INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY MA [Political Science] PS - 1004E [ENGLISH EDITION] Directorate of Distance Education TRIPURA UNIVERSITY Reviewer Dr Biswaranjan Mohanty Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, SGTB Khalsa College, University of Delhi Authors Dr M D Tarique Anwer: Units (1-2, 3.3.3) © Dr M D Tarique Anwer, 2017 Biswanath Ghosh: Unit (3.0-3.2, 3.6-3.10) © Biswanath Ghosh, 2017 V. N. Khanna: Units (3.3-3.3.2) © V. N. Khanna, 2017 Dr Vijaya Katti: Unit (3.4) © Dr Vijaya Katti, 2017 Neeru Sood, : Units (3.5, 4) © Freelance Author, 2017 Books are developed, printed and published on behalf of Directorate of Distance Education, Tripura University by Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved. 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E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 • Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd. Office: 7361, Ravindra Mansion, Ram Nagar, New Delhi 110 055 • Website: www.vikaspublishing.com • Email: [email protected] SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE India’s Foreign Policy Syllabi Mapping in Book Unit 1: Approaches to the Study of India’s Foreign Policy, Unit 1: India’s Foreign Policy: Domestic and International Determinants of India’s An Overview Foreign Policy, Evolution of India’s Foreign Policy. (Pages 3-59) Unit 2: India’s Policy towards Great Powers: USA, Russia, UK, Unit 2: India’s Foreign Policy China, India’s Policy towards SAARC Countries, India’s Towards Various Nations Look East Policy. (Pages 61-134) Unit 3: India’s Foreign Economic Policy, India’s Multilateral Unit 3: Aspects of India’s Diplomacy: UN, ASEAN, EU, India and the International Foreign Policy Financial and Trade, Indian and the Nuclear Regime. (Pages 135-181) Unit 4: Institutions and Actors in India’s Foreign Policy Making: Unit 4: Institutions, Actors and Ministry of External Affairs, National Security Council, Trends of India’s Foreign Policy Parliament, Media, Public Opinion, Indian Federalism and (Pages 183-204) Foreign Policy, Future Direction of India’s Foreign Policy. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 UNIT 1 INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY: AN OVERVIEW 3-59 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Unit Objectives 1.2 Meaning and Objectives of Foreign Policy 1.2.1 Objectives of Foreign Policy 1.2.2 Goals of Foreign Policy 1.3 Approaches to the Study of India’s Foreign Policy 1.4 Domestic and International Determinants of India’s Foreign Policy 1.4.1 Factors Essential in the Making of Foreign Policy 1.4.2 National Interest as a Determinant of Foreign Policy 1.4.3 Power as a Determinant of Foreign Policy 1.4.4 Domestic Determinants of India’s Foreign Policy 1.4.5 International Determinants of India’s Foreign Policy 1.5 Evolution of India’s Foreign Policy 1.5.1 Foundation of India’s Foreign Policy 1.5.2 Formulation of India’s Foreign Policy 1.5.3 Principles and Objectives of India’s Foreign Policy 1.5.4 Nehru and India’s Foreign Policy 1.6 Summary 1.7 Key Terms 1.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.9 Questions and Exercises 1.10 Further Reading UNIT 2 INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS VARIOUS NATIONS 61-134 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Unit Objectives 2.2 India’s Policy Towards Great Powers: USA, Russia, UK, China 2.2.1 India’s Relations with the United States 2.2.2 India’s Relations with Russia 2.2.3 India’s Relations with China 2.2.4 Trilateral Cooperation 2.2.5 Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC) and Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) 2.2.6 India–United Kingdom Relations 2.3 India’s Policy Towards SAARC Countries 2.3.1 Indo-Afghanistan Relations 2.3.2 Indo-Bangladesh Relations 2.3.3 Indo-Maldives Relations 2.3.4 Indo-Sri Lanka Relations 2.3.5 Indo-Bhutan Relations 2.3.6 Indo-Nepal Relations 2.3.7 Indo-Pakistan Relations 2.4 India’s Look East Policy 2.5 Summary 2.6 Key Words 2.7 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 2.8 Questions and Exercises 2.9 Further Reading UNIT 3 ASPECTS OF INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY 135-181 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Unit Objectives 3.2 India’s Foreign Economic Policy 3.3 India’s Multilateral Diplomacy: UN, ASEAN and EU 3.3.1 The United Nations: Origin, Objectives, Membership and Principal Organs 3.3.2 India’s Role in the United Nations 3.3.3 India, ASEAN and European Union 3.4 India and International Finance and Trade 3.5 India and the Nuclear Regime 3.6 Summary 3.7 Key Terms 3.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 3.9 Questions and Exercises 3.10 Further Reading UNIT 4 INSTITUTIONS, ACTORS AND TRENDS OF INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY 183-204 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Unit Objectives 4.2 Institutions and Actors in India’s Foreign Policy: Ministry of External Affairs, National Security Council, Parliament, Media and Public Opinion 4.2.1 Factors that Affect Formation of a Foreign Policy 4.3 Indian Federalism and Foreign Policy 4.3.1 Role of States in India’s Foreign Policy 4.4 Future Direction of India’s Foreign Policy 4.5 Summary 4.6 Key Terms 4.7 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 4.8 Questions and Exercises 4.9 Further Reading Introduction INTRODUCTION No mature nation allows its foreign policy to be radically altered whenever NOTES there is change of government or political leadership. India has clearly proved its maturity in this respect. Nehru’s policy of non-alignment, peaceful co-existence and pacific settlement of international disputes remains the cornerstone of its policy even seventy years after its independence. India’s foreign policy supports world peace and peaceful settlement of international disputes. India is opposed to all forms of violence, war and aggression. India has full faith in the ideals of the United Nations. It has cooperated with the UN in all its socio-economic and political activities. It supports disarmaments and advocates a nuclear-weapon free world. It is aware of its security concerns and wants to protect its national interests. Within the parameters of international peace and security, India seeks reduction in conventional weapons, and total ban on nuclear weapons. This book, India’s Foreign Policy, discusses the meaning, objectives, principles and goals of India’s foreign policy. It also describes the various approaches to the study of India’s foreign policy. Moreover, it analyses India’s relations with the great powers and the SAARC countries; analyses India’s foreign economic policy and the role played by the UN, ASEAN and EU in India’s diplomacy; and explains the various players and trends in India’s foreign policy. This book is written in a self-instructional format and is divided into four units. Each unit begins with an ‘Introduction’ to the topic followed by an outline of the ‘Unit Objectives’. The content is then presented in a simple and easy-to-understand manner, and is interspersed with ‘Check Your Progress’ questions to test the reader’s understanding of the topic. A list of ‘Questions and Exercises’ is also provided at the end of each unit, and includes short- answer as well as long-answer questions. The ‘Summary’ and ‘Key Terms’ section are useful tools for students and are meant for effective recapitulation of the text. Self-Instructional Material 1 India’s Foreign Policy: UNIT 1 INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY: An Overview AN OVERVIEW NOTES Structure 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Unit Objectives 1.2 Meaning and Objectives of Foreign Policy 1.2.1 Objectives of Foreign Policy 1.2.2 Goals of Foreign Policy 1.3 Approaches to the Study of India’s Foreign Policy 1.4 Domestic and International Determinants of India’s Foreign Policy 1.4.1 Factors Essential in the Making of Foreign Policy 1.4.2 National Interest as a Determinant of Foreign Policy 1.4.3 Power as a Determinant of Foreign Policy 1.4.4 Domestic Determinants of India’s Foreign Policy 1.4.5 International Determinants of India’s Foreign Policy 1.5 Evolution of India’s Foreign Policy 1.5.1 Foundation of India’s Foreign Policy 1.5.2 Formulation of India’s Foreign Policy 1.5.3 Principles and Objectives of India’s Foreign Policy 1.5.4 Nehru and India’s Foreign Policy 1.6 Summary 1.7 Key Terms 1.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.9 Questions and Exercises 1.10 Further Reading 1.0 INTRODUCTION The foreign policy of a country, often referred to as the foreign relations policy, comprises self-interest strategies adopted by the state to protect its national interests and achieve its goals in the international scenario. These approaches are strategically used to interact with other countries.