Biology and New Larval Descriptions for Three Cetoniine Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Cetoniini: Cetoniina, Leucocelina)
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SYSTEMATICS Biology and New Larval Descriptions for Three Cetoniine Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Cetoniini: Cetoniina, Leucocelina) E. MICO´ AND E. GALANTE Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad (CIBIO), Universidad de Alicante, 03080-Alicante, Spain Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article/96/2/95/27977 by guest on 24 September 2021 Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 96(2): 95Ð106 (2003) ABSTRACT The larval morphology of Tropinota squalida (Scopoli) and Aethiessa floralis (Fabricius) is described. The latter is the Þrst description of a larva in this genus. The third-instar larva of Oxythyrea funesta (Poda) is redescribed. These species are included in a revised key to the larvae of Palaearctic Cetoniinae. The life cycle and larval biology of these ßower chafers are described. RESUMEN Se describe la morfologõ´a larvaria de Tropinota squalida (Scopoli) y Aethiessa floralis (Fabricius). Esta u´ ltima constituye la primera descripcio´n larvaria de este ge´nero. Se redescribe la larva de O. funesta (Poda). Las mencionadas especies Se han incluido en una clave de identiÞcacio´n para las larvas de las especies Palea´rticas de Cetoniinae. se describe el ciclo biolo´gico y la biologõ´a larvaria de dichas especies. KEY WORDS Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae, Tropinota squalida, Oxythyrea funesta, Aethiessa floralis, larval biology Oxythyrea MULSANT (Cetoniini: Leucocelina), Tropi- tae) species are abundant (Mico´ and Galante 1998). nota Mulsant, and Aethiessa (Cetoniini: Cetoniina) The morphology and biology of the immature stages of Burmeister are small genera (10, 10, and 7 species, the genus Aethiessa were unknown until now. respectively) that occur in the Palaearctic region. The aims of our study were: 1) to describe the Tropinota squalida (Scopoli, 1763) is distributed in the third-instar larva of T. squalida and A. floralis and to occidental Mediterranean basin, and Oxythyrea fun- redescribe the larva of O. funesta; 2) to provide a esta (Poda, 1761) occurs in the occidental Palaearctic revised key with the speciÞc diagnostic characters of region. Adults of both species have been considered the larvae of Palaearctic Cetoniinae; and (3) to con- occasional pests of crops and ornamental plants (Jans- tribute to the knowledge of the larval biology and life sens 1960, Balachowsky 1962, Molina 2001). Although cycles of these species. several experiments have tested the larval survival rates at different temperatures (Hurpin 1958, Bala- chowsky 1962), or by altering the substrate (Abdalla Materials and Methods 1991), larval morphology is little known. Golovjanko A total of 91 larvae of T. squalida, 36 larvae of O. (1936) and Korschefsky (1940) illustrated the venter funesta, and 7 larvae of A. floralis were reared from egg of the last abdominal segment of O. funesta. Medvedev to adults to study the life cycle of the species under (1952) illustrated the frontal view of the head and the laboratory conditions. These larvae were fed milled venter of the last abdominal segment with details of rabbit dung heaps, decaying vegetative matter, and the raster, including a short description of these struc- manure. The breeding cages were maintained in an tures. Janssens (1960) described some morphological environmental chamber at 25ЊC:20ЊC (L : D), 80 Ϯ characters of the larvae of T. squalida, but no illustra- 5% RH, with a photoperiod of 15:9(L:D).The tion was provided. None of these contributions rep- breeding cages were examined weekly, and the results resented a complete description, and the character- were recorded. Larvae used for morphological de- istics provided are insufÞcient to distinguish them scriptions were reared in the above laboratory con- from their congeners. Aethiessa floralis (Fabricius, ditions. The different larval instars of each species 1787) occurs in the occidental Mediterranean basin were Þxed in KAAD solution (Carne 1951) for 24 h mainly in formerly cultivated areas characterized by and preserved in 70% ethanol. Specimens are depos- nitrophilous vegetation where Carduinae (Composi- ited in the Entomological Collection of the University 0013-8746/03/0095Ð0106$04.00/0 ᭧ 2003 Entomological Society of America 96 ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Vol. 96, no. 2 of Alicante, Spain (CEUA). In the description of lar- six sensilla. Lateral lobe with seven to eight setae on vae, the terminology of Ritcher (1966) and Mico´ et al. each side. Antenna (Fig. 5). Four segmented. Apical (2001) was used. For the suprageneric nomenclature, segment with two dorsal and three ventral sensory we have followed the scarab classiÞcation of Krikken spots. (1984). Thorax. Spiracles (Fig. 4). Respiratory plate of tho- Phenology of adults was based on the labeled spec- racic spiracles with 10Ð16 holes across diameter; lobes imens provided by CEUA, the National Natural Sci- unequal. Legs (Fig. 3). Tarsunguli short (0.5 times the ence Museum (MNCN, Madrid, Spain), the Zoology preceding segment), cylindrical, bearing 12Ð13 setae. Museum (Barcelona, Spain), and the National Natural Abdomen. Spiracles of abdominal segments II-VII History Museum (MNHN, Paris, France), as well as similar in size; those of I and VIII conspicuously our direct and indirect (baited trap) captures. smaller. Dorsa of abdominal segments I-VIII with three to four rows of short setae, each posterior row with long to short setae. Abdominal segments IX-X Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article/96/2/95/27977 by guest on 24 September 2021 Results and Discussion fused, densely setose with short setae and single row of long to short setae at the middle and apex (Fig. 1). T. squalida (Scopoli, 1763) Third-Instar Larva Tegilla and lower anal lip composed of short and long (Figs. 1Ð13) setae (Fig. 6). Raster with pair of palidia diverging The larval description is based on two third-instar posteriorly, each palidium consisting of 17Ð21 short, larvae reared from eggs laid by adults collected at “La acute pali (Fig. 7). Granadella,” Alicante (Spain), IV-1997, Mico´ and Diagnosis. One of the most remarkable diagnostic Verdu´ leg.; one third-instar larva reared from eggs laid characters of T. squalida is the wide stridulatory area by adults collected at “Sierra de Aixorta´,” Alicante of the mandibles (Fig. 11). This area is conspicuously (Spain), V-1996, Mico´ and Verdu´ leg.; one third-instar wider than in other known larvae of Palaearctic Ce- larva collected at “La Mata,” Torrevieja, Alicante toniini (Mico´ and Galante 2003). The short tarsungu- (Spain), IV-1995, Mico´ and Verdu´ leg.; one third-instar lus of this species is also noticeable, being 0.5 times the larva collected at “Palacio de Don˜ ana,” Huelva length of the previous segment (Fig. 3). (Spain), VIII-1999, Mico´ and Verdu´ leg. Head. Maximum width of head capsule, 3.2 mm. O. funesta (Poda, 1761) Third-Instar Larva Cranium (Fig. 2). Color, light yellow. Frons sparsely (Figs. 14Ð26) punctate, with one anterior seta, one posterior seta, one external seta, and one anterior angle seta on each The larval description is based on six third-instar side. Frontal suture widely sinuated. Labrum (Fig. 2). larvae reared from eggs laid by adults collected at Trilobed, narrower than clypeus; clithra present. “Arenales del Sol,” Alicante (Spain), Mico´ leg.; three Epipharynx (Fig. 8). Plegmatium absent. Corypha third-instar larvae collected at Boren, Le´rida, (Spain), with four long setae ßanked by one to two sensilla on 5-VIII-1998, Mico´ and Verdu´ leg. each side. Acanthoparia with 10Ð12 setae decreasing Head. Maximum width of head capsule 2.7 mm. in size posteriorly. Right chaetoparia more developed Cranium (Fig. 15). Color, light yellow. Frons with one than left chaetoparia, covered with longitudinal rows posterior seta and one anterior angle seta on each side; of setae. Pedium reduced. Laeotorma short with pter- anterior and external setae reduced to single micro- notorma present. Dexiotorma long, one-thirds length seta on each side. Frontal suture slightly sinuated. of the base of epipharynx, pternotorma present. Hap- Labrum (Fig. 15). Trilobed, narrower and shorter than tomeral region with slightly curved, transverse row of clypeus; clithra present. Epipharynx (Fig. 21). Pleg- 12Ð13 heli and three to four sensilla over the row. matium absent. Corypha with four long setae ßanked Haptolachus with four sensilla (two at base and two at by one to two sensilla on each side. Acanthoparia with left margin). Sensorial cone acute at apex. Sclerotized Þve to six short setae. Chaetoparia covered with four plate and crepis absent. Mandibles (Figs. 10Ð12). to Þve longitudinal rows of setae. Laeotorma short Asymmetrical, with two scissorial teeth anterior to with pternotorma present. Dexiotorma long, one- notch; two posterior to notch at left mandible; and one thirds length of the base of epipharynx, pternotorma posterior to notch at right mandible. Scissorial teeth of present. Haptomeral region with slightly curved, left mandible S3 and S4 well developed, parallel to S1 transverse row of 12Ð13 heli and three to four sensilla and S2. Stridulatory area oval, well developed, with over the row. Haptolachus with four sensilla (two at Ϸ20 stridulatory ridges (Fig. 12). Dorsal surface with base and two at left margin). Middle of haptolachus two setae near proximal end of the scissorial area. with slightly sclerotized longitudinal area. Sensorial Basomedial angle with brustia of short setae. Maxilla cone present. Sclerotized plate and crepis absent. (Fig. 13). Galea and lacinia fused forming mala. Mala Mandibles (Figs. 23, 24, 25). Asymmetrical, with two with large uncus at apex and two subterminal unci scissorial teeth anterior to notch; two posterior to fused at base. Stridulatory area consisting of a row of notch at left mandible, and one posterior to notch at four to Þve acute teeth and one small anterior conical right mandible. Scissorial teeth of left mandible S3 and process. Labium (Fig. 9). Hypopharyngeal sclerome S4 well developed, parallel to S1 and S2. Stridulatory with well-developed truncate process on right side. area elongated-oval, with 9Ð11 stridulatory ridges Glossa with three to Þve setae set in two rows on each (Fig.