Zero! Errata (As of 06/01/2002) Aircraft Cards Change: the B-17D and B
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LESSON 3 Significant Aircraft of World War II
LESSON 3 Significant Aircraft of World War II ORREST LEE “WOODY” VOSLER of Lyndonville, Quick Write New York, was a radio operator and gunner during F World War ll. He was the second enlisted member of the Army Air Forces to receive the Medal of Honor. Staff Sergeant Vosler was assigned to a bomb group Time and time again we read about heroic acts based in England. On 20 December 1943, fl ying on his accomplished by military fourth combat mission over Bremen, Germany, Vosler’s servicemen and women B-17 was hit by anti-aircraft fi re, severely damaging it during wartime. After reading the story about and forcing it out of formation. Staff Sergeant Vosler, name Vosler was severely wounded in his legs and thighs three things he did to help his crew survive, which by a mortar shell exploding in the radio compartment. earned him the Medal With the tail end of the aircraft destroyed and the tail of Honor. gunner wounded in critical condition, Vosler stepped up and manned the guns. Without a man on the rear guns, the aircraft would have been defenseless against German fi ghters attacking from that direction. Learn About While providing cover fi re from the tail gun, Vosler was • the development of struck in the chest and face. Metal shrapnel was lodged bombers during the war into both of his eyes, impairing his vision. Able only to • the development of see indistinct shapes and blurs, Vosler never left his post fi ghters during the war and continued to fi re. -
The Foundations of US Air Doctrine
DISCLAIMER This study represents the views of the author and does not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Air University Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education (CADRE) or the Department of the Air Force. This manuscript has been reviewed and cleared for public release by security and policy review authorities. iii Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Watts, Barry D. The Foundations ofUS Air Doctrine . "December 1984 ." Bibliography : p. Includes index. 1. United States. Air Force. 2. Aeronautics, Military-United States. 3. Air warfare . I. Title. 11. Title: Foundations of US air doctrine . III. Title: Friction in war. UG633.W34 1984 358.4'00973 84-72550 355' .0215-dc 19 ISBN 1-58566-007-8 First Printing December 1984 Second Printing September 1991 ThirdPrinting July 1993 Fourth Printing May 1996 Fifth Printing January 1997 Sixth Printing June 1998 Seventh Printing July 2000 Eighth Printing June 2001 Ninth Printing September 2001 iv THE AUTHOR s Lieutenant Colonel Barry D. Watts (MA philosophy, University of Pittsburgh; BA mathematics, US Air Force Academy) has been teaching and writing about military theory since he joined the Air Force Academy faculty in 1974 . During the Vietnam War he saw combat with the 8th Tactical Fighter Wing at Ubon, Thailand, completing 100 missions over North Vietnam in June 1968. Subsequently, Lieutenant Colonel Watts flew F-4s from Yokota AB, Japan, and Kadena AB, Okinawa. More recently, he has served as a military assistant to the Director of Net Assessment, Office of the Secretary of Defense, and with the Air Staff's Project CHECKMATE. -
NASA Facts National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia 23681-0001 804 864-3293
NASA Facts National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia 23681-0001 804 864-3293 July 1995 World War II and the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics: U.S. Aviation Research Helped Speed Victory Well before the United States’ formal entry into Hampton, Va.—to three. The new facilities were the World War II on Dec. 8, 1941, the political, military Ames Aeronautical Laboratory in Mountain View, and industrial leaders of the nation started what Calif., and the Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory in became a massive national mobilization effort. The Cleveland, Ohio. Employment peaked at 6,077 nation’s scientific organizations made vital contribu- employees in 1945 and the budget that same year was tions in several fields. In the area of aeronautical almost $41 million. research, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics made many important contributions to the Equally significant as the changes created by the development and production of military aircraft that expansion of personnel and facilities was the change in saw service during the war. The story of military avia- the NACA’s approach to research. Before the war, the tion and the American aircraft industry during the war NACA had conducted more basic research, mainly is well-known. The story of research conducted by the aerodynamics and flight research. Despite its charter to NACA has received less attention. This fact sheet find “practical solutions,” the NACA had held industry highlights some aspects of the NACA’s wartime work. at arm’s length. The urgent demands of war necessitat- ed a different relationship. A unique partnership was formed by NACA researchers with industry designers “Research Midwife”- and military planners. -
A52 Mosquito Light Bomber
A52 Mosquito Light Bomber The de Havilland DH 98 Mosquito was one of the greatest combat Initial delays in production were due to the difficulties of importing aircraft of World War II. Originally conceived as a fast, unarmed, light engines, tools and priority equipment from de Havilland in Great Britain bomber that would be able to outfly fighters, the lightweight, all-wood and Canada. Soon after production began, the manufacturer discovered construction “Mossie” first flew on Nov. 25, 1940, and had a top speed an issue with wing assembly, and the first 50 sets of wings required of almost 400 mph. Mosquitoes were built in several different versions, modification. This, and the discovery of flutter issues, further delayed including fighter-bombers (FBs), photo-reconnaissance, day and night production, which eventually amounted to just 75 airplanes being built bombers, and long-range day and night fighters. between March 1944 and May 1945. By the end of the war, production issues had been resolved, and 212 Mosquitoes were built at Bankstown. Mosquitoes were assembled in Great Britain, Canada, and in 1942, the Of these, six FB Mk 40s were converted for photo reconnaissance as Australian de Havilland factory at Bankstown commenced production of PR Mk 40s, and a further 28 were converted to PR Mk 41s, with the last an FB version of the Mosquito. A Royal Air Force Mk II (DD664) was delivered July 22, 1948. delivered to Bankstown and used as a prototype for the Australian FB Mk 40s. It made its first flight on Dec. 17, 1942, and was later delivered In addition to the Australian-built Mosquitoes, 76 British-built Mosquitoes to the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) on Jan. -
The Jet Generations Photo by Russ Rogers Via Warren Thompson
A 21-year-old RAF pilot and a German graduate student got the whole thing going 70 years ago. The Jet Generations Photo by Russ Rogers via Warren Thompson By Bruce D. Callander N the last months of World War II, was losing the war but was still able self. Within a decade, the propel- Allied bombers were jumped by to inflict damage. ler-driven fighters of the major pow- German interceptors that had no These desperation weapons ar- ers would become virtually obso- propellers but could outrun any rived too late to have any substan- lete, their successors powered by conventional fighter. In the Pa- tial impact on the outcome of the “reaction engines.” cific, the Japanese sent piloted war, but they foreshadowed a post- At the time of the Wright brothers’ Iglide bombs against ships and air- war transformation in military tech- first flight in 1903, a relatively light craft, their suicide dives boosted by nology as dramatic in its way as the internal combustion engine was avail- rocket or turbojet engines. The Axis invention of the flying machine it- able. For the next three decades, pis- A four-ship of F-80 fighters. The Shooting Star was the nation’s first combat jet fighter. 68 AIR FORCE Magazine / October 2002 AIR FORCE Magazine / October 2002 68 A 21-year-old RAF pilot and a German graduate student got the whole thing going 70 years ago. The Jet Generations Photo by Russ Rogers via Warren Thompson By Bruce D. Callander N the last months of World War II, was losing the war but was still able self. -
Tropic Moon Rr Equipment in Three B-57 Aircraft to Be Sent to Southeast Asia As Soon As Possible
qqfL{sslFlED By AF/t|0f| tAil E.0. 13526 DAT[, 20oA APPROt,EO FOT P|JBL IC NEIEASE THE AIR FORCE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA --.+.%-q.rl -_L THE B.57G -- TROPTC MOON ill I 9 67 -197 2 by Richord A. Pfou ond Williom H. Greenholgh, Jr. OFFICE OF AIR FORCE HISTORY Heodquorfers USAF, 1978 u1{cLASStFtED FOREWORD (U) As in l^Iorld 'lrlar II and the Korea police action, Lhe enerny in Southeast "Asia sought the protective concealment of darkness to move his troops and supplies. Although U.S. tactical aircrews cut roads and destroyed moving vehicles during daylight hours, they were ineffective at night. Jungle vegetation and mountainous terrain arnplified their difficulties in finding and attacking the trucks, watercraft, and troops that poured southward each night through the naze of roads, footpaths, and streams that constituted the so-called Ho Chi Minh Trail in eastern Laos. Casting about for an aircraft capable of interdicting the infiltration flow at night, the Air Force finally settled on a modified B-57 as the most suitable vehi- c1e on which to mount and test new sensors and weapons in a night attack role. (U) Conceived Ln 1967 as project Tropie )loon III, the B-57G was the first jet boraber speuifically configured for self-contained night aEtack sorties in Southeast Asia. Within a relatively short time, the Air Force rnodified, tested; and flew the B-57G against hostile targets. When the Air Force decided that the time had come to wiEhdraw the B-57Gs fron South- east Asia, Secretary of the Air Force Robert C. -
PLANES HOLD ALL WORLD AIR RECORDS American Combat AMERICAN AIR LEADERSHIP Planes Dominate Official Listings Supersonic Aircraft Aircraft Produced by the U
·u~ S. PLANES HOLD ALL WORLD AIR RECORDS American Combat AMERICAN AIR LEADERSHIP Planes Dominate Official Listings supersonic aircraft Aircraft produced by the U. S. air· FIRST craft industry hold the official world records for flying higher, faster and FIRST four-jet bomber farther than planes built by any other nation in the world. FIRST six-jet bomber Four of the world records- for speed and distance- are held by eight-jet bomber American-designed aircraft types FIRST currently operational in the Korean theater and at the free world's out FIRST carrier-based jet bomber posts against Communist aggression. The altitude mark is held by an FIRST jet bomber used in combat American balloon, Explorer II, al though an unofficial record was made recently by an advanced U. S. United States manufacturers have produced more research plane, which reached a srngle- and multi-engined jet planes-and more re height of over 79,000 feet. This same aircraft, harbinger of things search aircraft-than the rest of the world combined, to c•me, reached an unofficial top with the exception of Soviet Russia. speed of more than 1,238 m.p.h. 'PLANES' Also Hold 'Clau' Records There are only five officially-rec ognized world records - for alti tude, speed in a straight line, speed Sales Jump in '52-But Profit Margin in a closed circuit, distance in a Ike First President straight line, and distance in a On Airframes Is Below U. S. Average closed circuit. All these records are With Pilot License held by American-designed planes. -
Bombing the European Axis Powers a Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1939–1945
Inside frontcover 6/1/06 11:19 AM Page 1 Bombing the European Axis Powers A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1939–1945 Air University Press Team Chief Editor Carole Arbush Copy Editor Sherry C. Terrell Cover Art and Book Design Daniel M. Armstrong Composition and Prepress Production Mary P. Ferguson Quality Review Mary J. Moore Print Preparation Joan Hickey Distribution Diane Clark NewFrontmatter 5/31/06 1:42 PM Page i Bombing the European Axis Powers A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1939–1945 RICHARD G. DAVIS Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama April 2006 NewFrontmatter 5/31/06 1:42 PM Page ii Air University Library Cataloging Data Davis, Richard G. Bombing the European Axis powers : a historical digest of the combined bomber offensive, 1939-1945 / Richard G. Davis. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58566-148-1 1. World War, 1939-1945––Aerial operations. 2. World War, 1939-1945––Aerial operations––Statistics. 3. United States. Army Air Forces––History––World War, 1939- 1945. 4. Great Britain. Royal Air Force––History––World War, 1939-1945. 5. Bombing, Aerial––Europe––History. I. Title. 940.544––dc22 Disclaimer Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of Air University, the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, or any other US government agency. Book and CD-ROM cleared for public release: distribution unlimited. Air University Press 131 West Shumacher Avenue Maxwell AFB AL 36112-6615 http://aupress.maxwell.af.mil ii NewFrontmatter 5/31/06 1:42 PM Page iii Contents Page DISCLAIMER . -
Fifth Air Force Light and Medium Bombers As the Main Striking Force Was Conducted in the Port Moresby Harbor
Disclaimer The views in this paper are entirely those of the author expressed under Air University principles of academic freedom and do not reflect official views of the School of Advanced Airpower Studies, Air University, the U.S. Air Force, or the Department of Defense. In accordance with Air Force Regulation 110-8, it is not copyrighted, but is the property of the United States Government ABSTRACT When Generals George C. Kenney and Ennis C. Whitehead became the two senior commanders of the US Fifth Air Force in July 1942 their work was cut out for them. The previous January, the Japanese secured the port of Rabaul in eastern New Britain. They immediately began the drive down the east coast of New Guinea with the objective of driving the Allies from Port Moresby. For the next year and a half, in some the harshest climate of World War II, the Fifth Air Force helped to reverse the tide and drive the Japanese from eastern New Guinea. This was accomplished despite the Europe-first policy and an inappropriate doctrine based on high altitude, daylight, precision bombing. Kenney and Whitehead's first task was to modify existing aircraft and develop a suitable doctrine to interdict Japanese shipping between New Britain and New Guinea. In order to suppress ship-borne antiaircraft artillery, forward-firing machine guns were mounted in the nose of Douglas A-20 light bombers and North American B-25 medium bombers. Low altitude skip- bombing tactics were borrowed from the British and perfected by constant practice and refinement. By February 1943, Allied intelligence, greatly aided by ULTRA intercepts, predicted the movement of a Japanese convoy destined for New Guinea. -
Bombing the European Axis Powers a Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1939–1945
Inside frontcover 6/1/06 11:19 AM Page 1 Bombing the European Axis Powers A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1939–1945 Air University Press Team Chief Editor Carole Arbush Copy Editor Sherry C. Terrell Cover Art and Book Design Daniel M. Armstrong Composition and Prepress Production Mary P. Ferguson Quality Review Mary J. Moore Print Preparation Joan Hickey Distribution Diane Clark NewFrontmatter 5/31/06 1:42 PM Page i Bombing the European Axis Powers A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1939–1945 RICHARD G. DAVIS Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama April 2006 NewFrontmatter 5/31/06 1:42 PM Page ii Air University Library Cataloging Data Davis, Richard G. Bombing the European Axis powers : a historical digest of the combined bomber offensive, 1939-1945 / Richard G. Davis. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58566-148-1 1. World War, 1939-1945––Aerial operations. 2. World War, 1939-1945––Aerial operations––Statistics. 3. United States. Army Air Forces––History––World War, 1939- 1945. 4. Great Britain. Royal Air Force––History––World War, 1939-1945. 5. Bombing, Aerial––Europe––History. I. Title. 940.544––dc22 Disclaimer Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of Air University, the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, or any other US government agency. Book and CD-ROM cleared for public release: distribution unlimited. Air University Press 131 West Shumacher Avenue Maxwell AFB AL 36112-6615 http://aupress.maxwell.af.mil ii NewFrontmatter 5/31/06 1:42 PM Page iii Contents Page DISCLAIMER . -
A War of Their Own Bombers Over the Southwest Pacific
A War of Their Own Bombers over the Southwest Pacific MATTHEW K. RODMAN Captain, USAF Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama April 2005 Air University Library Cataloging Data Rodman, Matthew K. A war of their own : bombers over the Southwest Pacific / Matthew K. Rodman p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58566-135-X 1. World War, 1939–1945—Aerial operations, American. 2. United States. Army Air Forces. Air Force, 5th. 3. Military doctrine—United States—History. I. Title. 940.544/973––dc22 Disclaimer Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of Air University, the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, or any other US government agency. Cleared for public release: distribution unlimited. Back cover photo courtesy of Dan Cohen. Air University Press 131 West Shumacher Avenue Maxwell AFB AL 36112–6615 http://aupress.maxwell.af.mil ii For Uncle Phil THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Contents Chapter Page DISCLAIMER . ii DEDICATION . iii FOREWORD . ix ABOUT THE AUTHOR . xi PREFACE . xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . xv 1 PREWAR DOCTRINE AND TACTICS . 1 Notes . 17 2 DECEMBER 1941–NOVEMBER 1942 . 21 Notes . 50 3 NOVEMBER 1942–MARCH 1943 . 53 Notes . 72 4 MARCH 1943–AUGUST 1943 . 75 Notes . 93 5 AUGUST 1943–JUNE 1944 . 97 Notes . 117 6 JUNE 1944–SEPTEMBER 1945 . 119 Notes . 143 EPILOGUE . 145 Notes . 150 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 151 INDEX . 161 v CONTENTS Illustrations Figure Page 1 Southwest Pacific Area . 21 2 SWPA battle map, December 1941–November 1942 . 26 3 Low-altitude bombing, 63d Bombardment Squadron . -
Close Air Support on D-Day Why Did It Go Wrong? 6 June 1944 D-Day
Close Air Support on D-Day Why did it go wrong? 6 June 1944 D-Day 150,000 troops 7,000 vessels 10,000 tons of bombs Total sorties? 14,000 Close air support ? 100 sorties Major Leigh Mallory Central Information Bureau CIB AM Coningham ACM Tedder 1,950 fighter sorties 322 light bomber, strafing, ground attack ACM Leigh Mallory General Montgomery AVM Broadhurst 26 squadrons 2 ½ squadrons at 15 minute intervals 2 ¼ hours Forward Observation Post ACM Tedder Medanine AM Coningham FM 31-35 , FM 100-20. Slow flying assault plane to fill gap between troops landing on beaches and landing of heavy artillery slow speed desirable, under 100 mph low ceiling fly close to and over enemy forward troops, operate from improvised airstrips near front protection against up to 20 mm fire accurate offensive weapons to hit small battlefield targets “flying vehicle… no more part of the Air Force than the submersible tank is part of the Navy” WO 232/56 (May August 1943) War Office Expectations Aircraft permanently within range of HQ ship Squadrons on standby at airfields in UK Special ‘Assault tentacles’ go ashore with initial assault Visual Control Posts ‘Landmark parties’ to guide incoming planes Aircraft on other missions could be redirected (WO 205/182, Feb 1944) 'If the Air Force think they can do it, we shouldn’t look a gift horse in the mouth ...a great advance on anything offered in the past’ (WO 205/553, 24th March 1944)) ‘restricted scale and limited periods’ March 1944 24 of available 38 squadrons attack gun positions as troops land April 1944 Army expecting each of 8 brigades to have a squadron on call 16th May 1944 - ‘ Misunderstanding...