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Cytherissa Lacustris (G Research Note Crustacean species new to Spitsbergen with notes on the polymorphism and the subfossil preservation of Cytherissa lacustris (G. 0. Sars) TADEUSZ SYWULA. TADEUSZ NAMIOTKO, JERZY SELL, ANDRZEJ WITKOWSKI and MAREK ZAJACZKOWSKI Sywula. T., Namiotko, T., Sell, J., Witkowski, A. & Zajaczkowski, M. 1994: Crustacean species new to Spitsbergen with notes on the polymorphism and the subfossil preservation of Cytherissa lacustris (G. 0. Sars). Polar Research 13(2), 233-235. The copepods Limnoralanus macrurus G. 0. Sars and Eucyclops serrulatus (Fisch.) and the ostracode Cytherissa lacustris (G. 0.Sars). hitherto unknown on Spitsbergen, were found in Lake Rewatnet. the “~~o~~~~NS“’last species also in Lake Svartvatnet. Samples from parthenogenetic populations of C. lacustris showed a complete lack of electrophoretically detectable variability at four enzyme-encoding loci, two of which are highly variable in mainland populations. However, morphological variation in the carapace length and nodation was no less than in the mainland populations. The carapace valves of C. lacustris do not preserve well in the sediments of Revvatnet. T. Sywula, Marine Biology Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 81-347 Gdynia, sw. Wojciecha 5, Poland: T. Namiotko and J. Sell, Department of Genetics, University of Gdansk, 80-822 Gdatisk. Kladki24. Poland; A. Witkowski, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdatisk, 81-378 Gdynia, Pitsudtkiego 46, Poland; M. Zajqczkowski, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 81-967 Sopot, Powstancdw Warszawy 55, Poland. An interesting crustacean community was found dona rectangulata Alm (abundant) and Cytherissa in samples taken with a dredge on 31 August lacustris (G. 0. Sars) (abundant). Of these 1990 from Lake Revvatnet in Spitsbergen (Wedel species, E. serrulatus and C. lacustris are new to Jarlsberg Land, 77”02‘N, 15’23’E). This lake is Spitsbergen. L. macrurus was previously col- approximately 0.9 km2 in area, with a maximum lected on Spitsbergen in 1977 by I. J~rgensenand depth of 27 m, and does not freeze to the bottom. J. A. Eie (J~rgensen& Eie 1993). The profundal zone is extensive, its area being The occurrence of L. macrurus and E. ser- ca. 64% of the lake’s surface area; its upper rulatus on Spitsbergen is not unexpected. Both border coincides more or less with the 7 m isobath species are widely distributed in the Arctic. On (Kuziemski 1959). The bottom sediment is an the other hand, the presence of C. lacustris was organogenic silty mud containing ca. 5.03% a great surprise. organic matter, 0.32% calcium, 3.6% magnesium C. lacustris, which has come to be known meta- and 6.0% iron d. w.; 86.6% of particles are of phorically as “The Drosophila of paleolimnology” $J < 0.063 mm. (Danielopol et al. 1990), is a strictly specialised As many as 7 species of Crustacea were found: lacustrine species with a Holarctic distribution a cladoceran Macrothrix hirsuticornis Norm. et which prefers the muddy bottom of a profundal Br. (not very abundant); copepods, Limno- habitat. Neither adults nor any larval stages are calanus rnacrurus G. 0. Sars (very abundant), capable of swimming, nor do they penetrate the Eucyclops serrulatus (Fisch.) f. typica (not very littoral zone. The dispersal of C. lacustris between abundant), Diacyclops crassicaudis (G. 0. Sars) lakes is presumably effected in two stages: a speci- (not very abundant), Harpacticus uniremis men is first swallowed by a fish or macrobenthic Kroyer (single specimens); and ostracodes Can- invertebrate which itself then becomes the prey of 234 T. Sywula et al. a water bird (Sywula 1990). However, considering Table 1. Carapace length and nodation of adult Cyrherisso the rapid passage of food through a bird's lacl~~hirfrom two Spitsbergen and two Austrian lakes (data digestive tract, such long-distance transport over concerning Austrian populations, existing as continuous ones since the Atlanticum, from Sywula & Geiger 1990). the Barents Sea hardly seems possible. Hence the statement that the occurrence of C. lacustris on Specimens Spitsbergen was absolutely unexpected. Number Mean Coefficient with smooth The relatively thick and strongly calcified valves of length of variation carapace of C. lacustris are usually well preserved in the specimens (pm) (%) (%) sediments of mainland lakes: C. lacushis is thus Rewatnet 76 a75 5.2 59 considered a very significant species in pale- Svartvatnet 59 835 2.4 29 olimnology. It is noteworthy, however, that in blondsee 47 885 3.2 24 the sediment of Rewatnet the valves of this Attersee 42 915 3.9 41 species do not preserve well. This is due to the dissolution of the calcite crystals in the valve's external wall immediately after the animal's death. This decalcification is difficult to explain. Although one measurement indicated the water (1989). 120 adult specimens from each lake were to be slightly acidic (pH 6.8), the composition examined. The following enzyme systems were of the diatom assemblage inhabiting this lake studied from each specimen: glucose-phosphate indicates that the water is neutral or slightly alka- isomerase (GPI), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) line: among the 68 taxa found in samples by one and esterases (EST). Both GPI and LAP in C. of us (A. W.), 34 were alkaliphilous, one was lacustris are coded for by a single locus. However, even alkalibiontic (Denticula fenuis Kutz.), but the genetic background of esterases is more com- only 3 were acidophilous. plex; the zymograms from C. lacustris are similar In 1991, an abundant population of C. lacustris to those from representatives of the genus Cyp- was found in another deep Spitsbergen lake - rinotus, for which the esterases are coded for by Svartvatnet (S~kappLand, 76"53'N, 15'40'E); two loci (Sywula et al. 1991; Sywula 1992). this lake, like Rewatnet, does not freeze to the All sampled specimens from both populations bottom either. proved to be genotypically identical and homo- Except in Lake Baykal (Bronshtein 1947), C. zygous at all four loci. By contrast, the mor- lacustris reproduces parthenogenetically. This is phological characters were variable (Table 1). also true of both Spitsbergen populations (the At least two of the examined loci - Gpi and presence of males would be conspicuous owing to Est-1 - are highly variable in Central European the pronounced sexual dimorphism in the cara- populations (Sywula 1990; Sywula & Geiger pace structure - a characteristic of the family 1990). Studies of other species of parthenogenetic Cytherideidae in general). ostracodes also show that genetic variation is com- We considered it interesting to compare the mon (Have1 8c Hebert 1989; Sywula 1992) except degree of morphological polymorphism in the two in very young populations. These data suggest Spitsbergen populations of C. lucustris with that that even though they consist of several thousand of the Central European populations and to assess specimens, both Spitsbergen populations are still the genetic relationship between both Spitsbergen in their initial phase from the population-genetic populations. To do so, we examined patterns of point of view. They also suggest that the group morphological polymorphism in carapace size and of successful founders (i.e. those whose genotypes nodation as well as genetic variation at enzyme- persist in the populations) might be very small encoding loci. and might well be representatives of only one Samples were taken on 24 July 1991 (Rewat- clone. These suggestions seem probable, despite net) and 27 July 1991 (Svartvatnet). The cara- the fact that the present evidence is based on very paces were measured and their nodation was few loci. assessed as described by Sywula & Geiger (1990). Populations are enriched with new clones from Homogenates from single living individuals were two sources - mutation and migration. The possi- prepared 1-2 days after sampling and subjected bility of successful migration of C. lucustris from to electrophoresis on cellulose acetate gels in the mainland to Spitsbergen may be limited in accordance with the methods of Hebert & Beaton two ways. Firstly, the ecological conditions in the Crustacean species new to Spitsbergen 235 young Spitsbergen lakes differ considerably from References those in the continental lakes inhabited by C. lacustris; thus, strong selection of immigrants Bronshtein, 2. S. 1947: Ostrawda presnych vod. Fauna SSSR, Moskva, Leningrad. 339 pp. might be expected. Secondly, potential immi- Danielopol, D. L., Carbonel, P. & Colin, J. P. (eds.) 1990: grants to the existing abundant populations may Cytherissa: The Drosophila of paleolimnology . Bull. Insr. have, due to some unknown reasons, restricted Gkol. Bassin d'Aquitaine 47. 310 pp. access to these populations - an effect suggested Havel, J. E. & Hebert, P. D. N. 1989: Apomictic par- thenogenesis and genotypic diversity in Cyprihpsis uidua for another parthenogenetic ostracode Cyp- (Ostracoda: Cyprididae). Heredity 62, 383-392. rinotus incongruens (Ramd.) (Sywula 1992). Hebert, P. D. N. & Beaton, M. J. 1989: Methodologies for Thus, it is possible that genetic differentiation in allozyme analysis using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. the Spitsbergen populations of C. lacustris may Helena Laboratories, Beaumont, Texas. 32 pp. be attained mainly by mutation. In the future, J@rgensen,I. & Eie, J. S. 1993: Utbredelsen av zooplankton, bunndyr og fisk i innsjer (The distribution of zooplankton, there will be a special opportunity for testing zoobenthos and fish in lakes and ponds of the Mossel penin- the above assumptions while studying temporal sula, Svalbard). NINA Forskningsrapport 045, 1-15. changes and the mode of increase in genetic vari- Trondheim, Norway. ation within and between these large natural Kuziemski, J. 1959: Some results of observations of inland waters on Spitsbergenin summer 1958. Przeglad Geofizyczny populations of this parthenogen. 4, 179-197. The morphological characters of carapace Sywula, T. 1990: The dispersal ability of Cytherissa lacurhis. length and nodation are no less variable in Spits- Bull. Inst. Giol. Bassin d'Aquitaine 47, 135-138. bergen populations of C. lacustris than in the Sywula, T. & Geiger, W. 1990.
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