Gesamtgutachten Beitrag Der Kirchen Und Religionsgemeinschaften Zum Kulturellen Leben in Deutschland

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Gesamtgutachten Beitrag Der Kirchen Und Religionsgemeinschaften Zum Kulturellen Leben in Deutschland Der Beitrag der Kirchen und Religionsgemeinschaften zum kulturellen Leben in Deutschland Gutachten des Instituts für kulturelle Infrastruktur Sachsen für die Enquête-Kommission Kultur des Deutschen Bundestages EK-Kultur, K.-Drs. 15/323b den 29. September 2005 vorgelegt von Prof. Dr. Matthias Theodor Vogt unter Mitarbeit von Dipl.-Theol. Annette Wiesheu M.A., München Dipl.-Theol. Lüder Laskowski, Dresden Dipl.-Theol. Tobias Kirchhof, Leipzig unter Mitwirkung von Prof. Dr. Albert-Peter Rethmann, Prag, Pater Dr. Vaclav Umlauf MTh, SJ, München Harald Baer, Hamm im Rahmen des Collegium PONTES Görlitz-Zgorzelec-Zhořelec 2005 Institut für kulturelle Infrastruktur Sachsen gGmbH Geschäftsf. Direktor: Prof. Dr. Matthias Theodor Vogt D-02828 Görlitz Klingewalde 40 Tel. 03581/42094.21 Fax .28 http://www.kultur.org Email: [email protected] 14787 Kto-Nr. 2 614 303 00 Dresdner Bank BLZ 850 800 0 ii Institut für kulturelle Infrastruktur Sachsen 2005 - Beitrag der Kirchen zum kulturellen Leben Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse 1. Dem Beitrag den die römisch-katholische Kirche und die in der EKD zusammengefassten evangelischen Landeskirchen zum kulturellen Leben in Deutschland leisten, wird in der deutschen Öffentlichkeit nur eine periphere Rolle zugebilligt. 2. Die Kirchen gehören ausweislich ihrer finanziellen Aufwendungen zu den zentralen kulturpolitischen Akteuren Deutschlands. Der Korridor, der durch die unsichere Datenlage geöffnet wird, erstreckt sich zwischen € 3,500 Mia und € 4,800 Mia per annum. Der derzeit wahrscheinliche Wert liegt bei € 4,396 Mia. Eine detaillierte Erfassung aller Ebenen mit einem einheitlichen Schlüssel wird hiermit angeregt. 3. Die Kirchen setzen vermutlich etwa 20% ihrer Kirchensteuern und Vermögenserlöse für ihre kulturellen Aktivitäten ein. 4. Die Kirchen liegen mit ihren Aufwendungen für Kultur im Vergleich der öffentlichen Ebenen auf einem der vorderen Plätze, mindestens gleichauf mit den Gemeinden und Ländern. Der Kulturfinanzbericht ist entsprechend zu ergänzen. 5. Die Kirchen setzen als kulturpolitischer Akteur insbesondere auf Breitenarbeit und die Einbeziehung des Ehrenamtes. Haupt- und engagiertes Ehrenamt teilen sich vermutlich etwa je zur Hälfte in die kirchliche Kulturarbeit resp. deren Wertschöpfung. Der Beitrag der Mitwirkenden in der Breitenkultur macht seinerseits ein Vielfaches des ehrenamtlichen Beitrags aus. 6. Die Kirchen liegen mit ihrer kulturellen Breitenarbeit im Trend der Bevölkerung allgemein und insbesondere der Jugend zu wesentlich verstärkter künstlerischer Aktivität. Dies ist eine wesentliche und zukunftsweisende Differenz zu den von Staat und Kommunen geförderten Kultureinrichtungen. 7. Die Finanzierungsprobleme der kirchlichen kulturellen Tätigkeit sind nur im Kontext der Gesamtfinanzierung der Kirchen und langfristig zu lösen. Vorgeschlagen wird die Einsetzung einer Arbeitsgruppe „Finanzierung kirchlicher Arbeit in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland“ mit dem Ziel einer finanzpolitischen Würdigung des Beitrags der Kirchen zum gesellschaftlichen Leben in der Bundesrepublik. 8. Der Veränderungsbedarf der Kultur innerhalb der Kirchen ist gleichzeitig eine Chance für die Kultur innerhalb der Kirchen 9. Nach übereinstimmender Auffassung nicht hinreichend genutzt für die Außendarstellung Deutschlands in der Welt ist das Potential seiner Kultur. Die Kirchen und ihre Kulturarbeit könnten einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Außenbild der Kulturnation Deutschland leisten 10. Auf Bundesebene ist derzeit kein Ort für die Sache der kirchlichen Kulturarbeit und damit für ihren Beitrag zum kulturellen Leben in Deutschland gegeben. Gleichzeitig haben die Kirchen durch die Entwicklung seit dem 11. September 2001 eine neue Funktion innerhalb der (Zivil-) Gesellschaft erhalten. Es würde sich daher anbieten, vom Primat der Kirchen bei den Kulturfinanzen auszugehen und den bisherigen Beauftragten für Kultur und Medien aufzuwerten zu einem Bundesminister für Kultur- und Kirchenangelegenheiten nach tschechischem Vorbild. 11. Der Beitrag der Kirchen zum kulturellen Leben in Deutschland läßt sich verfassungssystematisch und kulturhistorisch bis auf die vom Frieden von Luneville ausgelösten Säkularisierungsprozesse und weiter zurückführen sowie methodisch einheitlich darstellen. Das Bild der nicht-christlichen Religionsgemeinschaften ist schon an sich außerordentlich komplex; ihren Beitrag zum kulturellen Leben in Deutschland nachzuzeichnen würde eine eigenständige Forschungsarbeit erfordern. iii Gliederung 0. Einführung ................................................................................................ 1 0.1 Gegenstand................................................................................................. 1 0.2 Auftrag....................................................................................................... 2 0.3 Gutachter ..................................................................................................3 0.4 Forschungsteam .......................................................................................... 4 0.5 Danksagung................................................................................................ 5 I. Grundlegung ............................................................................................. 7 I.1 Anthropologische Grundlegung: Elemente des Kulturbegriffs ........................... 10 I.2 Terminologisch-statistische Grundlegung: Kirche in Deutschland...................... 14 I.3 Verfassungsgeschichtliche Grundlegung: Autokephalie in Staat, Kirche, Gemeinde....................................................... 21 I.4 Kunsthistorische Grundlegung: Überblick über die Geschichte der Künste im Verhältnis von Staat und Kirche .............................................................. 30 I.5 Kulturpolitische Grundlegung: Leitideen, Formen und Perspektiven kulturellen Engagements. Die Sicht der Kirchen ............................................................ 51 I.6 Anmerkungen zum Beitrag der nicht-christlichen Religionsgemeinschaften zur Kultur in Deutschland am Beispiel der religiösen und kulturellen Aktivitäten vietnamesisch- buddhistischer und tamilisch-hinduistischer Migrationsgemeinschaften in Deutschland .............................................................................................. 56 II. Bestandsaufnahme (nach Sparten gegliedert)........................................ 75 II.0 Zur Methodik der Bestandsaufnahme............................................................ 75 II.1 Literatur, Buch .........................................................................................79 II.2 Musik .....................................................................................................103 II.3 Architektur, Kirchenbau, Denkmalpflege, Glocken, Orgeln ..............................138 II.4 Bildende Kunst.........................................................................................172 II.5 Darstellende Kunst....................................................................................195 II.6 Film, Fernsehen, Rundfunk ........................................................................202 II.7 Sepulkralkultur .........................................................................................213 III. Kulturpolitische Würdigung.................................................................. 221 IV. Anhang (Bibliographie zum kulturellen Engagement der Kirchen)........ 257 iv Institut für kulturelle Infrastruktur Sachsen 2005 - Beitrag der Kirchen zum kulturellen Leben Inhaltsverzeichnis Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse................................................................................ ii Gliederung.................................................................................................................iii Inhaltsverzeichnis...................................................................................................... iv Verzeichnis der Tabellen, Diagramme und Abbildungen ..................................................xii Zur Illustration der Titelseite.......................................................................................xv TEIL 0: Einführung ............................................................ 1 0.1 Gegenstand................................................................................................. 1 0.2 Auftrag........................................................................................................ 2 0.3 Gutachter ...................................................................................................3 0.4 Forschungsteam ......................................................................................... 4 0.5 Danksagung ................................................................................................ 5 TEIL I: GRUNDLEGUNG .......................................................... 7 Literatur zu Teil I ........................................................................................... 7 I.1 Anthropologische Grundlegung: Elemente des Kulturbegriffs ................... 10 I.2 Terminologisch-statistische Grundlegung: Kirche in Deutschland............. 14 2.1 Bedeutung und Gebrauch des Begriffes Kirche..................................... 14 2.2 Kirche in Deutschland....................................................................... 15 2.3 Nationale Ebene .............................................................................. 16 2.4 Regionale Ebene.............................................................................. 17 2.5 Gemeindeebene
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