Essentials of Sociology

9 th Edition

Chapter 14: Population and Urbanization

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t1 Population and Urbanization Chapter Overview n A Planet with No Space n The Development of

to Enjoy Life? Cities—Urbanization n Population Growth n City Life: Alienation

and Community

n Urban Problems and

Social Policy

Thomas Malthus, an English Economist, believed that the population will grow geometrically while the food supply grows arithmetically (Thomas Theorem)

— The population will eventually outstrip the food supply

New Malthusians – The world’s population is following an exponential growth curve — It took from the beginning of time until 1800 for the world population to reach its first billion. It then took only 130 years to add the 2nd billion and only another 30 years for the population to reach 3 billion. — Eventually, there will not be enough food to feed the rapidly growing population

AntiMalthusians believe that Europe’s demographic transition is a more accurate picture of the future 1)Stage 1 Birth rates and death rates are balanced 2)Stage 2 – Births far outnumber deaths (population explosion 3)Stage 3 – Births drop, and births and deaths become balanced 4)Stage 4 – Deaths outnumber births (population shrinkage) Population shrinkage is already occurring in 65 countries

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t6 Population and Urbanization Figure 14.3 The Demographic Transition Note: The standard demographic transition is depicted by Stages 1–3. Stage 4 has been suggested by some AntiMalthusians.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Population and Urbantizat7 ion t8 Population Growth Why Do Least Industrialized Nations Have So Many Children? Status of Parenthood – the more children a women has her status is increased Community Support s age m

Reliance on Children in Old Age – no Social Security exists ft o s o r c i so people rely on children for physical, emotional, and M financial assistance in old age

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Population and Urbanization Figure 14.6 Why the Poor Need Children Children are an economic asset in the Least Industrialized Nations. Based on a survey in Indonesia, this figure shows that boys and girls can be net income earners for their families by the age of 9 or 10. Source: U.N. Fund for Population Activities. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t9 Population and Urbanization Population Pyramids To illustrate population dynamics, demographers use population pyramids, which depict a country’s population by age and sex.

Figure 14.7 Three Population Pyramids Source: Population Today, 26, 9, SeptemberC 1998:4,opyright 5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t10 Population and Urbanization t11 Population Growth Variables

Demographic Variables – three ways to measure population growth 1.Fertility – the number of children a women actually bears; lowest in Eastern Europe and highest in Middle Africa 2.Mortality – annual deaths per 1,000 people 3.Migration – the Net migration rate is the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Population and Urbanization t12 The Rise of Cities — Cities, on a large scale, first appeared about 3500 B.C., first in Iraq and Iran, then later in West Africa — The key to the origin of cities is the development of efficient agriculture — 200 years ago the only city in the world that had a population of more than a million was China — The Industrial Revolution led to a big rise in city populations

Urbanization refers to masses of people moving to the cities — 77 % of the population in the industrialized world lives in cities — There are many “pulls” in regards to city life — Metropolis – Central city surrounded by smaller cities and their suburbs — Megalopolis – Two metropolises and their many suburbs — Megacity – A City with 10 million residents

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t13 Population and Urbanization Figure 14.11 The 20 Largest Cities in the World* *Includes contiguous cities. Los Angeles, for example, includes Long Beach, and New York includes Newark. The populations are projections for year 2025. Source: By the author. Based on United Nations 2008:Table 3.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t14 Population and Urbanization t15 U.S. Urban Patterns From Country to City – In 1790 only 5 % of Americans lived in cities; today it is 79 % From City to City – six of the fastest growing cities are in the West and 4 are in the South Between Cities – Edge Cities: clusters of buildings and services near the intersections of major highways Within the City – Gentrification: middle class people moving to rundown areas of a city From City to Suburb – Suburbanization – Today, over 50 % of Americans live in Suburbs– why?

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Population and Urbanization Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t16 Population and Urbanization Figure 14.12 How Urban is Your State? The Rural–Urban Makeup of the United States Note: The most rural state is Vermont (38% urban). The most urban states are California and New Jersey (94% urban). Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009:Table 28.

—Desire to Retreat to Safe Haven —Urban Crime and Violence is “Push” —Cost of Living and Space is “Pull”

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Population and Urbanization t19 Models of Urban Growth ØThe Concentric Zone Model – Ernest Burgess – cities expand outward from its center – 5 zones

ØThe Sector Model – Homer Hoyt – a concentric zone can contain several sectors

ØThe MultipleNuclei Model – Harris and Ullman – some cities have several centers (i.e. fast food restaurants and clothing stores)

ØThe Peripheral Model – Chauncey Harris – impact of highways on the movement of people away from the cities

Who Lives in the City? – Herbert Gans did participant observation in the West End of Boston and determined 5 different types of people live in the cities: The Cosmopolites The Singles The Ethnic Villagers The Deprived The Trapped

—Urban Sentiment: Finding a Familiar World City Divided into Little Worlds People Create Intimacy by Personalizing Shopping Spectator Sports Provide Venue —Norm of Noninvolvement

—Diffusion of Responsibility

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Population and Urbanization t22 Urban Problems and Social Policy — Many people are leaving the cities and businesses are following — Causes the cities tax base to shrink — Many people were left behind in this transition and transformed inner cities — Many are fleeing to the suburbs and now many suburbs are facing the same problems that cities have

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t23 Population and Urbanization t24 Urban Problems and Social Policy — As cities tax base shrank and building deteriorated, many banks began Redlining (refusing to give loans to housing and business developments in problem areas). — This has led to further disinvestment — Another urban problem has been many factories moving to other countries where the labor is cheaper which is referred to as Deindustrialization

There have been various policies enacted which have attempted to resolve urban problems. — Urban renewal: Tearing down an area and rebuilding, which can revitalize the area but often times does not benefit its inhabitants — Enterprise Zones: A designated area of a city that offers incentives to businesses, such as reduced taxes, to move into the area

Sociologists can apply sociological principles to build communities. According to Sociologist William Flanagan (1990) there are three guiding principles 1) Scaleregional and national planning is necessary 2) Livabilitycities must be appealing and meet human needs 3) Social Justicesocial policy must be evaluated by how it affects people