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Water Heaters and Storage Tanks Water Heaters and Storage Tanks Ecodesign and Energy Label Review Study Task 4 Technical analysis FINAL REPORT Review study of Commission Regulation (EU) No. 813/2013 [Ecodesign] and Commission Delegated Regulation No. (EU) No. 811/2013 (Energy Label) Prepared by VHK, for the European Commission July 2019 The information and views set out in this study are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Commission. Prepared by Study team: Van Holsteijn en Kemna B.V. (VHK), The Netherlands Authors: René Kemna, Martijn van Elburg (both VHK) Study team contact: René Kemna ([email protected]) Contract manager: Jan Viegand, Viegand Maagøe Project website: www.ecohotwater-review.eu Specific contract: no. ENER/C3/SER/FV 2016-537/08/FWC 2015-619 LOT2/03/SI2.753935 Title: Review Study existing ecodesign & energy labelling Water Heaters & Tanks Contract date: 9.6.2017 Consortium: Viegand Maagøe, VHK, Wuppertal Institute, Armines, Oakdene Hollins Cover: DHW storage tank with coil [picture VHK 2016-2017] _______________________ This study was ordered and paid for by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy. The information and views set out in this study are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. This report has been prepared by the authors to the best of their ability and knowledge. The authors do not assume liability for any damage, material or immaterial, that may arise from the use of the report or the information contained therein. © European Union, July 2019. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. More information on the European Union is available on the internet ( https://europa.eu ). EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This is the final Task 4 report of the preparatory review study on the Ecodesign Commission Regulation (EU) No. 814/2013 and Energy Label Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No. 812/2013 for (dedicated) water heaters. Note that most aspects that are in the MEErP Task 4 description were already handled in the other task reports, notably on Task 5, and thus need not to be handled here. The Task 4 report thus has a focus on the best available technologies in dedicated water heating. The main issues from this Task 4 are: ° Decide how to handle the ‘hybrid’ ESWH that takes part of its input from the indoor air. ° Do hybrid ESWHs with small heat pumps prompt more differentiation in energy classes? ° Phase out the pilot-flame in all new gas-appliances ° More differentiation in the Energy Class limits to promote condensing GIWHs/GSWHs (limit at 90% for XXL and upwards) ° The role of “equivalent hot water capacity” for compact storage tanks ° Decide/define if and how to handle Photo-Voltaic Thermal solar panels in the scope. Question to stakeholders: If a heating part of a ‘combi’ or ‘hybrid’ is in the scope, does it mean that the non-heating part is also in the scope when it is stand-alone. E.g. does it mean that photovoltaic panels are then also in the scope? Does it mean that water heaters with boiling water are also in the scope? III ACRONYMS AND UNITS Parameters CH Central Heating A floor surface area building [m²] EC European Commission cair specific heat air [Wh/ m³.K] ECCP European Climate Change Programme Q heat/energy [kWh] ED Ecodesign q hourly air exchange [m³.h -1/ m³] EEA European Environmental Agency rec ventilation recovery rate [-] EIA Ecodesign Impact Accounting (study) S shell surface area building [m²] EL Energy Labelling SV shell surface/volume ratio building ENER EC, Directorate-General Energy t heating season hours [h] EnEV Energie Einsparungs Verordnung (DE) Tin Indoor temperature [°C] ENTR EC, Directorate-General Enterprise Tout outdoor temperature [°C] ENTRANZE Policies to ENforce the TRAnsition to U insulation value in [W/K. m²] Nearly Zero Energy buildings in the EU- 27 EPBD Energy Performance of Buildings V heated building volume [m³] Directive EPG Energie Prestatie Gebouwen (NL) ∆T Indoor-outdoor temperature difference [°C] EPISCOPE Energy Performance Indicator Tracking η (heating boiler) efficiency [-] Schemes for the Continuous Optimisation of Refurbishment Processes in European Housing Stocks GCV Gross Calorific Value (of a fuel) GIS Geographical Information System Units HDD Heating Degree Days € Euro HVAC Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning °C degree Celsius IEA International Energy Agency a annum (year) NACE Statistics classification by Economic bn billion (1000 million) Activity NCV Net Calorific Value (of a fuel) CO 2 carbon-dioxide (equivalent) PBIE Building Performance Institute Europe h hours pef primary energy factor K degree Kelvin RT Réglémentation Thermique (FR) kWh kilo Watt hour SAP Standard Assessment Procedure (UK) m metre or million SCOP Seasonal Coefficient Of Performance m² square metre SEER Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio m³ cubic metre TABULA Typology Approach for Building Stock W Watt Energy Assessment UHI Urban Heat Island VHK Van Holsteijn en Kemna (author) IV Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................. III ACRONYMS AND UNITS ................................................................ IV 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1 1.1 Update (MEErP)....................................................................................... 2 1.2 Review (Art. 7) ....................................................................................... 3 1.3 Evaluation .............................................................................................. 3 2 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ................................................ 4 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................ 4 2.2 EIWHs ................................................................................................... 4 2.3 Conventional ESWHs ................................................................................ 5 2.4 HPWHs ................................................................................................... 7 2.5 GIWHs ................................................................................................... 9 2.6 GSWH ................................................................................................... 11 2.7 FCWH ................................................................................................... 11 2.8 Solar water heaters ................................................................................ 12 2.9 Storage tanks ........................................................................................ 13 2.10 Heat recovery ........................................................................................ 16 3 BNAT ...................................................................................... 19 4 RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................. 20 ANNEX I: 2016 SPECIAL REVIEW RESULTS .................................. 22 Introduction .................................................................................................. 22 Existing products............................................................................................ 22 Physical characteristics of the tapping pattern ............................................ 22 Typical technical characteristics of water heaters ........................................ 23 Solar contribution ................................................................................... 24 Efficiencies ............................................................................................ 25 Costs .................................................................................................. 26 LCC Rates ............................................................................................. 27 Life Cycle Costs ...................................................................................... 28 Least Life Cycle Costs ..................................................................................... 28 Theoretical savings ......................................................................................... 29 Preliminary conclusions ................................................................................... 30 Life Cycle Cost calculations by consumer associations ......................................... 33 Least Life Cycle Cost calculation by climate zone ................................................ 34 Least Life Cycle Cost calculation by country ....................................................... 37 ANNEX II: LARGE WATER HEATERS ............................................. 39 V LIST OF TABLES page Table 1. Comparison from APPLiA ............................................................................ 8 Table 2. Tapping pattern characteristics ..................................................................23 Table 3. Typical technical characteristics .................................................................23 Table 4. Solar contribution per load profile (average climate) .....................................25 Table 5. Efficiencies ..............................................................................................26 Table 6. Costs
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