Slave Narratives
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SLAVE NARRATIVES A Folk History of Slavery in the United States From Interviews with Former Slaves TYPEWRITTEN RECORDS PREPAREDLY THE FEDERAL WRITERS' PROJECT 1936-1938 ASSEMBLED BY THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS PROJECT WORK PROJECTS ADMINISTRATION FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA SPONSORED BY THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Illustrated with Photographs WASHINGTON 1941 • \ X VOLUME XVI TEXAS NAERATIVE5 PART 1 Prepared by the Federal Writers1 Project of the Works Progress Administration for the State of Texas '• INFORMANTS Adams, Will 1 Brown, Fred 156 Adams, William 4 Brown, James 160 Adams, William LI. 9 Brown, Josie 163 Allen, Sarah 12 Brown, Zek 166 Anc*arson, Andy 14 Bruin, Madison 169 Anderson, George Washington Bunton, Martha Spence 174 (Wash) 17 Butler, Ellen 176 Anderson, Willis 21 Buttier, Henry H. 179 Armstrong, Mary 25 Byrd, William 182 Arnwine, Stearlin 31 Ashley, Sarah 34 Cain, Louis 185 Calhoun, Jeff 188 Babino, Agatha 37 Campbell, Simp 191 Barclay, Mrs. John 39 Cape, James 193 Barker, John 42 Carruthers, Richard 197 Barnes, Joe 45 Carter, Cato 202 Barrett, Armstead 47 Cauthern, Jack 212 Barrett, Harriet 49 Chambers, Sally Banks 214 Bates, John 51 Choice, Jeptha 217 Beckett, Harrison 54 Clark, Amos 220 Bell, Frank 59 Clark, Anne 223 Bell, Virginia 62 Cole, Thomas 225 Bendy, Edgar 66 Coleman, Eli 236 Bendy, Minerva 68 Coleman, Preely 240 Benjamin^ Sarah 70 Collins, Harriet 242 Bess, Jack 72 Columbus, Andrew (Smoky) 246 Betts, Ellen 75 Connally, Steve 249 Beverly, Charlotte 84 Cormier, Valmar 252 Black, Francis 87 Cornish, Laura 254 Blanchard, Olivier 90 Crawford, John 257 Blanks, Julia 93 Cumby, Green 260 Boles, Elvira 106 Cummins, Tempie 263 Bormer (Bonner), Betty 109 Cunningham, Adeline 266 Boyd, Harrison 112 Boyd, Issabella 114 Boyd, James 117 Daily, Will 269 Boykins, Jerry 121 Daniels, Julia Francis 273 Brackins, Monroe 124 Darling, Katie 278 Bradshaw, Gus 130 Davenport, Carey 281 Brady, Wes 133 Davis, Campbell 285 Branch, Jacob 137 Davis, William 289 Branch, William 143 Davison, Eli 295 Brim, Clara 147 Davison, Elige 298 Brooks, Sylvester 149 Day, John 302 Broussard, Donaville 151 Denson, Nelsen 305 Brown, Fannie 154 Duhon, Victor 307 ILLUSTRATIONS Facing page Will Adams 1 William Adams 4 Mary Armstrong 25 Sterlin Arnwine 31 Sarah Ashley 34 Edgar and Minerva Bendy 66 Jack Bess1s House 72 Jack Bess 72 Charlotte Beverly 84 Francis Black 87 Betty Bormer (Bonner) 109 Issabella Boyd 114 James Boyd 117 Monroe Brackins 124 Wes Brady 133 William Branch 143 Clara Brim 147 Sylvester Brooks 149 Donaville Broussard 151 Fannie Brown 154 Fred Brown 156 James Brown 160 Josie Brown 163 Facing page Zek Brown 166 Martha Spence Bunton ._ 174 Ellen Butler 176 Simp Campbell 191 James Cape 193 Cato Carter 202 Amos Clark's Sorghum Mill 220 Amos Clark 220 Anne Clark 223 Preely Coleman 240 Steve Connally 249 Steve Connally1 s House ' 249 Valmar Cormier 252 John Crawford 257 Green Cumby 260 Tempie Cummins 263 Adeline Cunningham 266 Will Daily's House 269 Will Daily 269 Julia Francis Daniels 273 Katie Darling 278 Carey Davenport 281 Campbell Davis 285 Nelsen Denson 305 420241 E3USLATB STORIES Page One ,. (Texas) WILL ADAMS was bom in 1857, a slave of Dave Gavin, in Harrison Co.f Texas* He re- mained with the Gavins until 1885, then farmed for himself. Will lives alone in Marshall, Texas, supported by a $13,00 monthly pension. MMy folks allus belongs to the Cavins and wore their name till after Mancipation. Pa and ma was named Preeman and Amelia Oavin and Massa Dava fotches them to Texas from Alabama, along with ma's mother, what we called Maria. MIhe Cavins allus thunk lots of their niggers and Grandma Maria say* fWhy shouldn't they - it was their money.1 She say there was plenty Indians hare when they settled this country and they bought and traded with them without killin' them, if they could. The Indians was poor folksf jus1 pilfer and loaf 'round all the time. The niggers was a heap sight better off than they was, 'cause we had plenty to eat and a place to stay. 11 Young Massa Tom was my special massa and he still lives here. Old Man Dave seemed to think more of his niggers than anybody and we thunk lots of our white folks. My pa was leader on the farm, and there wasn't *i° over- seer or driver. When pa whip a nigger he needn't go to Massa Dave, but pa f sayt • So you way# you nigger. Freeman didn't whip you for nothin'. liaSGa Dave allus believe pa, 'cause ha tells the truth. MOne time a peddler come to our house and after supper he goes to see fbout hit pony. Pa done feed tbat pony fifteen ears of corn. The tall aassa his pony ainft been fed nothin1, and massa git m&d 'Be on you way if fen you gwine fcuas my niggers of lyin1.1 Ex~slave Stories Page Two > (Texas) - wWe had good quarters and plenty to eat, I ^members when Ifs jus* walkin1 round good pa come in from the field at night and taken me oat of bed and dress me and feed me and then play with me for hours. Him beinf leader, hefs gone from *fore day till after night. The old heads got out early but us young scraps slep1 till eight or nine ofclock, ar-d don't you think Massa Dave ain't comin1 round to see we is fed, 1^'members him like 1 1 f it was yest*dayf comin to the quarters with his stick and askin us, Had your breakfas1?1 We'd say, 'Yes, suh.' Then hefd ask if we had fnough or wanted any more. It look like he taken a pleasure in seein1 us eat. At dinner, when the field hands come in, it am the same way. He was shof that potlicker was fill as long as the niggers want to eat# *The hands worked from sun to sun. Massa give them li1! crops and let them work them on Saturday, Then he bought the stuff and the niggers go to Jefferson and buy clothes and sech like. Lots saved money and bought freedom *fore the war was over# MWe went to churcjz and first the white preacher preached and then he lams our cullud preachers. I seed him ordain a cullud preacher and he told him to allus be honest. When the white preacher laid his hand on him, all the niggers git to hollerin1 and shout in1 and prs^in1 and that nigger git scart &o$f to death. wOn Christmas we had all we could eat and drink and after that a big party, and you ought to see them gals swingin* they partners round, Then massa have two niggers wrestle, and our sports and dances was big sport far tilifl white folks„ They'd.sit on the gallery and watch the niggers put it oh brown. Ex-slave Stories Page Three (Texas) "Massa didn't like his niggers to marry oix txxe place, but sometimes they'd do it, and massa tell his neighbor, 'My nigger m corain' to you place* Make him behave.1 Jftl the niggers fhaved then and they w&en't no Huntsville and gallows and burninfs then, f 1 "Old massa went to war with his boyt Billie. They s lots of cryin and weepin1 when they sot us free* lots of them didn't want to be free, •cause they knowed nothin1 and had nowhere to go. Then what had good massas stayed right on. ^ MI 'members when that Ku ELux business starts up* Smart niggers causes that* The carpet-baggers mint the niggers and the white men couldn't do a thing with them, so they got up the Ku ELux and stirs up the world. Them carpet- baggers come round larnin1 niggers to sass the white folks what done fed them. They come to pa with that talk and he told them, 'Listen, white folks, you is gwine start a graveyard if you come round here teachin1 niggers to sass white folks,*1 Them carpet-baggers starts all the trouble at 'lections in Reconstruction, Niggers didn't know anythin' 'bout politics* MMos' theycnxng niggers ain't usis* the education they got now* I*s been here eighty years and still has to be showed and told by white folks. These young niggers wonft git told by whites or blacks either. They thinks they done knowed it all and that gits them in trouble* WI stays with the Gavins mos1 twenty years after the war. After I leaves, I allus farms end does odd jobs round town here, I's father of ten chillen by one woman* I lives by myself now and they gi^ss me $13*00 a month. I*d be proud to git it if it wasn't xaore'n a dollar, 'cause they ain't ftothin' mm pan do %o more, as^^ •. :.:..• ••-.,-.. .; ..• . 420055 STCRI»3 Page (fee (Texas) WXXAXJM ABIKS, 33, was bom in slavery, with no opportunity for an education, except three souths 1st a public schools Hfe has taught hlftgelf to read and to wrlt*# Hia lifelong ambi- tion has been to become Master of the supernatural powers which he believes to exist* He is now wall-known among Southwestern Hegroes for his faith in the occult* "Yous want to know and talk about de power de people tells you I has* Welle sit down here, right there in dat chair, befo' we'uns starts* I gits sose ice water and den we'uns can discuss de subject, I wants to ' spl&ln it dearly, so yous can understand* "I's born a slave, 93 years ago, so of course I 'ambers de war period* Sitoe all de other glare* X has no chance for edumacation, Three months em de total time I's spent going to school* I teached say self to read and write* I's anxious to lani to read so I could study and find out about aany things.