Flexible resources for flexible transmission system operation IEA-PVPS Task 14: “High Penetration of PV Systems in Electricity Grids” Subtask 3: High penetration solutions for central PV generation scenarios i Report IEA-PVPS T14-09:2017 ISBN 978-3-906042-66-4 ii INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME Flexible resources for flexible transmission system operation IEA-PVPS Task 14: “High Penetration of PV Systems in Electricity Grids” Subtask 3: High penetration solutions for central PV generation scenarios IEA-PVPS T14-09:2017 October 2017 Corresponding Author: Eng. Adriano Iaria Development of Energy Systems Dept. RSE S.p.A Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico. Via Rubattino, 54, 20134 Milano (MI) - Italy Ph. +39-02-3992-5241 Fax +39-02-3992-5597 e-mail:
[email protected] iii Report contributors BELGIUM Koen Verpoorten1,2, Kristof De Vos1,2 1Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium 2EnergyVille, Genk, Belgium GERMANY Markus Kraiczy1, Rafael Fritz1, Bernhard Ernst1, Dominik Jost1, 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology, Kassel Germany GREECE Stathis Tselepis, CRES, Centre for Renewable energy Sources and Saving, Greece. ITALY Adriano Iaria2, Claudio Brasca2, Diego Cirio2, Antonio Gatti2, Marco Rapizza2 2Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico – RSE S.p.A., Energy Systems Development Dept., Milano, Italy JAPAN Kazuhiko Ogimoto3, Ken Obayashi4, Koichi Asano4 3University of Tokyo, Institute of Industrial Science, Tokyo, Japan 4New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, (NEDO), Smart Community Department, Kawasaki City, Japan SWITZERLAND Christof Bucher, Basler & Hofmann AG, Zürich, Switzerland UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Barry Mather5, Vahan Gevorgian5 5National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, Colorado, USA Foto credit cover page RSE S.p.A.