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Local Level Socio-Economic Impacts and Responses to the Earthquakes- 2015: a Case of Kirtipur Municipality

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Local Level Socio-Economic Impacts and Responses to the Earthquakes- 2015: a Case of Kirtipur Municipality S.K. Maharjan et al. (2019) Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 6, Issue-1: 17-27 DOI: 10.3126/ijssm.v6i1.22563 Case Study Local level socio-economic impacts and responses to the earthquakes- 2015: A case of Kirtipur Municipality Shree Kumar Maharjan1*, Keshav Lall Maharjan2, Dharma Raj Dangol1 1Natural History Museum, Tribhuvan University, Nepal 2Graduate School of International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Japan. Abstract The series of earthquakes and aftershocks affect Nepal in 2015. However, very few studies were carried out to assess and analyze the local-level impacts and responses. The present study focuses on impacts and responses to earthquakes in the Kirtipur Municipality based on secondary data and primary information generated from the open-ended questions to the purposively selected samples. Higher number of human casualties was observed among the elderly and children, but no such difference in terms of gender. The wards in core areas, particularly in Panga and Chovar, were affected the most because of century old houses without any disaster resistant technologies. The social bonding and cohesion were strongly observed during rescue and relief phases. The separated families united during the first two phases whereas the united families separated to nuclear families in recovery and reconstruction phases. The major reasons were main political transition, lack of financial resources and social factors. Keywords: disaster; earthquake; impacts; responses; Kirtipur Background local, regional and central levels in 2017 (Fig. 1). According Kirtipur is an ancient city which is dominated by Newar to the new federal system, municipalities and rural ethnic people with their unique culture and lifestyles for municipalities are the key government executing agencies generations. It was declared as a municipality in 1997 under with increased power and authority at the local level. The the Municipality Act 1983 by merging 8 adjacent village new Kirtipur Municipality has the total population of development committees (VDCs) – Palifal, Layaku, 65,599 (55.60% Male and 44.40% female) in the total Bahirigaun, Chithubihar, Champadevi, Bishnudevi, households of 19,441 and land of 14.76 sq. Km (CBS, 2014; Balkumari, and Chovar (ICIMOD, 2003). There were 19 Kirtipur Municipality, 2018). wards when it was formed that have been reduced to 10 However, the city has faced rapid changes in recent years wards after the successful execution of the elections at the due to speedy urbanization, modernization and migration of Cite this article as: S.K. Maharjan et al. (2019) Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 6, Issue-1: 17-27. DOI: 10.3126/ijssm.v6i1.22563 1*Corresponding author Shree Kumar Maharjan, Natural History Museum, Tribhuvan University, Nepal Email: [email protected] Peer reviewed under authority of IJSSM © 2019 International Journal of Social Sciences and Management This is an open access article & it is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Full text of this paper can be downloaded online at www.ijssm.org/ &http://nepjol.info/index.php/IJSSM/issue/archive S.K. Maharjan et al. (2019) Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 6, Issue-1: 17-27 the people from different parts of the country. Haphazard, East of Kathmandu. These major shocks and subsequent rapid and unplanned growth is common phenomenon in aftershocks had major consequences of 8,790 people died Nepalese context that is prevalent in the municipality as and around 22,300 injuries were recorded from the well since it is situated next to two densely populated casualties at the national level. A total of 498,852 houses metropolitans in the country – Kathmandu and Lalitpur were completely destroyed and 256,697 houses were Metropolitans. Also Because of existence of Tribhuvan damaged partially from the earthquakes (NRA, 2016). The University in its premises, the city is also attracted to the World heritage sites such as Kathmandu Durbar square, people from all over the country, especially for students, Patan Durbar square, Bhaktapur Durbar square, Changu staffs and other residents due to comparatively fresh and Narayan temple, Swayambhu Nath stupa and Boudha Nath clean air and water facilities and cheap rent and land. Stupa were severely damaged. Gorkha, Lamjung, Kathmandu, Ramechap, Dolakha and Sindhupalchowk Number of disasters caused by natural and human districts are also severely affected during this tremor (Roy interventions including earthquakes, floods, epidemics, and et al., 2015). The Fig. 2 shows the number of small and big droughts occurs and affects the livelihood and economy in quakes between 25 April to 12 May 2015. Some quakes Nepal at the local and national level. The epicenter of 7.8 were still continuing even after 12 May 2015 as well. Since magnitude earthquake on 25 April 2015 was Barpak of series of small and big earthquakes occurred within short Gorkha district of Nepal, 80 km Northern West of duration of 1-2 months, it is defined as the major Kathmandu and that of 7.3 magnitude earthquake on 12 earthquakes. May 2018 was Sindhupalchowk district, 40 Km Northern Fig. 1: Map of Kirtipur Municipality showing the old 19 wards merged into 10 new wards [Source: Maze Solution, 2018] Full text of this paper can be downloaded online at www.ijssm.org/ &http://nepjol.info/index.php/IJSSM/issue/archive S.K. Maharjan et al. (2019) Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 6, Issue-1: 17-27 Fig. 2: Map showing number of small and big earthquakes in 2015 [Source: Prakash et al.,2016] In the history of almost a century, Nepal faced number of specific objectives of exploring and assessing the impacts small and major earthquakes affecting the lives of the of the major earthquakes and responses to the major people including the socio-economies and human casualties earthquakes in different wards of the Municipality. that ultimately affected the national economy. In terms of Earthquake is identified as the most fearful disaster in the human casualties, the maximum numbers of people killed municipality followed by fire, hailstorm, road accident, in 1934 (8.0 magnitude killed 9,935 people) and 2015 (7.8 landslide, epidemic, lightening and flood based on and 7.3 magnitudes killed 8,790 people) earthquakes with stakeholders’ analysis (Kirtipur Municipality, 2071 B.S.). the total of 18,726 people (Table 1). Though, earthquakes Prior to the study, some assumptions were made on the occur in relatively small geographical areas, it has huge impacts and responses at the municipal level. In relation to impacts in terms of human casualties, mainly due to weak the impacts, it was assumed that women, elderly and and lack of resistant physical structures. However, droughts children are affected the most from the earthquake whereas and floods strike in comparatively larger geographical in terms of response, it was assumed that the social cohesion areas. The drought affected the maximum number of people is strong among the communities, families and extended (i.e., 4,903,000 people) in the Nepalese history. In terms of families. Very few studies have been conducted on the frequency and total amount impacts in the monetary value, impacts of earthquake on socio-economies and livelihood at flood has the most repeated disaster events impacting the the local level, particularly in Kirtipur Municipality maximum amount of damage economically. The impacts of utilizing the secondary data sources and/or first-hand landslides and storm are still be unknown that needs to be information. This study will provide the scenario of socio- evaluated and reported further (PreventionWeb and economic impacts and responses to the earthquake in the UNISDR, 2015). Many supports from the international municipality, which is important for building resilience. humanitarian organizations, governmental and civil society The disaster preparedness plan developed at the municipal organizations and people themselves provided to overcome level also underlined on minimizing the potential impacts these disaster realities, impacts and consequences in the and analyzing the risk zones and analyzing the capacities past. (Kirtipur Municipality, 2071 B.S.). Aryal (2012) also emphasized on assessing vulnerabilities and impacts in This study intends to assess the impacts at the local level particular geographical local for building resilience in and also the progresses on recovery and rehabilitation in addition to comprehensive historical disaster impact Nepal with the case of Kirtipur Municipality with the analysis. Full text of this paper can be downloaded online at www.ijssm.org/ &http://nepjol.info/index.php/IJSSM/issue/archive S.K. Maharjan et al. (2019) Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 6, Issue-1: 17-27 Table 1: Total impacts of major disasters in the history of Nepal (from 1900 to 2014) Disaster types Event count Total deaths Total affected Total damage people (’000 USD) Drought 6 0 4,903,000 10,000 Earthquake 6 9,936 729,950 306,000 Epidemic 17 3,883 124,555 0 Extreme temperature 7 217 25,210 123 Flood 50 7,186 3,651,001 1,041,842 Landslide 23 2,265 627,512 0 Storm 3 113 0 0 Wildfire 2 88 54,000 6,200 [Source: www.emdat.be (International Disaster Database) as cited in PreventionWeb and UNISDR (2015)] Fig. 3: Human Casualties from Major Earthquakes in Kirtipur Municipality [*Figure in parenthesis represents the old wards prior to the demarcation of federal system according to Kirtipur Municipality] Methodology qualitatively including the descriptive analysis that later There are number of studies on impacts of earthquake at the interpreted based on similar studies in Nepal and abroad national level based on the secondary data sources. This including the analysis of the implications in the present study utilizes the secondary sources of data especially from context. the municipality and the National Reconstruction Authority Results and Discussion – NRA2, Kirtipur chapter, Nepal since the study is concentrated in the Kirtipur Municipality.
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