir dalam bentuk massa telur emergence (Tomberlin & Sheppard 2002). • Berat massa telur berkisar 500 – 900 eggs lay in 15,8-19,8 mg dengan berat organic waste and hatch individu telur antara 0,026- in about three days 0,030 mg. • Waktu puncak bertelur dilaporkan terjadi sekitar pukul Pupae spend 15 days 14.00-15.00. developing into flies • Lalat betina dilaporkan hanya Larvae spend 13 – 18 bertelur satu kali selama masa days feeding on organic hidupnya, setelah itu mati waste (25 to 500 mg of Source: http://www.freshroomslifesciences.com waste per larva per day) (Tomberlin et al. 2002). Serangga ini seakan hanya hidup untuk meninggalkan keturunan yang bermanfaat bagi manusia, yaitu menjadi salah satu solusi untuk penyelesaian masalah sampah di hidup manusia… Source: http://maggotbsf.com Taksonomi BSF • Kingdom: Animalia (animals) • Phylum: Arthropoda (Arthropods) • Subphylum: Hexapoda (Hexapods) • Class: Insecta (Insects) • Order: Diptera (only have a single pair of wings) • Suborder: Brachycera (Flies) Sumber: https://cff2.earth.com/ • Infraorder: Tabanomorpha • Family: Stratiomyidae (Soldier flies) • Subfamily: Hermetiinae • Genus: Hermetia • Species: Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Fly), lalat tentara hitam Sumber: https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/ Black soldier fly larvae are scavengers and thrive on many kinds of decomposing organic matter, including algae, carrion, compost heaps, manure, mold, plant refuse, and the waste products of beehives. Kenapa dinamakan Black Soldier Fly (lalat tentara hitam)? Family Stratiomydae = soldier flies (their stripes were reminiscent of gaudy/military uniforms) in 1912, Professor L.C. Maill in The Natural History of Ampsalis terminalis Aquatic Insects, Pselaphomyia nigripennis “From the back of the thorax two spines stand out towards the abdomen (this is a characteristic of adults in the genus Stratiomys), and hence the name (Stratiomys), which means the ‘Armed Fly’”. Cephalochrysa lucens Two common genera: 1. Stratiomys (the bulky, yellow and black adults) Sargus sp. 2. Odontomyia (the trimmer, green and black flies) Sumber: https://uwm.edu/field-station/soldier-fly/ Kirk-Spriggs, A.H. & Sinclair, B.J. (eds). 2017. Manual of Afrotropical Diptera. Volume 2. Nematocerous Diptera and lower Brachycera. Suricata 5. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria; pp. 919–979. Gongrosargus sp. Hermetia myieriades Ptecticus sp. Alopecuroceras atripluma Odontomyia limbifacies Drosimomyia sp Mengenal lebih dekat berarti memahami beberapa hal mendasar, termasuk terminologi yang sudah baku dipakai dalam peristilahan Entomologi • Apakah Bahasa Indonesia yang baku sudah ada? Belum. Lalat Tentara Hitam belum masuk dalam Buku Nama Umum Serangga (Perhimpunan Entomolgi Indonesia). • Kamus Istilah Entomologi: • Maggot: belatung/tempayak-larva berbentuk cacing; larva nirtungkai tanpa kapsul kepala yang berkembang baik; larva dipteran tingkat tinggi • Scavengers, detritivores,decomposers Ada yang mengatakan: maggot bukan belatung, karena belatung makan bangkai Jadi Bagaimana? Possible confusion karena istilah baku tidak diikuti Mari kita lihat: Peran serangga 2. Karnifor: pemakan serangga lain. Dapat berperan sebagai predator ataupun 1.Herbifor: pemakan tumbuhan. Dapat parasitoid. berperan sebagai hama, ataupun pengendali gulma tertentu. https://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/ Parasitoid larva Sumber: http://www.arc.agric.za/ Sumber: https://www.greeners.co/ Cecidochares connexa Sumber: https://dpkp.jogjaprov.go.id/ Tomcat/Paederus littoralis Spodoptera frugiperda 4. Scavenger and Detritovores: pemakan bangkai 3. Polinator: penyerbuk hewan dan tanaman; pengurai https://www.idhsustainabletrade.com/ Black soldier fly Sumber: https://media.greenmatters.com/ Sumber: https://biologydictionary.net// (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Sumber: https://media.greenmatters.com/ Belatung (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Lalu, bagaimana peran BSF sebagai detritivores? Tingkat trophic BSF sebagai detritivores Decomposers & Carnivores Detritivores Omnivores Herbivores Producers “Decomposers feed on dead things. They perform a valuable service as Earth’s cleanup crew. Without decomposers, dead leaves, dead insects, and dead animals would pile up everywhere. Imagine what the world would look like!” –National Geographic- Tahapan penting dalam proses dekomposisi Leaching Physical Fragmentation Decomposition Catabolism Chemical Humification Mineralisation Schematic diagram of the BSF treatment system Martenat A, Diener S, Zurbrügg C. 2018. Black soldier fly biowaste treatment – Assessment of global warming potential. Waste Management. 84: 173-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.040 Lalu, apakah BSF berpotensi sebagai hama?... Hama: Serangga yang menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi Selama BSF tidak menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi, maka BSF bukan hama (BSF bukan herbifor). Apa itu Hama? Hama dalam arti sempit: Hama dalam arti luas: berkaitan dengan kegiatan budidaya semua bentuk gangguan baik tanaman, yaitu semua hewan yang pada manusia, ternak mengganggu atau merusak maupun tanaman. tanaman dan menyebabkan kerugian secara ekonomi. Sumber: https://www.syngenta.co.id/ Sumber: https://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/ Sumber: https://res-2.cloudinary.com/ Kehadiran dan aktivitas hama pada tanaman berinterferensi Hewan yang berpotensi menjadi dengan kepentingan manusia. hama bisa dari jenis serangga, Sumber: https://.arcpublishing.com/ moluska, tungau, tikus, burung, atau mamalia besar. Bagaimana peran spesies lain dari genus Hermetia ? • Salah satu penelitian melaporkan, terdapat larva H. illucens dan H. fenestrata di sarang lebah Geniotrigona thoracica (Hymenoptera: Apidae)/ stingless bee. • Keberadaan kedua jenis larva ini diduga kuat karena kondisi koloni lebah yang sekarat. • Sarang lebah membusuk dan menghasilkan bau "asam" melalui metabolisme ragi dan/atau bakteri. • Oleh karena itu, spesies Hermetia tertarik pada substrat untuk mencari lokasi oviposisi, sehingga keberadaan Hermetia bukan karena parasitisme pada larva lebah, tetapi hanya kolonisasi sumber Detail of the thorax [green arrow daya yang membusuk. Hermetia illucens (top) and H. (median occipital sclerite); blue arrow fenestrata (bottom) in dorsal view (postalar callus)] and head [red arrow (compound eyes)] of the adult (a) H. illucens and (b) H. fenestrata. H. illucens dan H. fenestrata dapat berkembang di berbagai bahan organik, dari kotoran dan daging yang membusuk, hingga buah dan sayuran, mulai dari pisang,
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