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Implementation of Transitional Laws in Serbia Report No. 15 Human Rights Protection Program Implementation of Transitional Laws in Serbia Date of publishing: December 5th, 2005 YIHR's Human Rights Protection Program is supported by the Swedish Helsinki Committee for Human Rights and the Netherlands Royal Embassy in Belgrade ______________________________________ 1 Implementation of Transitional Laws in Serbia Youth Initiative for Human Rights Human Rights Protection Program Report number 15 December 5th, 2005, Belgrade For the Publisher Andrej Nosov Editor Ljiljana Hellman Prepared by Dragan Popovic Miroslav D. Jankovic Translators Jelena Pavlovic Nina Korunovic Azur Imsirovic Report was supported by Swedish Helsinki Committee for Human Rights and the Netherlands Royal Embassy in Belgrade We are grateful for all the support Design, layout and printing Premis, Belgrade Circulation: 500 copies ISBN 86-85381-04-5 Copyright© Youth Initiative for Human Rights www.yihr.org 2 ______________________________________ Implementation of Transitional Laws in Serbia Introduction During the period between December 2004 and November 2005, Youth Initiative for Human Rights (hereinafter: YIHR) conducted research on the implementation of transitional laws. YIHR oversaw the implementation of the Law on Cooperation of Serbia and Montenegro with the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 (hereinafter: Law on Cooperation with the ICTY)1, Law on Protection of Right and Freedoms of National Minorities (hereinafter: Law on National Minorities)2, Law on Accountability for Human Rights Violations (hereinafter: Law on Lustration) 3, Law on Public Information4, Law on Broadcasting5, Law on Free Access to Information of Public Importance (hereinafter: Law on Free Access to Information)6, Law on Organization and Jurisdiction of Government Authorities Prosecuting Perpetrators of War Crimes (hereinafter: Law on Prosecution of War Crimes)7, Law on Assumption of Jurisdiction of Military Courts, Military Prosecutor’s Offices, and Military Attorney’s Office (hereinafter: Law on Assumption of Jurisdiction)8. In order to research the implementation of the eight mentioned Laws, different methodology was applied to each, due to their distinctiveness. Law on Cooperation with the ICTY was followed through media analysis, interviews with representatives of institutions responsible for implementing the Law, as well as through contacts with ICTY office in Belgrade. Law on National Minorities was monitored by talking to relevant individuals in areas inhabited by minority communities, thus through interviews with representatives of the National Councils of Minorities, non-governmental organizations dealing with questions concerning national minorities, and local authorities in multi-ethnic regions. Additionally, through systematic following of performance of public official bodies responsible for protection, and promotion of minority rights. Implementation of 1 Law on cooperation of Serbia and Montenegro with the International Tribunal for criminal prosecution of persons responsible for great violations of international humanitarian law committed on the territory of ex Yugoslavia from the year 1991, adopted on April 10th, 2002, came into effect on April 12th, 2002, Official Gazette of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), number18 2 Law on Protection of Rights and Freedoms of National Minorities adopted on February 27th , 2002, Official Gazette of FRY, number 11/02 3 Law on Accountability for Human Rights Violations, adopted on May 30th, 2003, came into effect on June 7th, 2003, Official Gazette of Republic of Serbia (RS), number 38/2003 4 Law on Public Information, adopted on April 22nd, 2003, Official Gazette of RS, number 43/04 5 Law on Broadcasting, adopted on July 18th, 2002, came into effect on July 27th, 2002, Official Gazette of RS, number 42/2002 6 Law on Free Access to Information of Public Importance, adopted on November 2nd, 2004, came into effect on November 13th, 2004, Official Gazette of RS, number 120/02 7 Law on Organization and Jurisdiction of Government Authorities Prosecuting Perpetrators of War Crimes adopted on July 1st, 2003, Official Gazette of RS, number 67/03 8 Law on Assumption of Jurisdiction of Military Courts, Military Prosecutor’s Office, and Military Attorney’s Offices, adopted on December 24th, 2004, came into effect on the January 1st, 2005, Official Gazette of RS, number 137/04 ______________________________________ 3 Implementation of Transitional Laws in Serbia the Law on Lustration was researched through interviews with members of the Lustration Commission, and by analyzing articles by experts that hold different opinions on the subject. For the purpose of monitoring the implementation of this Law, in cooperation with Quaker Peace & Social Witness we organized a conference attended by delegates from the civil sector, authors of the Law and media representatives. Implementation of the Laws that regulate the media field, Law on Public Information and Law on Broadcasting was surveyed by gathering and analyzing relevant media reports and by following the performance of state bodies and institutions set by the Law itself. Research methodology on implementation of the Law on Free Access to Information consisted mainly of direct testing of whether to what degree and in what manner public authorities apply this Law. YIHR sent requests for free access to information to public authorities bodies, and analyzed their handling of submitted requests. Research sample was graded to cover the greatest possible number of institutions from all domains of public authority. Also tested was the performance of bodies instituted by this Law, such as the Office of the Commissioner for Information of Public Importance (hereinafter: Commissioner)9, through regular contact with this institution. Law on Prosecution of War Crimes was tested by monitoring trails in front of Belgrade District Court War Crimes Chamber, as well as by analysis of media reports, and through series of interviews with the spokesperson of the War Crimes Chamber. The interviews with the spokesperson of the War Crimes Chamber, together with the media report analysis, represented a part of a research on the implementation of the Law on Prosecution of War Crimes. Law on Broadcasting regulates terms for allocating frequencies and supervision over electronic media. The Law establishes Republican Broadcasting Agency governed by a Council. The Council has extremely wide authority regarding granting work permits, control and punishment of media, and establishing standards that must be respected during reporting. Law on Cooperation with ICTY foresees a set of measures for efficient fulfillment of the existing international obligation of the state that is derived from Security Council resolutions and the statute of the International Criminal Court for former Yugoslavia. Its implementation paints a picture of state’s relationship towards international obligations in general, towards the past, and its aspirations towards integrations and developing an international position of the country. Law on Prosecution of War Crimes establishes an institutional framework, which should aid prosecution of serious violations of international humanitarian law by domestic courts. Its implementation shows the relationship the state has towards establishing fully the rule of law and towards the principle that crimes should be punished regardless of whether they are committed during war or peace, or who committed them. Indirectly, its implementation can contribute to the process of facing the past and gradual liberation of entire society from moral burden of collective guilt. 9 Law on Free Access to Information, Article 30, see above under 6 4 ______________________________________ Implementation of Transitional Laws in Serbia Law on National Minorities regulates in detail the basic rights and freedoms guaranteed to the members of the national minorities in accordance with the accepted international standards. The Law contains concrete obligation of state bodies and institutions concerning the improvement of the position of national minorities in Serbia and Montenegro. Law on Lustration prescribes sanctions for persons that violated human rights during the period they held important public functions. The objective of the Law is to restrict such persons from holding public office during a five-year period. This should result in reducing the threat that such persons can get an opportunity to endanger the democratic system of Government in Serbia. Law on Public Information precisely states rights and obligations of journalists, editors and owner of media during the course professional conduct. Law also defines the right to public information, as well as possible limitations of that right. YIHR focused its research on prohibition of hate speech in the media, as it is defined by this Law. Law on Assumption of Jurisdiction regulates the position of judges, prosecutors and public prosecutors at the court of appeal previously employed in the military judicial system, as well as the status of cases that were tried in these institutions. Military judicial system ceased to exist passing its jurisdiction to civil courts and becoming completely removed from the Army of Serbia and Montenegro (hereinafter: Army of SMN). This creates conditions for processing cases from this sector in accordance with contemporary principle of independent
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