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Nobelova Nagrada Za Fiziko Podeljena Za Odkritje Nevtrinskih Oscilacij ■ december 2015, 4/78. letnik cena v redni prodaji 5,50 EUR naročniki 4,50 EUR upokojenci 3,70 EUR dijaki in študenti 3,50 EUR www.proteus.si ■ Nobelove nagrade za leto 2015 Nobelova nagrada za fiziko podeljena za odkritje nevtrinskih oscilacij ■ V spomin Janez Strnad (4. marca 1934 - 28. novembra 2015) ■ Farmacija Fitoestrogeni in možnosti njihove uporabe ■ Naravoslovna fotografija Rezultati natečaja naravoslovne fotografije za leto 2015 Vsebina 147 153 177 170 ■ stran 150 Nobelove nagrade za leto 2015 Nobelova nagrada za fiziko podeljena za 148 Uvodnik 170 Medicina odkritje nevtrinskih oscilacij Tomaž Sajovic Puščanje krvi - od venesekcije do pijavk Jurij Kurillo Janez Strnad 150 Nobelove nagrade za leto 2015 Nobelova nagrada za fiziko podeljena za 177 Naravoslovna fotografija Letošnjo Nobelovo nagrado za fiziko sta si razdelila Takaaki Kadžita in Arthur B. McDo- odkritje nevtrinskih oscilacij Rezultati natečaja naravoslovne fotografije nald za »odkritje nevtrinskih oscilacij, ki kažejo, da imajo nevtrini maso«. Nagrajenca vodi- Janez Strnad za leto 2015 ta veliki raziskovalni skupini, Kadžita japonsko Superkamiokande, McDonald pa kanadski Petra Draškovič Pelc Nevtrinski observatorij Sudbury. Nevtrinske oscilacije so jasno znamenje, da imajo nevtrini 153 V spomin majhno maso. To pomeni, da bo zagotovo treba spremeniti standardni model delcev, saj je Janez Strnad (4. marca 1934 - 28. 185 Drobne vesti ta predvideval, da imajo nevtrini maso nič. Zdaj je treba raziskovati modele in izbirati naj- novembra 2015) Jože Bole – ob dvajseti obletnici smrti boljše. Dosedanji predlogi kažejo prve uspehe. Aleš Mohorič Rajko Slapnik Prispevek je zadnje besedilo, ki ga je pokojni prof. dr. Janez Strnad pripravil za objavo v 156 Farmacija 185 Naše nebo reviji Proteus. Fitoestrogeni in možnosti njihove uporabe Mars bo dobil prašni obroč Timotej Žvanut Mirko Kokole 163 Mineralogija 190 Table of Contents Pod Stenom Mirjan Žorž, Vili Rakovc in Igor Dolinar ■ 148 Kolofon Proteus 78/4 • December 2015 Uvodnik 149 Proteus torej kapitalistična institucionalna oblika? In, ali ni Popolnoma brez besed pa ostajamo pred člove- Izhaja od leta 1933 Monodovo »kraljestvo« - tudi zato - podobno neke- kom, ki bi ga Nietzsche in Monod z navdušenjem december 2015, 4/78. letnik cena v redni prodaji 5,50 EUR naročniki 4,50 EUR upokojenci 3,70 EUR mu drugemu »kraljestvu«, namreč »kraljestvu« nem- sprejela v svoje »kraljestvo«. To je Albert Einstein dijaki in študenti 3,50 EUR Mesečnik za poljudno naravoslovje www.proteus.si škega filozofa Friedricha Nietzscheja (1844-1900)? (1879–1955), ki »je svet videl drugače«. 11. februarja Izdajatelj in založnik: Prirodoslovno društvo Slovenije Že naslova Nietzschejevih poznih del - Somrak ma- so znanstveniki sporočili, da so neposredno zaznali likov (1889, slovenski prevod 2006) in Vesela znanost gravitacijske valove, ki so nastali ob zlitju dveh črnih ■ Odgovorni urednik: Lektor: dr. Tomaž Sajovic Nobelove nagrade za leto 2015 (1882, 1887, slovenski prevod 2005) - dajeta slutiti, lukenj pred 1,3 milijarde let. Einstein jih je napo- Nobelova nagrada za fiziko prof. dr. Radovan Komel Oblikovanje: Eda Pavletič podeljena za odkritje nevtrinskih oscilacij da se morda ne motimo preveč. Še zgovornejši je vedal že pred sto leti v svoji znameniti splošni te- ■ Glavni urednik: dr. Tomaž Sajovic Angleški prevod: Andreja Šalamon Verbič V spomin Uredniški odbor: odlomek iz Vesele znanosti: »Dejansko, mi filozofi oriji relativnosti, ki je nastala na danes popolnoma Janez Strnad (4. marca 1934 - 28. novembra 2015) Priprava slikovnega gradiva: Marjan Richter ■ Janja Benedik Tisk: Trajanus d.o.o. in ‘svobodni duhovi’ občutimo ob novici, da je ‘stari nepredstavljiv način: »Splošna teorija relativnosti je Farmacija Fitoestrogeni in možnosti njihove uporabe prof. dr. Milan Brumen Bog mrtev’, kot da nas je obsijala neka nova jutra- v znanosti velika redkost: narekovala je ni nobena ■ Naravoslovna fotografija dr. Igor Dakskobler Svet revije Proteus: nja zarja, naše srce ob tem prekipeva od hvaležnosti, potreba po pojasnitvi opazovanj, nastala je preprosto Rezultati natečaja naravoslovne fotografije za leto 2015 prof. dr. Nina Gunde ‐ Cimerman asist. dr. Andrej Godec začudenja, slutnje, pričakovanja - končno se horizont tako, da je Albert Einstein sedel za mizo in razmi- akad. prof. dr. Matija Gogala prof. dr. Lučka Kajfež ‐ Bogataj zdi spet prost, celo če, recimo, ni svetel, naše ladje šljal. Težko bi našli še kakšno tako veliko in uspešno dr. Matevž Novak prof. dr. Tamara Lah ‐ Turnšek Naslovnica: Vanesa Bezlaj: prof. dr. Gorazd Planinšič prof. dr. Tomaž Pisanski lahko končno ponovno izplovejo, sleherni nevarno- teorijo, ki bi bila pričarana tako rekoč iz nič. […] Mavrične barve tatarske žvižgalke. prof. dr. Mihael Jožef Toman doc. dr. Peter Skoberne sti navkljub, ponovno je dovoljeno sleherno tveganje Zdi se, da je Einstein odkril splošno teorijo relativ- prof. dr. Kazimir Tarman Druga nagrada na natečaju prof. dr. Zvonka Zupanič Slavec spoznavajočega, morje, naše morje je ponovno odprto, nosti le zato, ker si je to želel – ker je videl vpra- naravoslovne fotografije za leto 2015 dr. Petra Draškovič Pelc morda še nikoli ni bilo tako ‘odprtega morja’.« šanja tam, kjer jih drugi niso.« Navedene besede je v kategoriji od 11 do 14 let. V njem je Nietzsche v metaforičnem jeziku opisal mogoče prebrati v prispevku, ki je bilo objavljeno v prekipevajoče veselje človeka ob spoznanju, da ni Guardianu dan po potrditvi zgodovinskega odkritja. Proteus izdaja Prirodoslovno društvo Slovenije. Na leto izide 10 številk, letnik ima 480 strani. Naklada: 2.500 izvodov. več nobenega boga, ki bi ga oviral pri svobodnem in Vendar je zaključek besedila temačen: »Morda je bolj Naslov izdajatelja in uredništva: Prirodoslovno društvo Slovenije, Poljanska 6, p.p. 1573, 1001 Ljubljana, telefon: (01) 252 19 14, faks (01) 421 21 21. neustrašnem raziskovanju našega sveta (»ponovno je pomembno vprašanje, ali bi danes sploh kateri mla- Cena posamezne številke v prosti prodaji je 5,50 EUR, za naročnike 4,50 EUR, za upokojence 3,70 EUR, za dijake in študente 3,50 EUR. dovoljeno sleherno tveganje spoznavajočega«) - našega di znanstvenik lahko delal to, kar je delal Einstein. Celoletna naročnina je 45,00 EUR, za upokojence 37,00 EUR, za študente 35,00 EUR. 9,5 % DDV in poštnina sta vključena v ceno. sveta, ki je po Nietzschejevih besedah »neznansko Mladi znanstveniki morajo danes bolj kot kadarkoli Poslovni račun: SI56 0201 0001 5830 269, davčna številka: 18379222. Proteus sofinancira: Agencija RS za raziskovalno dejavnost. nepoznan« in »neskončen« (»naše morje je ponovno veliko in hitro objavljati, se boriti za projekte in pro- http://www.proteus.si odprto, morda še nikoli ni bilo tako ‘odprtega morja’«); z fesorska mesta […]. Redka je priložnost, da samo se- [email protected] drugimi besedami, našega sveta, ki je na široko odprt dijo za mizo in razmišljajo o velikih vprašanjih. Pred za človeške »neskončne interpretacije« in ki te »ne- sto leti splošna teorija relativnosti ni imela nobene- © Prirodoslovno društvo Slovenije, 2015. skončne interpretacije« v sebi tudi vključuje. Nemški ga koristnega »učinka« […]. Ni imela celo nobenega Vse pravice pridržane. filozof Hans Georg Gadamer (1900–2002) je v svoji drugega namena kot zgolj intelektualnega. Einstei- Razmnoževanje ali reproduciranje celote ali posameznih delov brez pisnega dovoljenja izdajatelja ni dovoljeno. knjigi Resnica in metoda (1960, slovenski prevod 2001) nu njegovega projekta danes gotovo ne bi odobrili; to spoznanje strnil v sklep: »To, kaj je svet, se ne raz- noben mlad znanstvenik si danes ne more privoščiti Uvodnik likuje od pogledov (torej od interpretacij; pojasnilo je razkošja, da bi v okviru projekta predvsem razmišljal. moje), v katerih se ponuja.« Čilski biolog Humbert Ni jasno, ali je v moderni znanosti sploh še prostor za To, kaj je svet, se ne razlikuje od pogledov, v samega védenja. Brez vnaprej postavljenega in vna- Maturana (1928-) je šel še korak naprej: ker ima vsak mlade Einsteine.« V kapitalistični instituciji znanosti katerih se ponuja prej izbranega načela objektivnosti našega novoveške- človek svoj pogled na resničnost, to tudi pomeni, da očitno ni več prostora za teoretična razmišljanja. Ni- Francoski biokemik in molekularni biolog Jacques ga védenja ne bi bilo. To védenje pa je lahko postalo ne obstaja več en svet, ampak jih je nešteto. V tem etzschejevo in Monodovo »kraljestvo« svobodne mi- Monod (1910-1976) je bil zelo zanimiv človek in – je bil prepričan Monod - temeljna in najvišja vre- »pluralizmu« svetov je do skupnega sveta mogoče – in sli izginja pred našimi očmi. Z njim pa izginja tudi velik znanstvenik, leta 1965 je prejel tudi Nobelo- dnota šele tedaj, ko se je novoveški človek dokončno treba - priti le v medsebojnem razumevanju. Druga človeškost. Pa vendar človeka ni mogoče tako zlahka vo nagrado za fiziologijo ali medicino. Bil je tudi zavedel, da so vsi bogovi mrtvi, da v nobeni religiji, beseda za to je sožitje - njegov temelj pa je soglas- premagati … filozof, napisal je namreč vplivno knjigo o filozofi- nobenem mitu in nobenem filozofskem sistemu ne je oziroma, natančneje povedano, skupno védenje. V Nietzsche je v Veseli znanosti sam sebi izrekel sledečo ji sodobne biologije z naslovom Naključje in nujnost more več najti varnega zavetja, »da je sam v brezču- skupnem svetu postane »malik« tudi pojem objektiv- novoletno poslanico: »Še živim, še mislim: moram še (1970). Globoko prijateljstvo ga je povezovalo s fran- tni neskončnosti vesolja«, da je »v njem vzniknil
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