DOCSLIB.ORG

1.3 Electric Vehicles and Bridge Solutions3

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1.3 Electric Vehicles and Bridge Solutions3 Polytechnic of Turin College of Engineering and Management Master of Science in Engineering and Management Master of Science Thesis Innovative financing techniques in the automotive market: a case study in Italy Supervisor: Candidate: Prof. Marco Cantamessa Francesco Audasso March 2020 Ringraziamenti Questa non sarebbe la conclusione del mio percorso universitario senza la disponibilità e il supporto dei colleghi che ho avuto in Santander: grazie Paolo, Stefan, Pier, Fabio, Massimo, Luisa e gli altri ragazzi della Direzione Commerciale. Grazie in particolare a Leo, Vale, Mar, Marco. Grazie agli amici che mi hanno sopportato in tutte le mie lamentele per i weekend e le estati passati sui libri invece che in montagna: siete stati uno stimolo. Grazie alla mia famiglia: la libertà, tranquillità e sicurezza che mi avete trasmesso sono state decisive. 5 Table of contents Premise and scope of work ..........................................................................9 Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................3 The market environment ..........................................................................3 1.1 Market competition.....................................................................3 1.1.1 Competitive environment .....................................................4 1.1.2 Global market ......................................................................6 1.1.3 European market ..................................................................7 1.1.4 Italian Market .......................................................................9 1.2 A new perception of mobility: from ownership to use ............... 12 1.2.1 Loans and TCM ................................................................. 12 1.2.2 Leasing and rental .............................................................. 13 1.3 Electric vehicles and bridge solutions ....................................... 16 1.3.1 Global electric market outlook ........................................... 16 1.3.1.1 Charging infrastructure .................................................. 20 1.3.1.2 EVs market in Italy ........................................................ 22 1.3.2 Policies and regulations ...................................................... 23 1.3.2.1 New Policies Scenario.................................................... 28 1.3.2.2 EV30@30 Scenario ........................................................ 29 1.3.3 Environmental impact ........................................................ 34 1.3.4 Future Challenges .............................................................. 37 1.3.4.1 Batteries ......................................................................... 38 1.3.4.2 Charging infrastructures ................................................. 42 1.3.4.3 Residual values and financing solutions ......................... 45 1.4 Financial products are tailormade on customers ........................ 46 1.4.1 Bridge solutions ................................................................. 47 1.4.2 Subscription plans .............................................................. 48 Chapter 2 .................................................................................................. 52 Project definition ................................................................................... 52 2.1 Clear market needs ....................................................................... 52 6 2.2 Santander Consumer Bank’s proposal ........................................... 53 2.2.1 The Bank ................................................................................ 53 2.2.2 The project: activities and resources ....................................... 55 2.2.3 The candidate’s role ............................................................... 58 Chapter 3 .................................................................................................. 61 Product planning .................................................................................... 61 3.1 Market research ............................................................................ 61 3.1.1 Analysis of the market environment and identification of possible incumbent competitors ...................................................... 62 3.1.2 Analysis of the customers’ needs and their propensity to adopt the new product ............................................................................... 63 3.1.3 Analysis of the impact of the new product on already existent loans of the same Brand and cannibalization threat ......................... 66 3.2 Feasibility study ........................................................................... 67 3.3 Activity and resource planning ..................................................... 69 3.3.1 Activity planning .................................................................... 70 3.3.2 Resource planning .................................................................. 72 Chapter 4 .................................................................................................. 74 Product design ....................................................................................... 74 4.1 Loan structure ............................................................................... 74 4.2 Duration ....................................................................................... 76 4.3 Legal and compliance Department check and refinement.............. 76 Chapter 5 .................................................................................................. 78 Advertising ............................................................................................ 78 5.1 In-house / outsourcing .................................................................. 78 5.1.1 In-house Development ............................................................ 78 5.1.2 Outsourcing ............................................................................ 79 5.2 Content selection .......................................................................... 80 5.3 Marketing and legal validation ...................................................... 81 Chapter 6 .................................................................................................. 84 Product launch and monitoring .............................................................. 84 7 6.1 Product launch .............................................................................. 84 6.2 Performance monitoring ............................................................... 85 6.3 SWOT analysis ............................................................................. 87 6.3.1 Strengths ................................................................................ 88 6.3.2 Weaknesses ............................................................................ 89 6.3.3 Opportunities .......................................................................... 90 6.3.4 Threats ................................................................................... 90 Conclusions .............................................................................................. 93 Sitography................................................................................................. 95 Bibliography ............................................................................................. 96 8 Table of Figures and Tables Figure 1.1 – The SWOT Analysis of global automotive market ..................5 Figure 1.2 - Global car registrations ............................................................7 Figure 1.3 - European car registrations ........................................................8 Figure 1.4 – EU car registrations in 2018, month-by-month trend ...............9 Figure 1.5 – Italian automotive market, yearly registrations ...................... 10 Figure 1.6 – Weighted average CO2 emissions (g/km) of new registrations, Italian market ............................................................................................ 11 Figure 1.7 – Global diffusion of EVs from 2013 to 2018 ........................... 17 Figure 1.8 – EVs sales in most relevant markets........................................ 19 Figure 1.9 – Global stock of charging points ............................................ 20 Figure 1.10 – Electric car and charges stock by country ............................ 21 Table 1.1 – part 1 ...................................................................................... 25 Table 1.1 – part 2 ...................................................................................... 26 Table 1.1 – part 3 ...................................................................................... 27 Figure 1.11 – Deployment of EVs adoption by scenario ............................ 30 Figure 1.12 – EVs sales shares by region, scenario and mode ................... 34 Figure 1.13 – CO2 emissions from well to wheel (WTW) ......................... 35 Figure 1.14 – GHG comparison, EVs vs ICE vehicles ............................... 36 Figure 1.15 - WTW and net GHG savings by mode and scenario, 2018-30 .................................................................................................................. 37 Figure 1.16 – New announced batteries plants, by mode and capacity ....... 39 Figure 1.17 – Battery capacity of EVs in key regions, from 2012 to 2018 . 40 Figure 1.18 – annual battery capacity increase by scenario ........................ 41 Figure 1.19 –
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Blockchain As a Solution for Certification in an Age of "Do-Good" Business
    Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law Volume 20 Issue 3 Issue 3 - Spring 2018 Article 6 2018 Linking the Public Benefit ot the Corporation: Blockchain as a Solution for Certification in an Age of "Do-Good" Business Margaret D. Fowler Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/jetlaw Part of the Antitrust and Trade Regulation Commons, and the Computer Law Commons Recommended Citation Margaret D. Fowler, Linking the Public Benefit ot the Corporation: Blockchain as a Solution for Certification in an Age of "Do-Good" Business, 20 Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law 881 (2020) Available at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/jetlaw/vol20/iss3/6 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law by an authorized editor of Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Linking the Public Benefit to the Corporation: Blockchain as a Solution for Certification in an Age of "Do-Good" Business ABSTRACT As part of its now-infamous emissions scandal, Volkswagen spent tens of millions of dollars on advertising geared toward environmentally conscious consumers. The scandal is an example of "greenwashing," which, along with the corresponding term "fairwashing," represents the information asymmetry present in product markets that involve claims of social and environmental responsibility in companies' production practices. As consumers and investors demand responsible production practices from both traditional corporations and entities organized under the newer corporateform known as public benefit corporations(PBCs), it becomes even more important to verify that those entities' supply chains are, in fact, meeting standards for the social or environmental responsibility that they purport or strive to have.
    [Show full text]
  • Senate Vote on Trump Trial Signals an Acquittal Is Likely
    P2JW027000-6-A00100-17FFFF5178F ****** WEDNESDAY,JANUARY27, 2021 ~VOL. CCLXXVII NO.21 WSJ.com HHHH $4.00 DJIA 30937.04 g 22.96 0.1% NASDAQ 13626.06 g 0.1% STOXX 600 407.70 À 0.6% 10-YR. TREAS. unch , yield 1.039% OIL $52.61 g $0.16 GOLD $1,850.70 g $4.20 EURO $1.2162 YEN 103.62 In India, Farmers’ Protest Over New Law Turns Violent Microsoft What’s News SalesRise 17%Amid Business&Finance Covid-19 icrosoftposted record Mquarterly sales under- pinned by pandemic-fueled Pandemic demand forvideogaming and accelerated adoption of itscloud-computing services Demand for cloud during the health crisis. A1 services, videogaming Walgreens Bootsnamed Starbucks operating chief fuels earnings during Rosalind Brewerasits next work-from-home era CEO,making her the only Black woman leading a BY AARON TILLEY Fortune 500 company. A1 CK J&J said it expectstore- TO MicrosoftCorp. posted re- port pivotal resultsofalarge cord quarterly sales under- clinical trial of itsCovid-19 SHUTTERS pinned by pandemic-fueled de- vaccine by early next week, A/ mand forvideogaming and as the companyposted im- I/EP accelerated adoption of its AG proved quarterly sales. B1 TY cloud-computing services dur- ing the health crisis. GE booked $4.4billion Theremote-work erahas in fourth-quarter cash HARISH STREET CLASH: Indian farmers clash with police in New Delhi on Tuesday after breaking through barriers to escape po- been a boon for Microsoft. In flow,beating itsown pro- lice-approved routes for a tractor rally that coincided with a military parade celebrating India’s Republic Day.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons from the Volkswagen Diesel Emissions Scandal∗
    Willingness to Pay for Brand Reputation: Lessons from the Volkswagen Diesel Emissions Scandal∗ Xiaogang Chey Hajime Katayamaz Peter Leex December 3, 2019 Abstract In this study, we use the announcement of the Volkswagen emissions scandal on September 18, 2015, as an exogenous shock to measure consumers’ willing- ness to pay (WTP) for brand reputation. Only Volkswagen diesel cars produced in 2009-2015 were announced as emissions violators. Using eBay car auction data, we estimate the impacts of the scandal on the prices of Volkswagen emissions non- violating cars. Our difference-in-differences estimates show that final bid prices decreased by 14% and 9% in diesel and gasoline car markets, respectively, which purely reflected a decline in consumers’ WTP for Volkswagen’s brand reputation. Additionally, the difference in price-drops between the violating and non-violating diesel cars is statistically insignificant. This may be due to the fact that consumers rationally adjust their WTP by expecting compensation which will almost surely be provided by Volkswagen for violating models. Keywords: Volkswagen emissions scandal, willingness to pay, brand reputation. JEL codes: D12, L62. ∗We thank Nejat Anbarci, Anurag Banerjee, Jingnan (Cecilia) Chen, Yiquan Gu, Tilman Klumpp, Georgia Kosmopoulou, Daniel Li, Tong Li, Jingfeng Lu, Justin Marion, Anastasiia Parakhoniak, Leslie Reinhorn, Henry Schneider, Nan Shi, Steven Tadelis, Angel Hernando-Veciana, Le Zhang, and Xiaoyong Zheng for helpful discussions and comments. Early versions of the paper benefited from discussions at the Auction Conference at Lancaster University 2017, the Durham Micro-Workshop 2018, APIO 2019. yCity, University of London, UK. E-mail: [email protected]. zWaseda University, Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • An Inquiry Into How Company Culture Influenced the Volkswagen 2015 Emissions Scandal by Ahmad Ahbab and Matthew Yu Submitted To
    An Inquiry into How Company Culture Influenced the Volkswagen 2015 Emissions Scandal by Ahmad Ahbab and Matthew Yu Submitted to Dr. D’Arcy Randall and Matthew Chovanec ChE333T Spring 2019 VOLKSWAGEN EMISSIONS SCANDAL 2 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Martin Winterkorn Outlines a New Plan, and a New Volkswagen 6 Volkswagen Launches Strategy 2018 6 Volkswagen Charms the Public to Expand and Gain Recognition Overseas 7 Implications on Corporate Culture 7 Volkswagen Steers Itself into a Precarious Situation 8 Volkswagen Discovered Cheating Emissions Regulations 8 Defeat Devices explained 10 Volkswagen Denies Allegations of Cheating 11​ New Leadership Attempt ​to Chart a New Course for Volkswagen 12​ Impacts of the Scandal on Both Volkswagen and the Public 13​ Volkswagen Changes Policy and Develops a ​More Sustainable Organization 14​ Ethical Analysis of the Actions by the Engineers and Management at Fault 14​ Violations of IEEE Code of Ethics Tenet 1 and 9 15​ Violations of IEEE Code of Ethics Tenet 3 and 7 16 Ethics at Volkswagen Post-Dieselgate 16 Conclusion​ 18 List of Abbreviations 20 Works Cited 21​ List of Tables Table 1: A listing of all affected vehicles identified to contain “defeat devices” 9 Table 2: Tenets 1 and 9 of the IEEE Code of Ethics 15 Table 3: Tenets 3 and 7 of the IEEE Code of Ethics 16 List of Figures Figure 1: Diagram of How VW’s Switch Software Worked 11 Appendices Appendix A: Discussion of NOx Capture Systems (LNT and SCR) 25 VOLKSWAGEN EMISSIONS SCANDAL 3 Introduction Volkswagen is renowned as a global powerhouse in the automobile industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Volkswagen Emission Scandal: Reputation Recovery and Recall Strategy1
    W17228 VOLKSWAGEN EMISSION SCANDAL: REPUTATION RECOVERY AND RECALL STRATEGY1 Rachna Shah, Gaganpreet Singh, and Sandeep Puri wrote this case solely to provide material for class discussion. The authors do not intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The authors may have disguised certain names and other identifying information to protect confidentiality. This publication may not be transmitted, photocopied, digitized, or otherwise reproduced in any form or by any means without the permission of the copyright holder. Reproduction of this material is not covered under authorization by any reproduction rights organization. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, contact Ivey Publishing, Ivey Business School, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada, N6G 0N1; (t) 519.661.3208; (e) [email protected]; www.iveycases.com. Copyright © 2017, Richard Ivey School of Business Foundation Version: 2017-04-25 We have totally screwed up. Michael Horn, chief executive offer, Volkswagen USA2 The trust-shattering exposure of the Volkswagen Group (VW) emission scandal on September 18, 2015, left Matthias Müller, VW’s newly appointed chief executive officer (CEO), with a daunting management challenge—reputation recovery. Müller’s task was to draw the German multinational automotive manufacturing company out of the abyss of one of the worst reputation crises it had faced since its inception in 1937. The matter came to the fore when the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) slapped a legal notice on VW for violation of the Clean Air Act.3 The EPA accused VW of manipulating nitrogen oxide emissions tests to ensure its EA 189 diesel engines, built during fiscal years 2009–2015, met EPA standards.
    [Show full text]
  • Volkswagen Emissions Scandal: the Perils of Installing Illegal Software
    R M B www.irmbrjournal.com March 2017 R International Review of Management and Business Research Vol. 6 Issue.1 I Volkswagen Emissions Scandal: The Perils of Installing Illegal Software PETER STANWICK Auburn University, Department of Management Email: [email protected] SARAH STANWICK Auburn University, School of Accountancy Abstract This paper presents a case study related to the negative impacts of Volkswagen installing illegal software in its automobiles in order to manipulate the emissions level of its diesel vehicles. The case addresses reasons why Volkswagen decided in install the illegal software and highlights the negative consequences of its actions. These negative consequences include significant financial and reputational costs to Volkswagen. Key Words: Volkswagen; Emission Levels, Environmental Standards, Corporate Reputation. Introduction In a stunning announcement on September 18, 2015, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) accused Volkswagen of illegally installing software in its diesel cars that manipulated the amount of emissions occurring during testing of the levels of emission. The EPA alleged that Volkswagen used the software to turn on the full emissions control systems for the vehicle only when the vehicle was being tested for emissions. During any other time the vehicle was operating, the full emissions control system was turned off. The software would turn on the control systems when the car was running in a stationary position since that would be the condition when the car was being tested for emissions. The EPA estimated that when the full emissions control system had been turned off, the vehicle could release up to 40 times as much of the pollutant nitrogen oxide than is allowed under the Clean Air Act.
    [Show full text]
  • ［2］Eric Schlosser, Command and C
    大惨事と情報隠蔽 原注 Handbook for Communicating まえがき Environmental, Safety, and Health Risks, Battelle Press, 2004 ［1］Scott D. Sagan, The Limits of Safety, ［7］Regina E. Lundgren and Andrea H. Princeton University Press, Philadelphia, McMakin, Risk Communication: A 1995 Handbook for Communicating ［2］Eric Schlosser, Command and Control, Environmental, Safety, and Health, Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Accident, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2013 and the Illusion of Safety, Penguin Books, ［8］Timothy L. Sellnow, Robert R. Ulmer, 2014 Matthew W. Seeger and Robert Littlefield, ［3］Mikhail Gorbachev, Turning Point at Effective Risk Communication: A Chernobyl, Project Syndicate, April 14, Message-Centered Approach, Springer, 2006, http://www.project-syndicate.org/ 2009 commentary/turning-point-at-chernobyl ［9］Peter Bennett, Kenneth Calman, Sarah ［4］Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Curtis and Denis Smith, Risk Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions. Communication and Public Health, Harper Perennial, New York, 2010（ダン・ア Oxford University Press, 2010 リエリー『予想どおりに 不合理―行動経済学が ［10］Robert L. Heath and H. Dan O'Hair, 明かす「あなたがそれを選ぶわけ」』熊 谷 淳 子 訳 、 Handbook of Risk and Crisis 早川書房、2008年） Communication, Routledge, 2010 ［11］Pamela (Ferrante) Walaski, Risk and 第1部 リスク情報隠蔽はなぜ問題か Crisis Communications: Methods and Messages, Wiley, 2011 ［1］Hedberg, B., How organizations learn ［12］James E. Lukaszewski, Lukaszewski on and unlearn, in: Nyström, P.C. & Starbuck, Crisis Communication: What Your CEO W.H., Handbook of Organizational Needs to Know About Reputation Risk and Design, Oxford University Press, 1981 Crisis Management, Rothstein Associates ［2］Mullins, L.J. and G. Christy, Inc., 2013 Management & Organisational Behavior, ［13］Joseph Arvai and Louie Rivers III, Financial Times Management, May 2010 editors, Effective Risk Communication, ［3］Lee Clarke, Mission Improbable: Using Routledge, 2013 Fantasy Documents to Tame Disaster, ［14］Robert R.
    [Show full text]
  • Agenda and Meeting Material
    Agenda Investment Advisory Council (IAC) Wednesday, September 11, 2019, 1:00 P.M.* Hermitage Room, First Floor 1801 Hermitage Blvd., Tallahassee, FL 32308 1:00 – 1:05 P.M. 1. Welcome/Call to Order/Approval Bobby Jones, Chair of Minutes (See Attachments 1A – 1B) (Action Required) 1:05 – 1:15 P.M. 2. Opening Remarks/Reports Ash Williams (See Attachments 2A – 2E) Executive Director & CIO 1:15 – 2:15 P.M. 3. Asset Liability Review Aon Hewitt (See Attachment 3) Phil Kivarkis Kristen Doyle 2:15 – 3:15 P.M. 4. Global Equity Asset Class Alison Romano, SIO Review Tim Taylor, SIO (See Attachments 4A – 4B) Mercer Jay Love Savannah Finney Investment Advisory Council – Agenda September 11, 2019 Page 2 3:15 – 3:45 P.M. 5. SIO Updates Katy Wojciechowski, SIO DC Programs Update Fixed Income Investment Programs & Steve Spook, SIO Governance Office Update Real Estate (See Attachments 5A – 5F) John Bradley, SIO Private Equity Trent Webster, SIO Strategic Investments Walter Kelleher, Director Educational Services Defined Contribution Programs Michael McCauley, Investment Programs & Governance Officer 3:45 – 4:00 P.M. 6. Major Mandate Performance Aon Hewitt Review Kristen Doyle (See Attachment 6) 4:00 – 4:15 P.M. 7. IAC Compensation Subcommittee Bobby Jones, Chair Update (See Attachment 7) (Action Required) 4:15 – 4:25 P.M. 8. Audience Comments/December Bobby Jones, Chair Meeting Date/Proposed 2020 Meeting Dates/Closing Remarks/ Adjourn (See Attachments 8A – 8B) *All agenda item times are subject to change. 2 APPEARANCES IAC MEMBERS: STATE BOARD OF ADMINISTRATION OF FLORIDA BOBBY JONES PETER COLLINS VINNY OLMSTEAD PETER JONES GARY WENDT CHUCK COBB INVESTMENT ADVISORY COUNCIL MEETING TOM GRADY (telephonically) SEAN McGOULD (telephonically) SBA EMPLOYEES: ASH WILLIAMS, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR KENT PEREZ TUESDAY, JUNE 18, 2019 JOHN BENTON 1:05 P.M.
    [Show full text]
  • JERE BEASLEY REPORT November 2017 I
    e JERE BEASLEY REPORT November 2017 I. website at expo.beasleyallen.com to Glover at 800-898-2034 or by email at reserve your spot. We look forward to [email protected]. CAPITOL seeing you! OBSERVATIONS II. INAUGURAL ATLANTA LEGAL SUMMIT DRAWS ORE HAN AWYERS BEASLEY ALLEN LEGAL CONFERENCE SET FOR M T 100 L AUTOMOBILE NOV. 16 & 17 IN MONTGOMERY Last month it was an honor for our firm NEWS OF NOTE The 11th annual Beasley Allen Legal to partner with The Cooper Firm and Conference & Expo is set for Nov. 16 and host the inaugural Atlanta Legal Summit GENERAL MOTORS AGREES TO $120 MILLION 17 in Montgomery, Alabama. As many as for the Georgia Plaintiffs’ Bar. More than IGNITION SWITCH SETTLEMENT WITH STATES 2,000 lawyers are expected to attend the 120 of the best and brightest lawyers in two-day event, the largest gathering of its private practice in the state gathered in the Ritz Carlton Ballroom for a day of General Motors Co. (GM) will pay $120 kind in the state. Actually, it will be one million to state attorneys general to settle of the top five legal conferences in training and networking. Lance Cooper of The Cooper Firm wel- claims that the automaker concealed the the nation. now well-known ignition-switch defect. We have a variety of speakers, includ- comed attendees and shared the story of ing lawyers from Beasley Allen as well as how the partnership between our firms special guest speakers who are political originated. He praised the culture of IN THIS ISSUE and community leaders.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 01 Sept 24.Indd
    www.thepeninsulaqatar.com BUSINESSB | 17 SPORT | 24 DDollar rises on Al Rayyan and comments by Umm Salal in FFed’se Rosengren goalless stalemate SATURDAY 24 SEPTEMBER 2016 • 22 DHUL HIJJA 1437 • Volume 21 • Number 6929 2 Riyals thepeninsulaqatar @peninsulaqatar @peninsula_qatar Emir holds Demand for talks with LA Mayor affordable QNA LOS ANGELES: Emir H H Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani attended a reception ceremony creches soars hosted by Mayor of Los Angeles, Eric Garcetti, at Getty House in Los Angeles, California, nurseries are not less than QR2,500 yesterday. per month. Some nurseries charge The reception, in which a The new daycare extra for additional hours. Most number of Qatari institutions and facilities have become a high-end nurseries are located in agencies took part, was attended boon for many parents, Doha downtown and some posh US figures including heads of enabling them to find areas like Dafna and West Bay. companies and businessmen. Several middle range daycare Talks dealt with areas of a seat for their kids facilities have opened in the city’s cooperation and means of not far away from their outskirts like Al Murra, Al Aziziya promoting and developing them localities. However, some and Muaither. as to open wider horizons of ties in parents have raised “We have seats vacant. Regis- future. tration started early this month,” The Emir also attended a dinner concern over the quality manager of a daycare facility in Al banquet hosted by the Mayor of Los of their services. Aziziya near Wathnan Mall said. Angeles in honour of the Emir and “We charge QR500 for the accompanying delegation.
    [Show full text]
  • How They Did It: an Analysis of Emission Defeat Devices in Modern Automobiles
    How They Did It: An Analysis of Emission Defeat Devices in Modern Automobiles Moritz Contag∗, Guo Liy, Andre Pawlowski∗, Felix Domkez, Kirill Levchenkoy, Thorsten Holz∗, and Stefan Savagey ∗ Ruhr-Universitat¨ Bochum, Germany, fmoritz.contag, andre.pawlowski, [email protected] y University of California, San Diego, fgul027, klevchen, [email protected] z [email protected] Abstract—Modern vehicles are required to comply with a determined that the vehicle was not under test, it would disable range of environmental regulations limiting the level of emissions certain emission control measures, in some cases leading the for various greenhouse gases, toxins and particulate matter. To vehicle to emit up to 40 times the allowed nitrogen oxides [15]. ensure compliance, regulators test vehicles in controlled settings and empirically measure their emissions at the tailpipe. However, Defeat devices like Volkswagen’s are possible because of the black box nature of this testing and the standardization how regulatory agencies test vehicles for compliance before of its forms have created an opportunity for evasion. Using they can be offered for sale. In most jurisdictions, including modern electronic engine controllers, manufacturers can pro- the US and Europe, emissions tests are performed on a chassis grammatically infer when a car is undergoing an emission test dynamometer, a fixture that holds the vehicle in place while and alter the behavior of the vehicle to comply with emission standards, while exceeding them during normal driving in favor allowing its tires to rotate freely. During the test, a vehicle of improved performance. While the use of such a defeat device is made to follow a precisely defined speed profile (i.e., by Volkswagen has brought the issue of emissions cheating to the vehicle speed as a function of time) that attempts to imitate public’s attention, there have been few details about the precise real driving conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Vwâ•Žs Emissions Deception Is Illegal in Europe and How To
    Boston College International and Comparative Law Review Volume 40 | Issue 2 Article 6 5-24-2017 Won’t Get Fooled Again: Why VW’s Emissions Deception Is Illegal in Europe and How to Improve the EU’s Auto Regulatory System Kevin Tarsa Boston College Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr Part of the Administrative Law Commons, Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Consumer Protection Law Commons, Environmental Law Commons, Natural Resources Law Commons, Oil, Gas, and Mineral Law Commons, and the Transportation Law Commons Recommended Citation Kevin Tarsa, Won’t Get Fooled Again: Why VW’s Emissions Deception Is Illegal in Europe and How to Improve the EU’s Auto Regulatory System, 40 B.C. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 315 (2017), http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr/vol40/iss2/6 This Notes is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Boston College International and Comparative Law Review by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WON’T GET FOOLED AGAIN: WHY VW’S EMISSIONS DECEPTION IS ILLEGAL IN EUROPE AND HOW TO IMPROVE THE EU’S AUTO REGULATORY SYSTEM * KEVIN TARSA Abstract: Replete with greed, hubris, and deceit, the Volkswagen emissions scandal is not your typical case of corporate wrongdoing. With a price tag of $20 million in the United States, it is already one of the most expensive corporate scandals in history and has caused significant damage to the environment, public health, and the global economy.
    [Show full text]