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The Management of Sirex Noctilio in South Africa: Standard Operating Procedures for Monitoring and Biological Control Operations

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The Management of Sirex Noctilio in South Africa: Standard Operating Procedures for Monitoring and Biological Control Operations ICFR Bulletin 05/2014 The management of Sirex noctilio in South Africa: Standard operating procedures for monitoring and biological control operations Philip Croft, Brett Hurley and Marcel Verleur This is an updated document from the original version produced as ICFR Bulletin 20/2009 Produced by the South African Sirex Control Programme and The Institute for Commercial Forestry Research (ICFR) This report has been produced by the ICFR as part of the South African Sirex Control Programme and has been peer-reviewed by this group. The recommendations contained in the ICFR Bulletin Series are based on the results of research conducted at the ICFR and reflect our current understanding of the complex inter-relationships involved. The ICFR reserves the right to subsequently modify recommendations in the light of new evidence from ongoing research and no guarantees are provided, either explicitly or by implication. The ICFR must be acknowledged whenever information contained in this document is reproduced or used in any form. © ICFR 2014 ICFR Bulletin Series 05/2014 Table of Contents Key Findings ...............................................................................................................................................................................................2 Summary ....................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................................................................3 Ibalia leucospoides – background ........................................................................................................................................................4 Monitoring Sirex .........................................................................................................................................................................................5 Determining the presence of Sirex ...................................................................................................................................................5 Monitoring using a trap network .......................................................................................................................................................7 Monitoring using trap trees ................................................................................................................................................................8 National Monitoring ............................................................................................................................................................................8 Biological Control ....................................................................................................................................................................................11 Nematode handling procedures ...................................................................................................................................................11 Inoculation procedures ...................................................................................................................................................................12 Compartment Inoculation Record .................................................................................................................................................15 Emergence cages (drums)..............................................................................................................................................................16 Ibalia leucospoides ..........................................................................................................................................................................16 Key Findings • Monitoring the movement of S. noctilio in SA has facilitated the immediate release of biological control organism enhancing control measures. • Standard Operating Procedures have produced consistent inoculation results across SA. • Monitoring S. noctilio population, tree mortality, and parasitism are key to successful management of this pest. © ICFR 2014 Page 2 Return to table of content ICFR Bulletin Series 05/2014 The management of Sirex noctilio in South Africa: Standard operating procedures for monitoring and biological control operations Philip Croft1, Brett Hurley2 and Marcel Verleur3 1 Institute for Commercial Forestry Research (ICFR), P O Box 100281, Scottsville, 3209, Pietermaritzburg, SOUTH AFRICA Email: [email protected] Telephone: +27 33 386 2314, Fax: +27 33 386 8905, www.icfr.ukzn.ac.za 2 Forestry & Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria 3 Sappi Forests, P O Box 13124, Cascades, 3202 Summary Keywords: Sirex noctilio is a woodwasp currently threatening commercial pine plantations in National monitoring South Africa. It was first detected in South Africa in the Western Cape in 1994 onPinus Emergence cages radiata. By 2002, Sirex had spread along the Southern Cape and into the Eastern Cape moving onto Pinus patula. From the Eastern Cape it moved into KwaZulu-Natal where SASCP the population exploded with high tree mortality during 2004. Currently S. noctilio has Ibalia leucospoides moved throughout the country with a handful of areas where it still remains undetected. Inoculation procedure In 2002, the South African Sirex Control Programme was formed, and today exists as a collaborative initiative of the South African Forestry Industry, in partnership with the South African National Government Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, and is managed through Forestry South Africa, an association representing all timbers growers in the country. Its objective is to develop and implement a strategy to manage Sirex, by reducing the wasp population to an acceptable level thereby reducing the impact and risk to South African commercial pine plantations. The Programme’s strategic approach to manage the risk includes Biological Control (research and commercial initiatives), Monitoring, Awareness and Research to develop a knowledge base of S. noctilio. This report provides information on the standard operating procedures currently being used by the Programme for the Monitoring and Biological Control aspects. Introduction Sirex noctilio was first reported in South Africa at a timber yard been low. The only exception was an infestation in George in Port Elizabeth in 1962. However, the wasp did not become in 2002, where tree mortality was around 10% in 100 ha of 12 established in pine plantations in the area. In April 1994, to 13-year-old P. radiata. These trees were overstocked and S. noctilio was recorded at Tokai, Cape Town in Pinus radiata the infestation subsided during the course of the next year. plantations. Its initial spread was in a 90-km arc through pine In 2002, S. noctilio was detected in the Eastern Cape and plantations of this region. Sirex noctilio infestation levels in KwaZulu-Natal provinces. A variety of Pinus species were the Western Cape province of South Africa have generally infested, but mostly P. radiata in the Western Cape and © ICFR 2014 Page 3 Return to table of content ICFR Bulletin Series 05/2014 P. patula in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. Infestation The most successful biological control agent of S. noctilio levels in the north eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal were is the nematode Deladenus (previously Beddingia) siricidicola. substantially higher than those reported in the Eastern Cape, In 1962, D. siricidicola was discovered in New Zealand’s North with a number of compartments having over 10% annual tree Island. mortality, and some higher than 35% cumulative. In 2005, it Seven species of Beddingia have been found, parasitising was estimated that approximately 35 000 ha of pine in the some 31 Siricid species. Only Deladenus siricidicola was found Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal were infested to a mean suitable for controlling S. noctilio. Deladenus siricidicola has a level of 6%, with a total estimated value of damage being bi-cyclic life cycle and the individuals in the different phases R300 million per annum (2005). of the life cycle are morphologically distinct. In 2005, S. noctilio was found around Greytown in central • The one phase is free living and feeds exclusively on the KwaZulu-Natal. During 2007, S. noctilio females were found fungus Amylostereum areolatum. The emerging juvenile in panel traps at Vryheid and Ngome in Northern KwaZulu- nematodes start the fungus feeding phase, breed up in Natal and by 2008, as far north as Commondale on the large numbers and spread throughout the trees. The fungus border between KwaZulu Natal and Mpumalanga. By 2011 feeding phase can live in the tree for an indefinite period S. noctilio had moved throughout the entire country but as long as the fungus is present. remains undetected on a few localised areas. • The other phase is parasitic and feeds on the body fluids In 2002, in response to this threat, the South African Sirex of S. noctilio larvae. When juvenile mycetophagous Control Programme was formed, and today exists as a (fungus feeding) nematodes reach the microenvironment around S. noctilio larvae they are stimulated by the high collaborative initiative of the South African Forestry Industry, CO and low pH, resulting in the development of parasitic in partnership with
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