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Hydraulic Studies of the 18-Plate Assembly in the Mcmaster Nuclear Reactor Hydraulic Studies of the 18-Plate Assembly in the Mcmaster Nuclear Reactor

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Hydraulic Studies of the 18-Plate Assembly in the Mcmaster Nuclear Reactor Hydraulic Studies of the 18-Plate Assembly in the Mcmaster Nuclear Reactor HYDRAULIC STUDIES OF THE 18-PLATE ASSEMBLY IN THE MCMASTER NUCLEAR REACTOR HYDRAULIC STUDIES OF THE 18-PLATE ASSEMBLY IN THE MCMASTER NUCLEAR REACTOR By TAESUNG HA, M.A.Sc (Mechanical Engineering) Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Applied Science McMaster University °c Copyright by Taesung Ha, April 2002 MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE (2002) McMaster University (Engineering Physics) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: Hydraulic Studies of the 18-plate Assembly in the Mc- Master Nuclear Reactor AUTHOR: Taesung Ha M.A.Sc (Mechanical Engineering) Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea SUPERVISOR: Dr. Wm. J. Garland, Professor Department of Engineering Physics McMaster University NUMBEROFPAGES:xvi, ii Abstract To support the update of the safety analysis of McMaster Nuclear Reactor (MNR), the local velocities in the channels and the flow distribution through a typical MNR assembly have been investigated. Velocity measurements in a mock-up of the 18- plate fuel assembly were conducted over the range of mass flow rate, M=2.0–5.0 kg/s (velocity, Un = 0.59–1.48 m/s). To enable the velocity measurement in the channels by Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV), the curved fuel plate in the assembly was modified to flat plates. The velocity distributions both in the individual channels and through the assembly are obtained, as well as the channel-to-channel flow distribution in the assembly. The present experiment shows that the velocity distribution is fairly symmetric from channels 1 to 17 centered about channel 9 in the assembly. The flow in the individual channels can be simply approximated as flow between parallel plates. The flow is relatively uniformly-distributed from one channel to another; the outmost channels (channels 1 and 3) have an average flow of about 95–97% of the assembly average flow and the central channels (channels 4 and 8) have about 103–105%. This result is compared to those of previous studies and Yu’s numerical simulation. From this comparison, the entrance effect (the inlet flow condition from the reactor pool to the top end fitting) is one of the most influential factors on the channel-to-channel flow distribution among the entrance effect, the handle effect (the handle in the top end fitting), and exit effect (the flow stream bending to enter the bottom end fitting). Pressure drop was measured through the simulated 18-plate assembly and is accu- rately predicted by a simple 1-D correlation. The pressure drop is related mainly to the frictional resistance in the 17 channels (about 60% of overall pressure drop) but the minor pressure losses are not considerable. Flow visualization shows the detailed flow behavior in the top end fitting and in the plate-free duct just above the bottom end fitting. iii Acknowledgement The author wishes to express his gratitude toward his supervisor, Dr. William J. Garland of the Department of Engineering Physics, for his critical readings and constant support through the course of this thesis. His thanks also go to his colleagues Tai Shih Nguyen, Simon Day, and Rongsheng Yu, for their constructive comments and suggestion. He also wishes to thank the Stern Laboratories Inc. for their support and advice to complete the experiment for this thesis. My special thanks should go to Kyong Shin, and Eddy. Without their generous assistant and invaluable technical advice, this work would have never been completed. He wants to express his appreciation for the financial support provided by the AECL in the form of AECL-Kapyong scholarship, which gave him the chance to study in Canada, as well as by the Department of Engineering Physics and school of Graduate Studies at McMaster University. Mostly, he’d like to thank his family, his wife (Sunnyu Lim), daughter (Christine Hyunjeong), mother, sisters for their consistent support and encouragement through- out this endeavor. iv Contents Contents ix List of Figures xiii List of Tables xiv 1 Introduction 1 2 Literature review 4 3 McMaster Nuclear Reactor (MNR) 7 3.1 Introduction . 7 3.2 Standard 18-plate assembly . 12 3.3 Other components in the reactor core . 14 4 Hydraulic characteristics in MNR core 15 4.1 Introduction . 15 4.2 Hydraulic characteristics in standard 18-plate assembly . 18 4.2.1 Velocity . 18 4.2.2 Pressure drop . 25 4.3 Summary . 29 v CONTENTS vi 5 Experimental apparatus and measurement 30 5.1 Simulated 18-Plate assembly . 30 5.2 Test loop for the 18-plate assembly flow simulation . 35 5.3 Measurement . 40 5.3.1 Velocity measurement . 40 5.3.2 Pressure measurement . 43 5.3.3 Flow rate measurement . 46 5.3.4 Temperature measurement . 46 5.4 Experimental Reynolds number . 47 5.5 Data acquisition system . 47 5.6 Flow visualization . 51 6 Velocity profile and flow distribution 53 6.1 Control of flow rate and temperature through test loop . 53 6.2 Velocity . 58 6.3 Simulation of inflow to the calming length . 60 6.3.1 Velocity distribution in the bottom of the calming length . 60 6.3.2 Turbulent intensity in the bottom of the calming length . 61 6.3.3 Summary . 62 6.4 Vertical axial velocity distribution along the channels . 65 6.4.1 Entrance region . 65 6.4.2 Fully-developed region and exit region . 67 6.4.3 Summary . 68 6.5 Symmetry of velocity distribution through the assembly channels . 70 6.6 Velocity profiles in the 18-plate assembly . 73 6.6.1 Velocity profile in fully-developed region . 73 CONTENTS vii 6.6.2 Width-wise (Y) velocity profile in each channel . 74 6.6.3 Exit effect on velocity profile . 75 6.6.4 Summary . 76 6.7 Flow distribution in the assembly . 81 6.8 Handle effect on the flow in the assembly . 83 6.8.1 Handle effect on Velocity Profile . 83 6.8.2 Handle effect on flow distribution . 84 6.8.3 Summary . 84 6.9 Comparison of flow distribution with previous studies . 88 6.9.1 Comparison of flow distribution with Rummens’ experiment . 88 6.9.2 Comparison of flow distribution with Blahnik’s engineering cal- culation . 91 6.9.3 Comparison of flow distribution with Yu’s numerical simulation 93 6.9.4 Summary . 94 6.10 Evaluation of flow rate through 18-plate assembly during experiment 98 6.11 Summary . 100 7 Pressure drop in 18-plate assembly 102 7.1 Pressure drop through the channels . 102 7.2 Pressure drop through the bottom end fitting . 105 7.3 Overall Pressure Drop . 107 7.4 Summary . 109 8 Measurement uncertainty 110 8.1 Uncertainty in local velocity measurement in narrow channel . 110 8.1.1 Uncertainty in measurement of the width-wise velocity distri- bution . 111 CONTENTS viii 8.1.2 Uncertainty in velocity measurement at thickness-wise (X) center112 8.1.3 Summary . 112 8.2 Uncertainty in pressure drop measurement . 116 8.3 Uncertainty in flow rate measurement by orifice meter . 116 8.4 Uncertainty in temperature measurement . 118 8.5 Summary . 118 9 Flow visualization in 18-Plate assembly 119 9.1 Flow visualization in calming length . 119 9.2 Flow visualization in top end fitting . 122 9.3 Flow visualization in plate-free duct . 125 9.4 Summary . 130 10 Conclusions 131 11 Recommendation for future work 134 A 18-Plate assembly flow simulator 140 A.1 Comparison of standard 18-plate assembly and simulated 18-plate as- sembly . 140 A.2 Inspection of test section . 144 B Measurement instruments 148 B.1 Laser Doppler Velocimetry . 148 B.2 Differential pressure transmitter . 151 B.3 Flow orifice meter . 152 B.4 Type T thermocouple . 152 CONTENTS ix C Calculation of average velocity 154 C.1 Calculation of average velocity in calming length . 154 C.2 Calculation of average velocity in channels . 155 D Possible flow development past the handle 157 E Channel flow with large aspect ratio 159 F Flow rate calculation 161 G Pressure drop calculation 164 G.1 Calculation of friction factor . 164 G.2 Pressure drop calculation . 170 G.3 Comparison of the pressure drop calculation with the experiment data 173 G.3.1 Comparison of the experimental data with Yu’s numerical sim- ulation . 173 G.3.2 Comparison of the experimental data with 1-D correlation pre- diction . 173 G.4 Ratio of pressure drop in each region to overall pressure drop along the assembly . 174 G.5 Vertical pressure distribution in the plate region . 175 H Error analysis 177 H.1 Uncertainty in pressure drop measurement . 178 H.2 Uncertainty in flow rate measurement . 179 H.3 Uncertainty in temperature measurement . 180 List of Figures 3.1 Primary heat transport system in MNR . 9 3.2 Picture of the MNR core system in pool 1 . 10 3.3 Schematic of the reactor core system in MNR . 10 3.4 Typical core layout in MNR . 11 3.5 Standard 18-plate fuel assembly . 13 4.1 Entrance effect in the assemblies from the pool and power density distribution . 17 4.2 Coolant flow through standard 18-plate assembly in the reactor core . 22 4.3 Possible flow streams in the top end fitting of 18-plate fuel assembly . 23 4.4 Possible flow streams in the plate-free duct above the bottom end fit- ting of 18-plate fuel assembly . 23 4.5 Coolant flow streams in the bottom end fitting of standard 18-plate assembly . 24 4.6 Schematic of pressure drop calculation along the standard 18-plate assembly . 28 5.1 Comparison of the standard 18-plate assembly and the simulated 18- plate assembly from top plane view .
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