DOCSLIB.ORG

An Experimental Investigation of an Electrical Storage Heater in The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Experimental Investigation of an Electrical Storage Heater in The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF AN ELECTRICAL STORAGE HEATER IN THE CONTEXT OF STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES Author: Ignacio Becerril Romero Supervisor: Dr Paul Strachan A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirement of the degree Master of Science Sustainable Engineering: Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2013 Copyright Declaration This thesis is the result of the author’s original research. It has been composed by the author and has not been previously submitted for examination which has led to the award of a degree. The copyright of this thesis belongs to the author under the terms of the United Kingdom Copyright Acts as qualified by University of Strathclyde Regulation 3.50. Due acknowledgement must always be made of the use of any material contained in, or derived from, this thesis. Signed: Ignacio Becerril Romero Date: 22nd September 2013 Abstract This project is divided in two different parts: an investigation of energy storage and an experimental analysis of a storage heater. The “20 20 20” targets dictate that the share of renewables in EU’s energy consumption has to be increased to a 20% by the year 2020 (European Commission, 2012). More flexibility needs to be added to the grid in order to integrate the increasing amount of variable generation. Energy storage is especially well suited to respond to this challenge (Teller et al., 2013). However, the role that storage is to play in the future grid needs to be evaluated meticulously. A detailed investigation of the services that storage can provide to the grid and of the main storage technologies is carried out in this thesis. The analysis shows that storage is a very valuable element of the energy grid since it can provide numerous services at the same time. It plays a fundamental role within the integration of renewables and is particularly useful combined with wind power to avoid curtailment and minimum generation constrains. In addition, it is realised that only a combination of different storage technologies can deliver all the services that energy storage will need to provide in the future. State-of-the-art storage heaters can provide demand side management (DSM) services in small isolated grids with significant wind generation. The charging periods of the heater can be scheduled by the utility provider based on wind output and demand forecasts. At the same time, storage heaters can also provide frequency response. However, they present some features that may affect their performance. No relevant publications were found about the topic, so an experimental analysis of the thermophysical properties of the storage medium and of the temperature distribution inside the core of the heater is performed. The first shows that the specific heat and conductivity of the storage material are higher than expected with values of CP = 1.58 J/g·K and k = 4.3 W/m·K. It is concluded that the storage material presents good qualities for heat storage. On the other hand, the temperature distribution is shown to be very inhomogeneous during a standard charging cycle. Nevertheless, the method used overestimates the average temperature of the core of the heater by a 50% showing that a 3D approach is necessary to study absolute temperatures. Likewise, the data obtained are insufficient to study the performance of the heater as DSM and, due to the lack of time and equipment, this is left as future work. cxcxcxcxcxcxcxcxcxcxc i Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to the following: My supervisor, Dr Paul Strachan, for his kind support, encouragement and guidance over the course of the project. My ‘second supervisor’, Katalin Svehla, for her kindness, support, guidance, and for all the effort she put into having a new insulation panel delivered. Chris Cameron, for securing the heater to the wall, cutting samples from the bricks and, in general, for his help and approachability. Fiona Sillars, for performing the analysis of the samples and giving me valuable information about the results and the experimental procedure. Jim Doherty, for his continuous good mood and his efficient work ordering and supplying everything I needed throughout the project. A very special thanks goes to John Redgate for his priceless help. The technical part of this project would have been impossible without him. He has fixed the heater every time anything failed (something that, unfortunately, has happened too often in this project), made lots of thermocouples and installed new controls in the heater in addition to ‘a long etcetera’; and he has always done it with a smile in his face. I would also like to thank: My parents, José Luis and Elda, for supporting me in everything I do and giving me the opportunity to study this MSc. My grandmothers, Aurora and Ángeles, for their unconditional love; and, although they are not here anymore, I also want to thank my grandfathers, Pepe y Pascual, for all the love they gave me and all the things I learnt from them. The rest of my family and my friends in Spain. I could not have got so far without them. My friends in Glasgow for making this year a wonderful experience. My dear friend Preet, for sharing so many late nights with me at the Livingstone Tower and for his help and support in the last days of this project. And, finally, my girlfriend, Anita, for her love and for dealing with my stress and bad mood during this stressful project and for trying to help and support me always in every way she can. ii Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 2. Energy Storage .......................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Applications of Energy Storage within the Energy Grid ................................... 4 2.1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 4 2.1.2 Electric Supply Applications ...................................................................... 5 2.1.3 Ancillary Services Applications/Frequency Response Services ................ 5 2.1.4 Grid System Applications ........................................................................... 9 2.1.5 End User Applications .............................................................................. 11 2.1.6 Renewables Integration Applications ....................................................... 13 2.2 Storage and Wind Power ................................................................................. 17 2.2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 17 2.2.2 Wind uncertainty ...................................................................................... 18 2.2.3 Minimum generation constrains ............................................................... 19 2.3 Location of storage .......................................................................................... 20 2.3.1 Separated generation and storage ............................................................. 21 2.3.2 Co-location of generation and storage ...................................................... 22 2.3.3 Bottom line ............................................................................................... 23 2.4 Energy Storage Technologies .......................................................................... 24 2.4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 24 2.4.2 Mechanical energy storage ....................................................................... 24 2.4.3 Chemical energy storage .......................................................................... 31 2.4.4 Electrochemical energy storage - Batteries and supercapacitors.............. 33 2.5 Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 39 2.6 Thermal Energy Storage (TES) ....................................................................... 41 2.6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 41 iii 2.6.2 Sensible heat ............................................................................................. 42 2.6.3 Latent heat ................................................................................................ 44 2.6.4 Thermo-chemical storage ......................................................................... 47 2.6.5 Applications .............................................................................................. 48 2.6.6 Conclusions .............................................................................................. 49 2.7 Summary .......................................................................................................... 52 3. Storage Heaters ....................................................................................................... 54 3.1 Storage heater basics ........................................................................................ 54 3.1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 54 3.1.2 Structure, types and operation of storage heaters ..................................... 56 3.2 Storage heaters as demand side management (DSM) ...................................... 60 3.2.1 Demand side management .......................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Assessing the Potential Benefits and Limits of Electric Storage
    sustainability Article Assessing the Potential Benefits and Limits of Electric Storage Heaters for Wind Curtailment Mitigation: A Finnish Case Study Mubbashir Ali *, Jussi Ekström and Matti Lehtonen Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland; jussi.ekstrom@aalto.fi (J.E.); matti.lehtonen@aalto.fi (M.L.) * Correspondence: mubbashir.ali@aalto.fi; Tel.: +358-50-436-7307 Academic Editor: João P. S. Catalão Received: 11 April 2017; Accepted: 12 May 2017; Published: 16 May 2017 Abstract: Driven by policy changes and technological advancement, wind power installations are booming as compared to any other types of power generation. However, the increased penetration of renewable generation in the power systems has resulted in high level of curtailment. Advanced energy storage technologies have been increasingly scrutinized as a feasible mitigation option in smart grids. This paper investigates the potential of mitigating wind generation curtailment via aggregating the domestic electric storage heaters. The key findings show that aggregating domestic thermal storages is a viable option for curtailment mitigation, but with the indispensable caution that mitigation potential significantly saturates as the share of wind generation escalates beyond a certain limit. Keywords: curtailment mitigation; electric storage heaters; wind generation 1. Introduction In the EU, the integration of wind energy in power systems is expanding because of policy-driven targets with a total installed wind power capacity about 150 GW [1]. In 2016 alone, around 13 GW has been added to the system, accounting for about 50% of the new capacity installation [1]. Though this is a practical step towards a carbon-neutral power system, this must be treated carefully as the systems have already been experiencing elevated levels of curtailment [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Consultation Response
    Consultation Response HHIC response to ‘A future framework for heat in buildings: call for evidence’ About HHIC The Heating and Hotwater Industry Council (HHIC) are the leading representative body for the UK domestic heating and hot water industry, worth £3-4 billion per year. HHIC’s membership base covers approximately 94 per cent of heating and hot water solutions available in the UK. HHIC are a division of the Energy and Utilities Alliance (EUA). Full Response 1. Do you agree that the policy framework should focus initially on enabling the market to drive the transition away from high carbon fossil fuels, and in the longer term on helping consumers and industry to comply with regulations? HHIC believe that BEIS should work with industry to transition from existing fuels to sustainable bio fuels. We do not believe BEIS need to transition homes away from their existing appliance type. This would be disproportionately expensive. We agree that homes should no longer be heated by coal. The evidence and costs mean that this is disproportionately negative today and not sustainable in the future. However the other high carbon fossil fuel that BEIS are looking into is oil for heating. Whilst this is a fuel with higher carbon emissions than natural gas and electricity its overall Camden House, Warwick Road, Kenilworth, Warwickshire, CV8 1TH T: +44 (0)1926 513777 F: +44 (0)1926 511923 E: [email protected] W: www.centralheating.co.uk contribution towards the UK’s total CO2’s emissions is approximately 0.5%. HHIC has estimated that is would cost upwards of £10,000m1 in order to move these systems to an electric one.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Heaters and Storage Tanks
    Water Heaters and Storage Tanks Ecodesign and Energy Label Review Study Task 4 Technical analysis FINAL REPORT Review study of Commission Regulation (EU) No. 813/2013 [Ecodesign] and Commission Delegated Regulation No. (EU) No. 811/2013 (Energy Label) Prepared by VHK, for the European Commission July 2019 The information and views set out in this study are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Commission. Prepared by Study team: Van Holsteijn en Kemna B.V. (VHK), The Netherlands Authors: René Kemna, Martijn van Elburg (both VHK) Study team contact: René Kemna ([email protected]) Contract manager: Jan Viegand, Viegand Maagøe Project website: www.ecohotwater-review.eu Specific contract: no. ENER/C3/SER/FV 2016-537/08/FWC 2015-619 LOT2/03/SI2.753935 Title: Review Study existing ecodesign & energy labelling Water Heaters & Tanks Contract date: 9.6.2017 Consortium: Viegand Maagøe, VHK, Wuppertal Institute, Armines, Oakdene Hollins Cover: DHW storage tank with coil [picture VHK 2016-2017] _______________________ This study was ordered and paid for by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy. The information and views set out in this study are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. This report has been prepared by the authors to the best of their ability and knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence Gathering for Electric Heating Options in Off Gas Grid Homes: Final Report
    Evidence gathering for electric options in OGG households Element Energy Evidence gathering for electric heating options in off gas grid homes: Final Report BEIS Research Paper no: 2019/021 April 2019 Element Energy Limited Suite 1 Bishop Bateman Court Thompson’s Lane Cambridge CB5 8AQ Tel: 01223 852499 Fax: 01223 353475 1 Evidence gathering for electric options in OGG households BEIS Project team Sam Foster [email protected] Fiona Hughes [email protected] Ian Walker [email protected] 2 Evidence gathering for electric options in OGG households BEIS Table of Contents Project team ............................................................................................................................................ 2 1 Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ 10 Glossary ......................................................................................................................................... 11 2 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Context and objectives .......................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Methodology .........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Guideline Development for High Performance Coastal First Nations Housing
    Technical Guideline Development for High Performance Coastal First Nations Housing UBC Sustainability Scholars / CEEN 596 Final Report April 22, 2016 Dylan Heerema Executive Summary This CEEN596 and UBC Sustainability Scholars project has evaluated a number of standards, technologies and methods for new home construction in the remote communities of the Great Bear Initiative Coastal First Nations in British Columbia. Current home construction in these communities does not address a number of technical, social, economic and cultural needs. The key issues to be addressed in new home construction, and the recommended solutions proposed in this study are summarized below: Existing Housing Issue Solutions for New Housing Issue #1: Water Leakage • Rainscreening and Pooling • Covered entryways and steel doors • Effective gutters and eavestroughs • Weatherproof building envelope • Sealed ducts and other openings • Graded site and well-drained foundation • Sufficient ventilation Issue #2: Mould • Elimination of basement or crawlspace • Airtight building envelope • Mechanical ventilation • Heat pump or forced air heating • Mould-resistant drywall, insulation and paint Issue #3: Cold and Drafty • Airtight building envelope Spaces • Slab on grade foundation • Heat recovery ventilation • Heat pump or forced air heating Issue #4: Inadequate • Passive solar design Gathering Space • Open floor plans • Flexible common areas Issue #5: Food • Larger kitchens and pantries Preparation and Storage • Outdoor preparation facilities for fish and game • Adequate
    [Show full text]
  • Low-Carbon Heating and Cooling: Overcoming One of World's Most Important Net Zero Challenges
    CLIMATE CHANGE : SCIENCE AND SOLUTIONS | BRIEFING 3 Low-carbon heating and cooling: overcoming one of world’s most important net zero challenges In brief Heating and cooling, or thermal energy, should be high and require scaling up, others are at the demonstration on the decarbonisation agenda as it is the world’s largest stage and require concentrated research, development form of energy end use and its largest source of carbon and deployment (RD&D). This briefing looks at routes to emissions when compared with power and transport. reduce emissions through increasing energy efficiency, Varied low-carbon solutions are available for heating and applying technology options to replace fossil fuel heating cooling in residential, commercial and industrial settings and cooling, and innovating in the storage and transport in all areas of the world. Some are in early adoption of thermal energy. INSIGHTS • Heating and cooling for homes, industry and • Many forms of low-carbon heating and cooling commercial premises, is a major source of carbon are in their infancy compared to fossil-based dioxide emissions and as such merits a prominent place systems and require significant demonstration and in net zero strategies, with its own dedicated targets. deployment to test their relative cost-effectiveness. • Differing national conditions and legacies will require a • Key areas for research, development and range of approaches to reduce carbon dioxide emissions deployment across low-carbon heating and from heating and cooling. However there is also scope cooling include: heat pumps, electric heaters, for greater international co-operation and networking. district systems, renewable heat and hydrogen. • Using less energy to heat or cool buildings • Interesting options are emerging to create new ways through improved insultation, heat reflection of providing heating and cooling whereby the thermal and other means should be the first target energy required is generated in one place, stored and of any decarbonisation programme.
    [Show full text]
  • Heat-Transfer, Heat-Exchange Or Heat-Storage Materials C09K5/00; Tube Furnaces for Thermal Non-Catalytic Cracking C10G9/20; Devices, E.G
    F24H FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT GENERATING MEANS, IN GENERAL (heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials C09K5/00; tube furnaces for thermal non-catalytic cracking C10G9/20; devices, e.g. valves, for venting and aerating enclosures F16K24/00 ; steam traps or like apparatus F16T; steam generation F22; combustion apparatus F23; domestic stoves or ranges F24B, F24C; domestic- or space-heating systems F24D; furnaces, kilns, ovens, retorts F27; heat-exchangers F28; electric heating elements or arrangements H05B) Definition statement This subclass/group covers: Self-contained heaters comprising heat generating means for heating fluids: • Water heaters having heat generating means • Air heaters having heat generating means • Fluid heaters using a heat pump • Combined water and air heaters • Storage heaters in which energy is stored as heat in masses staying in the heater • Fluid heaters having means specially adapted for extracting latent heat from flue gases by means of condensation • Details thereof, including constructional details and control means for fluid heaters. Relationship between large subject matter areas Subclass F24H covers heater as such, i.e. the arrangements where the heat is generated. Heaters integrated in a heating systems adapted for domestic- or space heating application, in which the heat is transmitted by a circuit to a consumer are classified in F24D. Self-contained heaters of the type stoves or ranges are classified in F24B and F24C. Subclass F24H concerns to the function of heating in general. Heaters adapted for special applications are classified both in F24H and in the relevant subclass for the application: 1 • application in vehicles B60H or B60S; • apparatus for making beverages A47J.
    [Show full text]
  • District Heating the Warm Comfort of Home Information Leaflet District Heating Has Got You Covered Easy, Safe and Environmentally Friendly
    District Heating The Warm Comfort of Home Information Leaflet District Heating Has Got You Covered Easy, safe and environmentally friendly Contents District heating is safe and easy to use: you don’t need a boiler or natural Fossil-free within one generation 4 gas, and it’s as low maintenance as you can get. We supply hot water right to your home from a central point on a heat grid, so you can heat your home and have hot running water any time you like. District heating is also How we heat your home 6 environmentally friendly, helping to reduce emissions of carbon, one of the greenhouse gases responsible for global warming. It’s one of the ways in Temperature regulation 8 which you can help reverse climate change. Your only maintenance: bleeding your radiators 9 Easy Environmentally friendly District heating provides you with District heating is very environmentally Tips for enhancing comfort 10 continuous heating and hot water in your friendly: carbon emissions are at least home. We facilitate this through a reliable 45% lower than if each individual home network and make sure you get what you has its own boiler. Just how much lower Smart use – save more money and energy 11 need – like extra hot water if you have a depends on the heat source used. For large bathtub or a power shower. And how example, we can use waste heat from a You can rely on us 12 perfect is it to never have to think or worry waste processing plant or power about boiler maintenance again? plant.
    [Show full text]
  • FLEXIBLE DEMAND for ELECTRICITY and POWER Barriers and Opportunities
    FLEXIBLE DEMAND FOR ELECTRICITY AND POWER Barriers and opportunities Flexible demand for electricity and power Barriers and opportunities TemaNord 2017:567 Flexible demand for electricity and power Barriers and opportunities ISBN 978-92-893-5259-8 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-5260-4 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-5261-1 (EPUB) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2017-567 TemaNord 2017:567 ISSN 0908-6692 Standard: PDF/UA-1 ISO 14289-1 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2017 Cover photo: unsplash.com Print: Rosendahls Printed in Denmark Disclaimer This publication was funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the content does not necessarily reflect the Nordic Council of Ministers’ views, opinions, attitudes or recommendations. Rights and permissions This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Translations: If you translate this work, please include the following disclaimer: This translation was not pro- duced by the Nordic Council of Ministers and should not be construed as official. The Nordic Council of Ministers cannot be held responsible for the translation or any errors in it. Adaptations: If you adapt this work, please include the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by the Nordic Council of Ministers. Responsibility for the views and opinions expressed in the adaptation rests solely with its author(s). The views and opinions in this adaptation have not been approved by the Nordic Council of Ministers. Third-party content: The Nordic Council of Ministers does not necessarily own every single part of this work.
    [Show full text]
  • (Pcms) for SPACE HEATING and COOLING in BUILDINGS
    f o r u m The following paper was presented at the 2004 AIRAH performance enhanced buildings environmentally sustainable design conference. For copies of the conference proceedings, contact the AIRAH office on 03 8623 3000. USING PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS (PCMs) FOR SPACE HEATING AND COOLING IN BUILDINGS. Dr Frank Bruno Ph.D., B.Eng.(Hons.) Sustainable Energy Centre, University of South Australia. Abstract Unlike conventional sensible thermal storage methods, phase change materials (PCMs) provide much higher energy storage densities and the heat is stored and released at an almost constant temperature. PCMs can be used for both active and passive space heating and cooling systems. In passive systems, PCMs can be encapsulated in building materials such as concrete, gypsum wallboard, in the ceiling or floor to increase their thermal storage capacity. They can either capture solar energy directly or thermal energy through natural convection. Increasing the thermal storage capacity of a building can increase human comfort by decreasing the magnitude of internal air temperature swings so that the indoor air temperature is closer to that desired over a longer period of time. Alternatively, a thermal storage unit using PCMs can be used with conventional active space heating and cooling systems to improve the overall thermal efficiency as well as to reduce the peak heating and cooling electrical load. PCMs can also be incorporated in conventional heating or cooling systems so that its capacity can be reduced. Considerable research has been done on the application of PCMs for space heating and cooling, yet at present there are limited systems in use.
    [Show full text]
  • Conceptual Design and Performance Characteristics of Firebrick Resistance-Heated Energy Storage for Industrial Heat Supply and Variable Electricity Production
    Conceptual Design and Performance Characteristics of Firebrick Resistance-Heated Energy Storage for Industrial Heat Supply and Variable Electricity Production By Daniel Christopher Stack B.S. Mechanical Engineering (2014) Syracuse University SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY February 2017 © Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. Signature of Author:_____________________________________________________________ Daniel Christopher Stack Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering September 12, 2016 Certified by:___________________________________________________________________ Charles W. Forsberg Principal Research Scientist, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering Thesis Supervisor Certified by:___________________________________________________________________ Richard Lanza Senior Research Scientist, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering Thesis Reader Certified by:___________________________________________________________________ Ju Li Battelle Energy Alliance Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering And Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Chairman, Department Committee on Graduate Students This Page Left Intentionally Blank 2 Conceptual Design and Performance Characteristics of Firebrick Resistance-Heated Energy Storage for Industrial Heat Supply and Variable Electricity Production By Daniel Christopher
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Thermal Energy Storage
    An Introduction to Thermal Energy Storage Toby Morris [email protected] Business Development Manager Tele: 07809 412743 @sunampltd [email protected] 01875 610001 Introduction to Sunamp 3 areas of focus 1. Using energy more efficiently • Efficient technology • Efficient fabric • Education and awareness 2. Providing flexibility 3. Mitigating peak demands Introduction to Sunamp • Award winning company that develop, design and manufacture heat batteries • Employ 40+ staff and growing. HQ near Edinburgh with an additional office in Zurich. • We are the most advanced PCM Heat Battery energy storage company in the world http://www.pcm-ral.org/pcm/en/links/ • We have rolled out over 2000 heat batteries • Multi-fold patent protection at both material, device and system level in many countries, including UK,EU, Japan, China, Korea and India Finalist Ashden Winner: Solar Power Winner: Regen Renewable Finalist: SHIFT Awards 2016 Awards 2017 Portal Awards 2016 Futures & Green Energy Awards 2017 Why Heat? World energy consumption x2.5 Heat 46% Electricity 17.5% • Space Heat • Hot Water • Process Heat • Cooling Heating without global warming, Transport 27.5% IEA, 2014. Others 9% Electrical storage: Heat storage: ✗ Over invested ✓ Has not changed in centuries ✗ Overcrowded ✓ Ripe for improvement ✗ High entry barriers ✓ More heat storage needed ✗ Materials questions ✓ Low cost, sustainable materials Note: Sunamp can also address (Transport) and interplay with (Electricity) other Energy segments Source: IEA 4 What is a heat Battery? A high-powered, high flow-rate heat exchanger is immersed in phase change material and encapsulated in a red moulded, polypropylene cell The red cell is surrounded by non-flammable vacuum insulation panels.
    [Show full text]