SAMANTHA FURMAN 52 Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Model

2017 | Vol. 18 UMBC REVIEW JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH 2017 | Vol. 18 UMBC REVIEW JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH

EDITORS EMILY HUANG DYLAN ROGERS ELLIOTT

DESIGNERS MARYAM BANYAHMAD AMIR KHATIRNIA

CONTENTS THEOPHILUS ALUKO 14 Computational and Experimental Analysis of Lift Generation of a Model Bird with Stationary and Dynamic Wing Configuration

BRENDA GUTIERREZ 36 Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Sensor for Measuring Astrocytic ATP Release

SAMANTHA FURMAN 52 Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Model

AMELIA HALLWORTH 66 Investigating the role of the circadian clock genes PRR5, PRR7, and PRR9 in regulating salicylic acid-mediated immune response in Arabidopsis Thaliana

JAMES LOY 80 Charge Transfer from Single Semiconductor Nanocrystals to Single Molecules

ABIGAIL WORGUL 96 The Temple of Vesta in the Roman Forum

MELINA LATONA 116 Changing the Nature of Education in the Valleys of Bolivia

JENNIFER WACHTEL 134 An Unlikely Refuge: Jewish Refugees from Nazi Europe in Shanghai, 1933-1945

RICHARD D. ELLIOTT 156 It’s Just a Jump to the Right: The Tea Party’s Influence on Conservative Discourse

CAITLIN STONE 174 The Costs of Good Karma: The Effects ofFangsheng on the Chinese Environment and Society EDITORS' INTRODUCTION The 18th edition of the UMBC Review: Journal of Undergraduate Research comes to you amid a time of great celebration at UMBC as the university celebrates its 50th birthday. As ground is broken on new campus building projects, the UMBC Review, just like Undergraduate Research and Cre- ative Achievement Day (URCAD), continues to demonstrate the exciting research completed by UMBC students of all disciplines and majors. This journal of undergraduate research is unique because it is managed and created by undergraduate students and because of the tight timeline it operates on. Editors begin receiving submissions in the spring, continue collecting them during the summer, and finish their solicitation efforts in September. The next three months consist of obtaining outside reviewers for promising papers, editing submissions, and preparing the written words that will make up the journal. In early January the design team receives these components and crafts the polished product you hold in your hands. Being published in the UMBC Review is an honor only a few UMBC students will receive and we are pleased to be sharing their work with you. These papers are exemplars of the thoughtful and creative work completed by UMBC’s undergraduate students. We hope you will join us in celebrating UMBC’s 50th anniversary and the excellent work of our authors:

THEOPHILUS ALUKO analyzes the effect of leading-edge vortices on lift generation through modeling of the barn swallow.

BRENDA GUTIERREZ develops a biosensor to measure and explore ATP release from astrocytes in the brain.

SAMANTHA FURMAN expands on a mathematical model examining the effects of external stimuli on skeletal muscle cell atrophy.

AMELIA HALLWORTH investigates circadian clock genes that also play a role in controlling the plant immune response.

JAMES LOY studies improvements to quantum dot nanocrystals for their potential application in solar cell technologies.

ABIGAIL WORGUL examines the shape of the Temple of Vesta and its relationship with other buildings in Rome’s Forum.

MELINA LATONA explores the alternative educational methods she observed in a small town in the valleys of Bolivia.

JENNIFER WACHTEL details how Jewish refugees from the Holocaust experienced victimization and demonstrated agency in Shanghai.

RICHARD D. ELLIOTT illustrates the correlation between the rhetoric of the Tea Party movement and mainstream conservative politicians.

CAITLIN STONE considers the impact of practicing Fangsheng on the environment and society of China. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS These papers, and this volume, would not be possible without help from the UMBC community and beyond. We would like to thank the faculty advisors and mentors of our student authors. These faculty advisors provided guidance to their students that allowed them to produce these fine research papers. Without their work, the UMBC Review could not uphold the standard of quality that we strive for in the research that we publish.

DR. KATHY BRYAN: AMERICAN STUDIES DR. BAMBI CHAPIN: SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY DR. HUA LU: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DR. MEREDITH OYEN: HISTORY DR. BRADFORD PEERCY: MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS DR. MATTHEW PELTON: PHYSICS DR. DAVID ROSENBLOOM: ANCIENT STUDIES DR. CONSTANTINE VAPORIS: ASIAN STUDIES DR. RYAN WHITE: CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY DR. MEILIN YU: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

We also owe our deepest gratitude to the reviewers and proofreaders who contributed their time and effort to review papers for the UMBC Review. The reviewers, all of whom work at institutions outside of UMBC and are experts in their respective fields, were able to provide construc- tive feedback and assurance that these papers were relevant and novel to the field. In the interest of anonymity, we will not name these reviewers in print. We are also grateful to the proofreaders from across the UMBC community who lent us their perspectives during the editing process:

DAVE ANGUISH DANIEL BARNHART TIM FORD ABIGAIL GRANGER KEVIN JOSEPH JANET MCGLYNN GREG ROEPKE ANNE ROLAND BRIAN SOUDERS JOYCE TENNEY BRIAN THOMPSON BENJAMIN WOODWORTH We would also like to thank the following for their commitment to undergraduate research at UMBC and for their financial support of the UMBC Review:

PRESIDENT FREEMAN HRABOWSKI OFFICE OF UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT OFFICE OF THE PROVOST

We are also indebted to the faculty mentors, Dr. Susan McDonough and Professor Guenet Abraham, who guided the editors and designers through the months of work that culminated in this publication. Their experience and support have been crucial to the creation of this journal. Last but not least, none of this would have been possible without the aid of Ms. Janet McGlynn. This volume is Ms. McGlynn’s last, as she retired in January 2017, and we recognize her countless contributions to the UMBC Review. For years Ms. McGlynn championed the Review, her dedication and hardwork integral to the its continued success. We wish Janet all the best in her retirement and thank her for everything she has done for the Review. We are excited to present Volume 18 of the UMBC Review, and hope that it is as enriching for the reader as it was for the editors to produce.

Best regards,

DYLAN ROGERS ELLIOTT Arts, Humanities, Social Sciences Editor

EMILY HUANG STEM Editor 11 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18

2017 | Vol. 18 UMBC REVIEW JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH Computational and Experimental Analysis of Lift Generation of a Model Bird with Stationary and Dynamic Wing Configuration

author Theophilus Aluko

Meilin Yu co-authors Jamie Gurganus Lai Wang BIOGRAPHY Theophilus Aluko graduated in winter 2016 in mechanical engineering with a minor in music. His professional aspiration is to help improve safety and customer satisfaction in various fields of engineering and management, including commercial aviation. Aside from his research endeavors, Theophilus loves to spend time helping the sick, homeless, and needy, and he considers these the most rewarding experiences he has with interacting with people. In his free time he also enjoys playing piano. He is the co-founder of the UMBC Adaptive Sports Program, where he works with faculty, staff, students, student groups, and departments at UMBC to establish accessible sports options for students and staff with transient disabilities. Theophilus is grateful for the guidance, expertise, and thoroughness of his mentors, Ms. Jamie Gurganus (Professor G.) and Dr. Meilin Yu. He is also thankful to Dr. Drew Wilkerson from the U.S. Army Research Laboratory for reviewing his work in its initial stages. Lastly, Theophilus would like to thank and acknowledge God for the fortitude supplied when his work was the most challenging. The past two years of research have encouraged Theophilus to continue his desire to help improve safety and customer satisfaction in commercial aviation and to pursue graduate studies in related fields in the future. , - - - - - UVA (CFD) hired Dr. hired Dr. UMBC in the fall, I applied for an Undergraduate Research fall, an Undergraduate in the I applied for UMBC affected by the interaction betweenaffected interaction fluid by the the flow dynamic and the wing. coefficient generated by the flappingcoefficient was by the structure generated measured and com of a stationary numerical calculatedsimulation from the pared with that lift coefficient The stationarystructure. produced by the airfoil from the was dynamic produced by the wingnumerical simulation that 0.215, and was experiment from the determined 0.347. Our be than anal to no more measurementsand ysis was lift supportthe generation hypothesis the that under a uniform flow of a simplified An animation environment. lifting model, characterized representative of the by a fuselageprocess with sta tionarywings, was visualize produced to fluid the dynamics actual the of experiment, the lifting aerial a physical robot process. prototype that For takeoff processmimicked the was environment in its bird natural of the lift model, the physical this constructed without sweeping With actuation. sionless property of flying bodies called lift the coefficient. study, In this barnthe swallow was selected because of its superior and maneuverability high flight efficiency with morph wings when acting. that As a first step, a true geometry was bird of the built via (3-D) scan a three-dimensional specimen. fluid bird of a representative dynamics A computational software, ANSYS Fluent, was used perform to numerical simulation the ABSTRACT barn use swallow of of the the lift studies work generation through This meeting and experimental analysis by progressively finite computational lift The as and frequency. dynamic such flapping constraints amplitude wasgeneration standardizedusing a dimen and analysis comparison for returned to project. my agreed me throughout mentor to Yu (URA), and Dr. Award Ms. instructor Gurganus, in the another Jamie Yu, support the of Dr. With project my has Researchdepartment, Award, as Undergraduate as well my been a success. I worked on a different biomimetic project,I worked on a different aerodynamics studying the and I became summer, of the end the Towards mechanics of a barn swallow. aerodynamics in how avian interested and mechanics improve can help and optimize design aircraft. the aviation of commercial commercial For Department the of Mechanical Engineering at tunately, When I internship. research same time as end of my the the around Yu DEMYSTIFICATION MechanicsLaboratory Computational Yu’s Meilin I started in Dr. working semester afterthe I participated opportunity summer research in a with While at Haibo Dong, of Virginia. University the his colleagueat Dr.

16 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Theophilus Aluko 17 - - - - affect s are one of one of s are (LEVs) LEV which is characterized by the lift force as illustrated in Figure 1. Generally, Generally, 1. ascharacterizedFigure is in illustrated which lift the by force lift the willincreases increase criticala attack of angle until the when value lift angle, the (e.g., will if the this After 20°). drop reaching dramatically keepsAoA increasing, our understanding in stall. resulting of Improving flyers in natural will development of safer, lead the to of LEVs presence the aircraft. efficient and more commercial stable, more theseflow dynamics, a of (AoA) attack of angle theyand the when result air force stream of air is substantialwing to enough against an oncoming wings. the over and around As wing a result, of the body orientation the wing abovethe a vacuum and high low air pressure creates induces and wing. under the upwardpressure ten is responsible process the for This dency wing of the body air stream, a given velocity oncoming at of the tures can be tures influenced overly airflow the by to air the forcing insteadof wing rigid made more does. were to Wings a bird’s like profile their follow beit should but non-rigidon possible to structures rely to control, regain flight effects. negative bird-like without the simulate flow scientists discovered that dynamics wings the around of a Recently, on its impact flight a huge characteristics [2]. have bird aircraft that are more stable and controllable. Aircraft control has been Aircraft control a and controllable. stable more are aircraft that flyer, Wright engineering of the aeronautical in advent problem the since when flexible often used. were structures Relying on flexible structures would sometimes effect” “tab cause a difficult-to-correct, [1], the involun tary craft. of the rolling a bird’s flexible These to analogous are structures thesestruc wings, However, as varying they have air. with the interactions wing-flapping technology. INTRODUCTION was work verify to conducted This leading-edge vortices that can be further design flight studied to the commercial future of birds. LEVs In particular, we hypothesized that leading-edge vortices (LEVs) play an an play hypothesized we leading-edge vortices that (LEVs) In particular, be should and important in lift furtherrole generation parameterized for morphing-wing aerodynamics. can research support This design the of aircraft with wing commercial sur efficient, more next-generation safer, based flight shape or morph control on improve can to change faces that - - - , chord , chord ATION 1 ATION ρ U EQ displayed how the how the displayed

, air density ϕ downstroke fraction,downstroke wingspan, body tilt

neatly characterized the change in average lift with changes in average characterized change neatly the

, and wing span l [8]. 0 In this paper, we examined the differences between differences we examined the stationary-wing paper, In this The swirling around the front, or leading edge, of the wing is a result of the vacuum created created of the vacuum wing is a result of the or leading edge, the front, The swirling around that play a the leading-edge vortices of is tied to the occurrence the wing, and above and and stabilitylift in birds aerodynamic of study and the occurrence in role dominant aircraft. commercial , a non-dimensional value that characterizes lift lift, a non-dimensional value the production. that The L the results work.the of this section, the outcomes of the stability check, stability and experimen of the section, outcomes the computation, visualize of LEVs, role and betterunderstand the discussed. are tation To and iso-surfaces structures vortex the value (surfaces of a with a constant stationary-wing the also for displayed are parameter) in the computation discussionsection the some limita explains resultssection. Subsequently, should be and details when regarding considered study that tions of this The methods adopted section in The two approaches paper presents the of this con experimentation The and experimentation. study:this computation testing. and robotic results emulation study In the sists of a computational withstationary limited study our wings withone dynamic to wings. We used process. lift comparison lift the generation the to This coefficient, C liftcoefficient AoA-corrected was 1 for use of Equation calculated through L,force flapping frequency f, flapping amplitude length C in flapping frequency [6]. Pennycuick (2000) presented the changes in lift changes in flapping (2000) presented the frequency [6]. Pennycuick coefficient with air speed, similar work while another lift coefficient varies angles works beneficial [7]. These were with attack in ascertaining used experimental constraints study. the in this dynamic-wingand aerodynamics barn a swallow comparing by model wingbeat frequency [3][4][5], does the not address literature angle [4]. Current angle, and tail attack wings are lift in production betweendifference bird’s time when the the as stationary they time when dynamic and the are a simplified in manner, one work,done in this conditions. under similar environmental However, relevant effort Fig. 1. Fig. past, the In aerodynamics the on barnstudies swallow the of been have flightlimited direct experimental as to analysis of other such parameters

18 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Theophilus Aluko 19 lift coefficient flapping frequency flapping amplitude length (average) chord wingspan air velocity of experimental wing surface area polar moment of inertia of driving pulley pulley polar moment of inertia of driven gear polar moment of inertia of driving bevel gear bevel polar moment of inertia of driven body polar moment of inertia of driving one-wing polar moment of inertia equivalent torsional spring stiffness Laplace variable function transfer kinematic viscosity time of servo torque of servoangular displacement at wing body angular displacement pulley number of teeth of driving pulley number of teeth of driven gear number of teeth of driving bevel gear bevel number of teeth of driven velocity in x-direction velocity in y-direction velocity in z-direction air density pressure L e C L V A s G(s) C f φ J3 J4 J5 J K N3 N4 J1 J2 T1 θ1 θ2 N1 N2 w ρ p υ t NOMENCLATURE u v - image was image generated 3-D

., as presented in Figure 3. ., as presented in Figure D.C model was scanned Smithsonian from the 3-D The stages of the study after analyzing the barn swallow in its natural take-off position take-off in its natural swallow analyzing the barn The stages of the study after (a) computational fluid assembly. were and (b) bio-mimetic robot dynamics simulation A depiction of the 3-D scanning and image-stitching process. Pictures were taken around around Pictures taken were A depiction of the 3-D scanning and image-stitching process. 123D catch. software the 3-D scanning in loop and then stitched together through the bird

Fig. 3. Fig. AND COMPUTATION simplified the stationary animate without flap lift bird of the process To ping, a representative History of Natural Museum in Washington, the mesh generation and the solution setup used and the mesh results. arrive generation the the to at flapping the mechanism, were motion experimentation Included in the and experimental setup. function, stability, transfer for check GEOMETRY REPRESENTATIVE Fig. 2. Fig. geometry representative The explained how the were computation Included in the computation. and remodeled the for METHODS geometry representative methods two were work adoptedThe in this and 2a and 2b Figure with robot mimicry. and experimentation computation, study. two stagesdepict of this the

20 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Theophilus Aluko 21

- - - - - . This This . airfoil airfoil [2] NACA 0012 NACA 0012 modeling software. 3-D Fluent flow Fluent solver. computational fluid dynam computational ANSYS ANSYS ICEM model with an 3-D software and then fed into the software the fed into and then A side view of the wireframe of the mesh structure around one wing. around of the mesh structure A side view of the wireframe aerodynamics. beak sizing similar computa The was for cell improve removed to tional reasons tail. in the as fork removing the The fork in the tail was in the fork would deleted becauseThe computation the sharp sizes such points at or cell small mesh in the elements require increase greatly would number of Retaining fork the geometry. the points cost, while smooth as as well computational computational geometrying the affect point would not dramatically this the at tion of the wing.the of tion airfoil was This chosen based that prioron literature the for be approach it to demonstrated a general wing shape the be of knownis not exact to chosenthe when was remodeling Solidworks the using done As shown in Figure 4, the wing 4, the As was shown in Figure remodeled as a lofted airfoil a smoothcross-section approxima make tip to the tapers at that The wireframe structure of the remodeled airfoil. of the remodeled structure The wireframe (CFD) Fig. 5. Fig. ated for the the for ated ics surface of the around mesh structure 9 show the 5 through Figures model. the 3. MESH GENERATION COMPUTATION: a symmetrical computation, was mesh the structure half of the gener For Fig 4. Fig 2. Three modifications were then made to the model to optimize model to for it the modifications to made then Three were computation: the 1. A side view of the solid geometry, mesh structure of the wing, and mesh around the wing. of the wing, and mesh around mesh structure A side view of the solid geometry, A front view of the mesh structure around the body and wing, before symmetry the body and wing, before reflection. around view of the mesh structure A front A side view of the wireframe of the mesh structure around the body. around of the mesh structure A side view of the wireframe

Fig. 8. Fig. Fig. 7. Fig. Fig. 6. Fig.

22 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Theophilus Aluko 23 - - - 6" 21° 91° 10° 45° 60° 8 Hz 4 m/s EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS EXPERIMENTAL A solid geometry and mesh structure of body and wing from the front view. the front of body and wing from A solid geometry and mesh structure Wind speed Wind Flapping amplitude Flapping frequency wing sweep (morphing) angle Max. Condition Environmental Wing angle of attack Wing Body tilt angle angle spread Tail Dynamic Constraints Geometry Constraints length span-wise Wing airfoil. The dynamic constraints were applied for the moving-wing the applied for dynamic were constraints physi airfoil. The cal experiment. LE 1. TAB geometry of computation. SETUP SOLUTION COMPUTATION: was ANSYS Solver the done using with computation Fluent an angle The and geometry experimental conditions of 10°, and the of attack constraints lift the coefficient stationarya calculate for to order in 1 shownin Table Fig. 9. Fig. and determined provided computation mesh for a system generation The sur linesthe surrounding parallel The accuracy computation. the the of facilitates which accu geometryfaces of the boundary the represent layer, of flow body the around computation preserve surface and helps rate the - to - - -type ANSYS FLUENT SIMPLE . 4 method is used solving for incom the SIMPLE method is a pressure-based method the where SIMPLE The current study used study a pressure-based current The solver in surrounding region, the a velocity-inlet wasFor specified of in front such that it was y- that negative resolvedsuch and pos the as into a vector coming compute the solution for the incompressible flow, given number a Mach flow, incompressible the solution for the compute visualize to also solver employed in order a transient 0.3. We of less than model, a viscous, vortices.the a turbulent laminar model than was Rather used, low Reynolds the due to number of 4 x 10 geometrythe velocity vector far was The field. the and around specified the code, originally flowthe developed compressible fields, simulating to for number flows low Mach be nearly-incompressible, applied to [10]. The methods low-Mach preconditioning artificial and the compressibility studies, usedbe are complicated beneficial and may in more future for investigations.concerted pressible Navier-Stokes equations, and is the method used in this study. equations, method and is the used study. in this Navier-Stokes pressible method, artificial the a derivative with respect compressibility For to pseudo-time hyper the restore to governing equations is added the to the bolic [9]. For equation part property general convection of the of the is added the method,low-Mach to preconditioning a pre-conditioner allows preconditioning governing The equation. original compressible There are three basic three of solving are ways system: the this There method, (Semi-Implicit the Pressure-Linked Method Equations) for artificial method, low-Mach preconditioning and the compressibility method. The software solves directly governing of an equations computational the The flow. incompressible velocity components. The governing equation of incompressible flow of incompressible governing can equation beThe expressed through and w are u, v, where below, equations momentum and continuity the continuity The y-, velocities z-directions,and x-, the the in respectively. and flow, mass indicates equation conservation incompressible the for the all conservation for to refer equations of momentum momentum the

24 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Theophilus Aluko 25 - - - - - evened out. L C and an operating 6.6 V kg-cm at kg-cm at 3.5 (roughly three times smaller than the the times three than smaller (roughly seconds, which time at the 1.5 was used. 0.01 seconds0.01 6 V meters. allow about progressive three to In order ° at ° at 60 0.118 sec/ B servo of with a stall torque 0.48 seconds for the air coming from the inlet at 4 m/s to cover a body cover 4 m/s to inlet at from the air coming seconds the for To effectively mimic the up-and-down effectively the mimic for flapping bird motion of the To In order to calculate higher-order accuracy for the unsteady flow accuracy the for solu higher-order calculate to In order For specifyingFor it was time step, the first determinedwould take it that MG92 MECHANISM robot Asassembly the 10, seen was Figure in designed barn the mimic to power robot, the a Tower swallow flapping without sweeping To motion. Pro speed of this experiment, robot this was the designedmeet to dynamic out constraints by angle covered total the to refers flapping 1. The amplitude lined in Table wingthe when it flaps in each direction, in degrees. flapping The frequency up-and-down robot com motions the number of complete the to refers pletes in one second, in units of Hertz. down flapping motion and a sideways-sweep motion. To simplifydown flapping this and a sideways-sweep motion motion. To we built a barn swallow bio-mimicry portrays robotinitial study, that flight also the barna of swallow sideways withoutthe sweep We motion. an inverted robot spring to this a leash scaleattached to attached on its lift the force. compute to neck in order tion, a second-order implicit transient formula was formula transient employed. implicit tion, a second-order BIRD ROBOTIC DESIGN OF A wing-morphingThe positions a barn of swallow of an up-and- consist length of aboutlength of periods bodythe (because through of flow computation bodythe geometry head, wings, the the significantly at changes tail region), time and the the was step specified be to whole body). of the distance results, the In the cover time it takes to lift the coefficient was over averaged itive z-direction, at an angle of 10° from the yx-plane. the 10° from angle of an itive z-direction, at Behind geome the was outlet a pressure specified.try, computational the simulation, In this bodyregion of the consisted wing whole bird. and the of the 0.0289 -model. CAD printed printed Shapeways, from Inc., and other 3-D 3-D A diagram of the experimental robot assembly. The four-bar linkage for the flappingfor the linkage four-bar The assembly. robot experimental the of diagram A mechanism consisted of a pulley, a spur gear assembly, and two gears assemblies. bevel a spur gear assembly, mechanism consisted of a pulley, Four-bar linkage for achieving flapping amplitude with points A, B, C, and D. Line AB Line C, and D. linkage for achieving flapping amplitude with points A, B, Four-bar of gear and the pivot the distance between bevel the center of the front represents CD and line gear, bevel of the front radius the crank represents the wing joint, line AC arm and the follower BD. the connector between the crank represents

sweeping motion has been presented in Figure 12(a). The control system system sweeping control motion has been 12(a). The presented in Figure Fig. 11. Fig. sweeping the did not produce experiment motion, this this though Even motion was still theoretically analyzed. the An idealized for system control parts were procured from third-party vendors. To achieve flapping the parts procured were third-party from vendors. To in illustrated linkage, 1, a four-bar of 91° as specifiedamplitude in Table 11, was value be modeledFigure and to scale amplitude to achieve to that the incorporateddirectly into Fig. 10. Fig. was assemblyThe armature

26 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Theophilus Aluko 27 a b (a) A control system diagram for the desired wing motion mechanism for each wing, and the desired for diagram system (a) A control visible behind bevel is not J2, which spur gear, gear notations (except (b) corresponding gear J3).

Fig. 12. Fig. diagram corresponds to the gear annotation in Figure 12(b). T1(t) refers in Figure diagram gear annotation the corresponds to of the servo, angular of the displacement the to torque the refers θ1(t) to These wing the body. at servo, angular displacement the to θ2(t) refers and functions are of time. quantities three - - - - ATION 3 ATION ATION 2 ATION U EQ U EQ where Spring Scale, 500g/5N Weight Capacity, with of 10 g. a graduation A box Capacity, Spring Scale, 500g/5N Weight fan was of 4 m/s air speed used mimic a relative to of 4 m/s between the speed This environment. and the bird was verified using an anemometer. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP EXPERIMENTAL As robot was 13, the seen placed on a retort stand in Figure with an inverted spring produced scale by the measure calibrated lift to the force robot (about 110 g). The of the weight flapping the in addition to structure spring scale used was experiment in this Scientific an Ajax Plastic Tubular and a denominator that can be directly manipulated to check for stability. can stability. be check for to manipulated that directly and a denominator a number of methods,Through of a sys it is possible stability check the to systems, Routh-Hur the as flapping higher-order such the tem, robot. For witz criterion would be poles useful of unstable presence determine to the it systems of lesser order, these calculating poleswithout actually [11]. For be possiblemay poles determine to the qualify to directly stability. CHECKING FOR STABILITY CHECKING if everyA system is stable bounded yields a bounded input [11]. An output prop itself,system adjacent to the cansystem to unstable cause damage check was stability a is why performed This life. human veriin to or erty, perform check, a stability functionfying transfer shown the design. the To a numerator functions have usually required. 3 is Transfer in Equation Consequently, Equation 3 shows the transfer function for the system. function the transfer for the 3 shows Equation Consequently, MOTION TRANSFER FUNCTION TRANSFER MOTION equivalent 12(a), the of motion equation shown system the in Figure For (EOM) can the bewhen transformed 2 expressed into by Equation s-domain.

28 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Theophilus Aluko 29

, - - - 2 kg·m -8 . Notice that J1 is the J1 is the that . Notice 2 kg·m , J2 = 2.14386 x 10 -8 2 kg·m -6 and J4 = 7.73397 x 10 2 kg·m -8 Experimental Setup with labeled components Experimental of inertia. sion of the transfer function, was transfer which sion of the sta used the then check for to one wing. system for the bility of teeth,80 N1 = = 14 teeth, N2 = 25 N3 teeth, N4 = 25 teeth, J1 = 5.0997 x 10 J3 = 7.73397 x 10 becauselargest left the wing for first mechanism, pulley the (driving) is the polar and has largest moment the four, mechanism of the rotational largest RESULTS CHECK THE STABILITY FROM RESULTS following values the experimental robot physical assembly, the From numerical expres the generate 3 to Equation substituted into were mined how much lift force was this liftmined derived force how much experiment. from the For variationexperiment, that was little observed (except data lift in the force possibly could be produced that was determined) force the a limit to due was factors. robot and other lift total of the used weight force The the to to lift 1. the coefficientcalculate from Equation Fig. 13. Fig. Once robot wasThe powered by a servo controller. Uno and an Arduino system was springthe by the scale traveled turned deter distance on, the - ATION 4 ATION U EQ for the flapping the for e solver is shown in ) + (2.1438 + 7.73397) x x 7.73397) + (2.1438 + ) -6 FLUENT . Consequently, the transfer function transfer of the . Consequently, -7 = 0.031(5.0997 x 10 0.031(5.0997 = e = 3.323 x 10 = 3.323 x -8 Fluent Solverlift producedFluent of the graph a coefficient flow over Lift coefficient history with an average lift coefficient for a Stationary Wing Exercise lift coefficient for a StationaryLift coefficient history Wing with an average

To check for the stability of the flapping of the stability mechanism, the numeri a for check To ANSYS + 7.73397 x 10 + 7.73397 -8 Fig. 14. Fig. time calculated through Equation 4 for a stationary 4 for Equation airfoil: time calculated through graph of lift coefficientThe produced by the 14. Figure future work using the sweeping using the work future motion would be system with stable the 12. indicated in Figure CFD FROM RESULTS of computation 1, the outlined in Table experimental conditions the Using the for the system. For this system, the poles are the complex conjugate pair pair conjugate poles complex system, the the this are For system. the for pole These 529.95j. +/- values the and system, stable marginally a indicate solution does This stable. not account be to inherently system is proven polar of inertia wing the moment of the for itself, would not affect this but does experiment this not though system. Even the of stability marginal the sweeping the wing, the motion of investigate that analysis indicates this Equation 3 is expressed as:Equation poles the be equal zero, can found to immediately denominator Settingthis cal expression for the transfer functiontransfer first is the derived for cal expression as follows: is J5 neglected gear mechanism check, stability this for and J mechanismcalculatedis as J 10

30 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Theophilus Aluko 31 Post. a b ANSYS CFD Fluent Solver was Fluent used visualize to flow 15). The the (Figure field VORTEX STRUCTURES VORTEX lift stationary the coefficient the for computing from wingApart case, the ANSYS wasrendering done using - c d (a) Vortex core region for velocity around the bird model, and (b) section view (velocity the bird for velocity around region core (a) Vortex contour) through the velocity vortex at 25% span-wise, (c) 50% span-wise and (d) 75% and (d) 75% 50% span-wise (c) span-wise, the velocity at 25% vortex contour) through of leading edge vortices. indicating the impact with streamlines span-wise

0.215 and the lift coefficient for the current experiment (for the free the flap (for experiment lift0.215 and the current coefficient the for the factping mechanism) that was 0.347. The be than to no more found Fig. 15. Fig. was animation about lift computational coefficient the average for The

32 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Theophilus Aluko 33 - - - - A suggested future study is a dynamic study A suggested CFD future with a and animation idea of modifyingThe aerodynamic the profile of a lifting surface to The experiment also had its flaws in that the weight of the bird of of bird of the also weight experiment had its the flawsThe in that The CFD animation visualization in Figure 15(a) shows the presence presence CFD 15(a) shows the visualizationThe animation in Figure Brothers employed wing warpingBrothers first seamless in their for flight control surfaces various present limitaflying control [13]. Conventional machine and they air vehicle, of the capability and the maneuverability tions on the on its constraints flightset effectiveness. and mission envelope different user-defined function in the CFD solver, as as well robot a morphing function CFDuser-defined the in solver, wing with sweep actuated experiment flapping the motions in addition to mimicry bird. complete natural motion for of the Wright The and aircraft performance flight is not new. enhance control about 110 g was quite large in order to allow more accurate reading of reading of accurate allow more to in order about 110 g was large quite spring on the scale, as had a graduation of as which much upward force insuffi coupled with the robot assembly, bird of the weight 10 g. large The upward readings of the accurate take scale, calibration to cient made it hard derived. force how much lift it produces,how much a flapping is no better than airfoil with sweeping motions.end becauseis the vorticesof at This destructiveof interference and during beginning downstroke the [12] of the of the upstroke of the by swirling flappingbird avoid cycle, to a morphing is able which structure the improving region, vortex thereby destroying) than that (rather around lift coefficient. of leading-edge vortices colored in red by the computational software. leading-edgeof The computational in red vorticesthe by colored aerodynam in the role a major they play that indicates LEVs of presence can be maneuvered, they can impact greatly If LEVs ics flyer. of an avian up-and- a wing with a conventional flight that characteristics. is likely It downstationarya flapping betterthan although motion, wing termsin of DISCUSSION results, the lift it is evident the dynamicFrom coefficient the wing for that stationarywas of the sense makes result because higher that one. This the wing to the is able and air around the over dynamic airfoil has control more case bird). air (in the the also to of a natural adjust average lift coefficientaverage over stationary wings is CFD the from simulation measured flapping using experiment that in the than smaller wings is rea flapping with lift can motion that considering generation enhance sonable, [11]. of dynamic formation LEVs the - - - by the Wright Brothers. This way, civilians flights when their can safer feel way, Brothers. This Wright by the takingare off and landing. possible to create aircraft with wings that morph to improve the effecthe aircraftpossible with morph wings create improve to to that aircraft duringtiveness of commercial take-off and landing. future, In the stabilizing or evenby mimicking the purpose overhauling of rudders and aircrafts, wing the today’s of structures to this attached are that ailerons seamless roomunderstanding for would also create aircraft wing struc serve that faced problem tures instability as the generic solution to a more of flapping evolution kinematics the on of these leading-edge vortices and effectbe their is to performed on lift generation work. in future work This raises need the further to parameterize characterize and how varying wing geometries its lift different improve of an aircraft characteristics at help a solid performance understanding of the experimental conditions. With experimental conditions, aircraftof the these under it would be different CONCLUSION previous in the section, sup referenced studies work the this to Similar ports is highly affected lift hypothesis leading- generation the by the that effect on the research More edge wings vortices on the flyer. avian of an

34 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Theophilus Aluko 35 - , , - - - , T.J. , T.J. , Corfu, at UMBC, at NASA Technical 20th AIAA20th Com ., “Preconditioning ., “Preconditioning ., “Experimental and Final project report of the Final 113120, Snowmass, CO, ., “Performance and control and control ., “Performance et al Hello Control Engineering Systems et al putational Fluid Dynamicsputational Fluid Conference HI, 2011. Honolulu, R. M. Ajaj adaptive using the of a UAV optimisations in ICAST2011: wingtorsion concept” Conference on Adap 22nd International tive Structures Technologies and Greece, 2011. locomotion” in locomotion” Computational Thermo/course Applied DynamicsFluid (ENME 645) 2015. L. Tweedt D. of low Mach numerical simulations for viscousnumber dimensional three tur bomachinery flows” in Memorandum 1997. S.N. Nise, & Sons, ed.,5th Wiley John 2007. com K. Ou “Towards A Jameson, and flappingputational wing aerodynamics using spectralof realistic configurations method” in difference K.D. Jones K.D. of flapping investigation computational in air vehicles” micro wing for propulsion Aerodynamics Fixed Flapping Wing and Applications Vehicle Air for Micro of Dame : University Notre Ed., Mueller 2001. Dame, pp. 307-39, Notre fish tail on shark-like study “A L. Wang.

13. 10. 11. 12. 8. 9. - - , vol. , vol. vol. 2, vol. 2, , vol. 204, , vol. 204, The The , vol. 204, , vol. 204, Journal of of Journal .” London: G.T. London: G.T. .” ., “Horizontal flight ., “Aerodynamic ., “Aerodynamic , vol. 306, pp. 1960- et al et al ., “Leading-edge vortex Building Aeroplanes for for Aeroplanes Building Science et al ., “Flight kinematics of the barn kinematics of the ., “Flight ., “Lift and thrust characteris et al et al no. 12., pp. 1031-1038, Nov. 2014. no. 12., pp. 1031-1038, Nov. M.Z. Abdullah performance of swallow and pipette School of Mechanical Engineer birds,” ing, Sains Malaysia. Penang, Universiti Malaysia. 2006. Rustica) and houseRustica) martins (Delichon testedin a wind Urbica) tunnel,” Biology of Environmental Journal pp. 1473-1484, 2001. C. Yu tics of flapping wing with aerial vehicle and flappingpitching motion.” Physics, and Mathematics Applied J. Park J. Park swallow (Hirundo rustica) over a wide of speedsrange in a wind tunnel,” of ExperimentalJournal Biology pp. 2741-2750, 2001. L. Bruderer in flight et al., “Flexibility behaviour of barn swallows (Hirundo lifts swifts,” lifts swifts,” 1962, Dec. 2004. C.J. Pennycuick of a swallow (Hirundo rustica) observed with a newin a wind tunnel, method for measuringdirectly mechanical power,” of ExperimentalThe Journal Biology 203, pp. 1755-1765, 2000. A. H. Wheeler, A. H. Wheeler, “Those Magnificent Men 1965. Foulis, J. J. Videler

7. 6. 4. 5. 3. REFERENCES 1. 2. Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Sensor for Measuring Astrocytic ATP Release

author Brenda Gutierrez

co-authors Ryan J. White BIOGRAPHY Brenda Gutierrez graduated summa cum laude with a B.S. in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and a minor in psychology in May 2016. She was a Meyerhoff Scholars Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Undergraduate Research Award (URA), and Donald Creighton Memorial scholar, as well as a member of Phi Beta Kappa. During her undergraduate career, she enjoyed tutoring general and organic chemistry as well as working in Dr. Ryan White’s lab at UMBC. She participated in summer research internships at the University of Minnesota, the Broad Institute of MIT, and Harvard University. Brenda also had the privilege of being part of the Mayo Physicians of Tomorrow Program at the Mayo Clinic in summer 2015. She is now an MD/PhD student at the University of California, Irvine (UCI) where she hopes to conduct neuroscience research. She is also in the Program in Medical Education for the Latino Community (PRIME-LC) at UCI, which fosters future physician leaders in the Latino community. Brenda would like to thank the Meyerhoff Scholars Program, Dr. Freeman Hrabowski, Dr. Ryan White and his lab, Dr. Cynthia Wagner, Dr. Tiffany Gierasch, and Dr. James Fishbein for their support and guidance. She extends another big thanks to NIDA and her URA for helping fund her research, and Mrs. Arlene Creighton for the Donald Creighton Memorial Award.

------ATP ATP mimic. scholar, scholar, URA in vivoin concentration. concentration. by astrocytes has ATP (ATP) sensor that will sensor be that used . We found that the optimal optimal the that found . We 37°C ATP E-AB ATP released by cells in the brain, called released in the by cells ATP collagen hydrogel serving hydrogel as collagen an , to measure target concentration. These aptam These measure concentration. , to target sensors can be of utilized quantification the for (3-D) ATP sensors use bind a spe aptamers, that oligonucleotides (E-AB) E-AB towards the end of the year. end of the the towards increased new These with optimal frequencies increasing temperature. will hydrogel. be used in a collagen cultured measurements for using cells to make bulk measurements of ATP released from astrocytesmeasurements bulk make in of ATP to cultured a three-dimensional thesemeasurements, make to In order we performed titrations calibration signal different corresponding to changes percent determineto the and room temperature at concentrations frequencies used voltammetry wave in square measurements current for released by astrocytes, function release the of this into providing insight brain. in the cific as such target uponbinding, target change in resulting a conformational ers undergo to related is quantitatively an increase that in current optimized have a micro-cylinder We ABSTRACT release abnormal of adenosine triphosphate The been proposed as astrocyte a potential dysfunction in neurodegener fullynot release are astrocyticof roles the diseases. ative ATP However, understood, in part because of analytical lack of the tools. Electrochemical aptamer-based I had the opportunity to hear about the interesting research being research con opportunity hearI had the interesting to about the as arts, such fields the ducted in different on campus social sciences, engi at research I was my neering, present to also able and chemistry. biology, URCAD astrocytes, brain release of this in the learn role so about the we could more during research meet a White’s I first heard aboutDr. pathology. in and after inter sharing Fishbein, with my him James Dr. advisor, withing my research, additional funding my receive for to est in neuroscience. In order I learned which about ResearchAward, Undergraduate the I applied for As a from a friend obtained who had previous it the year. DEMYSTIFICATION a lit for lab White’s Ryan I did in Dr. paper work stemmed the from My over two years. projecttle of the was goal develop The to a biosensor that of amount determine the could

38 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Brenda Gutierrez 39

2 - - - - - ATP ) 4 NM to allow allow to 5 ATP. release has also reducing oper the + LIGHT (560 is a luciferase bio 2 ATP . This assay has assay been. This 11 but in order to gain a gain a to but in order ATP + CO ATP i 8,9,12 This assay is sensitive assay and This Due to the possible Due the of to roles 9 10 Astrocytic 7 ATP. release not fully are understood, but ATP release has also been identified as a potential However, over the pastthe over several years, various However, 1 , but bioluminescence is required and it relies on on is required and it relies , but bioluminescence released by astrocytes was serve to found as a ATP release in pathology, measuring extracellular measuring extracellular releasein pathology, → OXYLUCIFERIN + AMP + PP → OXYLUCIFERIN 2 P release measurements, ATP ATP ATP released from astrocytes, increasing ampli the thus AT ATP has been calcium glial mediate to waves found Abnormal 6 ATP In addition, 8 Astrocytes even release gliotransmitters, chemicals proposed to 2,3 A commonly usedA commonly method measuring for The roles of astrocytic roles The concentration. Therefore, a standard curve is created to correlate curve a standard correlate is created to Therefore, concentration. ATP + D-LUCIFERIN + O + D-LUCIFERIN ATP ATP measured with moles of luminescence and luciferin, of luciferase, oxygen, concentration the method of this of measuring convenience ational used astrocytic for The intensity of the light emitted by this reaction is proportional to the reaction is proportional by this the emitted to light of the intensity The better understanding of the role this release this has brain and in pathol role better understanding in the of the has a high affinity for luminescence assay that uses recombinant luciferase uses catalyze to recombinant that assay the luminescence following reaction: proliferative factor required for neural stem cell proliferation in the adult adult in the proliferation factor cell required neural stem for proliferative hippocampus. hippocampus Neurogenesis in the has been postulated beto important learning, separation, aging, for pattern major memory, disease. and Alzheimer’s depression disorder, astrocyticabnormal has become increasingly important.concentrations increase in the and velocity of glial calciumtude waves. is vital which synapse forming to for been elimination, contribute to found neural circuits proper brain function. and for Disruption of synapse elimi involved in neurological is likely diseasesnation as such schizophrenia and autism. astrocytic and possibly inhibit synaptic astrocytic communication, for intercellular transmission. of astrocytesource dysfunction diseases. in neurodegenerative such One disease plaques seen amyloid-β cause Alzheimer’s in hypothesis an is that unknown and surprising functions of astrocytes been have discovered. Astrocytesbeen be have to involved processesin synapsefound including brain homeostasis, of function, and formation maintenance and storage distribution of local of energy substrates, blood and control brain defense, flow. release, as such transmitter and excitability neuronal modulate INTRODUCTION are Astrocytes that spinal cord brain and the in a type found are of glial cell neurons, than seen initially fiveabundant times more as glue” “brain the place. in hold neurons that

- - - - - in DNA (E-AB) . These . These , causes, end that end that release 3' ATP ATP end that can end that ATP 5' sensors allows them to be sensors to used allows them The reagentless and reversible and reagentless The sensors are a promising biosen sensors a promising are 13 14 E-AB E-AB 14 using mice. -specific electrochemical aptamer-based experimentation. A promising new promising A experimentation. method for concentration. ATP sensors can also detect a wide of targets such range in vivoin in vivoin ). This results can be in an increase then ). This that in current ATP 1 sensors make them ideal real-time sensors for them make measurements of E-AB 13 E-AB sensors utilize aptamers, covalently-linked are which oligonucleotides that bind a specific that oligonucleotides target, as such sensors have a redox tag covalently bound to an aptamer immobi bound aptamer an to tag covalently redox a sensors have , and ultimately , and ultimately E-AB A schematic demonstrating how electrochemical aptamer-based sensors result in an sensors result aptamer-based electrochemical how A schematic demonstrating increase in measured current due to an ATP-dependent aptamer conformational change due to an ATP-dependent current in measured increase surface. tag closer to the electrode that brings the redox are reagentless and allow for real-time allow for and measurements, reagentless are as they are measurements is

RNA ficity to the sensor. The specificity The of sensor. ficity the to assuch blood, matrices blood in complex serum, saliva, foodstuffs,cel and lular extracts. as proteins, small molecules, discovery the ions due to and inorganic of specificaptamers these targets. to lized electrode on the surface, reagentless. sensors making These them are becausealso reusable methylene reduction of the binding and the target reversible tagare processes. redox blue of natures con the Measured due to occur in current changes concentration. target upon aptamer binding, target the of change providing speci formational Fig. 1. Fig. E-AB a conformational change in the aptamer that brings the methylene blue blue brings methylene the that aptamer in the change a conformational electrode the efficient surface, closer of allowing to a more transfer for (Figure electrons used determine to or been have aptamers the modified group at a thiol contain to form a bond electrode tag with a gold on the surface and a redox our experiment, the electrode from the surface. electrons For can accept target, the of binding or the and blue, tag methylene is redox ogy, new methods are necessary. Such improved methods measuring improved for new Such methods necessary. are ogy, ATP to applicable more ATP sensors. vitro sor platform that we sought to utilize measure to to we sought astrocytic that sor platform

40 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Brenda Gutierrez 41 ------ATP ATP ATP sodium M m aptamers were were aptamers 100 conditions. ATP in vivoin mm inner diameter) so mm inner diameter) The electrodes were then electrodes then were The 15 1.10 magnesium approx chloride) for released astrocytes from cultured M m 5 ATP (5' HSC6-CTGGGGGAGTATTGCGGAG 2 (5' HSC6-ACCTGGGGGAGTATTGCG (5' 2 µm monocrystalline suspensiondiamond and 1 were determined, and titrations were conducted at at determined, conducted were were and titrations aptamer solution using Tris buffer ( solution aptamer using Tris in.) and glued in place using conductive silver epoxy. silver epoxy. in.) and glued using conductive in place titrations in buffer at room temperature. These titra These roomtemperature. in buffer at titrations sensors fabricated micro were gold using handmade 3 M mm outer diameter and diameter mm outer n 37°C ATP Trizma base, and Trizma 1.65 E-AB in. x 200 and antisense and M µm in diameter. A Teflon-coated gold wire was gold used make to A Teflon-coated µm in diameter. µm alumina oxide slurry electrodes each. µm alumina oxide The one minute for m sensors fabricated were using polycrystalline electrodes gold 50 0.010 20 0.05 E-AB sensor that could measure could sensor that sensorsoptimized vialab electrodeposition in the previously were The overall goal of this project this of was a microcylindergoal overall create The to (the temperature at which cells are incubated) in buffer and with the in buffer and with incubated) the are cells which at temperature (the mm in diameter. Before the electrode Before the surfaces modified, were elec the diameter. mm in GAAA-MB3') electrochemically several cleaned through voltammetric scans in dilute and sulfuricsodium acid solutions. hydroxide in a incubated chloride, different Two room temperature. one hour at imately used, called destabilized the 2 trodes first were mechanically cleaned by polishing motion in a circular a using a microcloth on in a then rinsed afterwere five each for minutes water and sonicated with ultrapure polishing 2 mm electrodes After step. hand-polished, the were they were that part of the Teflon-coated gold wire was sticking out of the capillary. wire was gold capillary. out of the sticking part Teflon-coated of the that Resin epoxy was used then seal to capillary bothof the ends gold and the Teflon. wire was the back melting end by exposed other the at FABRICATION SENSOR 2 MM E-AB Some electrodes was one end to at these back microcylinder melted electrodes. Teflon The was wire, which expose gold wrapped the then end of a tung the around rod ( sten wire-tungsten gold rodassembly The was inserted a soda then into lime glass capillary ( METHODS FABRICATION MICROELECTRODE Microcylinder tions allowed us to correlate measured with certain current in changes tions allowed correlate to us use these sensors on To specifically. room temperature at concentrations current for parameters optimal astrocyteshydrogel, collagen a in cultured measurements at 37°C sensors matrix. embedded hydrogel a collagen in E-AB E-AB better mimics matrix that hydrogel in a collagen E-AB used conduct to

------3 and and 37°C 37°C 16 seconds 60 solution, then solution, then 3 z for z for minutes at at minutes l. A pulsed wave 1 H 45 was added because 3 . HCO were added to the buf added the were to HCO 100% 0.5 M HC ATP , and a voltage increment of of increment , and a voltage V m and O 25 and 7.5% Na , mL) mL of water, and lastly (final , mL) mL of water, 2 3 aptamers.sensors rinsed were The 3H – peak measured current with buffer · 4 HCO l) withfrequency a of l a mercaptohexanol solution for about solutionone for mercaptohexanol C C ATP g u M A 10X DMEM m g/ HA

7.5% N A 30 M m (vs. mL of 20 0.4 V L/10) until the collagen polymerized collagen the until sensors. the around -buffer solution to buffer alone. The peak-buffer buffer mea solution alone. The currents to were to - , mL – vol. of 17 0 2 was mixed into the buffer, using square-wave voltammetry square-wave using dif at was buffer, the mixed into ATP . Sensorsrinsed transferring when were water them with ultrapure ATP 5% CO V m only)/peak measured current with buffer only) x after frequencies,ferent of a pulse amplitude 1 from an equation: calculated using the signal were changes percent sured and the ((peak measured current with and MEASUREMENTS ELECTROCHEMICAL sensors alone or sensorsThe embedded immersed were in in collagen desired and then amounts of buffer, of Tris mL two minutes one to measurements made approximately were Current fer. volume of gel solution, mL x final collagen concentration, mg/mL / stock mg/mL / stock concentration, solution, mL x final collagen volume of gel solution was I. If the tail collagen not mg/mL) mL of rat concentration, pink or basic after mixing, volume of Na another does not polymerizecollagen in acidic conditions. well was All of this done polymerization. prevent collagen to sensors immersedon ice were The and approximately solution for collagen in the incubated COLLAGEN POLYMERIZATION AROUND SENSORS AROUND POLYMERIZATION COLLAGEN solution wasA 2 mg/mL collagen prepared by first mixing (final volume of solution, m gel mL – vol. of solution, of collagen, mL – vol. adding (final volume of gel 10X DMEM was applied to reduce gold nanoparticles onto the electrode the surface,was nanoparticles gold onto reduce applied to electrodethe was as modified then and mercaptohexanol aptamer with the mentioned above. size.Electrodeposition was electrodes the immersing by conducted in a stirred solution of form from MICROCYLINDER E-AB SENSOR FABRICATION SENSOR E-AB MICROCYLINDER microcylinderThe electrodes electrochemically were cleaned via several voltammetric sulfuric and scans sodium acid in dilute solutions hydroxide as Gold well. electrodeposited nanoparticles elec then gold were the onto trode increase surface to signal-to-noise the microcylinder of the ratio sensors reduction for becomesissue this of as oxygen prominent a sensor, GAGGAAGGTTTTTTTCTT-MB 3') a in incubated and then form a self-assembledhour to elec passivating of the rest the monolayer trode surface.

42 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Brenda Gutierrez 43

- - - - - ), 3 ATP sen con sensors ), instead ), instead ATP 2 (Figure (Figure ATP E-AB ATP 37°C sensor exhibited ATP E-AB ATP mm electrodes. In conditions. Before 2 z at z at z, which explains the sig z, the explains which 750 H in vivoin ATP E-AB ATP . To determine whether this determine this whether . To Testing determined how the Testing 2 70 H 18 aptamer was aptamer used along with sensor destabilized the using P concentration (Figure (Figure P concentration ATP titrations were conducted in Tris in Tris conducted were titrations E-AB AT ATP z in Figure z in Figure z. The sensor showed signal-off behavior, z. sensor showed The signal-off behavior, were first were made using sensor in tempera changed with a change 60 H 60 H released from astrocytescolla in a cultured 37°C ATP ATP E-AB ATP z at room temperature and room temperature z at to correlate measured with specific changes current correlate to 500 H 37°C Titrations conducted at 37°C and 60 Hz with the 2 mm destabilized E-AB sensors displayed sensors displayed at 37°C and 60 Hz with the 2 mm destabilized E-AB conducted Titrations signal-off behavior. (Error bars represent the standard deviation of 3 independently deviation of 3 independently the standard represent bars (Error signal-off behavior. electrodes). fabricated

it was seen as frequency aptamers well, in other sweeps of increase in optimal frequency was specific destabilized the to or if aptamer aptamer wasaptamer optimal frequency the that had increaseddemonstrating with an increase destabilizedIn addition, the temperature. in signal-off frequencies at behavior lower than nal-off behavior observed at Signal-on and signal-offbeen behave behavior to influenced found by the frequency used voltammetry. in square-wave optimal frequency (frequency signal change) gives percent greatest the that destabilizedof this frequencyoptimal The the of ture. Fig. 2. Fig. a decrease with increased in current increase an with increasedcurrent in signal-onthe of behavior, parameters. same the using normally seen roomtemperature at centration, buffer at bufferat astrocytes which at incubated. temperature are the at concentrations measurements at Current experiment, destabilizedthis only the voltammetrysquare-wave at RESULTS AND DISCUSSION RESULTS projectof the was goal microcylinderfabricate The to of measuringcapable better mimic matrix to in order hydrogel gen these measurements,conducting - sen z at E-AB 100 H z at room temperature to to room temperature z at 70 H aptamer were conducted. Antisense 2 conducted. were aptamer 2 (Figure 3). (Figure sors using the antisense sorsthe using sors also an increasedemonstrated frequencyin optimal with an increase increasing from in temperature, 37°C

44 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Brenda Gutierrez 45

- - mm sen 2 E-AB , the , the 2 ATP E-AB 2 ATP 37°C sensors indeed z showedz approxi and 750 H 750 ATP

ATP E-AB ATP , titrations were conducted conducted were titrations , M . For the antisense 2 the . For mm 37°C 2 110% -mm electrodes. The 2 sensor frequencyoptimal at of E-AB signal change (Figure 4), which is close to the percent signal percent the close is to 4), which (Figure signal change 100% Frequency sweeps at 1 mM ATP showed an increase in optimal frequency for both the frequency in optimal increase showed an mM ATP at 1 sweeps Frequency from increased was sensors when the temperature E-AB destabilized and antisense 2 ATP of 3 independently deviation the standard represent bars to 37°C. (Error temperature room electrodes). fabricated

change measured in Figure 2 of around measured 2 of around change in Figure Using the measured the Using frequenciesoptimal at destabilized both the for and antisense temperature this at 1 m 4). At signal-ondisplayed (Figure behavior destabilized mately Fig. 3. Fig. sensors using the - - , and their , and their M ATP, 37°C M ATP, m 1 mm sensors mm showed a percent 2 , while the microcylinder, while the antisense 2 z, the 80% 100 H signal change at at signal change 20% , and (Figure 4), the same as Figure 2. Once the optimal optimal the 2. Once same as 4), the Figure (Figure were determined and the titrations at these frequen determined at were titrations and the 55% 37°C M ATP, 37°C M ATP, m 1 for cellular measurements. cellular microcylinderfor The destabilized sensor showed around signal change a percent sensor showed about a 4). optimal frequencies (Figure sors at sors at around of change frequencies at fab sensors then the were cies expected the displayed signal-on behavior, ricated using microcylinderideal and more smaller electrodes are which

46 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Brenda Gutierrez 47 - - /s), k is the rate constant constant rate /s), k is the C , where i is current ( i is current , where -kt Q Titrations of 2 mm and microcylinder destabilized or antisense 2 ATP E-AB sensors at E-AB destabilized or antisense 2 ATP of 2 mm and microcylinder Titrations sensor behavior. exhibit signal-on All of the titrations 37°C and optimal frequencies. electrodes). deviation of 3 independently fabricated the standard represent bars (Error

using the equation i(t)=k equation using the can address why the optimal frequency the can why address of a sensor increases tem when the is normalized is raised. current area under each the perature The so that normaliza same. This transferred, is the curve, of charge amount or the tion is necessary is constant, and the because concentration aptamer the electrode the surface via to blue tethered an aptamer of methylene amount a particular at point in time is calculated current should be as The well. Fig. 4. Fig. Analyzing shows normalized 5, which as Figure current a function of time, 50 . We z, the . mg/mL mg/mL 37°C 2 30 H 37°C ), k is rate constant ), k is rate 2 measurements Hz instead of 70 ATP ms, or approximately ms, or approximately 35 , and t is time (s). We hypothesized increase an that in We t is time (s). , and is surface coverage of electroactive species (mol/cm of electroactive coverage is surface was microcylinder the for successful sensors as we well, Γ (C) ), 2 37°C ), and Q is charge (C). The line at 50 Hz and the line at 70 Hz represent frequencies at frequencies Hz represent (C). at 70 ), and Q is charge The line at 50 Hz and the line is charge is charge -1 Q A model of current decay at different temperatures and in bound or unbound aptamer temperatures decay at different A model of current states. i is current (C/s), n is the stoichiometric number of electrons involved in the involved number of electrons n is the stoichiometric (C/s), current i is states. of the A is the area of electrons), constant (C/moles F is Faraday’s reaction, electrode (cm electrode (s temperatures. same at the different is the which the change in current

, ) z) must be z) must used same increase obtain the to upon in order in current -1 s will be at on astrocytes conducted hydrogel in a collagen cultured After it was found that using the optimal frequencies for conducting optimal frequenciesAfter using the it was conducting for that found at titrations of microcylinder titrations conducted sensors embedded in a matrix. is necessary step This hydrogel collagen as the Fig. 5. Fig. target binding.target if we look In addition, at sensor signal-off and will be at room signal-on temperature at ( between collisions frequent and blue more leads to methylene temperature electrodethe surface (increase in an increase in k), resulting current in the frequencygreater a why ( explain may This decay rate. H

48 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Brenda Gutierrez 49

- - - - - , our , our E-AB studies. ATP ). However, the the ). However, measurements, 6 in vitroin sensor is that the the sensor is that and was used on our 16 in vivoin E-AB , temperature, and ionic ionic and temperature, , H However, the operational convenience operational convenience the However, 10 sensor because per producedit greater a ATP Hz, signal an increase and change percent the in measurements further make optimization of these 750 in vivoin and sensors comes from the structural and functional sensors the from dependence comes concentration increased was concentration observed (Figure 37°C These factors are homeostatically regulated in the body, but but homeostatically factors are These body, regulated in the sensors are promising for real-time for sensors promising and are sensor lessis sensitive. This problem becomes more prominent with smaller electrodes, becomes problem prominent more This 13 on environmental factors such as factors such p environmental on 13 E-AB ATP hydrogel at 37°C and 750 Hz. (Error bars represent the standard deviation of 3 the standard represent bars Hz. (Error at 37°C and 750 hydrogel electrodes). independently fabricated Titration of a microcylinder destabilized E-AB sensor embedded in a 2 mg/mL collagen destabilized E-AB of a microcylinder Titration

DNA implications are vast. are implications When compared to the luciferin-luciferase the to method of measuringWhen compared E-AB ATP for and potential of the characteristic sensors An exciting desirable. can be measurementplatform of various the applied to targets as long as an possibilities the and Therefore, specific aptamer is available. target that to may be due to the increase be the due to may in electrode surface area upon electrode the electrode limitaposition the surface. Another nanoparticles of gold onto tion of of strength. when conducting consideration be to into taken have fined electrode one surface area modified up to accept tags with redox that or two electrons. limits sensitivity the This and limit of detection of sensors. as electrode the surface area is reduced. Electrodeposition was to found signal-to-noise the of smaller sensorsimprove ratio microcylinder electrodes. observed The increase in signal-to-noise ratio ATP E-AB ATP as these sensors and specific. they reagentless, have reusable, are However, fit con a on severalthat finitea number aptamers of are limitations. There Fig. 6. Fig. be performed. focuseddestabilized the on antisense sensors.2 con the were than titrations signal change The cent ducted at as the and further need repetitions large, may experiment are error bars of the to

- - - - - in vivoin

19 . This hydrogel consists of colla hydrogel . This et al We can also presence determine the whether We 12 , or glutamate. + , K 2+ conditions, as proposed by Placone structural support, 1 for gen brain extracellular mimic acid to hyaluronic as astrocytes compatibility matrix, provide endothelial to and matrigel with brain capillaries. surround and interact completely current measurements in order to more accurately determine ATP con determine ATP accurately more measurements to current in order curve, titration the measure we can we have then changes Once centration. upon astrocyticexposingby concentration astrocytesstimulation ATP in to Ca of these species affects measured signal changes. it percent future, In the better mimic to hydrogel use a different to would also be interesting FUTURE DIRECTIONS sensors of the in colla repeat titrations to the we would like future, In the obtain with smaller error bars. data to in order gen Before doing this, we determine to how long in order trace a current-time conduct to would like will give This us an idea diffuse collagen. to the through ATP it takes the making before any waitATP to addition of time afterthe how much of destabilized ATP E-AB sensors matrix embedded at hydrogel destabilized in a collagen ATP released by of ATP 37°C. will concentration determine allow us to the This basedastrocytes measured hydrogel on the percent collagen in a cultured signal changes. 100 Hz at 37°C and 70 Hz at room temperature. We postulated that this this postulated that We room temperature. 37°C and 70 Hz at 100 Hz at increase frequency in was increase decay the rate current to due in the electrode with the surface collisions blue methylene from more resulting because hypothesis also of an increasedThis helped explain temperature. sensors signal-off the 60 Hz and signal-on 750 Hz. were why at at Using microcylinder of the titrations ATP we conducted frequency, optimal the CONCLUSIONS In these experiments, we determined optimal frequency the desta the for room E-AB sensor tem be Hz at 37°C and 500 to at 750 Hz bilized ATP whereas optimal frequency the perature, antisense 2 sensor the was for

50 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Brenda Gutierrez 51 - - .

- - - . Analyt . Bioma Langmuir Annual Analytica Chimica Analytica . 2014; 86(22): 11417-1424. . 2014; 86(22): 11417-1424. . 2013; 6(1): 1-6. doi: 10.1042/ . 2013; 6(1): 1-6. . 2010; 135(3): 589-94. doi: . 2010; 135(3): 589-94. doi: . 2015; 42: 134-43. doi: 10.1016/j. mercury sensor current, using alternating cyclic, and differential wave square pulse voltammetry. Acta. 2014; 810: 79-85. doi: 10.1016/j. aca.2013.12.005. AL, BerglesPlacone PM, McGuiggan DE, Guerrero-Cazares H, Quiñones-Hinojosa A, Searson PC. astrocytes Human develop physiological morphology and remain 3D matrix. in a novel quiescent terials biomaterials.2014.11.046. J, White RJ. AchievingJ, White reproducible performance of electrochemical, folding sensorsaptamer-based on microelec trodes: and prospects. challenges Chemistryical doi: 10.1021/ac503407e. Balasubramanian S, JB Leach. EM Powell, Neurons,(Invited) Culturing Glia and in Three-Dimensional Cells Progenitor in Neuromethods: In press Hydrogels. Matrix,Extracellular Editors: B. Jennie publisher:Leach and Elizabeth Powell, Protocols,Springer Press Humana Zaitouna AJ, Lai RY. GV, Guerreiro Characterization of an electrochemical Aptamer-Based Sensors.Aptamer-Based Review Chemistry of Analytical 2016; 9(1): 163-81. doi: 10.1146/ annurev-anchem-071015-041446. Re-engi RJ, Rowe AA,White KW. Plaxco neering support to aptamers reagentless, self-reporting electrochemical sensors. Analyst 10.1039/b921253a. White Schoukroun-Barnes LR, Glaser EP, ElectrochemicalRJ. Heterogeneous SensorAptamer-Based Surfaces for SensorControlled Response. 2015; 31(23): 6563-569. doi: 10.1021/acs. langmuir.5b01418. S, Morris Dávila M, Taylor Liu J, Wagan Xu J, Song D, Bai Q, etal. Role of glycog Bai Q, J, Song D, Xu release ATP of enolysis in stimulation mousefrom cultured astrocytes by and high K+ concentrations. transmitters Neuro ASN AN20130040. Schoukroun-Barnes LR, Macazo FC, Gutierrez B, et al. Electrochemical 19. 17. 18. 14. 15. 16. 12. 13. ------. - - - - - . 2013; . 2013; simulta Trends in in Trends . 2010; 11(4): . 2010; 11(4): In situ In Nature ReviewsNature Stem Cells .15043. . 2011; 79(10): 588- Acta Neuropatho Acta Nature ProtocolsNature Fortschritte der der Fortschritte Neuromolecular Neuromolecular . 2007; 13(2): 54-63. . 2007; 13(2): 54-63. eLife 2015: 1-7. The Journal of Neurosci The Journal . 2005; 6(8): 626-640 . 2005; 6(8): 626-640 . 2003; 3(3): 173-80. doi: 10.1385/ Promega . 2010; 119(1): 7-35. doi:10.1007/ . 2010; 119(1): . 1999; 19(2): 520-28. 2014; 9(8): 1944-55. doi: 10.1038/ nprot.2014.126. “ENLITEN ATP Assay System Biolumi System Assay “ENLITEN ATP Measure Detectionnescence ATP Kit for ment.” L, Li Z, et al. Tang Y, Wang and GTP using a neous monitoring of ATP nanosheet-basedgraphene oxide sensing in livingplatform cells. inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphateinositol receptor-de eLife. 2016;5: pendent release of ATP. 1-17. doi: 10.7554/ Qin XH, et al. Astrocytic ade Cao X, Li LP, nosine 5'-triphosphate release regulates in cells of neural stem proliferation the adult hippocampus.the 31(8): 1633-43. doi: 10.1002/stem.1408. Haughey NJ, Mattson MP. Alzheimer’s Alzheimer’s Haughey NJ, MP. Mattson beta-peptideamyloid ATP/gap enhances junction-mediated calcium-wave prop in astrocytes.agation Medicine NMM:3:3:173. et al. Astrocytes con H, Liu Y, J, Yang Yang synapse viatribute to type elimination 2 calcium waves. ence PG. Haydon The T, Halassa MM, Fellin tripartite synapse: gliotrans for roles mission in health and disease. Medicine Molecular doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2006.12.005/ 597 doi:10.1055/s-0031-1281704. Do astrocytes D. NB, Attwell Hamilton really exocytose neurotransmitters? ReviewsNature Neuroscience 227-38. doi: 10.1038/nrn2803. J, SegalGuthrie PB, Knappenberger M, Bennett MVL, ATP SB. Charles AC, Kater released from astrocytes mediates glial Volterra A, J. Astrocytes, Meldolesi Volterra from elements: communication brain glue to revolutionthe continues. Neuroscience doi:10.1038/nrn1722 A. Neurog H, Verkhratsky Kettenmann lia—living nerve glue. Neurologie-Psychiatrie Sofroniew MV, Vinters HV. Astrocytes: HV. Vinters Sofroniew MV, biology and pathology. logica s00401-009-0619-8.

10. 11. 9. 7. 8. 6. 4. 5. 2. 3. REFERENCES 1. Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Model

author Samantha Furman

Bradford E. Peercy co-authors Martin Schneider BIOGRAPHY Samantha Furman is a senior Meyerhoff Scholars Program scholar and a MARC U*STAR scholar pursuing a mathematics major and statistics minor at UMBC. After graduating in spring 2017, she will pursue a Ph.D. in the joint Computational Biology program at Carnegie Mellon University and University of Pittsburgh. During her time at UMBC, Samantha has been a Calculus II teaching assistant, mathematics tutor for the athletic department, and a grader for the mathematics department. She has also held the positions of Vice President of the Mathematics and Statistics Council of Majors, Vice President of Programming for the Delta Phi Epsilon International Social Sorority, and Vice President of Scholarship for the Panhellenic Association. Samantha would like to thank the Schneider Laboratory for their assistance, as well as her mentor Dr. Bradford Peercy for his guidance and wisdom. She would also like to thank both the Meyerhoff Scholars Program and MARC U*STAR Program for their help in guiding her towards the research field. ------on the on the IGF-1 (Foxo-1) inside the nucleus nucleus inside the (Foxo-1) O1 activation of Akt to our model of Akt activation of Akt to and ending with the phosphorylation and ending with the of B (Akt) 1 (IGF-1) and other dynamical systems softwares were used in this study. dynamical and other systems softwares used were study. in this . Modeling the effects can the . Modeling provide stimuli insight of these external 1 on the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of Foxo-1. This research is a good research This of Foxo-1. nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio on the IGF-1 insulin-like growth factorinsulin-like quantify to of in order impact the phosphorylation of Foxo-1 equations, Differential non-dimen of Foxo-1. nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio sional analysis, with conducted optimization, parameter and simulation MATLAB effects the of simulates a functioning create model that to able were We original system was model of this a time-dependent function with fixed of phosphorylation rates the for and dephosphorylationparameters as well by shiftOur was study goal this build on to as insulin concentration. for fixed dynamic the ing to values values stimuli transform and external of dynamica time-dependentour model dependent model into external on connected a previous model of as as well time. We concentration stimuli only dephosphorylated Foxo-1 can enter the nucleus, the only phosphor while can enter dephosphorylatedonly Foxo-1 nucleus. as can the such insulin and lep External exit stimuli Foxo-1 ylated can a series activate tomycin of events cytoplasm, in the starting with the kinaseactivation of protein Foxo- functions degrades. and how muscle cell muscle skeletal how the The into ABSTRACT of the concentration is a higher occurs when there atrophy muscle Skeletal protein box transcription factor Forkhead cell, muscle a skeletal cytoplasm. in the than cell Within muscle of a skeletal ing how to prevent the degradation. Their work began work development of degradation. the prevent Their the ing how to Part of this atrophy. muscle skeletal a project simulate a modelto creating or decreaseproject activate either was various that the investigating stimuli Gra degradation. I began partner, project then on this working with my ham Antoszewski, who was we created time, and a model the senior a at process. atrophy the simulate to equations using differential his research and after participating in a summer research internship at the the at and afterhis research participating internship summer research in a start sopho the of my at lab Peercy’s of Chicago, I joinedUniversity Dr. Peercy had previously a project to laid a solid foundation Dr. year. more Martin Schneider with Dr. collaborating atrophy, muscle skeletal involving Schneider works to of Maryland University the at School of Medicine. Dr. degrades muscle skeletal how a over time, in hopesinvestigate of discover DEMYSTIFICATION Peercy first I took when during semester my of college Bradford I met Dr. In class, course. his linear algebra often he would applications discussthe in I took interest conducted. his lab that research the to of linear algebra

54 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Samantha Furman 55

- - - 1 (IGF-1) affects movement the IGF-1 levels is essential to muscle levels muscle essentialis to 1 (N/C)1 Forkhead box (Fox) proteins are a class of transcription are factors proteins (Fox) box Forkhead nuclear Foxo-1 concentration enhances transcription enhances of muscle-specific concentration Foxo-1 nuclear (MAFbx)/atroF-box RING atrophy and muscle (MuRF1) finger protein gin-1 degradation genes, and wasting linked muscle to are which [2]. The cytoplasmic to nuclear of ratio Foxo- caused by a lower Foxo-1 of nuclear as a higher concentration atrophy, loss. muscle yields more fraction Akt pathways activated of nuclear grading proteins and determines the rate of muscle atrophy [3]. By inves atrophy of muscle and determinesgrading rate the proteins nucleus, in the concentration affect stimuli Foxo-1 how external tigating we can degradation better understand beyond level. muscle cellular the effects we examined the growth of insulin-like factor Previously, and how phosphorylationon the of Foxo-1, nucleus, in and out of the 1. An increase as shown in in Figure of Foxo-1 strength in atrophied muscles [2]. Modeling the effects the [2]. Modeling stimuli muscles atrophied in of external strength cellular our findings the will apply at allow us to cells muscle on skeletal level our understanding muscle. whole of degradation to in the nuclear cells, the muscle In skeletal important in understanding atrophy. muscle-de controls (Foxo-1) O1 protein box of forkhead concentration The goal of this project was to create a dynamic model to accurately predict project of this was a dynamic goal accurately model create to The to and determine which cells muscle effects on skeletal the stimuli of external atrophy muscle degradation. Skeletal can limit muscle potentially stimuli caused cells, most commonly muscle of deterioration by agingis the or as diabetes, or heart disease of a medicala result as such cancer, [1]. ailment regain immobile while ill or in recovery who are Often, later patients must foundation for future studies that may model other external stimuli nuclear nuclear stimuli external model other may that studies future for foundation translocation systems based analyses. mathematical on similar INTRODUCTION , which was which , used to 2(B) shows the governing processes the shows for 2 A schematic of the IGF-1/P13K/PDK1/Akt within the skeletal channel pathway activation Akt phosphorylates Foxo-1 in the cytoplasm. Through the nuclear import system, only the nuclear import system, in the cytoplasm. Through Akt phosphorylates Foxo-1 the nuclear export system, and through can enter the nucleus, dephosphorylated Foxo-1 nucleus [3]. can exit the phosphatase Akt and protein Nuclear only phosphorylated Foxo-1 in but PP2A dephosphorylates Foxo-1 in the diagram, not indicated 2A (PP2A) action are the cytoplasm and also possibly in the nucleus. muscle cell. The presence of IGF-1 activates the IGF receptor (IGFR), which then triggers which then triggers (IGFR), the IGF receptor activates of IGF-1 muscle cell. The presence phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (P13K), IGFR activates which causes a signal cascade. of phosphoinositide-dependent lipid phosphorylationplasma membrane and activation and the activated the Akt enzyme, kinase 1 (PDK1). PDK1 phosphorylates and activates was reduced to the two-state system of Figure was Figure of system two-state reducedthe to

the varying phosphorylatedthe of the and dephosphorylatedconcentrations system of Figure and cytoplasm. nucleus within the four-state The Foxo-1 2(A) model. the produce leading to the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio explicitly depending explicitly in on insulin nuclear-cytoplasmicratio leading the to model. the PREVIOUS WORK previously effects on show the created a model stimuli to of external We degradation. Figure muscle skeletal As the activation of Akt begins the phosphorylation process of Foxo-1, As activationAkt begins of the phosphorylation the of Foxo-1, process on developingour analysis relied insulin-dependence a model of of the by writing Akt asAkt. a function pathway this of insulin Understanding influx the incorporated insulin into and efflux constants, rates ultimately Fig. 1. Fig.

56 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Samantha Furman 57 - - - ) and ) rate ) rate ') and c l E ) and P c is the is the n /k /P n n P ATION SET 1 ATION is the rate con rate is the is the rate con rate is the U EQ n ) and efflux (k I U E k is the rate constant of cytoplasmic constant rate is the c p k is the cytosolic is the volume, and V c ) rate constants, and the nuclear influx (k constants, ) rate c ) states, the nuclear/cytoplasmic phosphorylation (k nuclear/cytoplasmic the ) states, U c /k n /U n U is the rate constant of cytoplasmic constant rate dephosphorylation, is the c . U k [3] ') rate constants [3].') rate E is the rate constant of nuclear phosphorylation, of nuclear constant rate is the n as the Equation Set as Equation 1. the p k constants of the four-state diagram have been integrated into the nuclear influx been integrated have (k diagram constants of the four-state efflux (k Kinetic reaction schemes for Foxo-1 nuclear-cytoplasmic movements. A: A four- movements. nuclear-cytoplasmic schemes for Foxo-1 Kinetic reaction phosphorylated (P Foxo-1 with the nuclear/cytoplasmic state diagram dephosphorylated (U dephosphorylation (k with nuclear (N) and cytoplasmic B: A simplified two-state diagram constants of Foxo-1. the phosphorylated where and dephosphorylated rate (C) of Foxo-1, concentrations

2(A) is the rate constant of Foxo-1 influx nucleus, the k into of Foxo-1 constant rate is the I nuclear volume nuclear where where dephosphorylation, of nuclear stant phosphorylation, k of effluxstant nucleus, from the V Using the laws of mass model in Fig action, we can laws describe the Using four-state the ure Fig. 2. Fig. - ATION 1 ATION ') and influx ATION SET 3 ATION ATION SET 2 ATION U EQ E scaled by the are presented presented are is the starting is the U EQ U EQ 2(B) 2(A) , and 1 . These new rate constants are the the are new constants . These rate 2(B) was developed the represent to in order 1 , Equation , Equation C . and 3 N is the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of Foxo- nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio is the We assume following: the We ') rate constants shown in Figure shown constants in Figure ') rate I where where 1, it is possible Equation to a given From for time range. value ratio of this influx and efflux approximate determine the a given from constants rate set of experimentally-determined data. Solving the for as a function of time. of Foxo-1 nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio The changes in the states of the reduced model in Figure reduced model of the in Figure states in the changes The Setin Equation With these relations, it is possible to produce the new these it is possible the relations, produce efflux to With (k (k previous influx and efflux seen constants in Figure rate fractions as constant seen Setrate in Equation 2. centration of Foxo-1 in the nucleus. Assuming that the phosphorylation nucleus. the in the Assuming that Foxo-1 of centration and dephosphorylation influx faster the processes than occur much and efflux, Accordingly, situation. equilibration rapid the we can consider then cytoplasm,in the respectively, nucleus and in the where C is the concentration of Foxo-1 in the cytoplasm the in con N is the and of Foxo-1 concentration C is the where

58 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Samantha Furman 59 ' - I ' is ' is I MAT -10 =10 =0.16 ' ' I E k k LEPTOMYCIN ' should approach zero (as zero ' should approach E ) for both phases) for shown are in -1 does approach close to zero, but k zero, close to does approach ' E ' should stay the same. Data was same. Data a for the ' should stay generated I =0.015 ' =0.0611 ' E I k k CONTROL phases of the cell. The first curve from time zero to 100 minutes is the fitted control phase control to 100 minutes is the fitted time zero phases of the cell. The first curve from injected phase. time 120 to 160 minutes is the fitted leptomycin and the second curve from The open dots are the experimental data points for the control and leptomycin injected and leptomycin data points for the control the experimental The open dots are . Both 3. fits shown are in Figure

currently unknown and future directions include further investigation into unknown into further directions include and future currently investigation came about. change how this LE 1 TAB The effluxThe and influx (min constants rate 1. Looking fitted values, the at k Table reason unexpecteddoes in k the constant. The for change not remain Fig. 3. Fig. skeletal muscle cell. Our prediction was k cell. muscle skeletal that efflux was blocked)while k period injectioncontrol and a period before of leptomycin, after injection verify in influx change the and efflux constants, To of leptomycin. rate both and injected 1 via phase fitted with were Equation control data the LAB FITTING THE LEPTOMYCIN MODEL LEPTOMYCIN THE FITTING Beforewe produced dynamic our model, analyze we used 1 to the Equation observedeffects on the stimuli of external influx efflux and constants. rate experiment, blocked this leptomycin all effluxFor the injected when into - - - - - ATION 2 ATION U EQ . [4] incorpo et al M in small increments to to M in small increments -3

M to 10 M to -13 In order to view the behavior appropriately, the semilog scale was used in creating this in creating used the semilog scale was to view the behavior appropriately, order In plot. The stars represent the data we received from looping through the GLUT model for the GLUT looping through from the data we received plot. The stars represent while the dashed line is the fitted Akt(ins) function. of insulin values a wide range We fitted the data points data fitted hill function, the a standard using results which We

Details about the pathway phosphorylating Foxo-1 in the nucleus are are nucleus in the phosphorylating Details Foxo-1 pathway about the In order to fully integrate insulin into the Foxo-1 model, we included insu Foxo-1 the insulin into fully to integrate In order influx the lin into and efflux constants. cytoplasm, rate In the activated activated parta Akt is the of therefore and willAkt phosphorylateFoxo-1, phosphoryla the to similarly behaves pathway this that unknown, except Fig. 4. Fig. in Akt activation as a function of insulin (ins) as 2 shown in Equation rates insulin injection until Akt activation. Our Foxo-1 model considers model considers Akt activation. injection insulin Ouruntil rates Foxo-1 influx GLUTAkt activation until The model tan in and efflux of Foxo-1. con flux. We dem with our model Foxo-1 injection insulin includes until of insulin valuessider a range from 10 4. used data obtain the Figure in INTEGRATING INSULIN/IGF-1 INSULIN/IGF-1 INTEGRATING MODEL FOXO-1 THE INTO transporter glucose (GLUT)The model used Quon by

60 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Samantha Furman 61 , E and and is an an is M

, and k and , injected I -10 as well. To as To well. ATION SET 4 ATION 10 = IGF-1 U EQ low were modified were to IGF-1 and . We then used then these values plot to . We ' functions of insulin, we have four four ' functions we have of insulin, ' in the control and control ' in the E E and outputted the following values: the and outputted κ corresponds to the control cell while while cell control the corresponds to 0.1529 low ' and k I ' and k = I E , k MATLAB . Insulin ' as shown in Figures 5 and 6, respectively. Similar Similar ' as 5 and 6, respectively. shown in Figures M E 0.6259

-8 = I , k ' and k I CONTROL 9.59 × 10 0.1536 corresponds to the injected cell. Using these values, Using injected the corresponds to cell. we solved = . With these substitutions, Set we produced 4. Equation . With , α = high high and 3.062 cells. With these values k and the cells. With 2. unknowns, withequations four as shown in Table LE 2 TAB From the experimental data at the Schneider lab published by Wimmer et published Schneider lab Wimmer by the at experimental data the From valuesal [3], we know the k for tion of Akt in the cytoplasm [3]. Consequently, we can conclude that the the that can we conclude cytoplasm Akt in the tion of [3]. Consequently, nucleus, the In assumedwe that phosphorylationsimilar. are rates it determines as since phosphorylation well, constant rate Akt-dependent function Akt(ins) includedwe the into Therefore, Foxo-1. of influence Akt function, the the of for account the insulin vs.the k hill function. standard the follow constants Akt function, the theseto rate we needed appropriate insulin values for the control and injected cells. We and injectedwe needed cells. We insulin values control the for appropriate used:used Schneider lab the same values insulin the that insulin insulin in system of equations the = To solve this system of equations for the unknown the values for equations of system solve this κ, k α, To - - ' as func E ' and k I ' graph. E creating this plot. As insulin concentration increased, the phosphorylation increased, in the insulin concentration this plot. As creating in to enter the nucleus and a decrease causing less Foxo-1 cytoplasm increased, in the graph. influx, represented To view appropriate behavior of this rate constant, the semilog scale was used in constant, the semilog scale was behavior of this rate view appropriate To To view the appropriate behavior of this rate constant, the semilog scale was used in constant, the semilog scale was behavior of this rate view the appropriate To creating this plot. As insulin concentration increased, phosphorylation increased, in the nucleus this plot. As insulin concentration creating effluxin in an increase resulting nucleus, exit the to Foxo-1 more caused and increased in the k represented

of the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio was nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of the produced. The previously-known nucle The the for 1) solution (Equation course time was modified k consider to ar-cytoplasmic of Foxo-1 ratio dynamic insulin-dependence, the tions of insulin. By applying this model Fig. 6. Fig. Fig. 5. Fig.

62 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Samantha Furman 63 - - - phase. phase, low high phase. After the cells sat sat phase. cells After the medium comes to a steady state. The lighter line segment comes to a steady state. phase, dynamic it we ran this model until phase. medium high phase shows an increase nuclear-cytoplasmic in the M and the second line segment that overlaps the dynamic model is M and the second line segment that overlaps low -11 M. -8 phase a period for was insulin of time before injected the into = 3.16 ×10 = 3.16 = 9.59×10 low low high Figure 7 shows the dynamic experimental data. 7 shows the model the fitted to Figure The data that we wanted to fit this model to has wanted we model fit to a washoutto this that data periodThe Experiments sit performed to allowed cells Schneider lab the by the insulin The open dots represent the experimental data points. The darkest curve is the full The darkest the experimental data points. The open dots represent is zero model. The whole beginning phase before the GLUT from dynamic representation only shows when not shown; the graph is insulin phase a decrease indicates as rate nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio the in the Fig. 7. Fig. expected, insulin the high (Figure is nucleus the into influx of constant as rate of Foxo-1 ratio the insulin the of efflux constant 5). Similarly, rate 6), while the is low (Figure high of efflux of influxconstant constant rate is low. is high, while the the insulin the insulin trigger the to cell portion reach curveThe darkest of the cell represents the time zero before ing its whereas steady state, our two-part an initial start at model forces As time. this at experimental results ratio the of lab’s with the time zero in their ownin their insulin produced insulin, the own their in medium, washed they then were insulin the to out insulin the incite to wasinsulin afterwhich cell the injectedinto insulin the incorporate To self-producedreached the steady-state, represented cell which the insulin model reachedwould be the dropped steady-state, we then in. Once it to where insulin concentration is low and is followed is low by a period insu where insulin concentration where began using our original by lin is injected insulin and becomeshigh. We values as and adjusted them necessary experimental fit data. to the - - - - and Foxo-1 models.Our Foxo-1 and GLUT National Research Service Award Research Service National Award . IGF-1 model can fit into this modelis correct. model model this can is a proto fit This into GLUT and Sarah Russell, and a prior undergraduate researcher Graham Antosze researcher a prior and undergraduate and Sarah Russell, was wskiinvestigation also sponsored assisted This research. this the by T3408663 NIH/NIGMS MARC U*STAR UMBC.to ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Schneider LaboratoryThe of Maryland University at School of Medicine exper came experimental data assisted the from The research. with this Martin Schneider SchneiderLaboratory the at imentsconducted by Dr. altered in order to model the effects of various other external stimuli. We effects model the to We in order altered stimuli. of various external other dynamics learned the influx further we should of the have investigate that is injectedwhen leptomycin because our logical prediction was not cor lead new skeletal to could about the information rect. exploration Such the of yet. would expand research not aware we are This that cell muscle it degrades. and why behaves cell muscle knowledge skeletal the of how stimuli besidesstimuli FUTURE DIRECTIONS been as effects such model the we have to stimuli able of external So far, can prototypes modelsbe are These IGF-1 that and leptomycin. used and We have shown that we can take the constant-parameter model and turn model turn and constant-parameter can we shown the take that have We a dynamic model connectingby the into it our assumption that mean experimentalresults data that the fitting from the type can be external fit that to experiments altered similar using different

64 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Samantha Furman 65

- - 306

Am J Physiol Endocri J Physiol Am E1084-E1101, 2002. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol Cell J Physiol Am 283

mathematical model metabolic of insulin mathematical signaling pathways, nol Metab Wimmer RJ, Liu Y, Schachter TN, Stonko Stonko TN, Schachter RJ, Liu Y, Wimmer Math Peercy BE, and Schneider MF. DP, modelingematical reveals modulation of influxboth nuclear by and efflux of Foxo1 in skeletal IGF-I/PI3K/Akt Pathway the fibers.muscle C570-C584, 2014. Sedaghat AR, Sherman A, and Quon A MJ. 3. 4. - , 1025- 18 : 399-412, 2004. 117 Cell Cell The FASEB Journal Journal The FASEB 1027, 2004. muscle atrophy. atrophy. muscle Krasney Hill RJ, O’Conner PA, Jones SW, Greenhaff N, PL. Disuse atrophy B, Peirce in humans rehabilitation and exercise affects of genes profoundly expression the associated of skeletal regulation with the mass.muscle Sandri M, Sandri C, Gilbert A, C, Skurk Calabria K, E, Schiaffino Picard A, S, Walsh transcrip Lecker Goldberg SH, AL. Foxo atrophy-related the tion factors induce ligaseubiquitin and cause atrogin-1 skeletal 2. REFERENCES 1. Charge Transfer from Single Semiconductor Nanocrystal to Single Molecules

author James Loy

Mr. Haixu Leng co-authors Dr. Matthew Pelton BIOGRAPHY James Loy dual-majored in physics and mathematics at UMBC. He graduated summa cum laude in May 2016, and began pursuing a Ph.D. degree in physics at Princeton University, focusing on quantum information. He enjoys teaching physics to students and loves working on his family’s farm. James would like to thank his research mentor, Dr. Matthew Pelton, for his guidance and wisdom throughout his research experience. He would also like to thank Mr. Haixu Leng for the help and teachings offered during the research project. Finally, he would like to thank his family for supporting him throughout his undergraduate career, and Ms. Allison Osborne for motivation to work beyond his limits. ------We created 2 To efficiently To 1 surface molecules crystals, on the allowing effect determine us to the a sin (the By measuring decay rate rate. excited-state had on the the gle acceptor state), in an excited remain electrons time that characteristic of the inverse number of sur the corresponding to rate in the a discrete change we found molecules.face ferred out of the QD following photoexcitation. Our model used QD followingferred photoexcitation. the out of organic electrons molecules excited adsorbed accept QDs to surface of the the to crystal. the leave numberof surface that molecules, The can which be as few by offering lifetime more electrons as excited-state one, shortens the decay rate. increasing excited-state state, the excited out of the pathways numbers of examined individuallystructures QD resolve integer to We ABSTRACT of nano photovoltaics is a lattice next-generation for material A candidate dots, crystals semiconductor meter-scale or QDs). (quantum QD at be out of the current, must photoexcited electrons into light convert being trapped avoid a fast to in defects rate QD surface. on the trans are electrons excited which quantifyat a model to system rate the projectwas awarded seconda URA, ledand manuscriptI a which to on undergraduate of my was accomplishment favorite This my was co-author. every encourage perform and I strongly to proj a research student career, ect UMBC. at Research Award (URA) decidedand College Honors the program Research Award through Being approval. URA awarded the sup Pelton’s in 2014 with Dr. apply to ported system on a devoted interface development of the computer the interface, unit. microscopy the of the and construction After completing unit, microscopy from the of and data-collection I allowing full control beganfirst one of the projects new use the to instrument. separate This photonics. After first our meeting, I was intrigued types by the research of contributing. for background There the but lacked occurring lab, in the a for interface first was project a computer my lab produce in the to fore, new seemed unit being microscopy which set lab, up in the an excellent like time while learning nec the background skills the at my contribute to way essary project. pursue a research later to I learned Undergraduate of the DEMYSTIFICATION of recommendation the of Physics on in the Department research I entered devotion of my Laszlo Takacs, because Dr. first laboratorymy class teacher, whose was research in nano Pelton, work. lab to directed Dr. He me to

82 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 James Loy 83 - - - - Akey 1 Consisting of Consisting of 3 Once excited, the electrons remain trapped and can remain structure electrons in the the excited, Once The electron transfer process from a quantum dot. An electron (solid black circle), is (solid black circle), a quantum dot. An electron from process transfer The electron separates it from the QD. it from separates excited from a lower energy state (dashed circle) in the QD. The electron has twohas paths: electron The QD. the in circle) (dashed state energy lower a from excited out of the QD to a transfer and emit a photon, or to its original state (dashed arrow) relax physically and electron the accepts molecule This arrow). (solid molecule acceptor surface . Fig. 1 Fig. Since the acceptor molecule gives the electron a place to go, it facilitates go, molecule to gives a place electron acceptor the the Since it occurs. process, which transfer electron at the increasing rate the An electron is excited to a higher energy in the structure, perhaps due to to perhapsdue structure, energyhigher a the in to excited is electron An its to orig back relax either can electron then absorptionThe photon. a of or it canof out transfer conserve to a photon emitting energy, inal state, molecule surface, QD which the on acceptor an shows 1 Figure QD. the This keeps and electron the separated QD. accepts it physically from the QD after transfer. the separation to prevents returning from electron the light, depending on their physical size. A lattice formedlight, by using QDs of depending size. physical A lattice on their varying harvest sizes potentially could regionsenergy of the from different solar spectrum optimal efficiency. for escapenot out perform states to unlessavailable theywork to transfer manner. in a simple process this 1 demonstrates Figure QD. side of the of materials. QDs may be produced in bulk at low cost using colloidal of materials. be colloidal using low cost producedQDs may in bulk at chemistry efficiency of offer a higher ratio techniques, may and thus to silicon-based current than photocells. cost-of-production in three electrons materials, the QDs confine shell and the distinct core dimensions,energy quantizes the within allowed states which electron to certain only emit and absorb QDs frequencies Thus, the structure. of the INTRODUCTION electrical to light energy lat converting includes for material A potential nanocrystals of semiconductor tices dots called (QDs). quantum type this cost for issue the is renewableof current energy conversion ------It is ideal to increase the rate at which the the which at is ideal increase to rate It the 2 Furthermore, these QDs emit light in the the in theselight emit QDs Furthermore, 5 Ensemble measurements size struc efficientthe of the are due to 4 This measurement has beenThis performed previouslyusing ensemble sity. The benefit The of using these documented QDs lies in their use as model sity. transfer. charge for systems visible spectrum, QD density monitoring the in qualitatively helps which when preparing samples. property also This our optical enables analysis, as (TCSPC) Counting equip Photon Single our camera and Time-Correlated visible sensitive to are light.ment previous ensemble measurements directly. SAMPLES As 2, we used cadmium shown sulfide cadmium in Figure core, selenide Univer Northwestern at (CdSe/CdS) QDs suppliedshell by collaborators quantity to obtain an average transfer rate per individual acceptor mole per individual rate acceptor transfer obtain average an to quantity cule. analyses data small differences tures, and the but suffer from complicated signalbetween the obtained. project, In our research each QD complicate observedwe numbers acceptor of integer individual resolve exact to QDs verify to method, able this we were molecules. results the of or refute With tures of the QD-acceptor molecule complexes. QD-acceptor of the tures with QDs a distribution of many measurements, exciting involve which measurements, In such once. moleculeall at quantities acceptor different collected opticalthe signal analyzedis various using assumptionsabout distribution distribution QD emission and the of surfacethe molecule transfer occurs so that it dominates these other processes. these other it dominates molecules occurs so that transfer Any transfer facilitate electron electrons excited accept which offer states that increase efficiencyand thus the photovoltaics. QDs for of the proj In this ect, molecules on the individual effect we quantified have the acceptor that molecules sites. as transfer using acceptor future a model for rate, transfer various of the fea allows investigation produced a model system that We The transfer process competes with other pathways the electron may fol may electron the pathways with other competes process transfer The efficiencythe lowers which transfer. light-to-electrical-energy of the low, crystal example, defects as surface QD For such atoms, missing on the electrons, trap prevent atoms, that states and impurities canextra create QD. the from exiting ing them

84 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 James Loy 85 - - - A transmission electron micrograph image of our QDs. The white outline encloses a image of our QDs. micrograph electron A transmission the QD edges terminate along crystal planes, to their crystalline structure, Due single QD. spherical. being exactly them from preventing viologen, which prevents them from emitting a detectableviologen, prevents from emitting signal. which them a distribution of acceptor-molecule quantities; none, some some QDs have a distribution of acceptor-molecule the controlled one, some two, etc. molecules adsorbed surface. We their to distribution by varying mixing substances, the time and dilution of the and optimal distribution is obtained a qualitatively after 30 seconds that found of adsorption lead too few this to times Shorter time. than QDs with any QDs with viologenthe of adsorbed, timeslead saturation longer while to produce the QD-viologen complexes in our lab. This involves suspending involves This in our lab. QD-viologen the produce complexes neither In chloroform, viologen of QDs and in chloroform. sample a dilute dissolves,substance con Physical liquid. soin the they separate kept are tact between QDs and molecules the is facilitated by use that of a sonicator a variable for period sample vibrates the of time. When viologen encoun stochastic method surface. The results shell the in it adsorbs to a QD, ters For our acceptors, we used our acceptors, molecule an organic calledFor viologen, again due mate Using its with facilitatingto transfer. documented electron success willdetermine us rials transfer if our single electron help known induce to and a viable method of analysis.particle analysis is reliable we is a variable control, we want to quantity acceptor-molecule the Since Fig. 2. Fig.

- - - The microscopy unit was microscopy by a specially-built The controlled computer Schematic showing instruments of the microscopy unit in their rough relative positions. positions. relative unit in their rough Schematic showing instruments of the microscopy depicted; solid lines depict data communication betweenConnections instruments are paths. lines depict laser light propagation and dashed paths 500i), camera (Princeton Instruments Pixis 400), and the Time-Correlated 500i), camera Instruments (Princeton Pixis Time-Correlated 400), and the cused point on the slide. Light emitted from the sample was sample cused from the emitted reflected slide. Light point on the back instru different by three be then intercepted lens and could the through setup back-emitted only collected this analysis. light ments for that Note laser and does pulse. sample stimulating not collectfrom the the stages, the controlled SpectraPro spectrometer that (Acton interface to then magnify and excite the structures individually. Pulsed laser magnify light then individually. structures to the excite and in 1 MHz samples the laser PDL-800D)(diode photoexcites PicoQuant QD in the only electrons used of 510 nm so that a wavelength pulses. We of higher energy and light absorb electrons as shell the excited, are cores with our signal. Pulses cannot focused interfere were an thus through 100X / N.A.objectiveApo a minimally-fo Plan to = 1.40) lens (Nikon, Fig. 3. Fig. suspension (approximately QD-viologenthe of drop complex A dilute 20 μL) was Superslip) Premium (Fisherfinest spread over a glass coverslip QDs separated during process, The this and allowed allowing dry. us to INSTRUMENT analyze on an optical we relied microscope built specif complexes, our To 3 shows an Figure and analyze nanoparticlesically individually. control to overview system. of the

86 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 James Loy 87

6 ------After verifying we switched was a sample to an individual that QD, intensity plot. steadydecrease intensity The of indicative over time is in intensity observed QDs themselves. blinking phenomenon of the the is due to Fig 4(b)ure shows a less ideal set, data pronounced blinking is more the where optical the signal significant for periodsand eliminates loss of time. The of signal blinking is distinguished due to in change by how abrupt the in our from instability is. of signal comes damage intensity source Another has instability effect on the the shows that 4(c) microscope system. Figure DATA ANALYSIS DATA Our not be collected used could data address without to directly processing of the process, intensity the we plotted certain factors our system. To in 4 shows various experiment. the types Figure QD over time for of inten sity plots. 4(a) is an ideal set, data Figure stays as maximum intensity the in intensity change rapid collection. The data over the constant roughly data recording with the TCSPC. Samples were monitored for five to sixfive to for monitored were TCSPC. Samples with the recording data was counts) QD (in photon of the teen minutes, intensity during the which time of arrival laserrecorded against the the pulse. since from completely extinguishing. Therefore, a sample that blinked was that a sample more extinguishing. Therefore, from completely we used spectral QDs as analysis of the Finally, be to a single QD. likely A single QD has a narrow spectral peaksufficient proof of QD quantity. a cluster For height). a 12-18 nm peak peak’s (roughly half the width at of QDs, small inhomogeneities between QDs shifts the peak their wave widening observed the peaklengths slightly, 20 nm width). (greater than higher intensity was likely a combination of multiple QDs fluorescing. of multiple was a combination higher intensity likely Sec which ond, we used a property called of QDs intermittency,” “fluorescence excitation. blinking appearedoff and on during as continuous an apparent states, different QDs of and overlapping of QDs would contain A cluster blinking is because would bethe This less pronounced. when some QDs cluster preventing the state, will be cluster blink off, of the in an “on” others DATA COLLECTION DATA laser the on Duringfocus.located collection, were QDs data centered and clusters was excite than we isolated individualIt important QDs rather that verify this, we used QDs. parameters. three of multiple To abnor First, surrounding QDs, to samples,mally bright ignored, were as relative the Single-Photon Counter (TCSPC) instru 300) model PicoHarp Counter (PicoQuant Single-Photon ments. final device The measures arrivalthe times of individual photons observed time of laserfrom the the to pulse and emission, relative sample experiment. this collects for main data the - - a Since we collected an optical signal,Since QD times during the the which bottom half of the data (determined via the mean of the minimum and and (determined via mean minimum data the of the half of the bottom functions. sinusoidal to fitted separately were data) maximum The of the betweenaverage which allowed these two oscillating track thresholds us to valid for thus and were threshold), averaged (above the “on” were states our data. observe. some QDs, perhaps corre drift is sinusoidal, the For in intensity sponding small variations interference to sinusoidal focus in optimal due to shifts. temperature like dis blinkedoff driftedor focusof out offered analysis. validno for data To and we used top usable, were The a variable states which threshold. cern drifting objective, QD itself, focus of the perhaps our system, in of the the nm in scale, of 10 of the alignment order the on the or both. As are QDs the be must verysample interval can precise, sample and over a ten-minute the shifts microscope in the stored and tension drift out of focus. Temperature we instability of the much blame for to from securing likely system are the

88 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 James Loy 89 b c

- d light (photon counts per second) against time in the experiment (seconds). (a) An ideal light (photon counts per second) against time in the the experiment, indicating a constant across data set, with the maximum intensity roughly The immediate loss of signal blinking. (b) A data set featuring very pronounced stable QD. shows that the QD went into an “off” return with the eventual almost ten minutes state for data set cannot be explained by drift. (c) A return of a 16-minute experiment. The signal’s by a gradual or both. Characterized the QD itself, featuring drift, perhaps of the focus, run, this data set is essentially useless as we cannot the experimental loss of signal over (d) A times during the experiment. maximum intensities of the QD at different compare points (dark gray) with via a fitting function. Above-mean blinking is dealt data set where functions sinusoidal to separate below-mean points (light gray) from fitted separately are that decides which QDs a threshold These fittings develop that fit the intensity time. over data. offer valid and therefore state, in the “on” are Examples of the most common types of intensity plots. Each graph plots intensityplots of graph Each typescommon most of the intensityof plots. Examples remain excited after a time t, of decay excited k for remain and we defined rate a natural our QDs,we expect form: then the tation by a lasertation pulse. During nanoseconds the laser after the pulse, the photons. emitting BecauseQD decayed its energy, to ground back state every for identical is relaxation of we expected probability the excitation, decay curvean exponential describe in to remain numberthat of QDs the of QDs that If we defined be ratio Q(t) to state. the a quantity excited the From the data corresponding to “on” states, produced we plot. a lifetime “on” corresponding data to the From of arrival the consisted data to The times of individual relative photons via sample laser of the pulse. Over of excitation course most the recent same QD the we excited (ranging 16 minutes), experiment from 5 to the after each exci zero initial time to essentially resetting the repeatedly, Fig. 4. Fig.

90 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 James Loy 91 - Fitting an exponential to the photon delay, which signals the time the electrons of the which signals the time the electrons an exponential to the photon delay, Fitting Plot is of normalized intensity (photon counts per second) state. in the excited QD were (nanoseconds). laser excitation against time since the most recent 5. Fig. collected 30-60 QDs. was Our QD quantity time each data limited by the of our samples, stability collection takes did not and the we found which a single to each set refers of 30-60 QDs Therefore, day. one exceed reliably of measurements.day Therefore, we expected the natural decay rate and the rate of transfer to to of transfer rate and the decay rate we expectednatural the Therefore, plot we QD, the for states “on” the QD-viologen a From for sum complex. experiment, arrivalted the obtaining entire the over the times of photons curve the curve. functionexponential an exponential determined to Fitting analysis process 5. The as shown in Figure QD, of decay that for rate the was performed every for we which for QD collected in a single sample, We expected another exponential rate of transfer, characterized L. rate by of transfer, rate expected exponential another We governing Q(t) has equation total form the the Then, However, of the remaining QDs that have not relaxed back to ground state, ground state, to back not relaxed have that QDs remaining of the However, molecules. surface acceptor to transfer to it is possible electrons the for - - - . Then our equation for Q(t) follows Q(t) follows for our equation . Then -1 ). The results in Figure 6 show the for the 6 show results Figure in ). The a -1 Note that our increased rates must be due to the acceptor molecules, our increased acceptor be that the must Note due to rates where n is the integer number of acceptor molecules QD. on the number of acceptor integer n is the where For our CdSe/CdS QD and viologen acceptor complexes, the rate change change rate the complexes, our CdSe/CdS QD and viologen acceptor For per molecule ± 0.003) ns is L = (0.009 form the interacting on the QD surface, and the rates change linearly. This result is is result This linearly. change rates QD surface, and the on the interacting given any for especially rate transfer predict the it allows us to helpful, since molecules.number of acceptor the explain QDs is too to small bare for decay rates as of natural spread the we observe molecules. rates larger with acceptor samples for agree with our resultsmole from analyzing QDs with no acceptor bare cules, QDs with correspond no viologen to adsorbed, highest peak next the one moleculecorresponds to of viologen adsorbed, fact that and so on. The peakthe each addi maxima equally that indicates are spaced in our data only as the if it were tional molecule individually, increases rate transfer the molecules not are acceptor the molecule QD surface. Therefore, on the A histogramA was decay produced, withQDs binning excitation similar (bin together sizerates was 0.003 ns of peaks collections of QDs than mations rather of QDs with similar rates rates. Eachwith randomly larger peak integer a different corresponds to molecules QD surfaces. on the numberof acceptor first peaks, The which

92 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 James Loy 93 - - c2 b2

b1 — c1 — . (a) A control group of bare QDs, showing the spread showing the spread QDs, of bare group . (a) A control -1 We have verified individual have QD analysis is a valid that method for We of discrete peaks, and that the increased rates cannot be explained by the spread of cannot be explained by the spread rates and that the increased peaks, of discrete individual QDs. from rates in that bin. Bin size is 0.003 ns (c1) (b1) and with no acceptor molecules on the surface. for QDs of lifetime rates in both showing an increase samples of QD-acceptor molecule complexes, Different the of because quantized appears transfer of rate increased The obtained. rates the integer of different of peaks is explained by QDs The presence equidistant peaks. plots Theoretical (b2) and (c2) quantities of acceptor molecules on the surface. peaks in showing predicted made of our QDs, on measurements based produced that both samples support the existence Note our data peaks. with close agreement Histograms plotting excitation decay rates against quantity of QDs showing a rate rate showing a against quantity rates of QDs decay plotting excitation Histograms quantifying the effects that acceptor molecules have on the charge trans quantifying charge molecules on the effects have the acceptor that From our results, we concluded that acceptor molecules results,our increase acceptor the that From concluded we use of surface The in a predictable, linear manner. rate transfer charge efficiencythe molecules improve use as for may materials of QD acceptor trans the to materials.photovoltaic predictable, linear improvement The practicality the of producing QD arrays. improves rate fer CONCLUSIONS 6. Fig. - - - - - In this project,In this spherical the on we relied symmetry to QDs of the justifying our development of individual nanoparticle analysis. ticles to determine what spatial dependencies might exist for the charge charge dependencies the spatial for determine exist to what ticles might nanorodsin symofferbreak a semiconductor instance, For rate. transfer metrymolecules axis,one along adsorbed acceptor ends that the on such of those adsorbed distinct from that rate lead a transfer to rods may of the Ensemble rod centers. measurementson the would be of resolv incapable adsorbed, were further acceptors a collection on nanorods of the ing where used in further applications of the field. For instance, new acceptor mol new instance, acceptor used For field. in further of the applications molecules can of acceptor ecules be studied, as as or combinations well QD properties, the to adjustments thickness. as shell QDs such the dependency spatial any moleculesremove the on where adsorbed the to A possible can be advancement we use asymmetrical made where QD. par fer rate. This is evidenced by the fact that we were able to resolve individ to evidenced is able This were we fact rate. the that by fer quantities peaksual different,integer reasonably to attributed were that was in rate change the molecules QD surface, and that on the of acceptor typical the from discernable by QDs exhibited clearly distribution of rates it has been Now that sample. of a single verified, our model can system be

94 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 James Loy 95 - , 519-522 , 519-522 4 , , 10229-10243 , 10229-10243 117 , Nature Physics Nature (2008). A. Marcus, emission intermit Universal dots,tency in quantum nanorods and nanowires. K. E. M. R. Peterson, Knowles, D. M. and E. Exciton McPhail, A. Weiss, dot-organic dissociationwithin quantum mechanisms,complexes: use as a probe applications. and of interfacial structure, Phys. Chem. C J. (2013). R. and B .Janko, M. Kuno, Frantsuzov, P.

5. 6. - - , 10146- , 22-47 , 22-47 3 , 133 , (25), 13763- 120 , , Charge trapping trapping , Charge Nanomaterials et al. Curr. Opin. Colloid Inter in Curr. , 245-259 (2009). J. Am. Chem. Am. Soc.J. 14 , J. Phys. Chem. C J. 10154 (2011). face Sci.face Frederick, L.A. J. Morris-Cohen, M. T. C. Cass, and E. Simultaneous A. Weiss, adsorption of the determination constant transfer electron photoinduced and the dot-Viologen a Cds quantum for rate complex. A. J. Almeida defects in CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots. 13770 (2016). Hillhouse and M. C. Beard, H. W. nanocrystals: from colloidal Solar cells fundamentals, materials, devices, and economics. M. A. Halim, Harnessing sun’s energy M. A. Harnessing sun’s Halim, dots basedwith quantum genera next tion solarcell. (2013). 4. 2. 3. REFERENCES 1. The Temple of Vesta in the Roman Forum

author Abigail Worgul BIOGRAPHY Abigail Worgul graduated from UMBC in December 2016 with a degree in ancient studies. Her interest in sncient studies began during her homeschool years when her father taught her Latin. After pursuing other interests during her first two years of college she found her way back to the study of the ancient world and its languages when she transferred into the Department of Ancient Studies at UMBC. Here, Abigail enjoyed working closely with the various faculty members, especially in independent language study. Through both this study and her Undergraduate Research Award (URA)—whose results became this paper—Abigail has become excited about the possibility of pursuing classics in graduate school. In 2017 Abigail will be in Germany learning its language to prepare her for accessing German classical scholarship in her graduate and post-graduate career. - - - - - The Temple of Vesta of Vesta Temple The 4 This goddess was This under 1 The tending of the flame of the tending on The 3 Six virgin priestesses, called Ves the 2 These remains date to the end of the second BCE. end of the century the to date remains These tal Virgins, lived in a complex connected to this temple, tending the flame the tending temple, connected this to livedtal in a complex Virgins, and performing various rites. religious other hearthwas communal this believed the only not ensure to Romans the by well-being as of Rome, but also its an empire. success as it appears consists of several today surrounding a portion pillars of the on part of its situated wall base, structure circular of the as seen in figure 1. BACKGROUND was hearth. Roman goddess state the of the Vesta be stoodto Romans embodied the by living the by flame housed her in located Roman Forum. in the temple, After about tossing various possible ideas a project, for ques I came the to mid-Republican from the period temples majority of other the tion, “Since I wondered circular?” of Vesta rectangular temple are is the in shape why reflectedtemple circularity of the if the some aspect unique goddess of the project, research As expect investiga one might year-long of a this Vesta. tion yielded I did not anticipate. some results that namedwas mysteryHestia—goddess hearth the the of It either and home. all but mun surrounds the of mystery aura that or the of her obscurity, my followed me into that she represented, dane hearthhome that and Research an Undergraduate for apply when I chose year to junior of college that language at Greek Ancient in the no background (URA). With Award Roman equivalent, Vesta. time, I constructed a project focused on Hestia’s DEMYSTIFICATION gods and goddessesThe of classical fascinatedmythology always have Olympians series Jackson & the Percy in high school I read the me. When wasI lessintrigued and well-known to goddess introduced slightly a by

98 UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 Abigail Worgul 99 Temple of Vesta, the extant remains of Vesta, Temple Fig. 1. Fig. ------it could have come from Greece—thefrom come have could it —or, as Roman poet the Ovid suggested, —or, 5 6 As the temple of Vesta housed a communal hearth, housed I per a communal of Vesta As temple the 7 sacred space. Then, the research became research the Then, sacred hands-on space. Rome as to I travelled METHODS reports sacred began of excavation of the study with an examination This archae on the sources of other as as well an investigation precinct of Vesta, online database was used to ology PHI of Roman temples. Latin The Text and hearths, a review in addition to Vesta to of numer references for search booksous scholarly and Roman religion, and articles on Roman society, sonally wondered if the temple was circular as a mark of the center of the of the wassonally center temple as wondered circular of the if the a mark hopedI con to reasoncircularity, discovering By the the for community. and her cult and into of Vesta study both the tribute further into insight beenhow they would have understood society. in Roman as to why Vesta’s temple was circular. The shape could have been have shape derived could The was temple circular. Vesta’s as why to huts, Age Etruscanfrom Iron in Rome were temples round other hearths and the circular in Greece were models linked Greek clearly to reflected have shape could circularitythe associated the elements with the of earth and fire. location between the Regia and Fountain of Juturna displayed the tension tension displayed the location between of Juturna Regia the and Fountain between and subjugation. sovereignty PREVIOUS SCHOLARSHIP theories been have proposedmodernand Various bothby ancient scholars Forum reveals that the location of Vesta’s temple, roughly centered in the in the centered roughly temple, location reveals the of Vesta’s that Forum small Regia both the to and Juturna’s and seated in close proximity Forum rectangular is far paper from being fountain, This an isolated structure. equally importwere temple positsshape locationand the Vesta’s of that cos both shape of the mirroredant:the shapeher temple of circular the Its of Juturna. rectangular adjacent, mos,the Fountain and complemented enjoyed most and did not, Roman women of phys vow above and all their modern of imaginations sparkedthe investigators. The have icalchastity, cult and priestesses, subsequent paral little having uniqueness of Vesta’s has belel, to caused studied independently temple circular-based her small Regia, of the whose exception with the Forum, in the structures from other a trip the to has long been noted. However, Temple connection with Vesta’s INTRODUCTION scholars has long interested Roman Forum in the of Vesta Temple The who served because Virgins, priestesses,of the in it. duty Their Vestal the societal the state, the of fire privileges the they tend that constantly to

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 100 Abigail Worgul 101 , ------That 8 Festival Days Festival And Cicero, crit And Cicero, 13 , admits that there there admits, that Second,theory the of the 9 that the shape of the temple was temple connected shape of the the that Although Cicero makes these makes assertions Cicero Although approx 14 ExcavationsVesta of Sacra Area the in Festival Days Festival and thus could have technically influenced have could building of Ves the and thus 11 As Vesta’s temple, then, was influx, then, this before circular temple, it is most As Vesta’s Although the Greek round temples date to several to before date centuries temples round Greek the Although 12 10 Russell T. Scott’s excavation report did yield support excavation statement the for Scott’s T. Russell that this world is round.” world this that cen third was end of the the temple built at 200 years after Vesta’s imately echoed Roman authors. Ovidby multiple first in his states leaning“The earth a sphere, on no support.” is similar to icizingbelief one philosophical of the belief school, his in a demonstrates be un-learned more could nothing than by saying, world round “therefore not certain it is that say you for claim: to accustomed are you which that the Macedonian Wars when Greek culture gained increased culture when Greek influence on Macedonian Wars the Rome. shape is not tied examples. the Greek to that likely by Ovid in his earth the was is and not square, earth round, to considered and fire. That shape’s origins as associated ear the is doubtful with temples in that Greek shape’s century third end of the the to dates probably of Vesta temple liest round BCE. time, this Republic, the in exist that temples round of examples other the temple, ta’s after years one-hundred later, approximately built until not are albeitfew, were huts in the general vicinity where Vesta’s temple would eventually be temple vicinity general Vesta’s huts in the where were a temple. into built, development of a single hut the he cannot trace circularity hearths of Greek shape mimicked the is unlikely, temple’s the sacri the first, that precinct of the demonstrate because excavations the area during Earlyficial Republican the in the platform period sixth (late BCE)century was in fact not circular. square, DISCUSSION ON CIRCULARITY DISCUSSION sacred precinct scholar other and of Vesta’s excavations of the study My evidence yield did not any supportingship on temples theory the either huts, circularity originated had Age the shape of Iron from the or that that shapes hearths of Greek the it was to or temples. Russell Although related Scott, his in T. the other, containing images of pottery images containing artifacts and other city of from the other, the location forum was within the stud temple’s the Fourth, Rome. ancient site another to I went Finally, ied above from and from outside Forum. the carry to same examinations. out the Vesta to housing an alleged temple and investigated the temple and its surroundings. temple the and investigated examined I First, the of its size remains temple—its frieze, and the pillars, Next, foundation. and was measured Forum in the counting by temple Vesta’s of placement the monuments, roads, different offI vis to paces and forum entrances. Third, huts, Age Iron ited two museums: on the and information one containing ) - - in his in his orbem orbis demonstrates that even Romans ancient that if the demonstrates , meaning “circle” or “sphere.” The author Ennius, author The “sphere.” or , meaning “circle” orbis orbis we know the assertions we know the echo a belief of earlier times because of This use of This 15 16 The Temple of Vesta, the remains in the context of its circular plan. in the context of its circular the remains of Vesta, The Temple Fig. 2. Fig. learned (excepting schools of thought like those which Cicero was Cicero criticiz those which like schools thought of learned(excepting can be seen Temple base circularity of the be of Vesta’s The ing), to round. in figure 2. of lands.” time, the was that world at the round not scientifically that could prove fact the earth was Moreover, most still certainly associated with circularity. did not need Ennius sug his terminologythat explain sentence to in this the Thus, at had been word use of the this gestsfamiliar even that earlier. was temple built, earth the was imagined, least at by the time when Vesta’s turyBCE, word use of the the writing beginning the at second BCE, century of the used had this “in that, writings.early history, in a discussion Ennius states of Italy’s ( circle the of his cult throughout religion the planted Jupiter way,

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 102 Abigail Worgul 103 ------—a 19 23 Sacra Via Sacra Roman Antiq Roman Ovid reinforces this Ovid this reinforces 17 He notes that there was there a shaft that notes He 20 and that “[she] herself [was]“[she] herself and that earth.” 18 Scott himself links this shaft to Ovid’s statement statement links himself shaft Ovid’s this Scott to 22 , by stating that Vesta was believed be literally the to Vesta that , by stating This shaft was extant throughout the temple’s history, and and history, temple’s shaft the was This throughout extant 21 Festival Days Festival when he writes, “And they regard the fire as consecrated to Vesta fire as they the consecrated Vesta regard to writes, when he “And The results of my investigation of the temple as a possibletemple of the centerpiece investigation results of my The Since the goddess Vesta was considered by ancient authors to person to was authors by ancient considered goddess the Vesta Since Scott’s excavations of the mid-Republican the of era—the firstperiod excavations where Scott’s central than its than precise measurement suggest,central would inter the for allows be could seen the replicate temple to location the Vesta’s of that pretation Roman Forum. within cosmos the of the position center earth the of the at Although these measurements do not place the temple exactly in the cen in the exactly temple these measurements the Although do not place this and a look its does at map reinforce not definitively Forum, of the ter location along the central approximately idea, temple’s the heart street the Forum—fea in Rome leading of the prominent through featuring, appear to This more as it causes temple temple. the Vesta’s tures earth, then naturally she would also she would beearth, associated naturally then with centrality. temple the association. this strengthens that I found Roman Forum in the and Forum, one side of the from meters two-hundred was approximately it was about side. Widthwise, other from the three-hundred approximately side. other and eighty-five from the Forum sixty one end of the from meters ple reflects this association, I propose that the temple to Vesta was circular reflectsple Vesta to association, this temple the propose I that ancients, its earth the leastdue to of the which imitation at third the since situated temple BCE,century As Vesta’s such, associated with centrality. be forum could viewedin the as earth universe. microcosm of the in the of Halicarnassus,Dionysius earth the was as mentioned that above, states personified the If Vesta universe.” of the center the “occupy to thought framed by posts led very tem the down of the that through foundations podium. ple’s remained free of debris. goddess the herself.” earth the “represented above that referenced ify archaeological earth available the and the evidence her tem shows that the universe, kindles the celestial fires herself.” from universe, kindlesthe celestial the his in flame housed within her temple, associa ancient this confirmed are temple—confirm a of traces there earth. round and the tion between Vesta The Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus believed Vesta personified of Halicarnassus historianDionysius Greek believedThe Vesta historian both earth. exposes view ancient round The the this struc of the personified his it in Vesta that and states world of the ture uities because goddess, that in place being earth, the and occupying central the - - - - - Right, the Temple of Vesta. Left, the rectangular Fountain of Juturna, in front of the three of the three in front of Juturna, Fountain the rectangular Left, of Vesta. Right, the Temple that of the Dioscuri. pillars of another temple, large Fig. 3. Fig. were crucial in Rome, and becausewere life for peoples subjugated integral were Roman society. to of ancient space which archaeology and textual study on their own could own on their could study archaeology which space and textual of ancient posits Hestia-Hermes His model of the relationship that not accomplish. precincts be and complemen could both antithetical and Juturna’s Vesta’s because antithetical They were tary. they respectively both represented the and of sovereignty concepts opposing and the of fire and water elements complementary They because were subjugation. used fire and water jointly Vernant, “Hestia-Hermes: and Move Religious Expression of Space The Vernant, has work Greeks” Among the asment a framework. Vernant’s Although been criticized heavily on theory more relying for by many historical than fallible in antiquity data, of space I did not find concept his model the of because he supported his theorywith archaeological literary and evidence. his historical-psychological aspectsFurthermore, elucidated approach roundings led me to investigate the temple’s relationship to a rectangu a to relationship temple’s the ledroundings investigate me to precinct. This of Vesta’s south the to immediately situated lar fountain wasand was a of top on built fountain Juturna dedicated nymph the to shrines of the spring. can benatural proximity seen The in figure 3. After recognizing link between potential a precincts the prox founded in this by Jean-Pierre essay using the together them I began investigate to imity, THE POLARITY OF THE TEMPLES TEMPLES THE OF POLARITY THE JUTURNA AND OF VESTA itsto sur in relation temple circularity of the of the examinations My

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- - - - - Thus, these Thus, two 27 30 , Vergil establishes her as such , Vergil Hermes, the is hand, other the on 24 Aeneid Vernant claims, then, that space was space understoodclaims, that by then, Vernant 25 28 26 Vesta’s fire as a collective representation signifiedasfire Roman collectivea representation entire the Vesta’s 29 Similarly, Juturna’s spring and fountain, as spring fountain, seen and in figures 4 and 5, were Juturna’s Similarly, The fire in Vesta’s temple was Rome because in most temple prominent the fire in Vesta’s The The idea of polarity also characterized Vesta’s and Juturna’s precincts. and Juturna’s idea of polarityThe also characterized Vesta’s Hestia and Hermes are also found in larger, more general, designated general, more in larger, Hestia and Hermes also found are when Juno first comes to Juturna to galvanize her to help her brother, Tur galvanize her brother, to help to her Juturna first to comes Juno when holds. most making important it the Rome. state, fire in most obvious this in Rome. The evidence for of water emblematic we have of springs as tutelary nymph and rivers. the status apparent In is Juturna’s her first in book appearance 12 of his it signified the Roman state. The archaeologist Coarelli states that when when that states archaeologistit signified Coarelli The Roman state. the hearth former king, the of the which monarchy, Republic replaced the the early history became was associated some point in Rome’s at with Vesta, Roman house those represented of all other which that transformed into and wandering. sym together, which opposing the and water, of fire elements example, For Vesta’s and Juturna. bolized in Roman thought, reflect life on Vesta back sur fountain housedmost importanttemple the and Juturna’s in Rome fire most important spring. rounded Rome’s Hestia—was beside immediately dedicated field an ever-fallow situated god Hermes the was because field to This related god of hunger. the to traveler. of the space fallow the represented the field sacred spaces, opposing representing understood although forces, were precinct as an entire space and placed side-by side. The complementarily between existed became that then tension centrality of the representative the Greeksthe as divided dominion of these two gods; the under they although opposite spheres,controlled they understoodas were masters together of space. physical exam For polarity representssacred the which relationship. spaces of their altar seatto Koine—an Hestia of the Athens, in that states Vernant ple, outside this space. The Greeks thought of the hearth as the “centre of the of the hearth of the as “centre Greeks the thought The outside space. this Sealed domesticsphere. hearth circular the ground,denotes the the in earth.” the house ties to the which navel god of messengers, travelers, and thieves; his domain is never a fixed space. of towns, gateways the at boundaries, on state was door, the His place at crossroads. at and Vernant analyzes the relationship between analyzes gods Greek Hestia—the relationship the the Vernant Hermes. describes He goddess Vesta—and equivalent Rome’s Greek to deities, two they of the both intimately are attributes that the and claims mankind.of Hestia, space goddess physical hearth, the the the of to related hearth does dominion the her in and home and solely found is extend not - The spring’s reputa spring’s The 32 31 34 The memory and The with sanctity still remains of fountains they believed are is cultivated: bring sick For to health to bodies— and Camenai,the of of Apollo, fountains The example. for of Juturna, Likewise, over who was charge commissioned with Frontinus, the 33 Historical evidence concerning the fountain itselfHistorical likewise fountain evidence the concerning shows The Fountain of Juturna, as seen from the Palatine Hill. the Palatine as seen from of Juturna, The Fountain Fig. 4. Fig. of Juturna’s waters by saying “the nymph Juturna who heals: and thus many who heals: many Juturna and thus nymph “the by saying waters of Juturna’s because place seek this from to water accustomed of her are sick who are name.” fountains among two other fountain Roman aqueducts, Juturna’s mentions healingfamous properties: their for nus: “Immediately, goddess to goddess, she speaks to Turnus’s sister who who sister goddess goddess, to speaks she nus: “Immediately, Turnus’s to ruled and echoing lakes over rivers.” spring be most to important the in Rome. Juturna’s property this to attests healingtion for properties is evidence of this. Varro

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 106 Abigail Worgul 107 - - - - 36 , attests to the unique quality quality unique the to attests , This transfer can transfer be securely This linked Forests 37 Although this event happened late in Rome’s his event this in Rome’s happened Although late 38 Juturna’s status as the titular deity of springs and the prominent of springs deity prominent as titular and the the status Juturna’s 35 The classical George scholar The of Dumézil elements the suggests that The prominent status of Juturna’s fountain elevated it to the point that elevated point that fountain the to it of Juturna’s status prominent The The Fountain of Juturna, looking into the fountain. of Juturna, The Fountain cially helpful because it both specifically discusses the Roman’s concept of of concept cially helpful because it both specifically discusses Roman’s the tory, the fact that this transfer occurred suggests that the Romans’ under occurred transfer the suggests this that fact the that tory, citywas of the water of the as representative fountain standing of Juturna’s asseen fountain, her mythological in the and in identity strong.Juturna’s history of her spring, was in Rome. of water emblematic oppositional.are fire and water is espe His discussionwater on fire and it became representative of Rome's water. In 328 CE, In 328 headquarters for the water. it became of Rome's representative was and aqueduct water administration transferred a building to Rome’s east the to of her shrine.immediately which of Aesculapius shrine a statue by Juturna’s to next with its placement building. the decorated of Juturna’s water by suggesting that her spring alone would still provide that by suggesting water of Juturna’s land become the of rest infertile, should the saying,pasture “who would is moisture all when Juturna of fountain the in pasture is there that deny gone?” led to scholars have Forum, Roman in the held her fountain which space as most important fountain the in Rome. identify Juturna’s Fig. 5. Fig. dis in this Juturna’s than other names two fountains Frontinus Although seems be to particularly distinctive in works of other cussion, Juturna’s in his authors.Statius, example, for - - - - , Ovid Festus, a a Festus, - 43 : Festival Days Festival Aeneid 42 In the ritual it was ritual In the necessary 41 40 39 44 Say this four times, four this Say and wash your hands with living soon . . and limbs move your vigorous with swiftdew. cus The burningfoot piles over the straw. of crackling me to for origin remains the custom is told: of the tom . . Is it becausetell. two opposing from are all things contrary elements, And our forefathers fire and water? joined their these elements, touch to right it thinking bodies with fires and sprinkled water? the ground, and because,the happens, if this it is a matter vessel which of this invention the whence expiation: for cannot out if one sets empties stand and which upright it down. The word “futile” denotes a vessel denotes with a wide “futile” word mouth The but a narrow base, was which used cult of Vesta, in the bebecause is not to cult put on this for fetched water the Fire and water were likewise were and water usedRoman marriage in Fire cer together However, fire and water used jointly were integral to life in Roman in Roman life integral to used water fire and were jointly However, human life.” human emonies to symbolizeemonies to states, new the of married “The life couples. Varro used these are Thus two: fire and water. are procreation for conditions in weddings, threshold in the because is union here.” there and states, CE discussing century fourth religion, Roman author “Water both by brides. deniedfire are condemned men and accepted to rea The becauseson very is probably the these two substances contain of stuff The fact that these two elements were used in a sacred ritual celebrating used were these two elements in a sacred fact celebrating that ritual The and performed founding fruitfulness connects for them intimately Rome’s sphere. religious in the life of source with the society. This is first evident This In his in Roman religion. society. discusses a sacred rite carried fruitfulness, agricultural out for abundance, of Rome. founding of the celebration and the be fire to and used water for together: As Romans, Dumézil the not metaphysi notes, who are is clear that “It in our earthly and fire, water experience ideacians,the that to cling simply they enemies, first are the is that and that together, do not go and practice, second.” the to dangerous the elements, and places them within the larger Indo-European context context Indo-European larger elements, withinthe the them places and discusses earliest arose. He oppoformsreligion the of Roman the whence betweensition discussionand Servius,of quotation his in elements two the a commentary wrote who on Vergil’s a Roman author

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- - - - 50 As there As there 51 At that time, no struc that At 47 The entire area was area entire leveled, The with 46 Scholars believe that this complex was complex Scholars believe this that 48 , we see, we juxtaposition this signifying the Since exile—the leaving behind of one’s home and home and exile—the leaving behindof one’s Since 45 De Domo Sua These structures included structures These rooms courtyarda a surrounding and 49 The combination of fire and water was of fire and water believed combination The be to necessary for In Cicero’s In Cicero’s the mid-sixth century have been mid-sixth precinct have century the in the of Vesta. found there by the mid-sixth century. by the there of Etruscanan imitation seventh royal domestic of the century structures BCE. rectangular Regia been sacrifice. pit for The would have royal palace, the but it has not been defined courtyard and sacrificial the where pit would of a sacrificial traces although to pit dating beenhave century, during that cal phases of the Regia is unclear, but scholars believe that the king’s royal king’s believe but scholars the that calphases Regia of the unclear, is Regiaencompassed Vesta’s only the not itself,area where but the complex develop. would later and temple cult huts demolished seventh BCE, century pre-existing in the first and the Regia seventh was century. end of the the built at beenhave some cult, may depositsvotive there but Vesta’s for existed ture The second polarity between the precinct of Vesta and the fountain of of fountain second and the polarityThe between precinct the of Vesta acted temple between Vesta’s is that and subjugation. sovereignty Juturna because of Roman sovereignty as a public display of its historical relation was the north that once the to Regia, immediately the ship to a complex and precincts of the kings. ancient of Vesta proximity The of Rome’s palace Regiathe can be earliest of the archaeologi seen layout in figure 6. The symbolizing in Roman society. life THE POLARITY OF SOVEREIGNTY AND SUBJUGATION life in Roman society in Roman life as key encompassed three these elements the soci etal domestic affairs, of religion, spheres juxtaposition The of and state. Roman individual entire and the representing households temple, Vesta’s spring, most prominent suggests that Rome’s fountain, withJuturna’s state, these shrines embodied opposing the powers water, of fire and together, and orders that Marcus Tullius be interdicted from water and fire.’ A cruel fire.’ and from water be interdicted Tullius Marcus that and orders be not to and wicked borne ought judgment, by eventhat most wicked the citizen withouttrial.” a equated and from fire with life—is prohibition of one’s center the country, recognized we can were see fire and water to legal sphere that in the water, of life. mostbe crucial elements sustenance the the to source of life in the legal sphere. Cicero, after being condemned to exile for after for being exile condemned to Cicero, legal sphere. in the life of source the without citizens a trial, death discussesputting to interdiction— the a speech in his own water—in and from fire “But defense: prohibition what skilled the did and cleverjudgement scribe give? means ‘By of both guards - - A major part A major 57 during this era, during this sac perhaps this By the end of the fourth century BCE, century fourth end of the By the per se 58 59 Left, Temple of Vesta. Top Right, Regia. Top of Vesta. Temple Left, by Romans. of this expansion lay in Rome’s conquest of unincorporated Latium, conquest the in Rome’s lay expansion of this territory was Rome in which located. Rome originated Although from the Latin as other tribes,same Latial the culture city of Rome itself the grew powerfulmore Latin other towns, than BCE, sixth century in the and even over them. claimed authority after various Latin revolts, territory the Latins of the was and settled taken Fig. 6. Fig. BCE,century During third the means by various of wars and treaties, of all Italy. itsRome extended by gaining control sovereignty is no evidenceis no royal hearth the for was equiva religious century sixth the rificial precinct in the pit Vesta of third the in temple would be hearth surrounded of the that lent by Vesta’s BCE.century

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 110 Abigail Worgul 111 - - - - - reflect the Aeneid 62 a mighty man of a tribe a mighty neigh 63 From that time on, Juturna’s spring Juturna’s on, time that From 66 The fact that Servius fact that The praise chose to 61 It is, however, unclear when this spring unclear when this is, It however, If it was associated the with her since 67 68 , echoes bondthis between Latin and the Juturna Although Turnus, and consequently Juturna, were not not were Juturna, and consequently Turnus, Although 64 Aeneid 60 Juturna’s renowned fountain in the Latin renowned in the town of Lavinium fountain Juturna’s 65 At the beginning the Republic, of the At her rectangular before fountain Vergil, in his Vergil, Juturna’s fountain and cult were intimately connected these Latin to intimately and cult were fountain Juturna’s Despite the fact that Rome and the rest of Latium inimical rest to were the Rome and Despite fact that the occurred at a date after the Latin after the revolt, Romans occurred a date the at that it would suggest between understood dominion correlation their importance of the the beginning Republic, of the associationthis time the would correspond to Latin the revoltsbefore was when Rome over Latium. dominant If it was was spring fountain after of the the built on top her until to not attributed and fifty one-hundred years Lat after the mid-secondin the century, ins had been subdued, time when Rome the it would correspond to then Macedonhad defeated and finally subdued association Carthage. If the was built in the Roman Forum, the area surrounding Juturna’s spring was area surrounding Juturna’s the was Roman Forum, built in the developeduse. religious and urban for was most important the in Rome. became associated with Juturna. the king of Latium.the epic, they very were associated closely with technically Latins in Vergil’s was warrior chief the Latin in opposition of the army Turnus in that them Aeneas.to close association Latins with of her the in the and Vergil’s bondancient between Latins. and the Juturna legitimacy and respect bestowed leads This upon fountain. Numicius the originated Latin actually in the cult of Juturna believe the to scholars that town of Lavinium and was imported Rome. into peoples.Turnus, of sister her the makes He boring Latin the who was kingdom, betrothed Lavinia, of to daughter the waters, which, at first glance, the modern the waters, first reader would be glance, at which, iden inclined to that he mentions However, Forum. Roman the in fountain tifyas Juturna’s outside of lay which River, near Numicius in question the are waters the city of Rome, in Latinthe territory. height the indicates Forum in the fountain instead of the Numicius the a time-honored demonstrating ened fountain, Numicius importance the of Latium at the beginningthe Latium BCE. century at fourth of the the Livy that records with fighting a people uncomfortable them, so felt Romans still similar to apart in dress each other tell hardly Romans and Latins the could and that and manner. peoples they before associated were with Rome. Servius praises Juturna’s one another, strong cultural similarities cultural caused strong original the bond between one another, be to recognized. most evident continue The to lin them of these is their Romans spoke was the guistic language that called connection: the Latin. war with Other ties persisted of Rome’s as as well, seen account in Livy’s - - - - nuanced subjuga nuanced Aeneid This project has contributed to the field of classics project field the by proposing hasThis to a new contributed Connecting Vesta’s temple and Juturna’s fountain appears be to fountain new and Juturna’s temple Connecting Vesta’s The juxtaposition of Vesta’s Temple with Juturna’s fountain reveals fountain a with Juturna’s Temple juxtaposition Vesta’s of The presented here is also novel. presented here ing the Temple of Vesta, the Fountain of Juturna, and the Regia. and the of Juturna, Suggesting Fountain the of Vesta, Temple ing the became sovereign temple of the power inherited a display from Vesta’s that Regia separated two shrinesthe road the after is a new the the addition to Regia. the and discussion The of Vesta Temple the discussion concerning precincts and Juturna’s polarity betweenof the complementarity and Vesta discussing the two axesdiscussing of polarity the between polarity the Viewing them. opposing the of fire and water between elements through two temples the between dichotomy newversus a is sovereignty the and interpretation, I developed which is one mentors.subjugation aid of my with the contain southeast the Roman Forum interpret area of the to in which way within Roman society between the state’s sovereign and subjugating power, power, sovereign subjugating and withinsocietyRoman between state’s the of its origins. culture of a bond acknowledgement the to and Rome’s Rome has Rome. Although been of ancient scholarship in the an object of of years, hundreds for no other destination found I have and a travel study juxtaposition the discussion between highlighting these two precincts or sions. mimicked those as which shape and location First, the of her temple be could viewed temple as Romans associatedthe universe, with Vesta’s the earth. is parta microcosm of the Second, of a circularity temple of her the the represented fountain—which juxtaposition—that withlarger Juturna’s temple location the of Vesta’s Third, of Roman life. elements foundational reveals fountain an ever-present tension between Regia the and Juturna’s connection to the Latin the peoples,connection to recognizing Rome without them, that becomeempire. not have an could CONCLUSION led conclu major three me to temple, shape of Vesta’s of the study The However, the historical the bond between Latins, and the Rome However, whom Juturna Vergil’s in role her prominent and represented, Rome’s suggests that shrines the display, which dichotomy, tor-subjugated people the toward one of cul was whom it subjugated entirely not attitude was fountain granted very the Juturna’s fact that Rather, obliteration. tural forum revealsthe in space acknowledged how Rome prominent a itssuch over the Latinthe over people beyondexpansion and their Italy: without control thus and Latinthe over people, out into, never broken could Rome have Mediterranean. the achieved dominion over, polarity between sovereign power power. and a people by that subjugated

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- 4.3.1. 4.3.1. (London: From Good From 5.61, in Ariadne 5.71.2. 49. , trans. J. James Vestal Virgins, Sibyls, Vestal Archaic Roman Reli Roman Archaic Rome and Environs: and Rome An 12.138-140. 4.5.35. 4.5.35. 4.788-790. De Aquis Urbis Romae Urbis De Aquis From Good Goddess to Vestal Good GoddessFrom to Vestal (London: 1998), 149. Routledge, Silvae De Domoa Sua De Latina Lingua Aeneid De Latina Lingua Fasti Fasti , trans. Philip Krapp (Chicago: The , trans. (Chicago: The Krapp Philip Category Religion Roman in 1998), 149. Routledge, Cicero 84. Coarelli, 83. Scott, 16; Coarelli, Ibid., 85. Vergil 75. Coarelli, Varro Frontinus Statius 76-78. Coarelli, Ibid., 77. wasAesculapius god of healing. the known were waters for Juturna’s Since of presence the healingtheir quality, near building her the at Aesculapius connects building with the fountain the spring. George Dumézil, gion of Chicago Press,University 1970), 319. A.Sarolta Takács, Religion Roman in Matrons:and Women Press, 2008), Texas of University (Austin: 44, 45. Ovid Varro, Staples, Virgins: Sex Category and Roman in Religion in Ariadne Staples,Festus, Virgins:Goddess Sex to Vestal and Ibid., 19. Ibid., 19, 21. Ibid., 21. 128. Vernant, Ibid., 129. Ibid., 127,161. Ibid., 157. Ibid., 157, 159. Coarelli, Filippo Archaeological Guide Harmon (Berkeley: P. and Daniel Clauss of California Press,University 2007), 84, 85. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. - - Antiqui 2.48. 3.30.8-9. Rome’s Vestal Vestal Rome’s Myth and Thought Thought and Myth Odes Excavations the in (1987-1996), (Ann (1987-1996), (Ann , 22 (Fall 2010): 2010): , 22 (Fall (London: Routledge 2.66.3, http://penelope. 130. (New York: Yale University University Yale (New York: Etruscan and Early Roman Etruscan Roman Early and 6.267, 6.291. 6.69. 6.291. 6.291. The Architecture of Roman of Roman The Architecture (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni Varia (New York: Routledge, 2006), 2006), Routledge, (New York: De Natura DeorumDe Natura Fasti Fasti Fasti Fasti Scott, 18. Dionysius of HalicarnassusDionysius tates Romanae uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/ Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus/2C*.html (accessed December 1, 2016). Ovid Ibid., 6.267. Ibid., 24. 68-83. Stamper, Ovid Cicero Scott, 18. Ennius Ovid Scott, ed., T. Russell of Vesta Sacra Area Arbor: Press, of Michigan University 2009), 16. Ibid., 13. Ibid., 24. The Religious Expression of Space Religious Expression of Space The in Greeks,” among the and Movement Jean-Pierre Vernant, Greeks the among W. 1983), 128; John and Kegan Paul, Stamper, Temples versity Press, 2005), 68-83. 6-18. 1; Horace Wildfang, Boëthius,Axel Ling, Roger and Tom Rasmussen, Architecture Press, 1978), 27. “Hestia-Hermes: Jean-Pierre Vernant, lal.2010.22.3.418 (accessed February 25, 25, (accessedlal.2010.22.3.418 February 2015). Ovid Robin Lorsch Wildfang, Vestal Virgins: of Rome’s A Study Priestesses early and late the Republic in Empire Inge Kroppenberg, “Law, Religion, and Religion, and Kroppenberg,Inge “Law, Virgins,” Vestal of the Constitution Literature Law and 419, http://www.jstor.org.proxy-bc. researchport.umd.edu/stable/10.1525/

20. 17. 18. 19. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 7. 8. 9. 10. 4. 5. 6. 2. 3. ENDNOTES 1. (Baltimore: Records of the Records of the 8.6.15-16. A New Topographical A New Topographical , 12.138-224. , 12.138-224. Aeneid (Rome: ‘L’erma’ di Bretschneider, di Bretschneider, (Rome: ‘L’erma’ Ab Urbe Condita Urbe Ab Exploration Society, 1903), 177. Society, Exploration Ibid., 12.1-919. Scott, 16. 75. Coarelli, L. Jr., Richardson, Dictionary Rome of Ancient Press, University Hopkins Johns The 1992), 230. Dillon and Garland, 38; Cornell, 48, 50. 48, 38; Cornell, and Garland, Dillon Ibid., 39. Livy Libros Aeneidos Servius In Vergilii 12.139.10. of Louise Bishop, “The Fountain Helen in Records Roman Forum,” in the Juturna Past,of the Henry ed. Mason Rev. Baum, D.C.: D.C.L. (Washington Past Ashby, and Thomas Ball Platner Samuel Dictionary of Ancient A Topographical Rome 1965), 312. Vergil Ibid., 7.55-58. 65. 66. 67. 68. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. , The

(London: Routledge, The Beginnings of Rome: Ancient Rome: Social HistoricalAncient and to the Documents from Republic Early the Death of Augustus 2015), 3. Ibid., 9. 83. Coarelli, Scott, 13. Ibid, 16. 83. Coarelli, Garland, Dillon and Lynda Matthew Etruscans: Art, History and Architecture, Zuffi, and Stefano ed. Peccatori Stefano trans. Hartmann (Los Michael Thomas Getty J. Paul Angeles: Museum, The 2004), 367. 83. Coarelli, Scott, 8. Scott, 8. Cornell, T.J. from Bronze the Rome Age and Italy (c.1000-264 BC) Punic Wars to the (London: 1995), 94; Federica Routledge, Borrelli and Maria Cristina Targia,

51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 49. 50. 47. 48.

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 114 Abigail Worgul 115 - - . - - A . Austin: . Austin: . Edited Law and Law and . New York: New. York: Baltimore: The Baltimore: The Rome’s Vestal Vir Vestal Rome’s Lexicon Topograph In Myth and Thought Thought and Myth In rom Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins, Sibyls, and Virgins, and Sibyls, Vestal . Rome: Edizioni Quasar, . Rome: Edizioni Quasar, A New Topographical A New Topographical The Architecture of Roman of Roman The Architecture , 131-168. London: Rout Storia Degli Etruschi , 22 (Fall 2010): 418-439. http:// , 22 (Fall . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univer . London: 1998. Routledge, University of Texas Press, 2008. of Texas University Mario. Torelli, by Gius. Laterza, Economica Laterza, IT: 1981. Jean-Pierre. “Hestia-Hermes: The Vernant, and Movement Religious Expression of Space Greeks.” among the Greeks the among 1983. ledge and Kegan Paul, Robin Lorsch. Wildfang, Priestesses Vestal in gins: of Rome’s Study A Empire early and late the Republic 2006. Routledge, Rome: ‘L’erma’ di Bretschneider, 1965. di Bretschneider, Rome: ‘L’erma’ L.,Richardson, Jr. Dictionary Rome. of Ancient Press, University Hopkins Johns 1992. W. John Stamper, Temples sity Press, 2005. Staples, Ariadne. F Virgins: SexVestal Category and Roman in Religion Margareta. Eva Steinby, Romae Urbis icum 1996. A. Sarolta Takács, Religion Roman in Matrons: Women Kroppenberg, Inge. “Law, Religion, and Religion, and Kroppenberg, “Law, Inge. Virgins.” Vestal of the Constitution Literature www.jstor.org.proxy-bc.researchport.umd. edu/stable/10.1525/(1) lal.2010.22.3.418 25, 2015). (accessed February Ball, Ashby. and Thomas Samuel Platner, Dictionary Rome of Ancient Topographical . - . - . - Ancient Ancient . Cam Records of . London: Routledge, . Translated by James by James . Translated Excavations Area the in Religions of Rome Religions The Archaeology of Rome Archaic Roman Religion Roman Archaic Rome and Environs: and Rome An (1987-1996). Ann Arbor: The Beginnings of Rome: Italy . London: 1994. Routledge, . Vol. 1 of . Vol. Etruscan and Early Roman Architec Etruscan Roman Early and , edited by Rev. Henry, edited Mason by Rev. Baum, . New York: Yale University Press, University 1978. Yale . New York: University of Michigan Press, of Michigan University 2009. R. Ross.Holloway, Latium and the Early Republic to the Death to the of Augustus Republic Early the London: 2015. Routledge, Dumézil, George. Chicago: The Krapp. by Philip Translated of Chicago Press,University 1970. Scott, ed. T. Russell of Vesta Sacra J. Clauss and Daniel P. Harmon. Berkeley: P. and Daniel J. Clauss of California Press,University 2007. T.J. Cornell, Punic to the from Bronze Rome the Age and (c.1000-264 BC) Wars 1995. Garland. and Lynda Dillon, Matthew, Rome: Social Historical Documents and from The Etruscans: Art, History and Architecture, Zuffi. Stefano and Edited Peccatori Stefano by Hartmann. Michael by Thomas Translated Los Getty J. Paul Angeles: Museum, The 2004. Filippo. Coarelli, Archaeological Guide Juturna in the Roman Forum.” In Roman Forum.” in the Juturna Past the of Records D.C.: D.C.L., 174-185.Washington 1903. Past Society, the Exploration Ras Boëthius, Ling, Roger Axel, and Tom mussen. ture Borrelli, and Maria Federica Cristina Targia. BIBLIOGRAPHY Price. North, and Simon John Beard, Mary, A History of Cambridge,bridge, UK: 1988. University of Louise. “The Fountain Bishop, Helen Changing the Nature of Education in the Valleys of Bolivia: Teaching Vivir Bien

author Melina Latona BIOGRAPHY Melina A. Latona graduated from UMBC in the spring of 2016 with a double major in anthropology and global studies and a minor in spanish. She was a member of the Humanities Scholars Program all four years and studied abroad in Bolivia in fall 2014. During these courses of study, she developed a passion for studying the ways culture influences community well-being and drives social change. Melina would like to thank professor and mentor Dr. Bambi Chapin for her continuous support in this project, for challenging her to become a stronger writer, and for inspiring a passion for anthropology. Melina would also like to thank Dr. Felipe Filomeno for mentoring her first undergraduate research experience and for giving her the tools and the opportunities to explore her interest in research. ------, are embodied, are in vivir bien . During studies, my incredi I had the 1 tinued to arise in conversations: How do people arisetinued How to in conversations: in Bolivia about and think and the Earth, and more sustainable for all life. In these diverse all life. Earth, encounters, for sustainable and the and more I sensed and powerful a common people for desire country better their to callsocial for communities.the their Although and politicaland change wastheseamong each of groups, present observedI and words their that rootedactions were in very ideals of development and well-being. different program focused abroad study As on these themes, my one question con ing policy makers in the presidential office, representatives of the World World ing policy of the office, representatives presidential in the makers Bank,economic of development with petroleumand agenda an companies and specific, economy-oriented ideas of progress. I also talked with indi viduals in grassroots organizations and social activists, environmental and paradigm radical global of dominant ideaswho have from the shift to away humans to just more are and neoliberalism that exploitation approaches to balization, and social change with the School for International Training balization, Training and social School with International the for change (SIT) in various regions of Bolivia ble opportunity and privilege learn in to and professionals scholars from indigenous of colonialism, impact the history, various aboutfields Bolivia’s movements, political and current and social issues. I met with individuals diverse groupsand positions representing political the on spectrum includ Creative Achievement Day in 2015, making this my second piece of under my in 2015, making this Day Achievement Creative be to research published UMBC.graduate at INTRODUCTION glo studying multiculturalism, fall months of 2014 I spentIn the three was last school the two weeks the for located, semester of their attending article was in this research originally The research. as my con I conducted ducted and written-up and was in Spanish and developed translated then UMBC. to return article after this my into I also published presented and Department Global first Studies Global the of issue the in with the research Research and Baltimore Report Undergraduate annual UMBC’s and at their approach to teaching and learning. teaching to article, approach I describe In this their case the pseudonyman educational my for community of La Verde, Comunidad and school, was which foundedcollective in a effort as to an alternative private public and schoolthe models. was research during This completed in Bolivia, abroad studies my I studied of multiculturalism, themes where globalization and social I lived school this change. in a small town where DEMYSTIFICATION social politicaland last the efforts dismantle to Bolivia’s of context the In in of culture work the I explore infrastructure country, in their ing colonial schoolone small and how ideas living of well,

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 118 Melina Latona 119 ------? That is, what does it mean “to live well,” what does what it is, does well,” live what ? That it mean “to vivir bien Before I present my research methods research and observationsBefore my I present from this The aim of my research was research school aim of my determine to how this shapesThe the I will explore this question by drawing upon findings question by drawing this my and obserI will explore In Bolivia and throughout the world, the paradigmIn Bolivia the of neoliberal world, the eco and throughout and global politics: national nomic development dominates for race the advocated for and participated in the foundation of this school that is the is the school of this advocated that and participated foundation for in the given growth rise and those research, who have of decolo the to of my site schoolnization this sees movements of which itself a part. AND POLITICAL LANDSCAPE THE SOCIAL colonial and imperial infrastructure, and into a space where alternative alternative where and imperial a space infrastructure,colonial and into A key emerged. paradigms part have of these political shifts an includes new encourages about of thinking education ways education that reform shiftsand its making social opened for recent potential These have change. as such those who have and resistance, new for spaces of autonomy voices school was learning physical types created, in the and in the environment, curriculum. the of classes incorporated were into and daily activities that importantis describeit current to country’s the educationalcommunity, political and social key landscape the paradigm by explaining shifts that neo of standards from away development goals movedBolivia’s have demonstrate that this educational community is challenging the neoliberal is challenging the educational this community that demonstrate education system by recon Eurocentric in the is present paradigm that own their ideasstructing promotes education of well-being, that in a way and addresses needs their local the at level; values practicing and teaching and cooperation, coexistence, sustainability, and cultural of environmental I observedreciprocity. paradigm alternative embodied this the way in the ity; that is intentionally and effectively model of popular challenging the ity; is intentionally that pedagogy the means has since colonial been that through implemented beginning century. 20th of the reflects institution val and how this core the in El Valle generation future I will large. at needsues community and addresses emergent of the the northeastern region of the country. To maintain participants’ maintain confidenti To northeastern region country. of the weeks I spent three living and among I will town call Valle. El this ality, learningfrom a group of people with a similar visionit means to of what educational that a unique space create to together come who have live well, case In this I describe study an educationalI will call La Verde. Comunidad and sustainabil creativity, is built on values of collectivity, that community practice practice look is it promoted? and how like, Santa of province towna small in in the conducted I research vations from Cruz, located fertile in the valleys in the rainforest amazon border the that

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There has beenThere a long standing and deeply rooted paradigm of voice much of the resistance to the neoliberal the to resistance development paradigm, of the as much voice historicallythey been have homelands, displaced from their enslaved, and labor and hegemonic systems. by colonizers for exploited these Although populations, different movements represent they united by similar are visions rights, of living they human well: for fight and cul environmental solidarity. and community multiculturalism, sustainability, tural sustainability and cultural preservation and cultural sustainability in Bolivia, col by the mostly held lective subcultures groups, where 36 indigenous but also centers in urban 1970s, popular the and call social national for the Since emerge change. voices strongest the held have movement indigenous and the movement groups 2008, 37). Native of opposition neoliberal to policies (Tathagatan nation basednation on imperialism, class, (2008, 37). Despite romanti and race cized visions of positive growth, modernization, and development, these ideas of and standards based and solutions are approaches on Western worldview neoliberal While this it means live well. to what and Western political develop and international motivesoften for national underlies projectsment in Bolivia, local is growing. resistance NEOLIBERALISM AND LOCAL RESISTANCE AND LOCAL NEOLIBERALISM In a critical discussion postcolonial of development interventions in the Escobar asserts anthropologist Arturo world, western-driven inter that (Escobar be 1995). to destructive proven “third-world” have in the ventions new social for regulations infrastructure R. to Tathagatan, According bring of struggles a range local to communities, as as well social subordi European and North and American European interests, corporate as such strengthen groups by recognizing 36 distinct indigenous of Bolivia’s autonomy ing the Bolivia first time in history. the for as state a plurinational OF DEVELOPMENT: PARADIGMS COMPETING multicultural approaches to social to as reforms, approaches a means voicingmulticultural autonomy western, of face neocolonial, in the of strength neoliberal of standards Morales,president, rewrote consti Evo development. current the The diverse pop reflect in 2009 to tution needsthe and address of Bolivia’s he calls decolonization the in what agenda. of his policiesulation, Many been have established that institutions by the aimed dismantling are at land and resources, and the implementation of social of and resources,land infrastructure. implementation and the In Latin America, paradigm this has been promoted and introduced demands and explicitly century, 18th the means since colonial through assimilation of neoliberalthe development policies. Over past the decade, a shifting political landscape in Bolivia inclusive, turned more towards

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 120 Melina Latona 121

------Renowned activists and scholars Bolivia in Schultz,as such Jim productive education, education and 4) communitarian (Lopes Cardozo TOWARDS CULTURALLY RELEVANT EDUCATION RELEVANT CULTURALLY TOWARDS A new passed education law reform decolonization in by the administration enti former neoliberal the 2009 replaced law, education of 1994. This reform (ASEP), pillars: Elizardo is built on four Sinani Perez 1) decol tled Avelino with plurilingualism, together 3) culturalism inter- onization,and intra- 2) tions, there is an explicit message that to achieve equity of opportunity, for for achieve to equity of opportunity, that message tions, is an explicit there well-being of all people, be diversifiedthe must a more set there of options, knowledge value indigenous and skills. include and that of institutions The collective wellbeing, this begins equity, this with education: towards path What is knowledge passed being onto future What generations? does this well? defineto living are we way the and live to are we way the about imply opportunities area of education, in the work, politics and economic security, no one is privilegedwhere ethnicity basis and or language” on the of race, favoring “conceptualiza Congress (Lopesalso avoids The 4). 2011, Cardozo “valuing while knowl the as world if they universal,” are Western tions of the edge, skills and technologies civilizations, indigenous of the both of the Amazonian and Andean regions” (Lopes 2011, 4). In both descrip Cardozo industries of progress and investment, a certain schools image teach which certaina and idea backwardness,beenof have which institutions religious objectives, colonial used consolidate to legal system modeled and the after Con (Cardenas National Aguilar empire 2013). The colonial Spanish the gress decoloniz (2006), quoted by Lopes of Education explains Cardozo, ing education in Bolivia influence borders ethnic that an end to as “putting ning of a decolonization was era. government of the dedicated A branch to decolonization efforts revert to infrastructure years and to the of colonial public servicesreform growth. national and economic sectors promote to of Decolonization, Minister writes Bolivian Vice Cardenas Aguilar, Felix decolonizationmovements seekthat identify to and deconstruct exist the shape Bolivian that structures ing colonial society: dependenceforeign on world, those oriented toward profit and those oriented toward harmony. In In those oriented and those profit world, oriented harmony. toward toward of these worldviews latter is visible the school the in El Valle, at research my paradigm. alternative of this strength the and exemplifies BOLIVIA DECOLONIZING begin landslide victory 2006 elections marked the Morales in the The Evo of founder and director of The Democracy Center, and Rafael Puente Calvo, Rafael and Puente Democracy The of director and founder Center, observed historian,have and minister ex-vice a educator, author, acclaimed and long lastingpersistent clash of worldviews between industrial men the natural and the world manipulated the mentality, sustainable tality the and - - - - - el is regression, that it is it is is regression, that pollera pollera or a poncho , and into the city life. Cardenascity life. the Aguilar schools (2013) writesinto , and that At the core of these efforts, Delany-Barmann core to the (2010, 181), according At The new The relevant educational aimedis providing culturally reform at In an essay, Mieke T.A. Lopes (2013) writes Cardozo aim about this T.A. Mieke essay, In an outcomes. It is in this context, where neocolonial where models of education are context, is in this outcomes. It grew. being school rejected, the in El Valle that is an implicit critique and voices, is an implicit of hegemonic practices the in addition to be to where heard and voices subaltern practices for of spaces promotion education communi the reform, becomethey With may a base change. for self-sus more relevant pedagogy, culturally more for ties spaces can create and reflectivetainable specific of their values educational and desires for are unaffordable for many families. many for rural unaffordable In the regionsare of Bolivia, private schools practically leaving very are non-existent, few schooling options education schools that Alternative offer accessible those children. for educationalcan the address needs of underserved the and make students people that seechanges want to communities. in their and accessible education various to and accessible and distinct groups in Bolivia. While they often in lacking most are children, to public schools accessible are from do graduate that and relevant curricula. students teachers quality For secondary school, need they year may of classes an extra take meet to to university (Ozisik for standards 2015). Private schools on the international believed hand are other of education, provide quality a higher to but they teach children that wearing a that children teach backwards; wearing a shirt and that is progress. and tie or a dress Interven of Bolivians generation next on a put the may institutions tion of Western families, their leave to while pressuring them their fast out of poverty, track traditions behind. communities, language, their and their school system contributes to the inequality the of opportunities: to school system contributes access more and upper middle children for for classes challenges greater while creating education.from rural fami families Indigenous attain and indigenous to lies often reject public schools as they it does feel children their not teach from useful lives,anything their away helpful or to them only draws and campo of social change through education and what this means schools, education for this of social and what through change for Bolivia.learning,in and teaching produce would change this what and vision on policies state’s not only the represent “education argues that She it also defines type what of cit how its population can be best ‘developed,’ izen is envisaged, or how Bolivia deal to aims with its diverse population and social inequalities” (Lopes 2013, 3). Homogenization of the Cardozo 2011, 4). With the new reform, there has new been the there reform, of notion focus on the a greater 4). With 2011, education as country, a means social development of the toward the change, of its betterment and the people. As Bolivian a states, will minister “society (Lopes 2). 2013, Cardozo education” if we do not change not change

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 122 Melina Latona 123 ------, and the , and the la tranquilidad was alumna in 2011 as written by an SIT part Que Pasó con Chita? Que Pasó con Chita? My findings are largely basedand participant findings largely on these are conversations My inescapable beauty of the green valley. I admired the town’s commitment to to commitment town’s I admiredinescapable beauty the green of the valley. reflected a particular worldview and vision of living well. VERDE LA COMUNIDAD hostAfter family I arrived kind in El Valle, generous and home of my the at of life, way laid-back assimilated the to I quickly La Comunidad Verde on the first day of my visit, of my first day on the and was given permis La Verde Comunidad in 1st and 2nd grade. By incorporating this children with the work sion to story and selected activities, about the I hoped facilitate conversations to of these lessons, outcomes The between and nature. relationship humans not only revealed a levelresponsi and of awareness I detailwhich later, but also age, of that among students be to remarkable I found bility which book called calledof an initiative Kids Books Bolivia. books These with a man come ual of corresponding lesson plans,a sort curricula, of creative was which visit El program to my before director abroad study provided me by my to book I presented the school lesson the at director and my plans to Valle. schoolyard activities, local on a class trip the went to museum with the first/second grade, and observed alongside of daily interactions rhythm the and teachers.students significant Another the participation part at of my was research, school,my a series significanta to and contribution of guided inter and the lessons change and activities of climate surrounding themes presented in a bilingual children’s connectedness and nature, of humans in the school. Through discussions with adults, school.in the Through I aimed a variety get to of socialperspectives and educational goals, and how their school’s on the these goals. incorporatedideas are into it means live well to of what school the I attended observation school, within the La Verde. Comunidad participated classroom in and during last the weeks two semester, of their importantparents, connections with other teachers,and students. I con ducted formal interviews school host with par the and with director my ents, as they not only helped school also there the teachers but were found I also time. several conducted that informal interviewsat with two parents after school main plaza, children in the waiting their who were for a former whom I met café, and with whom I met two teachers in the teacher music METHODS I used participant observation interviewing and as ethnographic methods these questions. investigate Duringto lived I research, with my a family allowing form to me who helped pioneer educational this community, - - - - - La is young, Comunidad but growingeach yearas adapting and students Three elements structurally and ideologicallystructurallyand elements Three distinguish La Comu dents. There were only six students over the age of 11, so the fifth of 11, so the age only six gradedents. over the were at students There schoolthis was grade a combined class seventh sixth, in the like and eighth of the town, where they will have more room to expand. The school uses The a expand. they room town, to where more of the will have system of combined grade levels, five two to ages in kinder placing students in first/secondgarten; six ages eight grade; to 11 in third/fourth nine to ages the enrolled at 24 students grade; were 12-15 in fifth and ages grade. There visit, group beingtime of my first/second largest the the grade stu with eight ability, coexistence, and “organic learning,” the foundation for this primary this for foundation the learning,” and “organic coexistence, ability, school was created. I will vision it means live well show how this to of what in all aspectsis present school. of the in Bolivia. and asadvance similar movements emerge time of other the At visit,my school a location the periphery was move to on the ready to getting children, decided that the education in El Valle, and Bolivia wasin general, decided education the children, in El Valle, that as would face they children grew their issuesnot addressing up in this that critiquing school the system was that not enough; felt parents These world. they do something, had to something. create They had a vision of what in which kind world of learning and of the they children, wanted their for be to they raised.children wanted their Reflecting valuessustainof core The couple I stayed with, Lucas couple parents and Magdalena, two of the The were school of nine parents of the in 2012. They founding are involved in the oldest seven the children: off were studying, living, in different or traveling were two children youngest The study. time of my the parts at world of the was school It the from its and had attended conception. raised in El Valle families, a group of four me that of young explained to parents all of them nidad from other schoolsnidad from other in Bolivia. school this way was The founded, the learning it wasway characterize it approaches way constructed, and the schoolthis and speak its to efforts a particular of living way promote that to is valued local by the community. THE FOUNDATION and restaurants. I became faces, familiar with many and I began notice to all of these faces seemedthat as I soon know each other to well. learned some were about of them half daily, adults all the out of I encountered that or as former or teachers parents school connectedhow this community, to guest workshop leaders: they all part were of La Verde. Comunidad organic agriculture and small, local and agriculture organic businesses, and wondered it could how cityCruz, Santa of the from hours two and just be that most “modern” the “westernized” city in Bolivia, untouched, be town left could this relatively left itsto own self-sustaining devices. only were small town, there In this buy food, could one about two markets a handful and only where cafes of

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 124 Melina Latona 125 ------(nap time). However, as I will in the address However, time). (nap siesta For this group of parents and teachers, group of parents public school this the curriculum For At the end of each semester, parents and the appointed school appointed and the direc parents end of each semester, the At Parents’ voluntary involvement was critical to the school’s physical physical voluntary was Parents’ criticalinvolvement school’s the to and cooperation (as opposed standardized to independent is a more work) diverse and criti and that children, for environment and healthy natural were added meetwere to learning their capacities, skills and knowl teach and to will in adult life. edge aid them that they learninglacksof elements view that as children’s fundamentaltheir to well-being. notion that the include elements These community’s and the everyone creativity that learning adult teachers), is always the (including the possibilities class,the the who would teach for grade which level would class, most from this gain the In material. methods and the of teaching most cases,was topic if the was feasible there and a positive or beneficial learning, to outcome it would be and incorporated sched approved in the up, new As age students and courses topics following semester. the ule for months and to discuss learning goals and means of improvement for the the for discuss learning and to and means goals of improvement months meetings These free-form, were democratic, and following semester. time, this At flexibility dynamic allowedthe in conversation. much of for new for suggestions make subject could newparents material, workshops, or project ideas. of a new class, implementation When discussing the the benefits the learninggroup subject, considers children about the of their the only requirements were to have extensive knowledge subject the on extensive have to were only requirements the and a devotion curriculum, knowledge. passing The flexible to on that to and fit needs the year from year, and demands of each group to of students assignmentsteaching planned meetings, were during parent schoolyard past met learning discuss in the over the tor the to outcomes and even the school playground, were acquired by donations or were pro or were by donations and even acquired were school the playground, vided by cooperative efforts school. the As and provide supply for to the decisions, highly involved in administrative were parents they often volun teered classes teach to based own on their areas of expertise, knowledge, and passions.means popular contrary that, the pedagogy This to model, degrees have not required to were teachers or certificates in teaching; the tionally quite different from those from private traditional public or of schools. different tionally quite school as as was well its The administration. existence affiliatednot with boardof education, any and was funding. not dependent government on an initial sum of grant and did receive for did apply founders the Although school, money books, of the construction nearly all the the for materials, United States’ public school system. The scheduling fol school public school of the The system. day States’ United Bolivianother of lowed custom in the schools,of two ses consisted which sions per allowing 5:00pm, day: and from 2:30pm to 12:00pm from 8:00am to a family a and for lunch following sections, fill activities these the learningthat sessions inten were

------The first/secondThe grade group had two morning classes 8-9:00am from The typicalThe began school day and ended with outdoor free time. edging all the hands that helpededging grow and provide these to that hands fruits. all the song The seeds, thanks those the who planted to gave letting sun and rain for the to provided fruit by students; each brought or homemade baked goods to others. with the share processed No foods or preservatives allowed are during time as school a waste-free snack maintain the aims to environment. serving fruit the communal is cut and presentedOnce on the on a plate and sang a song of thanks, around gathered children acknowl the table, I learned that one of the fathers had built the jungle gym jungle had built the I learned fathers by hand, utilizing one of the that recycled surrounding towns, from his home and from material as a gift to schoolthe it first when opened. followedand 9-10:15am, by a mid-morning snack, free and or work time mid-morning is snack 12:30pm. The week) until on the shop (depending It seemed spent equal classroomIt amounts of time in the set children the tings as they did in workshops During playtime. and free time and breaks between classes, schoolyard in the played doing a variety students of phys ical activities. hoops hula toys, and juggling were line, soccer a slack There balls, swing ground, and a tire tree, on the as tires in the as painted well gymjungle an elaborate with monkey bars,wall, a climbing and swings. for children to play games like soccer and tag. Continuing through a small and tag. soccer games like through play to Continuing children for doorway was schoolyard, in the there a wooden gym, jungle swing, a tire a beginnings and the coop, By pile, a chicken composting of a small garden. observing play promoted layout, physical I sensed community the the that living as to well. and outdoor being activity children for central THE GREENSCAPE school wasThe nestledfound on between and a restaurant store a hardware modest classroomswere town. The in size the and enters that main road the orangey and yellow pink, walls with lively painted the were structure, and green. doors forest painted Classrooms,the were workshop stations, and the leavingsmall library enough open space occupied property, one-third of the community takes control over their children’s education, they simultane children’s over their takes control community a standard, implement and federal systems which state the ously challenge values sus of environmental curriculum. community’s The Eurocentric especially and creativitytainability are reflectedsocial and physical in the schoolyard. of the spaces cal approaches to thinking and learning are essential for sustaining culture and learning thinking sustaining essential culture to for are cal approaches preservingand Allowing life. schools form basedto needs on community relevant learning, culturally for and valuesspace not only creates but also provides a sense of security adult members the as and well-being for they learning process. As the children’s become involved in their directly more

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 126 Melina Latona 127 ------From what I observed, what From methods the learning of very were hands-on One parent and teacher (and my host mother during this visit), during host this mother Mag my (and teacher and parent One This daily practice is one of many ways that this school environment school this environment that ways is one of many practice daily This hooping,gardening, composting.and five, starting age children, at These bought shampoos store and soaps with a natural, replace to taught were and creativity-based, created, talked about, children sense in the that and subjects with the practiced they and interacted learnactively were that designed were be to fun,ing. and practical yet for informative Workshops workshopsuse outside included classroom. biological of the Popular soap and shampoo making, crafts with recycled materials, and hula juggling design and construction. She liked to teach the architecture class because architecture design the it liked teach She and construction. to fields, different and many to applicable involved are using a set of skills that enabled age this at students work. professional for prepared them Teaching design to virtualthem and construct homes, possibly to them introducing passions they not otherwise and talents might that explore. classrooms I was in which raised. dalena,sacred geometry taught fifth to grade students. and architecture about shapes them and symmetry program teach to usedShe a computer a herself is Magdalena Shui. and utilizing art and about the of Feng space, her class based architect,successful and taught to on her own approaches geometry, reading and writing,geometry, English, German, social studies, or natural martial arts, ceram therapy, musical architecture, science, environmental a standardized curriculum, cosmovision.ics, Without and comparative allowed were styles,teachers great flexibility teaching to in regards les son plans and activities. Depending subject, on the classes often bear may elementary a Socratic to the to resemblance seminar school than more the outcomes of my guided of my activities outcomes the students. with the AND LEARNING OF TEACHING THE CONCEPT typeThe of classes and workshops I observed learn speak general the to styles.teaching and their Classes community in this parents of goals ing included a variety of subjects, through up basic the mathematics including promoted an ideal of living well that includes sustainable practices and and practices sustainable includes idealan promoted livingof that well Conscious instill a sense and composting snacking nature. for appreciation feeds that us. world prac natural These of responsibility the protecting for to relations of human and awareness of mindfulness,tices responsibility, will world be following section in the highlighted natural the as I describe fruits grow, and for those who harvested for and fruits the fruits to the them grow, brought and eat. and buy to us snack, After for the responmarket were classmates two reminded director everyone cleaning up. The sible for everything that can students One of the matter. it is organic pile, since compost the into go looked me and repeated “we can all of this!” to compost excitedly - - - cómo cómo I chose to work work I chose to The story of a young girl who The tells

Que Pasó con Chita? I had considered that it was material that not a goodI had considered introduce idea me to for Another aspect of my involvement at the school, the and a significant aspect at Another involvement of my lined up and, following the leader, acted out the scenarios acted I was out the describing.lined leader, up and, following the GUIDED LESSONS: GUIDED LESSONS: CHANGE AND CLIMATE NATURE HUMANS, DAY 1 children the in which began manual) (from the with a warm up exercise We second grade students, I demonstrate that not only did the director accept my my accept director the did only not secondgrade that students, demonstrate I internalized students the lesson way plans, did as The well. children but the and understood themes, issues, up in these activities brought and concepts value students learningshows that about and talking environment; about the Earth. the done to have humans harmsthey the that do not deny that was by Americanthat if it would not be put together students in line with the indicated that approval this learning. to approaches However, school’s the sus change, talking idea about and I shareddirector issues that the of climate stewardship valuable.is theIn environmental and with children tainability, followingreflections guidingtime lessons my of activitiesand first/ with the podemos curar a la tierra? How can we cure the earth? the we cure can a lapodemos How tierra? curar storywith the about Chita because of its connecting environmen themes tal and stewardship of global warming. awareness problems to school The proposal guide idea to liked thesedirector my activities and approved the and discussions, as corresponded themes and philosophy the with the well learning school. of the goals source of my findings, of my source readings came activities and from the surrounding book, children’s the is worried sheep about her favorite named Chita, who was looking frail and sick. is because girl this learns enough The sheep that the have no longer unable and drink. eat to Earth and is running Mother not well is a fever, animals. all the story provide for to The question, ¿ ends with the dren were learning activities were remembering when the betterdren and were more applications. creativity and broad welcomed that guidedwere context in a willingly me, students Asengaged explained to in activities, one teacher theylearned theyand shared what what have that or made, when they felt learningare is relevant and important them. to clean, and economical alternative. They were taught to tend to plants and plants and to tend to taught clean, and economical They were alternative. waste be compost.reduce stir and to creative to encouraged They were took an approach something functional. trashby turning Teachers into be to allowed creative motivated curiosityby embrace children that to and chil also seemed that There sentiment beinspiration. to an overarching

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 128 Melina Latona 129

Que Who is a ellos no no a ellos muy muy Later, when I asked students Later, (to them, nothing matters: they matters: careless). nothing are them, (to ? We later talked activitiesabout human some later that of the ? We nada

Chita

con

When I read excerpts from the letter, the students listened attentively listened attentively students the letter, from the When I read excerpts The students already seemed students The was knowabout a lot to what happening (really, really bad), and how people really bad), and how lazy; just who pollute are (really, ó care of the earth and its inhabitants, and what would happen if we don’t. earthcare of the and its inhabitants, would happen if we don’t. and what destructive of what some events examples do I asked draw to could them animal and plant life can life flourishanimal and plant alongside man-made environments. DAY 3 I joined of first and second students grade the trip a local field to on their museum. Afterwards, importance discussing of taking the we continued to draw their ideal places, favorite their homes or their included all images draw at to least one tree, grass, flowers, and clear skies. No person or drew a driveway, anyways). Their roads, or even not very are a car in El Valle, (cars common resembling lush environment, and their healthy a drawings illustrated it was that demonstrated This fertilehomes greenness in the of El Valle. live somewhere environments, to important them with where natural to land surrounding, it be whether imaginary or of the present or real, of the I collected drawings, future. own the record my for made photocopies keeping, stay. end of my the at and returned originals students the the to he shared. They words asked the to questions, feedback: and gave he was smart. of Seattle? really I think chief the the day before, and upon before, reviewing day the homework, the some we discovered new vocabulary terms: (flooding), inundación incendios sequía (drought), Chief from the “Letter from the class some read the (fires). excerpts I then warnings highlighted of living which dangers in disharmony of the Seattle,” paper colored students the I gave Later, and with one another. with nature house ideal the and crayons,the and home, their askedand draw to them their knowledge and their sentiments about how deforestation is knowledge about sentiments how deforestation their and their mal les importa DAY 2 reviewed we had learned what again. We I met students same with the cause harm or damage to the natural world. I sent them home with home sheeta them sent I world. natural the causeto harm damage or of homework, a crossword puzzle negative and the with somevocabulary, in respectiveeffects change regions of Bolivia. of climate is a and how this world, in terms of destruction natural world the in the to they shared story After we read the of a certain of life. result way together, The scenes transitioned from a nice sunny day, to big heavy big to raindrops, to day, scenes transitioned sunny from a nice The heat. These and lots of wind,freezing drought-like to temperatures cold is growing change vignettes climate living represented where in a world story classroomthe and read in the Next, we gathered extreme. more Pas - - - - ómo es tu relación con las plantas y los animales? Bien. Sabes cual prefiero, la naturaleza o la tecnología? Bien. Sabes la naturaleza cual prefiero, la Prefiero Porque si no, cosas malas van a pasar, y el mundo será un caos. Todo será un caos. mundo y el Todo si no, cosas malas van a pasar, Porque cortamossi Los todos árboles los oxígeno, son todo de causa la el C Que haces en tu casa en la aquí o escuela el desperdicio? reducir para Para que es necesario a laPara a cuidar aprender tierra? Qué cortemos pasará si todos los árboles en el bosque?

Boy: naturaleza,veces a porque la tecnologíafalla, falla.nunca pero la naturaleza or technology? nature, I prefer nature prefer, I know which (Good. You because sometimes technology fails, never fails.) but nature Me: (What do you waste?) to reduce do at home or here at school hogar. Todos morirían. Todos hogar. all, we would not If we cut them oxygen. cause of all of the the are (Trees food Animals would not have or a home. Everyone breathe. be to able would die.) Me: (How is with plants relationship your animals?) and (Because if we do not, would be will bad things world happen, and the chaos. Everything would run dry home) would not be a healthy and there Me: (What trees if we cut down happen of the forest?) would the all in Boy: Losárboles, ni un animalestendrían no comida no podríamos respirar. as follows: Me: (Why is it necessary to learn earth?) for the to care Boy: se va secando un hogar y no habría sana. lowed and sat down next to me. We read the book him read the told and I together me. We lowed to downand sat next first/second the activitiesabout grade the asked had done with that me. He too. I provided draw pencils, with him paperif he could and colored and he believeshe shared with me why it is importantlearn to natu about the us, around we should live our lives among other and why ral environment went beings student and habitats. brief talk one enthusiastic with My this DAY 4 opportunity grade, and fourth meetI had the to third in with students howeverwasit since play-time during their participation and was optional, ten- One guitar. decided practice or soccer many play they rather would boy seemedunder a tree sit year-old he fol to and when I went interested, to the earth. What could change? What will the future look will do if we future like What the change? earth. could the What to drew a variety children The that of things environment? the for not care they drew some or alternatively, world, natural or cause harm the alter to theything hope never to activ lose and human because change of climate ity on earth.

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 130 Melina Latona 131 ------No, no puedo. QuieroNo, vivir (No, I can’t. I want to live here for all of my life). all of my for live here I want to (No, I can’t. Tenemos un compost aquí en la escuela. en la aquí un compost En mi casa uno tam tengo Tenemos La seeks Comunidad provide an education to based on a deeper The fact that the school the was director fact that on boardThe with these activities groups of people are responding to the injustices that are inflicted are that groups by global of people injustices responding the are to PRODUCING CHANGE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL THE LOCAL CHANGE AT PRODUCING social notion of education for the potential having to return to I would like social that change Mann (2013) says Global theoristchange. Michael is born ideological from power: arises a power that in response cri to sis, seek possibilities alternative needs communities where when current beingare underserved or unaddressed. In Bolivia world, and all over the snack time. It provides space for creation, for exploration, and for a more a more and for exploration, for creation, for provides space time. It snack learning as approaches pro education,multifaceted an ongoing one that individuals simultaneously and learners. in which are teachers cess RESISTANCE: COLLECTIVE of unique talents that removes much of the competition among students. among competition of the much removes talentsof unique that people with other and relationship of one’s self, understanding one’s of of sharing an environment us. fosters around changing world with the It givingof place a teaches receivingand than knowledge. knowledgeIt rather of rituals the to layout environmental from the sustainability and practices impressively, I did not observe com or negative comments hateful any impressively, hear them frequently would I mentsstudents.among contrary, the On work. of learning Themes do each other’s and admire praise one another public school system, but I grewnot resemble those U.S. that up with in the on creativity and curious pursuits centered of knowledge, are appli rather issues of knowledgecation and concerns, real world to and a recognition of our responsibility be to stewards earth responsibility take of the and to beings. other on impact our first for second and graders The draw liked to They were age. be this expected may at which of all children play, and to also very curious very and creative, own of their achievements. aware They they art do, the they that achieve work made, and their of the proud were arguments, into get and did students rarely Very playground. ments on the When I asked this student if he could ever he could if imagineWhen I asked with living student this in a place out forests, rivers or big gardens, he responded: por vidaaquí todo mi first and second fact engaged grade and knowland the that were students edgeable and responded reflects passionately a certain type of awareness Boy: grande!huerto un Tenemos huerto. y lo usamosbién, en el esa materia one too, and we use house I have my school. at At here a compost have (We garden!) huge a have We garden. in the material that ------. Speakers 2 what doeswhat it mean to us to , and current social, and current issues 1 Furthermore, it demonstrates the potential for positive for potential social the it demonstrates Furthermore, As was a school that founded on cooperation and inspired by the Institutions that reproduce culturally relevant knowledge culturally within com reproduce that Institutions During the first six weeks of my studies abroad with SIT, I attended classes La I attended at Universidad During first the six with SIT, weeks abroad studies of my , and the historic capital of Sucre, and the tropical city of Santa tropical city of Santa and the historic capital of Sucre, i, and the mining city of Potos er-altitude Cruz. program also included The two rural homestays: one was village of mountainous in the was farming; a taste other I got of subsistence the where of Lake shore Titicaca, on the Tocoli missionary hot and humid in the Rita, town of Santa These I learned where cotton. weave to geographic and cultural combined sense experiences allowed a greater get of Bolivia’s me to people they in which ways showed many the construct me the and most importantly, diversity, meaning of living well. NOTES 1 in Cochabamba,San Simon a variety where of guest speakerslead our classes of the on themes movements, indigenous political history, shiftscountry’s Shultz, and social and Jim Rafael Puente activistincluded authors and leader great of the OscarOlivera. program allowing excursions, visit included us to many The nearly War, Water every I visited political high-altitude the capital of La part Paz, country. of the even the high live well? live rooted relevant education. are culturally in Solutions that through change based culture, on localcommunity realities recog and resources, and that nize need the be to responsible stewards be earth, seeds of the the may for us. and equitable around sustainable world a more in creating change need for a more sustainable and equitable future, La Comunidad Verde need and equitable La sustainable future, Verde a more for Comunidad learning, new to roommakes for approaches the offering to an alternative education for standards in Bolivia. pre-existing the group exemplifies This effectivenessimportance utility and questioning of the para of dominant digms in society present and asking ourselves ting in the way of that envisioned reality: “there is still a long way to go to to envisioned go to reality: is still a long way of that way ting in the “there between gap educationalbridge the ideological and a complex intentions and commu parents when the reality” (Lopes2011, 1). However, Cardozo in teachers, role the an active nity members playing themselves and are are learning students’ inside and outsidetheir school, pedagogy the then takes on a new definition. munities serve as an active force of resistance to the Eurocentric model Eurocentric servemunities the to of resistance as force an active of education and western ideology presented within it. new The educa in Boliviation reform has opportunities, created many but also faces many in achieving challenges its of truly goals decolonizing education. the If to Bolivian of transformation” views government as “soldiers teachers the factors get many are there then an educational reality, into goals translate systems of wealth and knowledge. To break this pattern and to interrupt interrupt and to pattern this break and knowledge. of wealth systems To global homogenization, and of ethnocentrism transmission alterna the in small spaces, fringestives emerge margins, in the and in the peo among ple with a similar vision it means live well. to of what

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 132 Melina Latona 133 - . - - - - - . - - - - 43, no. 43, no. Consti 29, no. 3 29, no. 3 . London: . New York: . New York: No Life Without Without Life No Whispering in 43, no. 2 (May): 43, no. 2 (May): Sociology Globalizations, 1945- Dignity Defiance: and Sto The Sources of Social Power . Capítulo 6: Educación,. Capítulo Interculturali Economic and Political Weekly Political and Economic . Vol. 4 of . Vol. Verhelst, Thierry G. 1987. Verhelst, Roots: Development and Culture Zed Books. abs/10.1080/03050060701362482?journal Code=cced20 (accessed December 8, 2016). Schultz, 2009. Jim. to Globalization Challenge ries from Bolivia’s of California Press.Oakland: University Leslie. 1995. Social Movements Sklair, and Global Capitalism. 495-512. https://www.jstor.org/ (August): stable/42857812?seq=1#page_scan_tab_con (accessed Decembertents 8, 2016). R. Bolivia 2008. Cross the at Tathagatan, roads. 26-27 (June): 35-39. http://www.epw.in/jour nal/2008/26-27/commentary/bolivia-cross roads.html (accessed December 8, 2016). org/content/documents/159Bo livia%20Con org/content/documents/159Bo situcion.pdf (accessed January 5, 2017). Ozisik, in Bolivia. 2015. Education Shenel. Borgen Project.The http://borgenproject. org/education-bolivia/ (accessed December 8, 2016). 2006. D. Powers, William from Ear: Chronicle A Frontline Giant’s the on Globalization War Bolivia’s Bloomsbury Publishing. Laurie. and Nina Pablo 2007. Regalsky, The “The School, is This? Whose Place Deep Hidden Curricu of the Structures in Bolivia. Education lum in Indigenous Education Comparative 231-251. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ Mann, Michael. 2013. Michael. Mann, 2011 Cambridge: Press. Cambridge University Ministerio de la Presidencia. 2008. de del Estadotución Política Plurinacional Bolivia dad y derechos culturales. Sección 1, artículos 77-90. http://www.harmonywithnatureun. - - - - . La - Lan , ed. Mirando Indio: Indio: Mirando 9, no. 3 (July): Education and and Education Encountering DevelEncountering 7 no. 4 (November): . June 20. http://reevo.org/ . June Globalization, Societies . Princeton: Princeton University University Princeton . Princeton: REEVO text_of_conflict_2009.pdf (accessed December 8, 2016). December 8, 2016). in a Bolivian of Context 2009. Teachers or against for Conflict: Actors Potential Change? Education and 409-432. https://pure.uva.nl/ws/ files/915840/84131_M.T.A._Lopes_ Cardozo_Teachers_in_Bolivian_con 2011. Decolonising Bolivian Education Draft chapter, - Ideology versus Reality. https://edu of Amsterdam. University cationanddevelopment.files.wordpress. com/2008/04/wp12.pdf (accessed ͫ ͫ ͫ er/10.1057/9781137366634.0012?focus=true (accessed December 8, 2016). ͫ Lopes Cardozo, Mieke T.A. 2013. A Critical T.A. Lopes Mieke Cardozo, Theoretical Perspective and on Education Social in Bolivia: Change A Contested In Pedagogy. Alternative Latin America Social in Change Cole, 89-106. New and Mike Sarah Motta Macmillan, Palgrave 2013. http:// York: www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifind 180-202. http://www.wiu.edu/coehs/ncate/ standard_5_exhibits/exhibit%208.C.2.b.%20 JLIE%20Delany-Barmann-1.pdf (accessed January 3, 2017). 1995. Arturo. Escobar, of the opment: Unmaking and The Making World Third Press. Comas, en las Flor Alturas 2014. Una Eduard. Bolivianas. columna/una-flor-en-las-alturas-bolivianas/ (accessed December 8, 2016). Delany-Barmann, Gloria. 2010. Teacher Voices: Reform and Subaltern Education Practica to in Bolivia. Política From guage,Education and Identity REFERENCES 2013. Félix. Cardenas Aguilar, el DebateAportes Descolonizador Para Paz: Departamento de Descolonización de Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. An Unlikely Refuge: Jewish Refugees from Nazi Europe in Shanghai, 1933-1945

author Jennifer Wachtel BIOGRAPHY Jennifer Wachtel graduated from UMBC in May 2015 with a Bachelor of the Arts in History and minors in German, judaic studies, and art history. She developed an interest in studying the Holocaust during her undergraduate career. By Jennifer’s senior year her studies focused on emergent fields of Holocaust research, including the Jewish refugees who survived the Holocaust by escaping to Shanghai. With the support of her colleagues and advisors in the Honors College and Humanities Scholars Program, Jennifer presented a poster and delivered an oral presentation at two separate Undergraduate Research and Creative Achievement Days (URCADs). While conducting her research, she also interned in archives and museums and worked in UMBC’s Special Collections. With her combined research and work experience, Jennifer entered the History and Library Science (HiLS) dual master's degree program at the University of Maryland, College Park in fall 2015. She looks forward to a career in archives where she will share her love of historical research. Jennifer would especially like to thank Dr. Meredith Oyen, her history advisor, for her guidance through two URCADs and especially the honors thesis research process. - - - - - bound In 2013, In 2013, 2

Kristallnacht

Even though the Nazi the regime though Even 4 Stripped German of their citizenship, 1 , November 8 and 9, 1938, when Germans Kristallnacht 3 For the Jewish refugees, Shanghai’s allure lay in its status as in its an open status lay allure Jewish the refugees,For Shanghai’s attractive to these refugees to as attractive lasta resort. nearly 20,000 Jewish refugees, Englers, the including fled from Shanghai to barred nations Austria, and Eastern as most Europe Western Germany, entry. their powers foreign ceding and land to treaties Nineteenth-century port city. and Americansguaranteeing Europeans entry a fee for made Shanghai for an unlikely refuge: Shanghai. refuge: an unlikely for without visa docu they enter a refuge Jews Englers sought could the like recognized of field asof the a founder ments. Kranzler, Historian David pertainingscholarship Jewish to Holocaust refugees claimed Shanghai, to 18,000 Jews fledin 1976 that between Shanghai to 1938 and 1941. between Gao scholar Bei that claiming 1941, and 1933 raised estimate that Born Engler feared the in Berlin Peter in 1934 and now living in New Jersey, his twenties.sound of breaking glass into Engler was well years only four of night old on the destroyed and Jewishattacked homes, businesses, and synagogues. Like Jews, of other thousands a means sought of escape. Englers desperately the fledIn 1939, Engler and his parents Germany after VICTIMHOOD AND AGENCY OF VICTIMHOOD AND AGENCY FROM SHANGHAI’S JEWISH REFUGEES INTRODUCTION AN THE NAZI REGIME: the travel necessary oral interviews, travel the conduct to reposito archival consult ries, and marshal evidence in both German and English. Over course the story the Jewishof the I discovered that research, of this refugees who escaped Nazi Germany far extended beyond Jewish itself. The ghetto the of victimhood narrative larger refugees’ pointed and a much experience to agency not yet fully addressed in secondary scholarship. source hai, China. In 1943, the Japanese authorities in Shanghai confined in Shanghai hai, China. authorities these Japanese In 1943, the Jewish refugees Nazi Restricted from the regime the to Sector Stateless for in Holo keenRefugees, interest of my JewishShanghai or Aware Ghetto. Oyen, Meredith produce me to encouraged Dr. Studies,caust advisor, my history the for an honors capstone subject. department on this I received a (URA) allowed fundto me Research that Award 2014-2015 Undergraduate DEMYSTIFICATION closed doors nations their Between and 1941, when most 1933 Western refugees, European to German,Pol and thousand over twenty Austrian, ish Jews survived Holocaust by escaping Japanese-occupied the Shang to

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 136 Jennifer Wachtel 137 ------in a district sur Heime called

ones created new who successfully

When the refugees When the arrived Shanghai in 5 After liberation by the U.S. military U.S. in 1945, After liberation by the 6 This study examines how Jewishhow examines study refugees, This escape to the fortunate In the last years,In the five ten to publica as and scholarly popular interest their time in Shanghai. For the Jewish the refugees, For time in Shanghai. their aid societies represented new refugees’ first with their contacts of their one The fear of the refuge. siderable control over their own over their destinies living despite increas under the control siderable in Shanghai. authorities Japanese of the ingly strict control Holocaust, established first livelihoods rule. three The under Japanese sections detail of Jewish control dependence aid, Japanese on charitable Jewish Jewish and in Shanghai, life of agency demonstration throughout lives for themselves in Japanese-occupied Shanghai. Jewish in Japanese-occupied Shanghai. themselves lives for refugees in this by the illustrated victim survivor, straddledway of the roles and the the stories.refugees’ compelling By securing dissociating Shanghai, passage to of origin, countries from their establishing newthemselves businesses, and these Jewish refugees con exhibited Jewish their reforming community, Holocaust. Additionally, the surge of memoirs published early from the surge the Holocaust. Additionally, Jewish provide ways crucial present the the 1990s to insights refu into Both gees war. remembered experiences long after in Shanghai the their of Jewish worksscholarly and personal life a dichotomy memoirs present as militaryeither victims Nazis Japanese of the and the who depended on survive,charity to or as fortunate the without funds lived in decrepit dormitories guards.rounded by Japanese elsewhere. or resettle Europe to return either to refugeesthe attempted Jewishtions on the Holocaust refugees in China increased, stories of the these refugees history crucial contributed the to missing elements of the on Japanese-occupied Shanghai. Jews intermingled with the international Jewson Japanese-occupied Shanghai. intermingled international with the society establishing 1943, businesses until of Shanghai or subsisting with low-wage restrictions their tightened employment. Japanese 1943, the In Jewishon the mile section refugees a one square to of and relocated them Jewish district The in Shanghai. Hongkou refugees at the themselves found aid. Those dependent and authorities mercy on external Japanese the of the Settlement represented by Western powers, east the to of the Hongkou by Western represented Settlement Concession French and the Japanese, under the Settlement International consul. governed French by the lived International of them worked and in the in 1938 and 1939, many Jewish Harbor in 1941, the on Pearl attack Settlement. Japanese After the refugees retribution lived warmongering in fear of both Japanese U.S. and stripped the Jews of their rights, Jews could enter the city legally. The strippedThe Jews rights,the their of city legally. the Jewsenter could part and repre in 1937 captured of Shanghai however, military, Japanese refugees’ in the sented a menacing presence lives. city the Gao that notes includedof Shanghai several districts: discreteadministrative Chi the International the city Chiang Kai-Shek, under area of the nese-controlled

8 ------10 , they found

Anschluss In contrast to these to In contrast 7 and the and the Kristallnacht The Sassoon Sephardim The became family prominent and other some 9 The Baghdadi Jews,The members Sephardim, migrated of the between The refugees were neither solely victims refugees solely agents, nor solely neither The were but rather of Shanghai’s most prominent landowners between most prominent 1820 and 1918. of Shanghai’s but also their redefinedbut also their social in Shanghai. status India, to China, and Peninsula, Malayan the War World First 1820 and the Sassoons Sephardim, the the Of single most remained influJapan. the Jewish East riseential China in the of Communist family Far until in the 1949. For the Jewish the identities, national refugees dealing already For with complex these Jewish preexisting furtherencountering defined communities their carve and ledrefugeeto Jewish status them The in Shanghai. out a niche refugees desperate and started were from Nazi Europe new lives with lim ited personal possessions. world, side of the other the voyage After to their Jewishthe refugees grappled shifting identities with not only their national that they were not the only Jewish or even they not the only refu were that the community Jewish in Shanghai: already existed communities Two gee community. Sephardic Baghdadi Jews, 1850s, by the who established community their and Ashkenazi refugees from Bolshevik Russia. well-established ref groups the who had already migrated Shanghai, to arrival. time of their ugees the Nazis at from the had limited resources ON DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN AID ON DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN JewishWhile in Shanghai, refugees depended on support both from estab lished aid organizations. Jewish and foreign in Shanghai communities When Jewish refugees Nazi arrived from the Germany and Austria in in 1939 following Shanghai caust refugeescaust occupied in Shanghai a middle ground of both victimhood as in China they Europeans status which created out of their and agency, rule.under Japanese DEPENDENCE JEWISH REFUGEES’ products of their European upbringing.products European of their refugees traditions The upheld livelihoods. restrictions and their on controls Although Japanese despite Jewishthe in themselves refugeesfor createda familiar environment these JewsShanghai, depended organizations and remained upon the relief Jewish II. The Holo War powers major targets of the of World and pawns Japanese provides a stark contrast to their relationship with aid societies. relationship their to provides contrast a stark Japanese Jewish dependence, and of oppression the environment refugeesIn this as the Jewish war, After European the their culture. express to continued last section details, Jewish agency refugees again exercised in uproot once elsewhere. lives and relocating of Shanghai out ing their

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 138 Jennifer Wachtel 139 ------12 Sir Victor Sas Victor Sir 13 With the support the of wealthy With 16 According to memoirs like that of of that memoirs like to According 15 Vivian Jeanette Kaplan produced a work of creative produced of creative a work Kaplan Jeanette Vivian 14 were able to survive to able were in an unfamiliar environment. The other Jewish community, the Russian Jews, Russian the numbered Jewish other The community, 11 Kristallnacht By August 1939, Japanese authorities believed authorities could 1939, Japanese Shanghai By August that The Sephardi Jewish community’s charity towards Jewish charity towards Sephardi refugees JewishThe community’s Sino-Japanese War culminating in the Battle of Shanghai had made refu of Shanghai Battle in the culminating Sino-Japanese War of Chinese. of thousands residents and tens gees 15,000 Japanese of 10 to not sustain the influxnot sustain the Second of refugees and the from both Europe its months immigration at peak eight the for With Sino-Japanese War. after December as 1938, as German, or four three many and Jap Italian, anese ocean carried liners per month of Jewish hundreds refugees from Jewish to addition In Shanghai. to arrivals Second the Europe Europe, from viate their suffering and restore their dignity. The board of the Sephardic board of the The dignity. their suffering their and restore viate Synagogue granted permission synagogue use the to as a reception center, sanctuary.” placed in the were and mattresses Sassoons,families the like Jewish destitute refugees arriving months in the after are cared for and fed. Without the generosity of these people, generosity of us the many cared and fed.are Without for starvedwould have by now.” death to ini Sephardi community the and Ernest Kaplan Heppner, Jeanette Vivian “They refugees, the welcomed tially responded fedand housed generously, and assistedthem, or setting in finding up small busi them employment nesses. established, were and everything Funds possible was alle done to served of incom hundreds for as and receiving center a refugee shelter ing refugees once. at claims, She of Shanghai. impressions her mother’s nonfiction recording Sassoon“Names like philan and Kadoorie Through spoken with awe. are efforts,thropic newcom aid the organizations to set they up relief have establishedpeople of hundreds charity homes They… ers where have the figures prominently in the narrative of the migrants’ of Shang of the narrative experience in the figures prominently never Engler Sassoons, with the interacted Peter hai. Although he spoke with immenseof them respect describing and awe, as them “extraordi narily wealthy” and especially recalling name Sassoon. the soon opened sections refugees Buildingto Embankment of the in 1939. lacked proper facilities, it sanitation Although Building Embankment the between 6,000 and 8,000 refugees 1930s. by the some arrived Although majority fledthe (1904-1905), after Russia Russo-Japaneseafter War the Rus wealth of the Octoberthe accumulated Revolution the of 1917. Since sian Jewish Baghdadi of the community, population never that matched they efforts participated hardly refugees in relief for after 1938. Although most Sephardim did not share the immense wealth and status of of immense most and status wealth the SephardimAlthough not share did as funded a whole community the beds Sassoonthe Jews for in the family, GeneralShanghai Country Hospital and the Hospital in 1934, estab and, became which Jewish Polyclinic, Shanghai Brith the Hos lishedB’nai the pital 1942. in

------22 According to histo to According 17 Margolis’ remarks indicate disorga remarks indicate Margolis’ Maisie Meyer expla offers a plausible 20 21 In 1941, both the preexisting Jewish preexisting In 1941, both the community 19 Ernest recalled Heppner Jewish that guided Shanghai of residents 18 The JDCThe provided critical this much-needed at moment, but relief of humanitarian aid. as May 1941, by which time the Sephardim had dissipated their resources resources Sephardim their had dissipated time the 1941, by which as May and stamina. British were subjects, Many regarded by were and therefore own their cir deteriorating aliens. as Japanese enemy the Understandably, refugees European of the a low priority.” plight cumstances, made the [sic] arrived and Siegel Baghdadi afterMargolis the Jews their had exhausted refugees a new resources, charitable the to turn to available forcing source Committee sent me to Shanghai …” Shanghai to me sent Committee Jewish preexisting nized in from the contributions community charitable of all apathy also specifically Margolis Shanghai. “complete the to referred local Jewry refugee the problem.” to arrived asShanghai in late assessment, Margolis’ for “…[Margolis] nation In her remarks at the 1944 annual meeting Refugee 1944 annual National the of the Service,In her remarks at Jewish she of the community situation the on commented Laura Margolis was Shanghai remember unpre totally that must uponfound arrival, “You was Shanghai horde. invading the economically receive pared unpre to was them, … there plan for never them absorb pared to a real community Distribution Joint the is why …This them receive plans made to or any the Americanthe Jewish Distribution (JDC), Committee Joint a humanitarian organization. relief disor in Shanghai aid situation existing the found representatives their ganized. and December Manny May In and then 1941, Laura Margolis arrivedSiegel JDC, as in Shanghai of the representatives respectively. him directly from his ocean liner to the Embankment Building. Embankment from his ocean the him directly liner to After trav first class,eling betweensharp Heppner noted the contrast his luxurious survival-based the and Shanghai voyageto the in soup charitable kitchens Building.Embankment sustain the no longer city could the claimed authorities that and Japanese dependent refugees refugeesdestitute, turned The then to Nazi of Europe. in 1939, they Jews military competed with as fellow as Japanese well the asand civilians such housing. coveted resources for be no longer on administered could by 1939, “Care rian Kranzler, David an individual basis, sheer on give to had to way subsistence and concern hastily do witha mass the set make scale … had to up refugee … many c a m p s .” Approximately 40,000 Chinese 40,000 refugees city of Shanghai returned the to Approximately Jewish existing Sephardim of and Ash The communities per month. build war-damaged effortskenazim, their despite and restore repair to ings,floodsudden sustain this to unprepared were migrants.of As more Jewish by ocean Shanghai liner to way refugees their made from Europe

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- - - - 26 After 25 28 By the JDC’s own accounts, the JDC’s kitchens kitchens own JDC’s accounts, JDC’s the By the Laura Margolis, in her own words, created “order Laura Margolis, own in her words, created “order 27 23 Although the JDCthe Although started refugees Pal to sending Polish 24 Jewish residents and other aid workers in Shanghai fondly recalled fondly Jewish in Shanghai aid workers other residents and Serving JDC organization, as the a humanitarian established relief As Jewish the refugees’ course deterioratedliving the over conditions the plight of the Jewishthe of plight refugees.the decided JDC His mother the for work to the soup kitchen established soup these kitchen the two boilers. around and with of Siegel JDC impact interactions the and representatives their called mother her Ernest Heppner’s refugee on the community. Margolis met Margolis, mother she described After Heppner’s American lady.” “the as woman who was an extraordinaryMargolis and admirable sensitive to her 1943 arrest deportationand reported alien, Margolis as on enemy an JDC. progress of the the she and her staff noted had procured She that two afterunused meeting steam boilers resis from a British realty company employees. from the tance After efforts scaling their back JDC in 1941, the was serve to able 1944 by utilizing five refugees thousand by March per day lack of funding.lack claimed, He “During time [December this 1941-1942], in providing food,addition to clothing, medicine able care, we were and other and com organize committees, borrowingto the arrange for of money, we knew we day – the day the would come for plans in preparation plete would be imprisoned.” II.In 1944, after War Jewishkept of World refugeesduration the for alive those whose was malnutrition diets.’” so they serious on ‘special were that Despite its war sufficient procure struggles the to funds, throughout the JDC organization. remained as in Shanghai a humanitarian relief foodkitchens, schools, hospitals, reported office.emigration an and Siegel despite organizers acted as JDC and Margolis community he the to that of Jewish refugees living in Shanghai. In Margolis’ view, “An undernour of Jewish “An refugees view, living In Margolis’ in Shanghai. ished, facedstateless, groupof humans starvation.” unprotected DecemberJDC the 1941, 8, struggled representatives funds procure to nationals, as assets enemy their since, They stopped frozen. relief all were refugees thousand receiving eight bowl one of the of thousand four for sick, aged, the the and “children, providing for but continued stew per day, relief with the equipment needed equipment with the relief of feeding run capable to steam kitchens 10,000 people per day.” JDC after the funds sent had local to Shanghai in committees out of chaos,” years. two for estine, New Australia, Zealand, Canada, and Burma Japanese the before main function their was support to community the Harbor, on Pearl attack of the war, the number of Jewish the refugees JDC requesting the aid from war, of the Jewish majority II, the of the refugees War climbed. end of World By the dependedfrom Nazi Europe very their upon aid for this survival. Under of emergency JDC the guidance, organized a “system and Siegel’s Margolis

------30 U.S. Army Chap Army U.S. 29 Misunderstanding the economic role of of economic Misunderstanding role the

32 Aid societies, however, could not entirely shield shield entirely not Aid societies, could however, 31 The Japanese military Japanese The imposed stateless restricting the proclamations Aid and charity marked the JewishAid and charitymarked the refugees’ lives since in Shanghai, Jews in both Europe and the United States, leaders United Jews planned and the Japanese to in both Europe rience in Shanghai for the remainder of World War II. War of World remainder the for in Shanghai rience they lives once realized Jews the servedJewish residents of Shanghai’s no harbored authorities Japanese financial Initially, benefit empire. their to misconstrued Jewish the expectations that refugees would Europe from interests.fund colonial their trol of Shanghai. The Japanese placed no formal restrictions on Jewish Japanese The of Shanghai. ref trol Jews a stateless to relegated authorities ugees 1943, when Japanese until district. establish Hongkou The mile area within Shanghai’s one square Restricted of the Refugees,ment Sector Stateless for known as colloquially Jewish Shanghai subsequent the the and imposition of stringent Ghetto, defined Jewish refugees’restrictions on Jewish sector, expe within that life unique challenges as stateless refugees. as challenges stateless unique Jewish The refugees sanc found when Secondtuary midst of the Sino-Japanese in the War, in Shanghai Arriving with limited knowledge part city. of the controlled Japanese the China itself, or JewishShanghai of the refugeesthe in themselves found On Decemberas 7, 1941, allies of Nazi future their hands of the Germany. established Japanese military total the con Harbor, Pearl attacked forces JEWISH REFUGEES JEWISH REFUGEES CONTROL UNDER JAPANESE experienced Jewish members Shanghai of the community The Ghetto left only homes behind they the had ever known and depleted most of escape. to financial in order their They leveraged resources had personal secure to and business passage connectionsorder in on voyages lasting between 72 days. 23 to refugees JDC year the the By from hardship. arrived, authori Japanese the increasinglyties were in Shanghai refugees’ restricting the lives. of the people there … I assure you that in the Army men have been men have Army deco in the peopleof the I assure … that you there has in Shanghai.” is doing here done and Manny doing less than for rated for appreciation residents’ and aid workers’ high praisethe indicates This operations in Shanghai. leadership JDC’s of the and Siegel’s Margolis they primarily arrived As destitute. victims Nazis, of the these refugees and regretted that Margolis had not arrived Margolis earlier. and regretted that Moses to wrote Leavitt,lain Alvin JDC,a leader Fine I. the of “During period,this it has … been Siegel privilege with Manny closely work my to one goes of what indication reportNo verbal give slightest you the could on behalf in Hongkew work [Hongkou] a day’s of course the in through

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------Japanese Japanese 37 .” By 1941, the the By 1941, 33 bao ) system in the ) system in the Although Engler Engler Although 39 Pao Chia Pao Japanese proclamations proclamations Japanese 38 (or (or Where previously Where they intermixed baojia 35 As a Russian Jew As a Russian born in China, Funt 34 to keep to detailed records, report census With their restriction to the ghetto, the the ghetto, the restriction to their With 36 Pao Chia Pao , which in turn consisted of a larger unit, of a larger the consisted in turn , which jia Rumors circulated that the Japanese leadership with would cooperate Japanese the that circulated Rumors The most life-altering proclamation came 18, 1943, rais on February proclamation most life-altering The on a rusty old boat and towed [sic] out into the ocean.” the on a rusty out into old boat and towed [sic] never truly believed rumors these such sto while he lived ghetto, in the the Germans and murder the Jews. Dr. Peter Engler stated, “… we had we had Engler stated, “… Peter Jews. Germans the the and murder Dr. Germans the do triedheard that to authorities persuade Japanese to the admin camp concentration one of Hitler’s with us.away And apparently wasistrators seen Jap driving with city one of the of Shanghai the around they put us all that anese Nazis Japanese officers … the the suggested to authorities required the required authorities the or risk or civil col anti-Japanese actions, disturbances criminal activity, respective their lective to units. punishment restricting Jewish Jewish of the reality the altered dramatically refugee life in Shanghai. experience Jewish proper refugees rather from Shanghai experienced full exclusion Settlement. freedom previous their International than live in the relative to Jewish the ghetto, refugeesinside the Once experienced further restric of the as institution tions such the Restricted military Area. Japanese units The organized “into households called ing simmering fears and tensions in the Jewish community about the Jap Jewish abouting simmering the in the fears and tensions community Germans. anese with the alliance publishedproclamation, local in The newspapers, district of Shang refugees restricted Hongkou the stateless to refugees already living implic in Shanghai, hai. All stateless Europe from Jews, meaning European itly the received 18, 1943 to a deadline of May Restricted the Sector. move into for Japanese restrictions Jewish on Japanese residents expectedfor Although life. the subsequent the series they Shanghai, war of Jap reach did not anticipate to anese daily lives. restrictions on their these unexpected port of the city, culture already international with the restrictions activities. limited their one after another — proclamations they called were — proclamations one after another … each one took away So, beginning, in the you tighter. pressure Each one made the a liberty. proclama the Eventually, I can proclamation…’ live with this thought, ‘Oh, tions deprived you of everything.” beenwould not have as refugees; subject the same proclamations the to his Jewish felt existing keen the awareness the community indicate statements use Jewish fund capital imperial to their in China.ambitions new determined the authorities refugeesJapanese that served no strate gicfinancialor restrictions purposes Jewishon their and empire their for Russian born intensified. wealthy George Shanghai in to China in life Funt, they Harbor] started [after Pearl then edicts, with their Jews, stated, “And

- - - - Jewish fear of the 41 Melchior’s statements statements Melchior’s 43 The Jewish The refugees initially 42 Jewish refugeeswitnessed in Shanghai other 40 Sigmund Tobias recalled rumors power-mad the of Tobias Sigmund 44 Like the memoirs of their elders, memoirs of their writtenLike the memoirs in adulthood by only one perspective, he provides valuable insights into Kanoh Ghoya’s perspective,one only Ghoya’s Kanoh provideshe valuable insights into menacing presence. former child refugees adults’former child the sense share surrounding of foreboding of educational scholar now an eminent Kanoh Ghoya. Tobias, Sigmund left Germany spentand years1938 nine in start psychology, Shanghai, in six. of a coming- age arc narrative ing at the his memoir follows Although storyof-age as yeshiva Shanghai he finds the his calling and presents at And in spite of your beating us and your humiliating men and women we men and women we of your beatingAnd in spite us and your humiliating a ridiculous brute ….you were clown … a knew little you well, you pretty but a ridiculousmaniac, fool as a nightmare well.” these adults agreed with memorist war, end of the by the that indicate opinion of Ghoya figure. as authority a “ridiculous” Bacon’s Ursula of the Japanese authorities remained authorities aloof. Japanese of the feared Ghoya but soon developed him over the towards hatred an intense SeptemberIn Jewish 1945, cartoonist war. Melchior Friedrich the of course a series to a satiricalwrote introduction depicting of comics Kanoh Ghoya’s you calledtypical Jewish ‘King the yourself behavior towards refugees, “Sir, we knew better. Jews’of the assuming your position Yet, unshakable. responsible for issuing passes to exit the ghetto, calledresponsible ghetto, issuing passes for the “King of the himself exit to Jewish pass.Jews” exit in intimidating applicants for and delighted Ghoya’s visas tactics exit of significant for another intimidation represented element restrictions, JewishJapanese the since refugees needed those passes in order Restricted the leave to Area. refugees The primarily with Ghoya interacted and Subinspector Okura, an even sadistic officer; more rest the meanwhile, Tokyo, further Jewish stoking Japanese. fear of the Tokyo, Germans. expanded beyond the Japanese connection to Japanese the fact written afterMemoirs the by both adult refugees ref and former child and loathing. inspired themselves terror Jewishugees Japanese the suggest refugees described as a veritable ghetto prison the they where at existed Ghoya, Kanoh mercy Japanese. the officials of the two Japanese one of the the islands at the mouth of the Yangtze nearbecause Shanghai” Japa the of Yangtze of the mouth the islands at the nese with Germany. alliance between collusion instances of antisemitic Germans the and Japanese. German and the of Information Bureau Embassy Japanese in The subsidizedjointly and sponsored example, for books, antisemitic Tokyo, pamphlets, brochures, in Osaka and exhibitions and widely-attended ries circulated among the Jewishries among the circulated population as soon and as Japanese the Germansthe formalized cites Kranzler a report recallsalliance. their that Consul Shi Vice Japanese report that The claims particularthis rumor. plans Japanese of representatives informedbata Jewish the community’s of one “to sendor them area” Hongkew [sic] the to them “confine either to

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- - - - - 45 All Things She recalls that he insulted recalls She that 46 The Japanese military Japanese The used the 51 . system from Shanghai proper to the the proper to system from Shanghai This proxy control meant that the Japa the that meant control proxy This 50 Pao Chia Pao Pao Chia Pao 48 special report based “Unlike on years remarked, of research, The Englers and the rest of the Jewish the of rest spent the and Englers refugee community The system to police the refugees’ the police system to daily lives. 49 Bacon found this encounter astonishing, that encounter she remarked but this Bacon found 47 Jewishrefugees describe a victimization livingprocess under Japanese The refugees’ impression of the ghetto was of that of a prison rather wasof a prison ghetto refugees’ rather of the of that The impression with Nazi Germany. Japanese authorities, Japanese realizing refugeeswith the Nazi offered Germany. no financial intencives, or strategic refugees took advantage of the by impos rulerefugees, These Shanghai. in first victimized Nazi the by regime, expe rienced authorities. a second Japanese victimization hands of the the at military’s never near oppression Japanese anything the While to amounted camps, Jewish one of the concentration refugees’ of Nazi Germany’s that formalized was Japan its vulnerabilitymain concerns once alliance their for “destitute [Jewish] refugees.” “destitute for nese military expanded the volunteered or either his father district. Engler recallsHongkou that Peter was assigned within the a role Chia Pao pass specifying time and purpose the refugees’ for the Inside departure. aspects controlled Japanese the by establishing author ghetto, of daily life Jewishover ity newspapers.and institutions created Jewish Japanese The carryorganizations to out official directives. As Eber points Irene scholar out, con maintain establishing these to organizations allowed Japanese the needed funding shelters for oversaw organizations” that over “proxy trol Considered area, [Hongkou] Ku Nazi Hong no walls the the ghettos, were around there no barbed wire, but signs everywhere, and guards were and passage was limited.” two years sectionthe after located 1943 living ghetto in the of Hongkou, Settlement. Exit was International north of the only possible with a special while waiting meet to in line with Ghoya, stories of “raw she heard the prospect the our crazy face men expressedfear some at to of the of having commander.” camp as recall ghetto the Jewish Although a haven. refugees,than Heppner, like surrounded by barbed Stamberg, wire, Susan who produced an was approximately eleven years with first old when she Ghoya, interacted was approximately him to referred she in retrospect. him “ridiculous” found In her memoir, and had “beads who “hissed” Goya-san” her in Japanese mighty at as “the of his mouth.” corners the at settling of spittle very are dirty dirty make love to You men. a dirty are girl. You “You her, dirty.” Ghoya comparing himself to Napoleon, to himself Ghoya castingcomparing street,on the out women refugeesand kicking slapping and passes. came who his officefor to never admittedly firsthand, experienced these situations While Tobias Ghoya of fear and foreboding his recollections reflect attitude general the Jewish amongst the generated refugeeBacon, who population. Ursula

- - - - - 56 55

54 These refugees These drew from 52 The Jewish The refugees established 53 . records upon arrival records in Shanghai Lieder Pao Chia Pao The Lindenstrauss family’s story con of maintaining family’s is one example Lindenstrauss The These tenants lived tenants of one and one- These in his boardinghouse durations for Ladies printedher advertisements She Secondhand in both Store. English Settlement. and German, International in the customers to catering Lindenstrauss,Fritz whose opened a boardinghouse at he wasnoted that a “boarding housekeeper,” his earlier profession. continuing Road, thereby 335 and 337 Wayside reportedHe he earned in October 1942 that $3,663 from fourteen tenants. nections to European culture despite hardship. Prior to the opening Prior the of the to hardship. despite culture nections European to shortened Linden) (later to family Lindenstrauss established the ghetto, Lindenstrauss,businesses Fritz in Shanghai. born Germany, in Prezlau, and his along with his wife Road in Shanghai Ruth moved Wayside to Lindenstrauss, Ruth a seamstress, in 1939. There, son Kurt operated the tain their Jewish traditions and their familiar occupations. For example, in in Jewishtain example, their familiar their occupations. traditions and For NovemberBerlin-born1941 Miriampianist Magasi concert performed Wolf’s composer Hugo Austrian over Shang control Japanese programs amid heightening similar cultural establishment the lead would to that tensions mounting the despite and hai Restrictedof the Refugees. Sector Stateless for fledgling artistic, musical, and literary life.” familiar aspects and repurposed of German culture Austrian and them establishment prior the to Settlement International In the in Shanghai. refugees piano concerts, held fortunate more the Restrictedof the Sector, opened bakeries, and dined in luxurious confines cafes. of within the Even pass Jewish restrictive Japanese system, the the refugees managed main to tile authorities, Jewish the of recreating certain refugees avenues found atmosphere Despite antisemitic the of familiar culture. elements European supportedGermans, the and Japanese by the as as Jewish 1941 late orga European their connection to their demonstrate to nizations continued roots. Jewish refugees produced periodicals and event calendars, “[that] in Shanghai’s culture European bear of central witness centrality the to JEWISH REFUGEES’ CULTURE CULTURE JEWISH REFUGEES’ IN SHANGHAI by hos of dependence on humanitarianand control aid In an environment ing increasinglyrestrictions. stringent Restricted the to Confinement RefugeesSectorStateless epitomizes for Jewish victimhood time. this at Jewish situation, frightening refugees’Compounding this led destitution depend but also mercy to Japanese, the on of the live at not only to them Jewish domestic and both foreign fellow aid from people.

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------58 Although the Englers the Although 64 Business continued even Business continued 60 These Jewish These entrepreneurs, 61 They also obtained and ghetto passes the exit to 59 Peter Engler continued attending the Jewish the school, attending continued Engler Peter His father, a chemist, dentists. alloy for prepared gold His father, 63 62 Kurt Lindenstrauss, Kurt born 1936, earned in high marks 57 She obtainedShe a pink Designated Area Pass her source indicating

Peter Engler and his family were able to maintain their standard of living standard their maintain to Engler and his family able were Peter In 1943, a minority of ghetto residents managed residents In 1943, a minority financial of ghetto indepen the ghetto and continue sending their son to a Jewish son sending to their school. and continue ghetto the located just outside the borders of the ghetto. In order to attend the school the attend to located In order ghetto. outside borders just of the the these get two badges, were there obtain a specialEngler had to “To badge, One was and a red badge. a blue badge … I think badges good weeks three for wasand another … [Ghoya] good was months three for very kids … to nice we … renewedEvery months three …No problem.” lived they previous their in exile, managed maintain even to professions in While still living in the French Concession, they Concession, enrolledhad Peter young livingstill While French the in became brat a colonialist Jewish Shanghai in the School he “quickly where as Master Peter, me [Peter] with to [Chinese who referred an amah nanny] me to see who brought note] laborer, and a private rickshaw [native coolie from schooland daily.” even after the establishment of the ghetto by procuring passes.even ghetto exit of the establishment after the Engler’s Jewish other unlike profes her trade as a milliner, Else, continued mother, based trade available sionals who tried any on economic cir hand at their cumstance. to order in ghetto confines of the allowedthe leave to her that income of her business.conduct after the establishment of the ghetto because ghetto of the establishment after of a half-Jewish the employee who retained German was citizenship not confined the and therefore to RestrictedRefugees. Sector Stateless for limited not rights their to in order while living exercised inside a ghetto, own traditions. survive,just their cultural reinforce but also to selling commodities of value in the ghetto such as such commodities caffeine,selling of value ghetto or dealt the in in the market.” black profitable Café Louis,patronize owned family of ref and operated Eisfelder by the ugeesleft who had caféopened had Germany in 1938. The itsdoors in and served Settlement International 1939 in the February German choc and pastries war. the throughout olates, beer, ation of their trade, suggesting an element of familiarity even an element suggesting trade, of their other on the ation family Lindenstrauss maintained the their way, In this world. side of the JewishEuropean in exile. identity owners of a bakery “the that reputed Kranzler notes Historian David dence. be wealthiest Othersto made money families among the ghetto. in the half to fivehalf to months. JewishElementary School received Freysinger’s He the in Shanghai. at marks term during December ending on the time the 22, 1943, including district. Hongkou family the Lindenstrauss relocated to during the which financial indicate and continu stability records family’s Lindenstrauss The

------(Adventure) (Adventure) His records His records 67 The Cat the and According to Howard Howard to According and This meant that young young that meant This 69 70 as a young boy, also main as a young boy, Tom Sawyer’s Abenteuer Sawyer’s Abenteuer Tom , produced by Metro Goldwyn, produced by Metro Meyer ” (marvelous) and noted the whether Kristallnacht Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Mr. and Jekyll Dr. Fabelhaft He continued collecting playbills for films for in Shang collecting playbills continued He Engler’s comments indicate that some European Jew some European that indicate comments Engler’s 68 66 ” (good) or “ Marx Brothers Go West Marx He believed He it was although typical that Jewish for families to 65 Gut and listed their prominent American actors. prominent and listed their included He reviews Like the Lindenstrauss and Engler families, Heinz Praschkauer, a Ger and Engler families, Lindenstrauss Like the Praschkauer, Heinz Peter Engler pointed Engler his interview out in parents his Peter fact that the that Engler families, how Jewish demonstrates refugees skills applied and their newknowledge create as themselves to lives refugees. for Horst Levin,Horst Jewish another refugee during Nazi in Shanghai the regime, Settle 5 or 6 American International were] “[There in the movie theatres of Metro control the under They were Concession. French and the ment Goldwyn Meyer and had a fancy of offices.” suite language, evenEnglish practicing the Praschkauerwas continue to able and Lindenstrauss the similar to while living as a refugee. Praschkauer, such assuch “ films in color. were German-language the hai, including in 1939 and with English and Chinese advertisements, in 1942. hai. Based results, Guild. on his examination the he entered a vocabu Holocaust Memorial include Museum States United the at lary of English from spring bookBetween 1938. study the for December 1941 and December 1942, Praschkauer viewing recorded twenty-four individual films including Canary tained his previous and established interests of income. his own source on first, Fuerchtgott PraschkauerAt worked as tailora alongside Wilhelm East, Broadway with tailora identified then only asEast on Kaplan Seward arrived,Road. After his parents 1940, when he opened his own tailor shop. an enter he received to an invitation In 1944, after ghetto, moving the to advanced tailoring Guild of Craftsmen offered course by the in Shang they refuge. found viewsish refugees colonialist superiority also brought of European with in experience European they a version of their re-created way, In this them. Asia under restrictive circumstances. man who arrived after in Shanghai throughout his time as family Engler managed the a refugee,throughout secure since Peter fact that The owntheir financial independence almost immediately. he acknowledged indicated that as himself to a “colonialist” Engler referred his own His assessment foreignness wealth and in Shanghai. as of himself a based brat is tongue-in-cheek,colonialist on his economic status but sug gests Jewish one way refugees where dissociated place the from culturally were wealthy enough to hire a coolie for him made him “one of the most the of him “one him made for a coolie hire to enough wealthy were fortunate.” his experience, Shanghai their his own like throughout together remain affluence of relative live a life to he continued differedexperience in that

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- - - - - 71 - - worsened, refugees the Heime . Those refugees. Those dependent the on 72 Heime , or shelters often converted from former barracks often converted or , or shelters Heime to other experiences highlights the dual role of the Jewish of the role dual highlights experiences the refu other to money buying see for to vaccines commit … I went the tell and I begged to relief of the him [sic] tee in charge told better care of. He taken people the me why aren’t from work he gets his relief only $100,000 for me that JDCthe and he does his best.” My friend [“a swell Jewish swell friend boy [“a My of about … lives18”] in a room five yards wide. yards long and four lives He with family peo another of four brother, mother, his father, stinking family All in one little of three. ple and a third hospital wasroom … The crowded as full a hell, of every disease school…[t] the where to possible. went next I given had not up hope… schoolhe children the had no In establishing themselves in a distant land far familiar in a distant In establishing from their themselves For other Jewish worsened other living as situations refugees, the For however, Heime Shanghai came as a matter of course. cameShanghai as a matter refugeesJewish established to businesses children schools. their sent and they Jewish maintained European even their culture under Significantly, conclu the and financial dependence. At control of Japanese pressure the Jewish II, the refugees from Nazi persecution War living in sion of World as a crossroads. at they control themselves Just found exercised Shanghai ownover their futures by securing choosing leave Shanghai, passage to to gee. Both Jewish the realities for existed refugees, as they occupied a mid dle ground between victim and active Nazis of the destitute and Japanese own in practicing their cultures.agent homes, Jewish the refugees Nazi of the regime living exercised in Shanghai roots, European their of losing sight the Without agency. considerable Since the JDC the upon relied Since donations, sometimes limited during wartime, utilized representatives their limited funding what was miti to available described. Stan circumstances the Jews the of living gate contrast in The the the JDC:the assistance from the JDC first assistancethe from year the 1943, of end rose the by 6,000 from 1945. by June 1944 and 11,000 by April 7,300 they to lived ghetto, in the Jewsthe As living for living in situations became increasingly JDC. dependent aid from the on foreign An American describingJewish his father to a letter wrote of Stan name soldier by the aid from by 1945, despite difficult Ghetto Shanghai in the living conditions war progressed. Crucially, thosewar refugees progressed. managed who financial Crucially, indepen afterlived 1943 dence outside of JDC lived in factories outfitted and with bunk beds.number of refugees The requesting - - - - Two days later, later, days Two 73 Unlike the White Rus White the Unlike 76 After 1948, the new After 1948, the State 79 The number of former Jewish The 81 Within weeks, of Allies issued the ultimatum Within their 74 Of the remaining Jewish remaining Of the majority sailed population, the 80 The Jewish The free refugees themselves found to in Shanghai 75 The Shanghai Jewish Shanghai The Refugee established Museum, in 2007 on 82 By 1947, news Mao Zedong’s territorial of Communist gains Unfortunately, the refugees faced laws such as the United States’ refugees States’ asthe United such the faced laws Unfortunately, 78 77 The JewishThe refugees Nazi from the regime never set to intended up the refugees’the fleeing experience and living Although in Shanghai. Europe nation. Overnation. 9,700 refugees six in the left years Israel end following for the II. War of World JDC. aid of the with the San Francisco to refugees dwindled in Shanghai last remaining the former refugee until died in 1982. recognizes former ghetto, Synagogue in the Moishe Ohel of the site the Displaced Persons Act in 1946, which prioritized in 1946, which Act Displaced Persons displaced persons in between those countries who had entered and Italy Sep Austria, Germany, tember United of 1939 and December the 1945 and now wanted enter to States. leave. added to desire refugees' urgency the to an emissary dispatched refugees inviting new Israel of Shanghai, the to to to them [in 1946 and 1947], 26 percent to Austria and Germany, and the and the and Germany, Austria to and 1947], 26 percent [in 1946 them to and Latin American countries.” Australia to rest sian and Baghdadi Jews Jewish the in Shanghai, refugees Nazi of the regime envisioned Likewise, in Shanghai. no future of their news slaughter of the home erstwhile their to return to unwilling many made familiesEurope in lands. disappeared.” altogether. Shanghai citymove about and leave the An October in Shanghai. permanent 1946 survey residence by conducted Jewish of Shanghai JDCthe “40 percent refugees indicated that wanted was Palestine, which to States, United still closed the 21 percent to go to anese radio transmitter on Dongshan Road near Hongkou may have been have on Dongshananese may Road near radio transmitter Hongkou Americans’the target. bombsdropped and and Hiroshima atomic on the Japan surrender to total Nagasaki. surrendered, recalled, Engler Japanese After the night “In the vanished 14th Japanese the on the … One day 15th, to 14th from August every them you would run into streets, on the were time you and they just then a strategic Japanese stronghold. Ernest stronghold. Heppner recalled a strategic Japanese B-17s,then that B-24s, flew and B-29s area in ghetto Hongkou and the low over Shanghai 15, bombs landedJuly On 1945 and they grewMay by July. frequent more wharveson the only a few blocks itself. ghetto from the Chinese of leavingthousands 31 and Americans bombed proper, Shanghai refugeesdead, refugees190 wounded,refugees703 and homeless. Jap The CONCLUSION: CLOSING OF THE GHETTO THE GHETTO OF CLOSING CONCLUSION: CHINA FROM AND DEPARTURE Americans bombed by Shanghai, war, of the end the 1945, towards In July

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 150 Jennifer Wachtel 151 - - - - y, ed. y, , 93. , 93. , 45, 57. New Per Port of Last , vol. 1 of Wartime Shanghai and the the and Shanghai Wartime Japanese, Nazis & Jews Japanese, Nazis &Jews (Stanford: Stanford University University Stanford (Stanford: Jewish Refugees Europe: from Central Survival, Co-Existence, in Identity and City a Multi-Ethnic spectives Jewish on Modern Histor (Boston: Hubert & Co. Wilhelm Cornelia 21-23. 2012), GmbH Co. KG, interview by author, Engler, Peter Dr. Berkeley Heights, 13, 2014. NJ, August Kranzler, SassoonWhile Kranzler claims donated memoir building, entire the Heppner’s Sassoon that states only opened two floors refugees. to Kranzler, Kranzler, Sephardim of consisted Ibid., 46. The between 600 and 700 people in Shanghai. major Ashkenazim the for working families magnate occupied lower-level positions of establishment within the powerful more the Jews. of the Most Sephardim lived International in the Settlement. ReyndersMarcia Ristaino, Resort: The Diaspora of Communities Shanghai Press, 2001), 21-22. Ibid., 55. Eber, Irene Jews Eastern from Sephardim Europe. Jews to from (adjective refers Sephardic) Mediterra and the Iberianthe Peninsula term is Mizrahi,nean. A related referring in Jewsto communities from descending Middle East.the

13. 14. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. -

is its - , 92. , 92. , 47. , 5. Heime (New York: (New York: Flight from Reich:Flight the Japanese, Nazis & Japanese, Nazis & Jews Japanese, Nazis & Jews , 1938-1945 (New York: Yeshiva Yeshiva , 1938-1945 (New York: Shanghai SanctuaryShanghai Shanghai Sanctuary:Shanghai Chinese ” in German (similar to is “home” The fact that the desperate Jewish the fact that refugees The Nazi from Germany Heim Eastern describes or collectively Europe Gao Bei, Kranzler, “ as and “homeland”), Heimat plural form. Kranzler, term AshkenaziThe (plural Ashke a Jewish to nazim) refers person from Imperial China granted concessions Imperial China granted concessions of Nan beginning 1842 Treaty with the treaties Britain.king with Great Such open ports China to obligated treaty and powers foreign cede land to including States, United the and Great France, the Britain. Britain United Great and the concessions. their merged States Jewish Refugees during World War II War Jewish World Refugees during Press, University Oxford (New York: 2013), 3. See also Deborah Dwork and Robert van Pelt, Jan Jews,Refugee 1933-1946 2009), 140, Norton & Company, W.W. of lower estimate cites Kranzler’s which seventeen thousand. David Kranzler, Kranzler, David Jews: of The Jewish Community Refugee Shanghai Press,University Sifria Distributors, 1976), 19-21. Gao Bei, European Policy toward Japanese and Dr. Peter Engler, interview by author, interview by author, Engler, Peter Dr. Berkeley Heights, 13, 2014. NJ, August

5. 6. 7. 4. 2. 3. controlled their daily lives, daily their Jewishcontrolled the refugees eventually determined their own future. ENDNOTES 1. edge of the city, suggests that the refugees possible the any suggests sought escape. that city, edge of the theyAlthough left in desperationbecame and dependent upon charitable Jewishaid, the refugees not only survived, but established businesses and received a Jewish children ensured their education. Because of Japanese restrictions on Jewish Jewish the activities ghetto, refu the in and around gees certainly experienced victimization. Nonetheless, Japanese while the most of the physical landmarks in the refugee community did not survive did landmarks refugee physical most in the community the of Revolution China, in Cultural storythe the Jewish of the refugees lives on histories oral Jewish of through Engler. refugees as such Peter limited no knowl having despite to Shanghai, to relocate chose to actively

------The - , 93. Port of Last Japanese Shanghai Refuge Shanghai (Westport, CT: Praeger, Praeger, CT: (Westport, (Stanford, CA: Uni (Stanford, Stanford commentary as seen in its on display special exhibit, but does not include newspaper of the it title in which the neverwas announcement printed. The Jewsmentions by name but it implied of-chaplain-alvin-i-fine.pdf (accessed 17, 2015). April ReyndersMarcia Ristaino, Resort: The Diaspora of Communities Shanghai versity Press, 2001), 101. and Mary Swartz, Marvin Tokayer Plan:Fugu Story The Untold Jap of the II War Jews the anese and During World Paddington Press, 1979), 9. (New York: Rotner Sakamoto, Pamela Diplomats Jewish and Refugees: World A II Dilemma War 1998), 56, 63n52. Consid All Things “Jews of Shanghai,” Public Radioered, (Wash National ington, DC: September 18, WAMU): Stamberg Collections,1990, 16, Susan of MarylandUniversity Libraries, Col lege Park, MD. Ibid. of Restricted“Proclamation Zone from the Refugees”, for in Shanghai specialUSHMM and Flight exhibition Rescue, 7, 2015 http:// accessed May www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ da.php?ModuleId=10005589&Medi Holocaust States United The aId=5282. Memorial provides Museum a scan of and its surrounding proclamation the “JDC Representative in Shanghai Tells “JDC Tells in Shanghai Representative Refugees 15,000 How Survived Japanese in JDC Release, Press January Ghetto,” 24, 1946, American Jewish Dis Joint tribution Archives, Committee Jewish of North America http:// Federation archives.jdc.org/assets/documents/ shanghai_jdc-representative-in-shang hai-tells.pdf 17, 2015). (accessed April in Shang Margolis, Against Time “Race 171. hai,” Ernest Heppner, to Alvin Chaplain from I. Fine Letter Moses Leavitt, November 7, 1945, American Jewish Distribution Joint Archives,Committee Jewish Federation of North America http://archives.jdc. org/assets/documents/shanghai_letter- 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 27. 28. 29. 30. - - - A , 90. 33, no. 3 33, no. 3 , 42. Ten Green Green Ten (New York: St. (New York: Survey Maga Graphic: Shanghai Refuge Shanghai Japanese, Nazis, & Jews (Lincoln, NE: University of of NE: (Lincoln, University Ibid., 171. in Shanghai,” in Shanghai,” of Socialzine Interpretation 1944): 169, http://archives.jdc. (March org/assets/documents/shanghai_race- against-time-in-shanghai.pdf (accessed 26, 2015). April Ibid. Ibid. “Refuge (1938-1953),” Shanghai in American Jewish Distribution Joint of Jewish The Committee, Federations North America http://archives.jdc.org/ educators/topic-guides/refuge-in-shang 17, 2015). (accessed April hai.html Laura Margolis,Time Against “Race nity of Shanghai Provided the Victims Providednity of Shanghai Victims the (paper presented of Nazi Oppression” symposium scholarly the Jewishat Diasporas and in China: Comparative Historical Perspectives: on Conference Jews in China, Cambridge, MA, August 16-18, 1992). Service was established 1939 in in agency as the a successor to New York with Committee Coordinating National refugees of helping goal fleeingthe Nazi persecution. “Their Quoted in Maisie Meyer, Keeper?: An Assessment of the Brother’s SephardiAssistance Jewish the Commu Margolis at Annual Meeting Annual Members of at Margolis January 15, 1944, of NRS,” and Directors American Jewish Distribution Joint Jewish The Committee, Federations of North America, http://archives. jdc.org/assets/documents/shanghai_ remarks-by-laura-margolis.pdf (accessed Refugee National 3. The 17, 2015), April Ibid., 107. Kranzler, Refuge: Shanghai Ernest Heppner, II Jewish War World of the Memoir Ghetto Nebraska Press, 1933). Laura Margolis, “Remarks by Laura Vivian Jeanette Kaplan, Kaplan, Jeanette Vivian Bottles: Story One of The True Family’s Austria to the Journey fromWar-Torn of Shanghai Ghettos Press, 2004), 136. Martin’s Heppner, 26. 25. 22. 23. 24. 21. 17. 18. 19. 20. 15. 16.

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 152 Jennifer Wachtel 153

- - - - , 545. , 546. . (USA: Amster , 114; Dr. Peter Peter , 114; Dr. , 179. Chinese Exile: My Exile:Chinese My Shanghai Refuge Shanghai Japanese, Nazis & Jews Japanese, Nazis & Jews Wartime Shanghai Wartime that he wrote this letter “for some rea “for letter this he wrote that a native to refers term “coolie” The son.” servant indentured and 20th 19th in the in India or South China and centuries of both a racialhas slur and connotations a legal term. interview by author, Engler, Peter Dr. Berkeley Heights, 13, 2014. NJ, August Ibid. Ibid. Holocaust Memorial States United CollectionMuseum, 2006.398.1, “Hans Ibid., “Freysinger’s Jewish Elementary Ibid., “Freysinger’s and Middle School Report term for ending Dec 22 1943.” Kranzler, Eisfelder, ‘Peter’ Horst Nanking and Shanghai in Years 2004), 39. Foundion, Avotaynu Kranzler, of Special Prolongation for “Application 28, 1945, personal July Regular Pass,” author. collection of the Brooks, David to Letter n.d. Engler, Peter In his email to Collection author. of the Engler stated 2014, Dr. me on 18 August End of the World’: Reorientations in the Reorientations in the World’: End of the ExileShanghai Community,” neueren Germanistik zur damer Beiträge (October 1, 2010): 306. Ibid. Ibid. Holocaust Memorial States United 10.172, “Linden Group Record Museum, Col “Small Papers,Family 1939-1995,” Documents, “Shanghai 1939- lections,” and “Ladies Secondhand-Store.” 1947,” and Ibid., “Pao Chia Census Form” “Report about of Tenants.” Satisfaction Ibid., “Report about of Satisfaction Tenants.” Libraries, Scholarly Park, College MD. cor Kranzler David including sources ghetto the that statement roborated the was not surrounded by barbed wire. Eber, Heppner, Berkeley interview by author, Engler, Heights, 13, 2014. NJ, August “Views from ‘the Wiedemann, Susanne

64. 65. 66. 67. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 50. 51. 52.

, , , 124. , 200. The , 200. The , 187. , 54-55. Strange Haven: A Strange (Milwaukie: M Press, Shanghai Diary: A Young Diary:Shanghai A Young Japanese, Nazis & Jews Port of Last Resort Port of Last Resort Japanese, Nazis & Jews Shanghai SanctuaryShanghai Strange Haven Strange September Stamberg 18, 1990, 16, Susan Collections, of Maryland University War-Torn China War-Torn 2004), 171. Ibid. Ibid. Stamberg,Susan “Jews of Shanghai,” Public Considered, National All Things DC: Radio (Washington, WAMU): strictly Orthodox yeshiva.strictly Orthodox A yeshiva is of Jewishan institution learning which in Talmud, the Torah, the study students Jewishand other philosophies and laws. Tobias, Bacon, Ursula to Hate Journey from Hitler’s Girl’s Sigmund Tobias, Tobias, Sigmund Shanghai Wartime Jewish in Childhood of Illinois Press, University (Champagne: in finds his place 1999), 43, 54. Tobias society by defying fears; his parents’ wishesinstead of following their to Kadoorie the school (established attend by Sephardim), join he left a to in order Ristaino, first name is not listed. Subinspector’s Holocaust Memorial States United CollectionMuseum, 2006.398.1, “Hans “Documents Praschkauer Collection,” is no There Life in Shanghai.” Regarding of Heinz change the explaining record Hans. name to Praschkauer’s 478. Margolis’ account is secondhand. account 478. Margolis’ Gao Bei, to later Margolis According personclaimed the who informed her meetingabout this was untrustworthy. Gao Bei, Kranzler, 485-486. Hongkou. interview by author, Engler, Peter Dr. Berkeley Heights, 13, 2014. NJ, August Laura Margolis, “Report Activities of the China,in Shanghai, from December quoted September8, 1941 to 1943,” in Kranzler, the newly refugeesthe stateless Nazi from earlier not an group of White Germany, refugees.Russian Ristaino, circulated 1942, suggestions Ibid. By late as far system should expand as this that 47. 48. 49. 45. 46. 44. 42. 43. 41. 39. 40. 37. 38. - - , 581. , 581. , 191. , 191. , 251. , 259. Wartime Shanghai Wartime Japanese, Nazis & Jews Japanese, Nazis & Jews Port of Last Resort Port of Last Resort Elizabeth Hyman, “An Uncertain Life in Life in Uncertain Elizabeth “An Hyman, German and Austrian World: Another Jewish Refugee 1938- Life in Shanghai, thesis, of University 1950” (master’s Maryland, Park, College 2014), 68. Kranzler, Life in Another Uncertain “An Hyman, 78. World,” Ibid. Heppner, Shanghai Refuge, 123. Shanghai Heppner, Eber, Irene Eber bombs is unclear as the whether to or not.landed on Hongkou directly She fall “bombsstates on Shang continued even Hongkou, not on on hai, though American the … Were subsequent days bombs dropped inadver on Hongkou or by design?” also She claims tently residents including ghetto many that Shoshana Kahan believed were there that factoriesammunition in Hongkou. interview by author, Engler, Peter Dr. Berkeley Heights, 13, 2014. NJ, August Ristaino, Kranzler, Ristaino,

79. 80. 81. 82. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. - , - - Japanese, Nazis & Jews Committee Archives,Committee Jewish Federation of North America http://archives.jdc. org/assets/documents/shanghai_let ter-by-american-soldier-in-shanghai. last 17, 2015). Stan’s pdf (accessed April name is not given. Stamberg Collection, Special Collec tions, of Maryland University Libraries, College Park, MD. Kranzler, David 560. by an AmericanLetter soldier in Shang his family home, Octoberhai to back 31, 1945, American Jewish Distribution Joint United States Holocaust Memorial States United CollectionMuseum, “Hans 2006.398.1, from “Playbills Praschkauer Collection,” Shanghai.” Levin, (Horst) Howard interview by Jerusalem, 14 October Eber, Irene 1988, transcript, 22.5, 11, Susan Folder Praschkauer Collection,” “Documents Praschkauer Collection,” Life in Shanghai.” Regarding Holocaust Memorial States United CollectionMuseum, “Hans 2006.398.1, and “Pre-War Praschkauer Collection,” Scrapbooks and Copybooks.” Wartime 71. 72. 69. 70. 68.

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 154 Jennifer Wachtel 155 ------. Stanford, . Stanford, The Fugu The Fugu 76 (2010): (2010): 76 . Cham . New York: . New York: Amsterdamer Amsterdamer Japanese DiploJapanese Port of Last Resort: The Strange Haven: A JewishStrange . Events of the Twentieth Century. Century. Twentieth of the . Events United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. States United Collection Praschkauer “Hans 2006.398.1. Collection.” Holocaust Memorial Museum. States United Papers 10.172. “Linden Family Group Record Collection.” “Views Susanne. from ‘the Wiedemann, Reorientations in the World’: End of the ExileShanghai Community.” Germanistik Neueren Zur Beiträge 299–318. Tobias, Sigmund. Tobias, Shanghai Wartime in Childhood Press, of Illinois pagne: University 1999. Marvin and Mary Swartz. Tokayer, Plan: Story The Untold and Japanese of the II War Jewsthe During World Paddington Press, 1979. Holocaust Memorial Museum. States United of Restricted“Proclamation Zone in Shang Jewish Polish Refugees in Refugees.” hai for http://www. 1941-1945. Ghetto, Shanghai the ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_da.php?Modu (accessed leId=10005589&MediaId=5282 7, 2015). May Refuge in Shanghai (1938-1953): PrimaryRefuge (1938-1953): in Shanghai Sources. American Jewish Distribution Joint of North JewishCommittee, Federations America. http://archives.jdc.org/educa tors/topic-guides/refuge-in-shanghai.html 17, 2015). (accessed April Ristaino, R. Marcia Diaspora of Shanghai Communities CA.: Press, University 2001. Stanford Rotner. Pamela Sakamoto, II War mats Jewish and Refugees: A World Dilemma 1998. Praeger, CT: Westport, Stamberg Collection,Susan Special Collec tions, of Maryland University Libraries. Meyer, Maisie J. “Their Brother’s Keeper?: An J. “Their Maisie Brother’s Meyer, Assessment Sephardi Assistance the of the Jewish Provided of Shanghai Community to Paper presented of NaziOppression.” Victims symposium scholarly the Jewishat Diasporas and Historicalin China: Comparative Perspectives: on Jews in China, Conference Cambridge, Massachusetts, 16-18, August 1992. - . - - - . Lincoln, . Lincoln, Immi . New York: Oxford Oxford . New York: . USA: Ayotaynu . USA: Ayotaynu Ten Green Bottles: Green Ten Shanghai Refuge: A Mem Shanghai 19, no. 2 (July 1, 2000): Japanese, Nazis & Jews: The Chinese Exile: My Years Years Exile:Chinese My Edited by Cornelia Wilhelm. Edited Wilhelm. Cornelia by Shanghai Diary: A Young Diary:Shanghai A Young New Perspectives on Modern Wartime Shanghai and the Jewish the and Shanghai Wartime Shanghai Sanctuary:Shanghai and Chinese . Milwaukie, OR: M Press, 2004. . New York: Yeshiva University Press: University Yeshiva . New York: . New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Norton & Company, W.W. . New York: Flight from Jews, Reich:Flight the Refugee 1933- . Vol. 1 of . Vol. Jewish Refugee Community of Shanghai, 1938- of Shanghai, Jewish Community Refugee 1945 Distributed by Sifria Distributors, 1976. of Maisie J. “The Interrelationship Meyer, Jewish in Shanghai.” Communities grants & Minorities 71–90. doi:10.1080/02619288.2000.9974992. College Park, 2014. Digital Repository at of Maryland University the (doi:10.13016/ M2HK52). http://hdl.handle.net/1903/15877. Jeanette. Vivian Kaplan, Journey from Story of OneThe True Family’s Austria of Shanghai Ghettos to the War-torn Press, 2004. St. Martin’s New York: David. Kranzler, Heppner, Ernest G. Heppner, II Jewish Ghetto War World of the oir of Nebraska Press,NE: University 1993. Uncertain ElizabethHyman, Rebecca. “‘An German and Austrian World’: Life in Another Jewish Refugee 1938-1950.” Life in Shanghai, Thesis, of Maryland, University Master’s 2014. Collection. Engler Peter Peter. Engler, by donated author, collection of the Personal 2014. Engler on 13 August Peter Gao Bei. Jewish European Policy toward Ref Japanese II War World ugees during Press,University 2013. Boston: 2012. Hubert Co. KG., & Co. GmbH Horst. Eisfelder, Nanking and Shanghai in 2004. Foundation, Interview Sur with Shanghai Peter. Engler, Interview by Jennifer Engler. Peter vivor Dr. 13, August and Transcript, Audio Wachtel. Pelt. 1946 2009. Irene. Eber, Refugees Europe: from Survival, Central Co-Existence, a Multi-Ethnic in Identity and City Jewish History. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bacon, Ursula. Hate to War-Torn Journey from Hitler’s Girl’s China Dwork, Deborah,and Robert van Jan It’s Just a Jump to the Right: The Tea Party’s Influence on Conservative Discourse

author Richard D. Elliott BIOGRAPHY Richard D. Elliott is expected to graduate in spring 2018. He is an American studies and political science double major, a history minor, and a member of the Ronald E. McNair Post Baccalaureate Achievement (McNair Scholars) Program. He plans to attend graduate school and obtain a Ph.D. in Political Science, specifically studying national politics and political parties. Ultimately, Richard’s goal is to become a political organizer, activist, and academic. ------Senator John John - Senator

1 When his message was When his message picked up by local activists across 2 he breathed life into America’s contemporary populist political movement: America’s into life he breathed Party. Tea the licans, is that if Washington isn’t going to change itself, then we’re going to to going itself, we’re then to change going isn’t licans, is if Washington that seeing. we’re what that’s I think And Washington. change 18, 2010 (R), July Cornyn, Texas railed against newly Barack When Rick Santelli President inaugurated of 2009, in February government” as package “intrusive stimulus Obama’s shifts evident conservative among mainstream politicians. INTRODUCTION Party movement demonstrates, I think and Tea the - what the I think But from seeing independents Repub and the, the, enthusiasm we’re the that gressional rhetoric used elections the was to McCain, by John compared Republican the nom Republicanthe nominee in 2008, and Donald Trump, correlation understand the to inee president-elect, in 2016 and current in conservative changes with other discourse shift discourse. I studied this using speech discourse and estab instances of negative code for analysis to betweenlish a comparison these election years while also noting rhetorical ABSTRACT of speeches analyzes study correlation This the by members right- of the Party with caucus mainstream conservative political discourse. wing Tea rhetoricof these 2010 con politicians in the The ascendance after their the American Studies Department and Dr. Drabinski of the Gender of the Drabinski and American Departmentthe Studies and Dr. Department Studies served as primary the this for inspiration Women’s April Bryan Dr. Kathy although servedproject. primary as my Dr. mentor, also assisted Providence me. This Jiselle student graduate and Householder Bryan serve beganresearch Dr. when I reached advisor as out to this my for project, Scholars Program Research McNair project. Summer my examining how politicalexamining has discourse between changed and 2016 2008 and prominence national to ascendance Party’s Tea the investigate could with variousits types relationship of rhetoric in political This discourse. firsttopic developed do shockingly well after I witnessed Donald Trump Republicanin the primaries clear policy lacking despite stances or a polit Gorman of Bryanical network. lessons and Dr. I learned The Dr. from DEMYSTIFICATION Party con mainstream and between Tea correlation the paper studies This servative politicians’ of harmful usage reviewed discourse. Having many individual speech UMBC, at analyses a study student while a I thought

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 158 Richard D. Elliott 159 ------The 4 While While 9 poll asked 647 along with vehement along with vehement 5 Washington Post Washington The Congressional Cau Freedom The 6 .” smaller, more cohesive, more agile more and cohesive, more smaller, 8 this amorphous coalition of activists, of amorphous this coalition conser 3 10 7 focus on specific economic issues freedom, like individual Professor LeighProfessor Bradberry Northridge at University of California State In a 2012 poll, of CBS 54 percent News’ that found Brian Montopoli The Tea Party is not a political party same sense in the as Repub the Tea The and Gary Jacobson of the University of California at San Diego have inves and Gary of California Diego have San at University of the Jacobson Party shaped voting behavior in Tea the toward how attitudes tigated Tea Party activists figure they national which believed their represented Tea presiden said 2008 vice 14 percent one,” said “no movement, 34 percent Sarah Palin, seven nationally-syndicated said tial candidate percent radio Party founder Caucus hostGlenn Beck, Tea said percent four only and Bachmann. Michele and 92 percent believed that America was “on the wrong track." the believedand 92 percent America was that “on Party is a powerful American on the new political it is force scene, Tea the its what positions itswho comprises exactly are, mem difficultexplain to given itsbership, emphasis on localized or even if it has a true lead leader, When a 2010 ership and political activity. Tea Party supporters Republicans, are Independents, are 41 percent and Tea Democrats; are five is frustration percent binds them with one tie that the federaland hostility government. the toward of respon Fifty-three percent dents described as themselves “angry” in going are things way with the performance, Obama’s of President disapproved 88 percent Washington, concerned citizens who intend to inspire change by working within the within by working the change inspire to citizens concerned intend who tech While formingnewby a Republicanthan Party political rather party. everynically aligned not political major with either party, member of the Party Caucus, Liberty Caucus, has Caucus and Freedom Tea been a Repub Party lican (Bachmann with 2012), while all 138 candidates significant Tea support in 2010 ran as Republicans. cus was established be in 2015 to a “ group of conservatives. active” more Both caucuses, not explicitly although Party and movement Party organizations, affiliated Tea are with the Tea similar goals.have lican or Democratic Partybut is instead a loose of activists movement and Tea Party is best movement characterized by its belief in a limited govern Tea originalism dedication and Constitutional ment to Party Patriots Afford Staff 2016) and the opposition immigration (Tea to CongressionalLiberty Staff 2016). The Caucus Party.org (Tea Care Act able has a mission of “ Constitution and following the liberty, the country (Fang 2013), countrythe (Fang vative politicians, disaffected and began voters growpolitical in to power 2010 congressional in the ascendedand eventually prominence national to Partiers elected elections. most Somewell-known the of influentialand Tea Lee. and Mike Rand Paul, Rubio, year Marco included Senators that - - - - - Mitt Mitt 12 Romney tell 13 as the chair of his Arizona as chair the 14 So-called “Tancredoism,” named So-called “Tancredoism,” 11 15 , Chilton also notes that language signifies the “in” language signifies also “in” that notes , Chilton the Donald Trump’s successful 2016 campaign, 2016 drew from successful which strength Donald Trump’s Prior to the rise of the Tea Party, Senator John McCain John was Senator named the Party, rise Tea Prior the of the to communication was of cooperative a result strategies,communication as opposed the to tendencies of rulers earliest in their days. AsMachiavellian political scien that the words that politicians, that words and even the dinner commentators, at that parents political a tangibletables on the use 2004). In have impact (Chilton process Talk and Politics as Text groups of society;and “out” politics is very based much on these groups perceived values. their and development of human the argues that He LITERATURE REVIEW LITERATURE Orwell power to feared the of have from Plato Philosophers and authors and Schäffner influence populace (Chilton over the exercise language to discourse is essential2002). Linguistics to argues that Chilton expert Paul politics, and persuasion as vital are communication parts of public debate. politics in language and conducted also that He notes is predominantly his anti-immigrant and xenophobic rhetoric, should bring attention to to rhetoric, should bring and xenophobic attention his anti-immigrant harmful such how and why has discourse become normalized by a main stream political party. Romney, widely considered a moderate during a moderate his 2012 run, widely considered succumbed to Romney, border with Mexico States’ United the for proposing a fence Tancredoism, and becoming opposed staunchly illegal to immigration. Republican Sheriff Joe Arpaio, Arizona’s, ingly selected County, Maricopa an outspoken opponent of illegal immigration, campaign organization in 2012. 2008 Republican nominee. However, his stance on immigration prevented his stance 2008 Republican nominee. However, conservative the base. exciting from him politician anti-immigration after and 2008 Republican staunch presiden arose as result a Tancredo, Tom Representative House and candidate tial Bush’s of both weak Republican of George aftermath leadership in the W. presidency fervor and anti-immigrant Republican among the base. within the Tea Party, as politicians fear being “Cantor’d”—being ousted in as politicians fear being “Cantor’d”—being Party, Tea within the primaries the conservative more by politicians. Bradberry Jacobson and flare to winner if the of Party continue would tensions Tea that concluded was race a Democrat, 2016 presidential the will remain a prediction that (Bradberryuntested 2013). and Jacobson the 2012 presidential and congressional elections.and congressional presidential 2012 the They believe the that Party political is par polarizationextreme was of 2012 because Tea the and vocal active ticularly in its Obama and disagreement with President Democrats congressional the on a myriad of issues. They also that argue is weakness” ideological promotes purity of “compromise attitude the

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 160 Richard D. Elliott 161 ------, Robin , Robin Power

, the Internet heart Internet the , , two liberal-leaning Talking teaparty.org and Washington Post Washington , Fetzer, Weizman, and Berlin analyze Weizman, , Fetzer, and teapartypatriots.org New York Times New York A number of scholars have investigated the differences in discourse in discourse differences the investigated A number have scholars of Dynamics Discourse of Political

filibusters (Rountree 2013). To a degree, increase this in filibusters contrib 2013). To filibusters (Rountree by normalizing Party culture rhetoric and tactics the riseuted the of Tea to Party methods past employs similar to conservative populist movements, Washing of ordinary theme particularly the folks opposing “out-of-touch” Party rhetoric can Tea argues that Rountree politicians. Clarke ton Author be particular explained by three opposi characteristics: evangelical fervor, evangelical that tional stances, policies. and anti-government In particular, fervor “bled political over” their discourse and led into a stark increase to in ences in narrative style, the painting of allies and enemies, painting style, the in narrative ences and perspec tive between the newsoutlets, and rhetoric the also Party 2012). He compares (Coughlin movement Tea of the Tea the Party past to populist that movements and concludes Tea of the public debates between Tea Partiers, Democrats, betweenpublic debates and independent Tea candi in Minnesota and Florida three-way debates in analysis of the dates. The of self-described public discourse to contributions the 2010 demonstrates Partiers ideological and how their views differ from those of either Tea and Berlin Weizman Democrats Republicans or establishment (Fetzer, Coughlin pointed differ Alex out the University’s 2015). Colorado State ment promotes hyper-masculinity. A study examining the remaking of of remaking the examining A study hyper-masculinity. promotes ment Par Party Tea ideology the that explains Republican conservatism Tea into opposition is based federal government the “hand to ideaty’s on the that fueled a perception by racial, “undeserving to outs” going are groups,” ethnic, stereotypes and gender Skocpol, (Williamson, and Coggin 2011). In The cians say it,cians say it becomes reality” (Lakoff 1990). Par between construction and narrative Republicans mainstream and Tea Party tiers. Tea discourse of the the Benjamin Schrader (2011) argues that as structural violence, promotes its ideology is so individualistic. also He Party move discourse and how the ties between the explores and Tea race potential to shape power relations (Joseph shape powerto potential relations 2006). In most Lakoffpowerful the argues that members societyof deemed are more population at credible on the language has and thus, impact their more legitimacy power to translates belief that micropol This means that large. poweritics, enhance and create development and use of strategies the that amongst individuals,differences and impactful: “If politi is consequential tist Murray Edelman has stated, “language is not simply an instrument for has an instrument for Edelman stated, “language simply is not tist Murray describing eventsitself but is a part events” of defini and, followingthis language usedtion, the describe to political events can influence political quoted by Geis (Edelman perceptions Joseph 1987). furthers argument this political virtueby the inherently language is all having of that stating by

------16 understand how , Professors Christopher Parker Christopher Parker , Professors Change They Can’t Believe They In Change Can’t This study compares the speeches the most compares mainstream of Repub of the study This I utilizetheories the better understand of these to and researchers presumptive nominee. The speeches by the five Tea Partiers 2010 after the speeches nominee.presumptive The five Tea by the each picked because electionscongressional were they large represented can National Conventions in 2008 and 2016. To control as many variables as many control in 2008 and 2016. To Conventions can National aspossible, fivesame choseI types the speechesof McCain both John for speech, campaign announcement the pol a foreign and Donald Trump: icy speech, speech, an immigration a speech American Public the to Israel speech and the after Conference, becoming Affairs (AIPAC) Committee rhetoricreflectedis conservativemainstream in political The discourse. fre in the looking changes at takes approach, a cultural/linguistic study language, politicalquency myths, of fear-inducing dog-whistle rhetoric, accusations, personal and insults.conspiratorial licans, party the nominees, analyzing speeches Republi made prior the to METHODOLOGY I perform rhetorical analysis of speeches study, to In this Party Caucus used frame language to political issues members Tea of the elections 2010 congressional and how their in the ascendance after their mainstream conservativemainstream con 2010 the in ascendance afterdiscourse their note I theory matters,” “talk that Chilton’s gressionalelection. Applying specific first were employed in rhetorical changes and language style that Party-supported politicians election 2010 congressional after the by Tea 2016 Republi the used great effect to recently by Donaldand more Trump, can nominee president-elect. and current Republicans such as Speaker of the House John Boehner, who resigned Republicans as Boehner, such John House Speaker of the because of opposition Republicans from House of Representatives. in the populists used right-wing tactics have also the He argues of left-wing that 2011). (Kumar message Alinsky spread their organizer Saul to community Party-supported politicians’ rhetoric and of Tea correlation the explain spiratorial nature of Tea Party discourse, which the authors assert authors Party the means which discourse, of Tea nature spiratorial Partiers not conservatives, are truly are but reactionaries (Parker Tea that that found Kumar Anup and Barreto University’s Cleveland 2013). State and redefined of “change” Obama message the Party appropriated Tea the namely guard” of Washington, “old the to antagonism meanit to strong Barack Obama, Harry also but Nancy Reid, and some prominent Pelosi, they rely upon.they describes Rountree rely as this “my-way-or-the-highway” gov In ernance. Barreto UCLAof Matt and analyze Washington of University how the of Party and members main elements of the discourse differs between Tea they instance, speak and con paranoia of the For stream Republican Party.

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 162 Richard D. Elliott 163 ------The Poli presumptive nominee presumptive speech John from . Political scientist Murray Edelman identified Edelman types three scientist Murray . Political similarities in these same rhetorical strategies between Donald The “Conspiratorial Enemy” refers to the myth of a hostile out-group, of a hostile out-group, myth Enemy” the to refers “Conspiratorial The To establish a baseline and identify boundaries the of mainstream To In theory, speechesIn theory, should be candidates moder more by presidential which is perceived aswhich different, homogenous, highly potent, or omnipotent and is supposedly would be harm in-group. An example to the conspiring explore this discourse, I used discourse, this analyticalexplore categories several from sources. as myths a political idea in of exploiting The tactic is referenced tics of Language and Leader,” “Valiant the Enemy,” of political myths: “Conspiratorial the Stand.” We “United lating of certain groups,lating population, introduces general arouses fear in the and otherwise political the to conversation, misinformation poisons the testspolitical a corollary for effect This well. between rise Tea the of the Party rhetorical and the strategies they normal embraced, along with the better cause and effect. for testing than ization rather discourse, To of their evolution of conservative discourse between exam and 2016, before 2008 ining the Party-supported politicians 2010 congres in the of Tea and that Trump Party-supported politicians fits see to rhetoricof Tea race sional how the trajectorywithin the of mainstream conservative political discourse. Spe and iso excluding I looked leads the divisive to for discourse that cifically, congressional elections,congressional specifically looking number of instances of the for I analyzed Don Finally, particularthe rhetorical below. strategies explain I speech, campaign announcement policy a foreign speech, a ald Trump’s nomineespeech and his presumptive on immigration, a speech AIPAC, to speech of these in usage during his 2016 run. differences noted the I then speeches chart the to and Trump’s rhetorical strategies between McCain’s conservative politicalfirstI discourse, campaign examined announce the speech,ment policy a foreign speech, a speech on immigration, a speech to the and Conference, AIPAC the McCain during his 2008 run. analyzed I then language and rhetorical the Party during 2010 the style of politicians supported were who Tea by the speeches by members of Congress, strongly for can which be tailor-made and specialpartisan constituencies groups (Hirano et al. 2010). interest Party theory tested of Americans the exposure study Tea the to This that discourse radicalized American political discourse and allowed extreme be to discourse utilized politicalgreat to effect; theorya believeI was sup victory election. general in the ported by Donald Trump’s events:speeches five were the of four the and conservative at conventions Address. Union the of response 2014 State the to was other Lee’s Mike as appeal a wider they to to intended ate of Americans, swath are pro thus harmful of discourse than extent of the estimate viding moderate more a - - - explains how how explains , editor Rebecca Cournalia Dog Whistle Politics Venomous Speech Venomous When Mexico sends its people,When Mexico they’re not sending their best. They’re not sending you. They’re sending not you. They’re sending lots people of problems, have and that of our communities (Trump 2016). (Trump of our communities need brand of the somebody can the take that We not great again. It’s it great and make States United need— we need somebody—again. We we need some willbody country it literally this take and make that 2016). (Trump can do that great again. We How does this kind of immigration make our life better? does better? How our life kind make of immigration this does countryour How kind make immigration of this doesbetter? Why Hillary bring want to people Clinton vasthere—in numbers—who reject our values? Immi a privilege,gration is into let and we should not anyone support – all our communities countrythis doesn’t who ” (McCain 2008). Professor Ian Haney-Lopez’s book Haney-Lopez’s Ian Professor In Clark Rountree’s Rountree’s In Clark viewed as casual neutral to observers, carries it actually racist undertones when this demonstrated specific the to Donald Trump targeted audience. he said: saying, “We are fighting a war in two countries, and we’re in a global strug a war fighting are in two countries, and we’re saying, “We who despisegle with violent extremists us, our values, and modernity itself dog-whistle rhetoric, language a dual meaning holding a targeted group, for racist Americans. appeals white to reinvented be language might the While saying, “This is how we won the Cold War and it’s how we will win our new it’s and saying, Cold War “This is how we won the be but we will complex, may which struggles,future be many, may which 2016). win if I become (Trump president” with specific using fear regarding examples “politics the of fear,” delineates would be McCain John kill”). An example “regulations jobs (e.g., “taxes kill,” “United We Stand” statements support the belief that a group—be support statements Stand” it a belief that the We “United or party—can state, nation, achieve victory over its enemies if it will only work, sacrifice, and obey its leaders. would be Donald An example Trump benevolent and effective leader people the in saving and that danger from aggressiveness, and qualitiescourage of exhibitsthe to as as ability well the saying, would beDonald cope. An example Trump The “Valiant Leader” ascribes myth “Valiant viewThe political the the to leader that is Donald Trump saying, Donald Trump

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 164 Richard D. Elliott 165 - - - - . , political scientists Christopher Parker 17 they’re bringing withus. those problems They’re bring ing drugs. They’re bringing crime. They’re rapists. And some, assume, I good are people. But I speak border to getting. And it only we’re us what theyguards and tell sense. common only makes sense. It common makes 2015) people right They’re sendingthe us not (Trump I then read each speechI then and coded of harmful instances each one for I have also category included the I have of personalinsults, as such calling Change They Can’t Believe They In Change Can’t discourse in these categories. Table 1 shows the results 1 shows the and allows com discourse in these categories. Table parison number of instances of harmful of the time. Table over discourse number acrossof instances each categoryshows the 2 McCain, Palin, for Party-affiliated individually show the to politicians,and Trump Tea the over time. changes Politifact. was because Donald Trump touch” of or “out leaders “stupid” national branded as has a bully and it been theorized use of insults his constant that led increases to in bullying past Law over the year Southern by the Poverty 2016). (Costello Center the labels of “Mostly False,” “False,” and “Pants on Fire” by Politifact on their on their by Politifact and “Pants on Fire” “False,” False,” of “Mostly labels the truth scale or otherwise denoted as news untrue by major organizations meet these criteria. would be “See, Sarah Palin saying An example I tried meetings transpar with the transparency thing, that look to Joe’s but into they held board—it wasency closed public. the accountability and Yeah, to transparencythe meeting behind closed doors” by was which “False” rated In Party discourse, of Tea nature” Barreto “conspiratorial noted the and Matt con to and references spreading of misinformation the to attach I which regarded asspiracy statements untrue and carrying theories. particular, In

April 27, 2016 April 27, 68 instances Trump J. Donald Terrorism, Addresses and Immigration, Security National 13, 2016 June 69 instances at the AIPAC Remarks in Conference Policy D.C. Washington, 21, 2016 March 69 instances Claiming Remarks the Republican Presidential Nomination 4, 2016 May 30 instances 2016 TRUMP 2016 Announcing Remarks Candidacy for York in New President City 16,June 2015 82 instances Trump’s Donald Speech Policy Foreign

Conservative Political Political Conservative Conference Action 2012 9, February 31 instances Speech at Cruz’s Ted the 2012 Republican Convention National 2012 August 29, 17 instances Response Lee’s Mike to the 2014 State of Address the Union 28,January 2014 12 instances at Remarks Paul’s Rand the 2014 Conservative Action Political Conference 8, 2014 March 16 instances TEA PARTY TEA PARTY POST SPEECHES 2010 Michele Bachmann’s Speech at the Values Summit Voter 14, September 2012 54 instances Rubio’s Marco at the Remarks

at the Republican at the Republican Conference National 3, September 2008 37 instances Keynote Palin’s Sarah Speech at the Party Tea Inaugural Convention 6, 2010 February 54 instances TRANSITION TRANSITION PERIOD 2008-2010 Speech Palin’s Sarah

CUMULATIVE HARMFUL DISCOURSE OVER TIME OVER DISCOURSE HARMFUL CUMULATIVE 10 instances June 2, 2008 June 13 instances Claiming Remarks the Republican Presidential Nomination 4, 2008 March 13 instances to the Remarks Public American Israel Committee Affairs in Conference Policy D.C. Washington, Remarks to the Remarks Association National & of Latino Elected in Appointed Officials DC Washington, 28,June 2008 Address at the Hoover at the Hoover Address on U.S. Institution Policy Foreign 1, 2007 May 7 instances 2008 MCCAIN Campaign McCain’s Announcement Speech 2007 April 25, 12 instances that with a total of 66 instances. Fear-inducing language also increased with of 66 instances. a total in that Fear-inducing After analyzing speeches, the significant I found increases in all categories 2 shows of harmful elections. 2010 congressional discourse after the Table language was Fear-inducing increasedthe of discourse by speaker. usage tripledused McCain, by John with instances, 22 total but Donald Trump RESEARCH FINDINGS RESEARCH LE 1. TAB

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 166 Richard D. Elliott 167 - - - +14 +22 +57 +58 +44 +215 NUMBER OF INCREASES 71 14 22 97 66 270 DONALD TRUMP 2016 5 11 32 39 40 127 Dog-whistle rhetoric was increasingly 18 TEA PARTY POST-2010 POST-2010 Multiple articles have been articles have Multiple written about the 1 4 22 34 30 127 19 PALIN 0 0 13 22 55 20 2008 MCCAIN MCCAIN HARMFUL DISCOURSE INSTANCES HARMFUL DISCOURSE Personal Personal Insults Total Political Myths Political Dog-Whistle Conspiratorial Accusations RHETORICAL RHETORICAL STYLES Fear-Inducing rise of Trumpism: politics that relies upon the strength of personalityof upon strength and relies the politics that riseTrumpism: of DISCUSSION increaseThe in harmful con suggests discourse shown study that by this servative taboo has discourse formerly reached the a point where has rhetoric was a becomenormalized, particularly because DonaldTrump’s factor in his success.major LE 2. TAB heritage. The “Conspiratorial Enemy” charge was Enemy” cast charge “Conspiratorial heritage. increasingly The against Democrats,prominent as federal government the a whole, and even mod States United enemies against foreign of the than Republicans rather erate Stand” Leader”as We such and “United Al-Qaeda “Valiant ISIS. and The subcategories within political also increased myths markedly. accusations in my analysis, whereas Donald Trump used analysis, these two forms of in my whereasaccusations Donald Trump harmful increased in 36 instances. discourse accusations Conspiratorial to dishonored were campaignmisstatements Donald Trump’s point that the Year”. 2015 “Lie of the as Politifact’s aimed and immigrants, Mexican against States United the in Muslims racial and national and especiallyabroad, questioning in Barack Obama’s usage after 2010 by both Sarah Palin and the Tea Partiers ana were who after Tea by both 2010 usage and the Palin Sarah with McCain using 20 lyzed. increased usage myth Political dramatically, personal insults multiplied almost six-fold, using 97. Finally, and Trump finding mostinteresting 71. The using with McCain 13 and Trump using was McCain dog-whistle had no instances of rhetoric or conspiratorial that ------Since the election of 2008, the Since 20 I plan to expand this study by analyzing study this same six the expand typesI plan to of speeches The primary limitations of my study were that I was not able to study I was study primary to that not able were The study of my limitations harkens to a non-existent past where taxes were low, the federal govern the past taxes low, where were a non-existent to harkens homogenous. population was more much wasment small, and America’s CONCLUSION Party discourse has served as a precursor and correlated Tea that I conclude increased with the of harmful usage mainstream conservativediscourse by that claim politicians. and Barreto’s lends further Parker to credence This Party is truly reactionary ultra-conservative, just than as rather it Tea the understand America’s changing political landscape past over the 50 years. understand America’s look would also how variousto allow me study at harmfulThis political queens, welfare with particular etc.) correlate and order, narratives (law political policies. tion’s closing speech from McCain, Romney, and Trump respectively. I I respectively. speech closing and Trump from McCain, Romney, tion’s those six speeches feature to study eventually want this from every Repub lican nominee from Barry 2020 Republican Goldwater the nom in 1964 to inee primary the during campaigning for the process elections. would This were perceived out-groups of who the narrative the explain allow me to how polarizedwithin American society, parties the and otherwise are, speeches post-RNC nor the Republican Convention from the National is subject study personal the to biases, ascampaign. harmful Finally, dis person the speech up to who is reading the is ultimately and a more course conservative find individual less may examples. Romneyfrom Mitt Republican Conven in 2012, along with the National those used who harmful more their better discourse did or worse than also shifts did not address study contemporaries. The in liberal discourse periodduring same time the assess to mainstream liberal in changes dis is varying there issue is that Another criteriacourse. scholarly of harmful narrow it down five to discourse and I had to particular categories. This election was and does 2016 general study the before not include conducted ized danger become to it has potential an expectation the with extremely political the for of our country social and process ous implications climate becomes diverse. States United more as population of the the did study I studied. The every that of discourse” speech “eras of the in any failednot address see 2008 or 2016, particularly to in either candidates if strongman authoritarianism that is often reflected strongman authoritarianism that examples the through of harmful study. this by highlighted discourse has beenthere an increase in harmful rhetoric in conservative discourse. with the expand to Party and continued began appearThis Tea to with the become As to harmful normal continues discourse rise of Donald Trump.

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 168 Richard D. Elliott 169 - - - Without political is based that discourse on statistics and objec Without 21 As former seniorpolicy Huffing the for wrote analyst Jeff Schweitzer discourse in politics as whole is a necessary a truth reintroduce to step that gap” “truth close the and to conversation and civility our national to addressed.Schweitzer effect of worsening discourse. has circles redefinition essentially crafted the Post, of truthton in far-right politicaltwo separate realities: one based based other in truth and the in fiction. tive facts, is essentially impossible. Delegitimizing compromise harmful All five of the rhetorical strategies listed (fear-inducing language, politiAll five rhetorical of the strategies listed (fear-inducing cal myths, accusations, dog-whistle personal and rhetoric, conspiratorial beeninsults) have employed rise in increasing the of the amountssince because is a problem discourse this That stage. national Party the to Tea has a snowball real-world create repercussions and also to has potential the - - - - The The , http:// The , http://www. Politifact , http://www.fox , http://www. “John Boehner Politico , http://www.nytimes. , http://www.nytimes. Return of the Nativist,” Nativist,” Return of the Nativist,” Return of the Fox News , http://www.newyorker.com/ , http://www.newyorker.com/ , http://www.cbsnews.com/ , http://www.fair.org/index. FAIR: Fairness & Accuracy In In & Accuracy FAIR: Fairness January 8, 2017). Catharine Richert, “Palin Claims Biden Board Meeting a Transparency Held behind Closed Doors,” www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/ in/ statements/2010/feb/09/sarah-pal Ryan Lizza,Ryan “ New Yorker magazine/2007/12/17/return-of-the-na tivist (accessed January 4, 2017). Lizza,Ryan “ New Yorker magazine/2007/12/17/return-of-the-na tivist (accessed January 4, 2017). Romney’s Edward-Isaac Dovere, “Mitt Muddle,” Moderate politico.com/story/2012/10/mitts-mod (accessed January erate-muddle-082261 4, 2017). Immigrants: Vs. Bogado,Aura “Arpaio Most AffectedThose Left Out of Debate,” Reporting (accessed January 4, php?page=3790 2017). Sheriff Joe Sara Bonisteel, “Arizona News Mitt Why FOX Arpaio Tells Romney Presidential Picked Him for Campaign,” news.com/story/0,2933,255428,00.html . (accessed January 4, 2017). Steinhauer, Jennifer Congress,” Resign From Will Times New York com/2015/09/26/us/john-boehner-to- resign-from-congress.html (accessed New York Times New York com/2010/10/15/us/politics/15teaparty. (accessed January 4, html?_r=1&hp 2017). Party Supporters: “Tea Brian Montopoli, They Believe,” and What Who They Are CBS News news/tea-party-supporters-who-they- are-and-what-they-believe/ (accessed January 4, 2017). Scope the of “Gauging Gardner, Amy in America,” Party Movement Tea the Post The Washington washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/ article/2010/10/23/AR2010102304000. (accessed January2017). html 4,

17. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 9. 10. - , - - , - - - - The Time - Asso NBC Nation , http:// , http:// , http://www. , http://www. FreedomWorks Politico Fox32 Protestors Gather for for Gather Protestors Business Insider Tea Party Set to Win Party Set Win to Tea “First Principles: “First The , https://www.national Cleveland “Rubio Not Releasing His “Rubio , http://www.sun-sentinel. , http://www.nbcnews.com/video/ Enough Races for Wide Influence,” Influence,” Wide Enough Races for Sabrina Eaton, “It’s official: Rep. Jim “It’s Eaton, Sabrina Free House the now chairs Jordan dom Caucus,” cleveland.com/open/index.ssf/2015/02/ its_official_rep_jim_jordan_no.html (accessed January2017). 4, Zernike,Kate “ es-gop-platform-limited-government (accessed January 4, 2017). “ConservativesNationalJournal.com, Own Their Caucus BecauseForm the Enough,” ‘Hard-Core’ RSC Isn’t alJournal.Com journal.com/s/63577 (accessed January 4, 2017). com/news/politics/fl-ap-rubio-repub on-20160329-story.html lican-conventi (accessed January 4, 2017). Kristina Ribali, GOP Party on Focuses Platform Tea Limited Government,” http://www.freedomworks.org/scon tent/first-principles-tea-party-focus lee-utah-senate-21725. (accessed January 4, 2017); Sarah Palin, “Rand Paul,” http://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/ time-100/slide/rand-paul/ (accessed Jan uary 4, 2017); Steve and Stephen Peoples Ohlemacher, Trump,” Stop To In Bid Delegates ciated Press Andy Roesgen, “ Party,” Tea Self-Styled myfoxchicago.com/dpp/news/TeaParty (accessed January 4, 2017). and Seung Min Kim, Everett Burgess Sway Senate More With “The Freshman CruzThan Or Rubio,” www.politico.com/story/2016/01/mike- Steven Perlberg, “Rick Santelli Started Steven Santelli Perlberg, “Rick Exactly A Rant 5 Party With Tea The Feels He How - Here’s Today Ago Years Now,” About It www.businessinsider.com/rick-santelli- (accessed Januarytea-party-rant-2014-2 4, 2017). NBC News ‘Slanderous’ Staff, “Cornyn: Party of Racism,” Tea Accuse to News meet-the-press/38297939 (accessed January 2017). 4,

7. 8. 6. 5. 3. 4. 2. ENDNOTES 1.

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 170 Richard D. Elliott 171 - “This , https:// The Washington Post The Washington tion: Fighting Apocalyptic Apparitions,” Apocalyptic Apparitions,” tion: Fighting http://www. Post, Huffington The huffingtonpost.com/jeff-schweitzer/ mythical-misinformation-f_b_459436. (accessed January2017). html 4, Karen Tumulty and Robert and Costa, Tumulty Karen A Personality-fueled Is Trumpism: Resonates Anxious In An That Run Era,” www.washingtonpost.com/politics/ after-orlando-trump-blows-past-p olitical-norms/2016/06/13/f97ef168- 317d-11e6-8ff7-7b6c1998b7a0_story. (accessed January 4, 2017). html Misinforma “Mythical Jeff Schweitzer, 20. 21. - Think (accessed January 4, https://thinkprogress.org/ , http://www.politifact.

, Progress donald-trump-may-sound-like-a-clown- but-he-is-a-rhetoric-pro-like-cicero- (accessed ac40fd1cda79#fg1go1ct0 January 4, 2017). Politifact com/truth-o-meter/article/2015/ dec/21/2015-lie-year-donald-trump- campaign-misstatements/(accessed January 4, 2017). May Joe “Donald Romm, Trump Sound Like A Clown, Is A ButHe Rhetoric Like Cicero,” Pro palin-claims-biden-held-transparen cy-meeting-behin/ 2017). & LindaAngie Holan Qiu, Drobnic Campaign The Year: “2015 Lie of the of DonaldMisstatements Trump,” 19. 18.

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The Dynamics of Political . New York: The New The Press. . New York: . https://web.archive. The Machine: A Field Guide to to Guide A Field The Machine: (Accessed January 4, 2017). (Accessed /about-us/ (Accessed January 8, (Accessed /about-us/ Politics as Text and Talk: Analytic Analytic Talk: and Politics as Text Daniel Ansolabehere, and John Mark Hansen. Hansen. Mark and John Ansolabehere, Daniel 2010. “Primary Elections and Partisan Polar Discourse: and Forms Benjamins John Philadelphia: Publishing. Haney-Lopez, 2014. Ian. CodedHow Racial Reinvented Appeals Have Class Middle the Racism Wrecked and Press. University Oxford York: Stephen Jr., M. Snyder Hirano, Shigeo, James Eichler, Steve. 2012. “About Us.” http://www. Us.” Steve. 2012. “About Eichler, teaparty.org 2017) Fang, Lee. 2013. Right Resurgent the and Lawrence Anita, Elda Weizman, Fetzer, Berlin,N. eds. 2015. net/10217/49870 (Accessed Januarynet/10217/49870 8, 2017). (Accessed Cruz Speech at 2012. “Ted Cruz, Ted. Republican Convention: National The 9. http://2012. August Transcript.” Full presidential-candidates.org/?news=T ed-Cruz-Speech-At-The-Republican-Na (Accessed tional-Convention:-Full-Transcript January 4, 2017). Southern Poverty Law Center www.splcenter.org/20160413/trump-ef fect-impact-presidential-campaign-our-na tions-schools Coughlin, Alex. 2011. “The Challenges Party An Analysis of Tea of Populism: Thesis. Master’s Structuring Narratives.” http://hdl.handle. University. Colorado State Discourse: Theory Practice and and Francis. Taylor A., Paul Chilton, and Christina Schäffner, eds. 2002. DiscourseApproaches to Political phia: Benjamins John Publishing. Effect.” Marie. B. 2016. “The Trump Costello, Bradberry, LeighBradberry, and Gary 2013. Jacobson. Party Tea Party Matter?: Still “Does Tea the Influence 2012 Elections.” in the Science Association Political can papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstrac January 4, 2017). tid=2301066 (Accessed A. Paul Chilton, 2003. REFERENCES 2012. Bachmann, Michele. Party Caucus Tea org/20121212040121/https://teapartycau cus-bachmann. house.gov/membership. January 4, 2017). (Accessed

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- . . - - 9 (1) (March): 25-43. 25-43. 9 (1) (March): (Accessed January 4, 2017). (Accessed http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ Policy Conference in Washington, D.C.” D.C.” in Washington, Policy Conference 21. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ March January 4, 2017). ws/?pid=116597 (Accessed Donald.2016. “RemarksForeign on Trump, Club in Washing Press National the Policy at 27.http://www.presidency. April DC.” ton, ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=117813. January (Accessed 4, 2017). Skocpol, Theda and Vanessa, Williamson, Party and the Coggin.John 2011. “The Tea Remakingof Republican Conservatism.” Perspectives on Politics http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/williamson/ files/tea_party_pop.pdf January 8, (Accessed 2017). donaldjtrump.com/press-releases/don ald-j.-trump-addresses-terrorism-immigra tion-and-national-security January (Accessed 4, 2017). Donald. 2016. “Donald Trump Trump, A Speech Read His Victory From Actually 7. June Transcript.” the Here’s Teleprompter. http://www.vox.com/2016/6/7/11880448/ donald-trump-victory-speech-transcript January 4, 2017). (Accessed Donald. 2015. “Remarks Announcing Trump, City.” Candidacy in New President for York 16. June ws/?pid=110306 AIPAC Donald. The 2016. “Remarks at Trump, Tea Party.org Staff. 2016. “No Obamacare.” Staff. Obamacare.” 2016. “No Party.org Tea http://www.teaparty.org/no-obamacare/ January 2017.) 4, (Accessed Party Patriots Staff. 2016. “Real Immigra Tea Party Patriots. http://www. Tea tion Reform.” teapartypatriots.org/real-immigration-re January 4, 2017). form/ (Accessed Donald. 2016. “Donald J. Trump Trump, and Immigration, Terrorism, Addresses 13. https://www. June Security.” National - -

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( Accessed January 4, 2017). ( Accessed . Santa Barbara,. Santa CA: ABC-CLIO. Venomous Speech: ProblemsVenomous with Schrader, B.T.G. 2011. “The Tea Party: The 2011. “The Tea B.T.G. Schrader, Discourse of Class, & Gender/Sexuality.” Race, University. Thesis. Colorado State Master’s (Accessed http://hdl.handle.net/10217/47450 January 8, 2017). ican Political Discourse on the Right and Left, Discourse and Political ican Right on the 2 Volume 2012 “ICYMI: Marco. SpeaksRubio, Rubio 9. https://www. February 2012.” CPAC At rubio.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press- releases?ID=AB463882-0FE4-4CAD-B191- F8426824A860 (January 4, 2017). Romney, Mitt. 2016. “Transcript of Mitt of Mitt Mitt. 2016. “Transcript Romney, March SpeechRomney’s on Donald Trump.” 3. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/04/us/ politics/mitt-romney-speech.html (Accessed January 4, 2017). and Rebecca Cournalia, Clarke Rountree, eds. 2013. maggiesnotebook.com/2014/03/cpac-2014- rand-paul-speech-full-transcript-video- electing-lovers-of-liberty/.(Accessed January 4, 2017). Barreto. 2013. and Matt Christopher, Parker, Believe They In:Change Can’t The Tea Reactionaryand America Politics in Press. University Princeton ton: Palin, Sarah. 2010. “Tea Party Convention Party Convention “Tea Palin, Sarah. 2010. Keynote Audio Speech Transcript, (Complete 26. http://www.american February & Video).” rhetoric.com/speeches/sarahpalin2010tea partykeynote.htm 2014: Rand Paul Rand. “CPAC 2014. Paul, — Electing & Video Transcript Speech Full 8. March Lovers of Liberty.” Palin, Sarah.2008. “Palin’s Speech the at “Palin’s Palin, Sarah.2008. Transcript” Republican Convention National September 3. http://elections.nytimes. com/2008/president/conventions/videos/ transcripts/20080903PALINSPEECH.html. January 4, 2017). (Accessed The Costs of Good Karma: Effects of Fangsheng on the Chinese Environment and Society

author Caitlin Stone BIOGRAPHY Caitlin Stone graduated from UMBC in fall 2016. She majored in asian studies and minored in Chinese language. She hopes to continue her education in graduate school while working as a research assistant. This research project has led her to consider focusing on environmental studies when she enters graduate school, but she is also interested in exploring master’s degree programs for asian studies. When she is not researching or madly committing new vocabulary to memory she enjoys building Warhammer 40k models and playing video games.

, ------fangsheng Economist and propose some these solutions problems. to , literally translated as translated release,, literally the life typically to refers ’s Septemberof Buddhist practice 2015 issue, the ’s fangsheng (放生) organizations with at least organizations with at one in every and munici province Economist

concerns of concerns re-catch recently liberated animals simply to place them back on the mar on the back them place to liberated simply animals recently re-catch young people many expensive; ket. often spend quite animals are These upwards of 5,000 yuan (about 765 dollars) per year release. on animals to side effects 281 different Such are as provinces appear there in multiple fangsheng effects these address and other paper aims to This and Tibet. except pality, recently raised concern on multiple fronts: raised on multiple environment, concern in terms of the recently populations bird increasing out native crowding are numbers of these birds they of public health, area; believed arena in the are in the be to a source of varying flu. strains of avian econ Animal release the also rituals impact increasing demand amongst purchase Buddhism practitioners of to omy, keep demand, wildlife traders often up with this To liberate. animals to cant cause of the introduction of large quantities of non-native animal spe of non-native quantities of large introduction causecant of the (a type a few loach thousand example, For environment. China’s cies into one River at Huangpu Shanghai’s liberatedfish) were into of non-native numbers heavily of animals influence likelihood large of a the These time. speciesnon-native becoming prob invasive, can which cause numerous species bird non-native instance, lems. released have Kong in Hong For Since the end of China’s Cultural Revolution has been in 1976, there Cultural a end of China’s the Since practices, envi had unintended of religious have some of which resurgence to According in various consequences country. across the ronmental places The also called release, animal has been rise on the in China, especially among animal release Ritual has been wealthier generation. a signifi younger, the research this topic because topic this research and I feel it turned be out to really interesting project public this strengthened to my related presentations as the though speakingability. ABSTRACT allowed for a resurgence of the practice. As a result, practice. the of release animal has allowed the a resurgence for I chose and society. wreak Chineseto the on havoc potential environment before conference after in a research participate volunteering topic to this a friend an me a link to sent I selected topic. a research Luckily, articleabout fangsheng. to enough sounded interesting and different It Despite difficultieslook the into. it, I decided researching that I am glad to DEMYSTIFICATION Fangsheng of animal releaseBuddhist in China. practice has a long and Fangsheng Revolution history Cultural end of the but the extensive Chinese in culture,

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 176 Caitlin Stone 177 ------), a Bud though the the though The ritual is is ritual The 3 1 Almost every 放生 2 ( During the Tang During Tang the 5 associations have fangsheng fangsheng IN CHINA newspaper published an article about 4 FANGSHENG The Economist association gather along the banks of Shanghai’s Huang Pu River Huang banks association along the of Shanghai’s gather Buddhism came to China during the first and second centuries C.E. Buddhismfirst during cameChina secondand the to centuries The Dynasty a series suppressed through of con religion state the (618-907), the exact originsexact unclear. remain HISTORY OF HISTORY of animal release does concept originated not seemThe have with tra to believe today to many this Buddhism,ditional Indian (Hinayana) though becase. the fact, In release animal of earliest occurred examples the out benevolenceof simple policies, and as of government a result they are introduced. At the rate in which these associationsin which appear rate are the At they introduced. are ing and releasing animals, seems hardly in which way sustainable a there a few and adopting changes without undergoing can continue practice this been parts have other in some world Buddhist temples the of solutions that place. striving put into to hold rituals on a weekly basis. With these numbers of released on a weeklyhold rituals basis. animals, With beingincreasing are raised concerns by conservationists. times, Many releasedare animals that the becauseeconomic convenience, of their species. non-native are species of these non-native When thousands are released likelihood becoming one time, the of them invasive at increases. speciesThese which wreak into upon can havoc environments thus the as requests has gains. a meansmake worldly to been practice for The wit of Mao Zedong death the in China since end and the nessing a resurgence Revolution1976. Over in Cultural of the 200 citi to been accessible more ritual of makingthe established sake the for zens both Buddhist and otherwise, as as earn well to money. association of animals with releasesmany and each ritual of thousands tens captured and placed on the market for sale as a source of food, sale as for source a traditional market placed and on the captured medicine,as or pets.article describes The memberswhich in a of a scene fangsheng prac the to calling attention of fish releaseto eve thousands ry Saturday, and its ecologicaltice unintended and societal consequences. animals, the for build up good compassion show to meant karma, and serve INTRODUCTION In September 2015, risingpopularitythe called practice in China of a been have during release practitioners dhist ritual which animals that original struggled teachings country spread within the and began to taking popularmore on aspects transformed reli magicand the mysticism of that is known what fill philo asgion to the Buddhism Mahayana into in order sophical Confucian void left of the departure by the system. - ) a New appears in Shuo Fu Shuo 10 fangsheng Early hunting regula Early hunting 7 of the ritual of ritual of the 11 Other stories benevolence of such more involve 9 While this suggests that on occasion suggests While this that would animals 8 . In its eighth book. In its eighth (also known as It is entirely possible that this meshing caused this possible Buddhism that to is entirely It 6 The Liezi “The good people of Han-tan habit, in the every were Governor, their of presenting day[sic], New Year’s [for with a number of live pidgeons[sic] Chien Tzu, pleased release].This Governor the very he and much, who asked a stranger liberally rewarded donors. the To explained that Chien Tzu meaning custom, the of the was day releaseon New of livingthe creatures Year’s rejoined the signthe of a benevolent disposition. ‘But,’ people ‘the being of your Excellency’s aware stranger, The earliest written mention The Aside from these stories regulations, of people are there releasing Early written stories of practices of animal release imply that the act act the Early written that stories release of animal of practices imply Daoist text Daoist text similar to the way a spider uses a web, would allow any bird wise bird enough to a spider uses would allow any way the a web, similar to free. go net to the avoid direct animal release. instances of story One such who is about a Qin duke nest theyreturned upon of weak their realization sparrows to were the that purchased of a man who it tells horse an old so Another that continence. working. than live out its in peace lastmay rather days practices set by the state. There are stories of the first stories DynastyShang the of are There set state. king practices by the came upon out a man who had laid who, after city, leaving the named Tang nets.four man wasThis over these praying nets, asking to his ancestors this by what distraught Tang, them. fall sky the from simply into birds make birds,nets meanwould the four for foldedthe of and instructedthree up story using a lone net, This that indicates prayer. another say man to the entire animal families. animal entire be the had been for set there of a concern free, more it also that implies act with hunters that preservation mandating than rather game of future animals.kindness the towards own expected followinganimals out of their the benevolence than rather originated as practice. a form of early indigenous tions issued by governors kings, and who supported influencedand were by Confucianism, placed restrictions upon killing of animals during the restrictions. season” These and sacrifice rituals,hunting “off including rules prevented citizens from killing animals, pregnant young animals, and fiscations even and, its in popularized more form, Chinese Buddhism was as repression, well stripped systematic This religion. as of its state the status as magical similar meanings, caused almost merge to Buddhist religion the with Daoism. release of animal as practice a signadopt the of benevolence. Year’s practice is described: practice Year’s

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 178 Caitlin Stone 179

------16 of 17 Fan The This This 20 15 ) that is is ) that (the (the huo Fu huo - - This indi This as an act of 19 is mentioned, husheng , 12 户生 fangsheng fangsheng The teachings of animal protection teachings of animal protection The 14 was about not always procuring good karma, Brahmajala; Sutra of Brahma’s Net Brahma’s of Brahmajala; Sutra fangsheng 13 in Sanskrit) would be founded on similar teachings. This is reflected This “Bodhisattvas quote in the should practice 18 in Chinese), clearly justifies the practice of in Chinese), justifies practice clearly the whim, no doubt exert themselves to catch as many pid as many catch to themselves exert no doubt whim, as killed get possible, numbersgeons[sic] must and large process. in the live, the If you really wish birds let the to best people the be would way prohibit to from capturing be to first be to in order all. If they caught at have them released, cru the kindness for the does not compensate acknowledged he was that right.” Chien Tzu elty.’ in that it taught followers to teach people teach to read subtleties followers of life to taught it in that ahimsa One Buddhist text, The BuddhistOne The text, On multiple occasions,On multiple of practice when the Liezi

five relationships of Confucianism of fivestrengthening no doubt led relationships the to unlike the goals of today’s practice. According to Buddhism, the reason Buddhism, the to According practice. of today’s goals the unlike con the from animals stems toward compassion behind such displaying essences of and the our essence teaches that which of reincarnation, cept our family members animals. lie within the kill an animal, to If one were parents. killing or their theyit is possible themselves either are that between within the and children relationship importance parents of the park and eventually extends that protection to all animals in the realm. all animals in the to protection that and eventually extends park wang Jing compassion. of compassion.” mind the act of releasing animals due to the act of the that cates onto stones, the contents of which ranged of which from providing healthcare to stones, contents onto the . them for roads along places building resting to animals and bothhumans One Buddhist story details an influencing through protection factor in life ulti Buddha the makes past lives. As a deer, a story about of Buddha’s one seeing Bud ruler story, doe. sacrifice a pregnant protect in the to The mate selflessness, of all deer protection is driven guarantee the to in the dha’s invoked. While these two practices are related, they should not be related, confused are While these two practices invoked. implications.as different they have Buddhism of hasoriginated many teachings of Hinduism. Since within the its roots animal pro founded that withinis understandable Hinduism, it tection ( Asoka by edicts Indian Emperor the had engraved that is made apparent The careful observation through either an understanding achieved or through in his observation exercised as stranger just the of the familiarity, through described practice. ( or animal protection of life is a second practice there While the theme of this story this of theme animal of focuses the While yearly practice the on of Daoism. Instead followers release, to ritual it was the teach to not meant storythis was used lesson book of the as overarching the of S ------fang , into , into The prac The 21 (北京云局寺 (放生池)

23 as part an integral of Bud has begun lose to its roots fangsheng chi fangsheng 22 fangsheng fangsheng have also everyday evolvedhave accommodate to lives of the by various support adver and their emperors through on their website: on their : Beijing Yunju Temple Life Release pub Group) and Protection Temple : Beijing Yunju fangsheng fangsheng fangsheng For longevity, health, and less disease, health, and less longevity, For unexpected calamity, avoid To descendants, of their prosperity endless the For children, more have To a good salary, For and peaceful an auspicious year, For evils, and eliminate solve injustices To joy, bring Buddha’s To or Heaven. Paradise, be Western in reborn the To To eliminate violence and death as a result of war, as violence and death a result eliminate To practice. Emperors Xianwen, Xiaowu, and Wenxuan (of the Wei, Jin, Jin, Wei, the (of Xiaowu, Xianwen, and Wenxuan Emperors practice. The Beijing Yunjusi Fangsheng Husheng Association Husheng Fangsheng BeijingThe Yunjusi Today, however, the practice of practice the however, Today, By the Liang DynastyBy the (502-587), fangsheng fangsheng 10. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1. 2. 3. 4. of releases.Aside new this from varietypractitioners, of and prac goals the of tices people achieve desires. and to worldly 放生户生 practice the people within China through for that things pray ten lishes the within the teachings of compassion and protection; this is perhaps becausethis protection; and compassion of teachings within the as and the of Mao Zedong’s of religion declaration a backwards concept Revolution. people While many during Cultural of religion the suppression globe they ritual not necessarilyacross the in the participate are Buddhists; indeed, increasing begun numbers of Christians have in the participate to sheng and Northerndynasties, Qi respectively) ordering all put edicts place into peoplethe mountainsides and forests. release the to eagles into of tice tisement, projects, construction and edicts popularity cultivated the of the people common among the and helped itspractice ensure longevity. to Tang dynasty who began to practice and promote the ritual. Emperor Wu Wu Emperor ritual. dynasty the and promote who began practice to Tang of Liang, was instance, for be said to so wholeheartedly dedicated animal to he would also it himself, ride around would he practice not only release that in chariots people his adorned do the encourage to to in banners in order also built ponds, called Wu same. Emperor of sake released be the fish for could safely which and turtles simply this concept in China, in concept particularlybecause this popularity of the of Confucian country. in the teachings had gained becomedhism had It key religion. one of the of the teachings ruling among in Southernfavor clans second China during half of the the

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 180 Caitlin Stone 181 ------(放 had main associations handbooks, (你是真的放 There are still other still other are There fangsheng 27 fangsheng fangsheng fangsheng Most of the groups that groups that Most of the These associations These then 28 24 ”, or “are your releases real “are or ”, 25 ” are considered insults considered and will” are not (你是骗子吗?) Other associations, Online as such Fangsheng 26 (你是真放生还是假放生?) ”, “are you fooling me? “are ”, seem opposite spectrum. be exact end of the to on the When search From the 4th century BCE to the Tang Dynasty, Dynasty, BCE century 4th the Tang the to From These associationsThese vary in terms of transparency the greatly regarding As mentioned before, there are more than 200 than more are As mentioned there before, tained show kindness as to its act meant and compas a religious status animals.sion towards popularization The act has of the led an evolution to and more comprehensive. The groups records, do not offer their but they The comprehensive. and more administrators The either. them hide to way seemdo not of their out go to forums. an effortalso in their participate make to surveyedI have seem be transparent, however have to them of more many sent.not responded I have email inquiries to that seem to be operated by a corporate entity; their logos are very similar, with seem be to operated entity; very by a corporate logos are their similar, being names. their difference only the Chaoyang citya is within Guang one corporate similaritydong, the is that for sensible so explanation the groups associations these The and other province. in the controls entity easier requests make form to remittances and “order” online simple a have of administrators’ inactivity and lack of response to the large amount of of amount inactivity of response large and lack the of administrators’ to users post. questionsthat to responsesMost tend administrators from remittances.focus questions regarding on addressing do not place but groupings privacy, of associations their maintain that be Fangsheng asked. Guangdong may restrictionsThe questionsthat on Association Association and Chaoyang Fangsheng two groups that are ing for contact information to ask to questions, information informs curious website contact the ing for be asked. may questions that restrictions the on are there netizens that releasereally you animals? questions“do the instance, For 生吗?) or fake? because largely website, on the be of records is also a lack answered. There cost and legitimacy and cost of practices. association The in Beijing, instance, for records, to their fully accessible Within tries full maintain to transparency. public,the they screenshots include messages and payments; of text they moneyof sums numbers total and even so far go as account bank supply to withinthose accounts. 生网) ciation, followers send in remittances using Alipay or another payment payment another or Alipay using send in remittances followers ciation, methodand, based of money amount the on sent, purchaseof ani a sum releasemals for based own on their preferences. requestedpurchase the animals from open markets at and restaurants demands. with fluctuate market prices that These ten things alsothings appear ten These available in readily practice. the for set standard these the “merits” of prayers are implying that least Asin China with at detailed in every one Tibet. by except province, Asso and Husheng Fangsheng Temple Beijing by the kept Yunju records

- - 33 Melopsittacus Melopsittacus These species These 30 (red-eared slider (bighead carp). Teenage Mutant Ninja Ninja Mutant Teenage Any species Any become invasive may 29 (American bullfrogs), The situation is a little different in China China in different little a is situation The 36 Trachemys Scripta Elegans Trachemys eating plant matter, fish,tadpoles, and even matter, plant eating Hypophthalmichthys Nobilis Hypophthalmichthys 35 to becomeabout to possible more merits be to gained have a native range from Northern Mexico through much much through Northern from range Mexico a native have is listed among the 100 most is listed invasive the among species world. in the Fangsheng is a major source of releasing potentially harmful of releasing potentially source is a major Fangsheng (parakeets), and 31 . Lithobates CatesbeianusLithobates Commonly referred to as to Commonly referred red-eared because slider turtles of the fangsheng 34 . Such speciesSuch include T. s. elegans T. 32 s. elegans

then release them into the wild. the into release them then potential to devastate to theypotential released. which are to environments Southern Canada. and into States United known Theyof the are be to omnivores,” “opportunistic voracious appetites becomingfrog lead them eggs Their to available. when keep to astoo large pets unsuspecting for pet owners, driving people to TRACHEMYS SCRIPTA ELEGANS SCRIPTA TRACHEMYS T. popular be to quite as animals tend These pets because initially small of their size as as popularity and low price, well the in spikes of Turtles spotsreddish-orange ears, behind their petsthey hardy make the and have and invasive animal species, especially a few animals on given of the that IUCNthe Red mostList invasiveof the species inexpen beto rather tend sive. turtles), Undulatus after it is introduced to a habitat outside of its native range and is then leftoutside and is then of its a habitat range after to native it is introduced least in these thrive uncheckednew to alone, at China 50 of areas. Within most100 invasive the species planet can the on be found. of purposeful result often the are reasons many including for introduction as such practices and religious environment, of the “greening” aquaculture, fangsheng Invasive species, flora whether or fauna, about everywhere, just are ranging woods in the from brambles found in America mosquitoes the to buzzing park. pond the above the at Invasive species defined are as with non-native, cause harm local to to potential the populations animal and ecologies, pub economicand/or health, well-being.lic some conservationists become the to to particularly concerned, in regards and localenvironment ecology. EFFECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND IMPLICATIONS causing causing of associations hundreds being The simply about compassion. than rather basis or monthly weekly, appeared have release daily, animals on a that depending and locations. own on their personal number preferences The released are everythat animals of millions. yearin the is has caused This

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 182 Caitlin Stone 183

- - - - T. fangsheng Mauremys associations fangsheng While it is not entirely clear clear While it is not entirely 43 , is widelyis , released for The species, The known commonly This river saw an increase river saw This of 44 42 Temples and Temples It is possibleis hypothesize to effects It the 37 41 had possibly begun its native outcompete to T. s. elegans T. 38 Their calls tend to be loud, enabling them to be to be them calls to loud, enabling tend Their 45 was 567. at recorded This, in conjunction with its diet and omnivorous This, in conjunction were found. In 2002, slider populations In 2002, had increased found. were 40 T. s. elegans T. competes for food, for competes egg-laying sites, and basking spots, , similar to the the , similar to M. sinensis M. sinensis M. sinensis over a period of six years. documented In 1996, 68 sliders were (Chinese stripe-necked Southern to China, Native turtles). these T. s. elegans T.

Unfortunately, little has been movements and little the monitor done to Unfortunately, Once they wild, released the it becomes are Once these tur into clear that 39 heard up to one kilometer away. The bullfrogs brown with green are The hues one kilometer away. heard up to (frog) species. of anuran largest the and are L.catesbeianus becausepractices of its agreeable price. and as American the bullfrog, was mainland China, to introduced Taiwan, be to in order 1990s,Daishan Island in 1959, 1924, and the respectively, farmedas a food source. cousin. The only way in which conservationists which in only way The can cousin. truly understand the species native impacting sliders are environ the the and level which at a higher level of education is through that and awareness ment, however, further topic. on the research stimulate may CATESBEIANUS LITHOBATES site of animal release localsite for temples. s. elegans 698 while 112 and to affected these numbers are and releasehow much practices, by trapping it can be argued that species has species caused out of native crowding the as such Sinensis in sites been from the have turtles distances away increasingly found larger they previously which were found. causeinvasions by taking such could lookTaiwan. a in instances at that is one kilometers North-East about twelve of Taipei, River, Keelung The be transferred to native turtle populations numbers and diminish within be turtle native transferred to those communities. aggressive disposition, causes declines populations because in native of being crowded out and increasing tolls. death this red-eared that habits the of is believed, slider in China. It however, tles have a competitive advantage over native turtle species. turtle over native advantage competitive a have tles a They have reproducof size,rate higher and larger comparatively age, maturity lower tion. becomingin addition to increasingly species aggressive This with age. also carries nematodes, a type of parasitic worm, parasites can and other which where the turtles are both farmed are turtles the where and imported pet the for food trade, market, medicine.traditional and release purchase for markets, from turtles alike street vendors, and restau of ceremonies; assake pet just in the the prices low rants for their trade a popular them choice. make ------L. Bufo bufo bufo Bufo Rana nigro (Zhenhai brown 50 is highly likely to to is highly likely is a known carrier These factors all give These 48 (rice frogs),(rice Rana japonica Rana japonica L. catesbeianus L. catesbeianus have proven difficult proven quantify to have in the The anurans have also proven to be to also suc proven have anurans The These difficulties could explain the lack lack the difficulties These explain could 47 . Rana limnocharis 49 In 2005, it was In 2005, it listed most 100 amongst inva the 46 L. catesbeianus is native to the Nearctic region Nearctic the North — America, to is native are more commonly referred to asto referred budgies commonly or parakeets. more are sizes and the amounts of native anurans they ate per day. As per they day. sizes anurans ate amounts of native and the (Zhoushan toads), (black-spotted pond(black-spotted frogs), and The predatoryThe particular species habits of this anuran similar in are The impacts of The L. catesbeianus M. undulatus very are pet most birds popThese in the one of the and are trade common the other parts of China to which they are introduced. Without any checks any parts other Without they introduced. the which are of China to them, monitor to in place or regulations brink the of extinction. populations to native consume UNDULATUS MELOPSITTACUS frogs). The study found that there was between there a positivethat correlation found study frogs). The catesbeianus two grams’ up to ingesting weight more, they ate frogsthe became larger, the eat to bullfrogs the prefer that also found anurans. study of native The species four smallest of easier of the sake the ingestion. for of numerical information about relationships between about relationships of numerical information American bullfrogs this has that proven however, populations. anuran and native One study, species preys uponspecies and anuran Zhoushan the to archipelago native populations listed riskas most are at Island. The Daishan the gargarizans maculata likelihood of it becoming established as an invasive species. wildreasons:two for first, condensed may frame studies time the which in be performed overall impact; of the sec much wild in the do not cover is relevant in a manner that enough data ond, it is difficult extrapolate to scale population. the of the to for disease.for species The has been associated commonly with transmitting chytridiomycosis, an infectious disease caused by a zoosporic fungus called dendrobatidis batrachochytrium by evolving predation avoiding cessful at both non-palatable eggs and min imally active tadpoles predatory avoid attention. to speciesthe and increases it is introduced, advantage in areas which the to the sive species establishing itself world, in marshes the in because lakes and of Americanits dependency. heavy bullfrogs labeled as are aquatic generalist Their indiscriminately. and vertebrates predators, invertebrates consuming of frog eggs,diets consist may fish eggs, snails, or even own their kind. Their efficiency has as predators raised in terms of both food concern competition species, other Like many and predation. Greenland, and parts of Mexico. They were brought into China as part into of Greenland, brought They parts and were Mexico. of Xinjiang, Zhejiang and Sichuan, foodthe can trade and be in Yunnan, found Ningbo of cost off as as just provinces Zhoushan the well the archipelago, City in Southeast China.

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------58 Pycnon and As with other 55 This species This has 51 . Its popularity. Its as a spe 57 Padda OryzivoraPadda are beginning are with compete to fangsheng These birds are a nomadic species are birds These and has itself be for proven to a successful 53 M. undulatus It is unclear exactly how many individual para how many is unclear exactly It 54 M. undulatus is primarily native to Australia and prefer to inhabit inhabit to and prefer Australia is primarily to native and its popularity hypothesized are as a pet, however, 56 is a species a is filter of feeders thrives rivsubtropical in that ), is causing hybridization), is causing populations. as with native they mate , commonly referred to as to referred bighead carp,, commonly is one species native 52 fangsheng H.nobilis The specificThe effects species certain, although of this not entirely are M. undulatus Their large growth and reproduction rates make them highly competitive highly competitive them make growth and reproduction rates large Their filter feederswith other been they areas which in the have to introduced. introduced to Europe, the United States, United the and western China by local Europe, to gov introduced ernments and farmers, primarily aquaculture. for region has native ers. population in the been general The on decline but areasin other outside been region, of this populations have surging. HYPOPHTHALMICHTHYS NOBILIS HYPOPHTHALMICHTHYS H. nobilis range native Their of its regardless raises nativity. concern China that to southeast, country withinthe in the is primarily region. Canton within the eyes, of their placement sizeNamed heads strange the their and the of for they spots also marked by black are dorsal areas. on their been They have other released,other alien species (species as such otus Cafer decline to asHybridization each consecutive causes communities native becomes likelihoodgeneration and the of steriliza increasingly different tion increases. much speculation hasmuch been knowledge behavior made using general of the species.of the Because overall hardiness, numbers and their large of their conservationists believe that species avian increasingly are native and nesting spaces for Kong Hong in species. out such crowding is also believed species, It this that along with in the tens of thousands. tens in the keets in China, are upwards breed of 10,000 but it is believed are there that ing pairs. diets primarily Their consist seeds of causing are birds and the farmers as increasing they concern wreak in fields. havoc invasive species, the aggressive when looking nesting rather and spots. for ager to be outsideto population causes found almost of of the one quarter for captivity. semi-arid habitats. and sub-humid of food. long distances in search wild,will in the While they travel will form flocks large been have which knownpopulation sizes reach to numbering ular bird speciesular bird becausenoises, mimic colors, bright to of their ability and as hardiness selective of general result a their breeding. been Kong, establishing itself Hong it is difficult around in and though to can be percentage credited what to tell cies for

------The 61 when when H. nobilis Such dras Such 60 (naked carp) H. nobilis have witnessed have a and many of the of the and many , little research has research been, little pomona . Since the introduction of of introduction the . Since

C. pellegrini Cyprinus PellegriniCyprinus H. nobilis Salmonella M. undulatus not only threaten the environment and and environment the not only threaten and are possible transmitters of Avian Influenza A of Avian possible are transmitters can cause detrimental effects local, to isolated fangsheng on the ecosystem of a plateau lake in western lake China. ecosystem of a plateau on the T. s. elegans T. fangsheng H. nobilis . Not only did the population decline. Not only did the because of competi H. nobilis Similar to to Similar 59 Once a personOnce becomes infected bacteria the salmonella with the It is possible, however, to speculate to on possible effects species is possible, of this however, It of C. pellegrini symptoms of diarrhea, dehydration, fever, abdominal cramps, headaches, symptoms of diarrhea, fever, dehydration, reptiles, of knownare transmitters releasedbirds for two diseases,(H7N9). These combined with possible risk caused by inde pendent release practitioners, a little should be than raise more enough to Chinese of the health and safety people. the for concern ing that practitioners have the habit of handling the animals with little to to animals with little of handling the habit the practitioners have ing that possibility the for of disease peono concern of the Many transmission. ple hold and carry animals without gloves the when performing releases wild. in the go them letting animals before kissand some the others widely released, are carriers animal, are as other animals that for with any variousdiseases. Red-eared turtles,slider released most commonly the PUBLIC HEALTH impacts of potential The local ecology—the impact also negatively has practice to great potential videos many produce ritual reveal the searchespublic health. Internet for the alien speciesthe Lake Xingyun, into yields of in 10 percent in 1960, to 20 percent in 1950, to sharp from 50 percent drop, 1980s. the 1970s, since the one percent and finally less than to with beingtic numbers offer evidence harvested, that, in conjunction the of introduction ecosystems. the introduction of this species, of this introduction the native the was had thrived. established fish lake, Once the that within the declines causing population began its in the cousin, out compete native to of higher but theytion, declining also comparatively as were the of result a by reproduction of demonstrated rate used fangsheng. for examined carp instance, for previously from studies performed. One study, effectsthe of 1950s,In the species this prov was Lake to introduced Xingyun in Yunnan purpose the in west by local China for ince farmers. of aquaculture Before These carp are readily available in markets and restaurants for consumers consumers in marketscarp for These and restaurants readily available are maximum maintain freshness to live purchase until them to prefer who be to a meal, release easilyprepared them for causing for prac available tices. impactsof direct environmental the investigate done to

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- - - - - 67 63 In some provinces, mortal the Salmonella has possibility Salmonella the of 68 62 This is most case certainly the This in the 66 , the strain most commonly associated strain most commonly , the with these practices are purchased are practices from markets and restaurants, it is are often purchased are and released numbers, in large as evidenced This discovery This published was in 2013, and its recently implications Since most, if not all, of the animals that are purchased are be most, to released animals that Since all, of the if not Avian Influenza to has potential the illness that A (H7N9) is another Avian Salmonella pomonaSalmonella Almost everyestimated an 1.2 mil are there States year United in the 64 fangsheng fangsheng 65 ity rate of lab-confirmed cases rate ity other almost reaches H7N9 of Unlike 40%. influenza,strains of avian no to infected birds strain show little with this have detrimental effectshave public. health of the Discovered in March of the new influenza. strain of avian H7N9 is a relatively of 2013 in Shanghai, flu, avian of strains other to H7N9 is associated Similar symptoms with the of high fever and coughing. cases Many been have known develop to into pneumonia, respiratory acute disease syndrome, septic shock, multiple and even failure, organ cause death. to fangsheng Release Life Group’s and Life Protection Temple Beijingby the Yunju website. on their page records release these of turtles. try. for infected these possible release animals are prior their and that to entirely region. infected in the these If turtles infecting are turtles other thus are those who that being implies before purchased market, that the on then turtles.ill handling are practice releasedAnimals the in participate during pet turtles, in China in wild discovered was red-eared recently slider tur tles. China be to potential detrimental society. the to public health have for imports 10 million red-eared than more sliders each year and triple that shippednumber are markets from domestic to farms coun within the of salmonella infection. turtles, Small of salmonella particularly of those with carapaces been have restricted from being freely traded in many or smaller, 4 inches and Canada Australia, becausecountries, higher as of their U.S., such the affected alsosalmo by rates.largely are 10 under Children contamination the aftertouching mouths their in hands as their put nella they to tend mouths. their or eventurtles into themselves turtles placing the handling them and not washing and not handling them hands afterwards. your that animals The red-eared of infection are mostcause concern slider turtles. the with reptiles and contact lion cases into linked coming to of salmonella increasesturtles. sales in to of With related directly almostof thosehalf are pet reported red-eared are American sliders on the there increases market and nausea begin or vomiting arise. to becoming a person invasive once is infected. Invasive can be salmonella life canand blood infectionslead the of to threatening (bacteremia) evenor CDC brain (meningitis).an infection of the The lists key one of the means with infected contact animals, into as or salmonella coming of contracting

- - - 74 71 73 birds birds Birds Birds 72 rituals. fangsheng fangsheng releases and the patterns of of releasespatterns and the it is entirely possible to argue that possible that argue to it is entirely 76 fangsheng birds. There hasbirds. been There yet no research to This is largely concerning because no is concerning there is largely This 69 fangsheng fangsheng Since H7N9 has an extremely low, almost non-existent, rate rate almost non-existent, low, hasH7N9 extremely an Since 75 These strains mix These astheymigratory from transmitted are birds 70 are sold in the same markets as live poultry, or in close proximity marketssame closein or soldas proximity the in are poultry, live One other threat to public health that needs consider that health public be to to into taken threat other One Two hypotheses be aftertransmission the regarding made could Two There have been have reportedThere cases region Canton of China to from the It is currently theorized is currently H7N9 developed that It as of multiple a result ation is the threat posed threat is the of ation by individual practice actors’ One particular Chinese case netizens had many up in arms that involved been handling infected these however that it is highly unlikely other, determine or the way one of these two possibilities be of a combination result infections the could because be representative would be more infection higher and thus rate the theory. of this long period. a significant suggests drop proportion that infec This of the poultry linked LPMs and the to tions of H7N9 were These them. sold at casesten can possibly be two factors: to attributed first the the being that farmers poultry raising the illnesses; the ended up contracting second the virus the individuals had ten contracted had who the possibilitythat is migration that the birds may display once out in the Chinese out in the ecosystem. once display may birds the migration that of live poultryclosing markets (LPM). During 2013 and 2014, local gov of LPMs within ernments a closure southern mandated provinces in the areas.urban During period of cases this amount the of closure, of infection casesabout Only ten dropped confirmed were drastically. during year- this as far west as and as Xinjiang far east north (along the as coast) Beijing. viruses spread of the of the rate has among human beenThe quick rather populations. human, to human of transmission from virus spread of the the of is a result fangsheng numbers in small cages markets. said in large kept to then are birds These of Storage other. often of the stacked are one on top that further increases spread. therefore ease H7N9 may the which at of transporting capability the with H7N9 have contact into come have that virusthe feathers, on their even necessarily if not infected virus. with the these strains will rest at or around water sources shared domestically by sources water these or around strains will at rest fowl. kept farmto animals, of survivingcapable and are several for in water months. be to sent sold in live poultry farm later are The birds poor markets where sanitary disease of the transmission make conditions not only bird from released birds of the for Many easier. much human to but also bird bird, to symptoms of infection. people area until in an present H7N9 is start that indication becoming sick. interspecies viruses. of separate of H7 and N9 strains transfers Migratory as (such ducksbirds or local bulbul populations)carrying one or both of

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- - fangsheng groups, as fangsheng Claiming that she may have annoyed have the she may Claiming that 77 rituals even though there has even rituals not yet there been though any than simply causing strain on the environment environment strain on the causing simply than can be used as a means of measuring wellbeing the on public health, it is necessary actions the examine to fangsheng fangsheng 78 fangsheng fangsheng practices, willing spend those are who do participate to a large While the ChineseWhile the people vary willingness in general part take to in Public health is always a consideration when evaluatingwhen public or any a consideration always is Public health sum of money personal do so. The to wealth of participants varies. Prices demands of changing with the year, the throughout animals fluctuate of the animals that are released. are Despiteanimals that people spending money on are practice costs of the the economy, health of the the pointing towards ignore. simply to government the toopotentially great for fangsheng There is more to to is more There health of Chineseor possibly the citizens risk. putting at Economically speaking, of money amount citizens the of the people by examining spend on par further also need implications con be to into taken However, ticipation. monetary in terms of the sideration and opportunity costs caused by the of individuals who release of animals independently be some releasing may harmful of these actors animals into and volatile public areas as such parks. ECONOMICS of participating in clear direct links draw to betweenresearch cases Many practice. and the released are known are carry animals that to of the salmonella, and it is possibilityalso the known from farm of H7N9 transmission that poultry When discussing the likely. versa is extremely and vice migrating birds to of impact hurling rude curseshurling and flooding her social with messages media accounts let theyhow knowher [her] to just felt. Some people called “sell to her for body support to or even public welfare” cursed not be her to reincarnated lifetimes. ten for flu and avian of salmonella real side effects threats are The private practice. close her Weibo account and make an apology, saying that she was that saying sorry an apology, and make account close her Weibo “annoying” for people releasedhad she the that but these into animals wild. denied She sodone having a park, in however officials still many were suspected the left spent doubting and time investigating to area in order public. of the safety the ensure Netizenspublic is an understatement. keyboards their took to and began a young woman releasing animals in a park in Guangdong province. A A province. Guangdong in releasing woman a young park in a animals a Chinese social series media surfaced in which site, pictures of Weibo, on wasa woman poisonous of emptying sack a snakes. people of the Many outraged that and began her, these pictures attacking onto online latched was woman the to forced Eventually, put peopleshe would danger. in such ------such such 83 in September fangsheng, fangsheng, The amount of of amount The 81 The Economist rituals. even Some may spend students fangsheng Even with these fluctuations, Even members group of the 79 As the amount of discretionary As amount the increases income within 82 According to an article published to by According Some species been inten government have by the introduced may Even though there is an indication of the rise the of indication an is discretionaryof there though funds Even 80 tionally for aquaculture or, in the case in the Beijing of the Olympics, “green the or, aquaculture tionally for released are Some for animals that scenery. of the ing up” cies and 100 billion yuan ($14.6 billion) indirectly. This is about 1.5% of This cies and 100 billion yuan billion) indirectly. ($14.6 losses These can be plants blocking to attributed water Chinesethe GDP. ways, animals preying or even upon native other farmed species, tak birds the of localing advantage costs for and the via agriculture consumption, these invasive manage and manpowerequipment species. to the job market as well as becoming more confident in the overall health of health of overall as jobas the in market the well becoming confident more economy. the of inva within Chinese impact households, the is still feeling economy the sive species of both flora fauna. and Chinese loses government The about 20 billion yuan invasive (about to $3 billion) per spe year in direct relation of their discretionary income (income that is able to be to spent on things is able discretionaryof their that (income income assuch after vacations taxes or entertainment living and expenses have a seemingly on such for) been obscure aspect accounted culture. of the use Chi of discretionary of the This status shines on the some light income nese economy. peopleit shows that enjoying a household, a level are of security within 2015, some people spendyearly sal about may who participate 5% of their ary on participation in food weeks three for budget entire practice. their on the willing spendmoneypractitioners are points to clearly a certain to that affluence enjoyed by a portion money population. Spending so of the much amounts people spend to larger that able indicates on these are practices seem spend to money an even reaches amount of yuan. that amount The of money spent10 yuan from ranges per release 500 yuan, to depending the individualon the asas release. animals they to For well the like would 17, 2016, one individual spent April on Sunday, took place release that as seems 1,600 yuan be ($246.90). This normal centers to the in urban well. the market and supplies. For instance, a release performed by Beijing Yunju releasea instance, performed supplies.and market the Beijing by For Yunju Life Release 5.6 yuan paid Group Protection and per ($0.86) Temple’s same carp release, a week carp. prior the this pound the to cost of large Just group 5.3 yuan had been ($0.82). In November price the of 2015, 5.9 yuan ($0.91) per pound. ulations or offsetulations local the ecologies certain areas. impact and negatively species of the these feeling effects are Many also that widely are farmed. as red-eared sliders or bighead carp, species such originally are were that releasedfarming for ranges purposes.outside native their of As previously animal pop a tendencymentioned, out native crowd these have animals to

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 190 Caitlin Stone 191 ------86 practi In some 87 birds, such are a good are lens fangsheng fangsheng fangsheng , police forces and other public public and other , police forces fangsheng 89 Water hyacinths are plants that block water plants that are hyacinths Water 84 85 88 The economic tolls that could be could caused by that economic tolls The Even with these monetaryEven costs, opportunitycosts also need beto detailing had been how some 8,000 birds dead Baiyun found in the park known an area well as in which a site city, area of the total between total (RMB)renminbi 200 and 500,000 eachrelease (about30 to on a weekly70,000 USD) basis. THE ETHICSRELEASING OF a newspaper in Guangzhou, published an article In 2008, Qing Dao Daily, plant and animal alike, occupy a significantly large portion of China’s GDP GDP portion a significantly occupy and animal alike, large of China’s plant in both direct and indirect losses. monetary These setbacks, combined opportunity costs, large potentially with the signs overshadow the of the Chineseeconomic wellbeing the of people as evidenced of amount by the Association Fangsheng can which Beijingmoney in by the Yunjusi brought officials to spend much of the day analyzing the photo of the woman in the analyzing woman in the officials day of the photo of the spendthe to much she released where animals. the exactly pinpoint Afteract to figuring this remove downout,and safely track out and eachsnake go theyto had then park. from the them Invasive species, on Chinese tolls society. the examine to which through released time spent officials public safety by by rogue of the actors. Much bemust spent, in cases this, like down tracking animals. on physically the cause from infra ranges these instances may opportunity that cost The taking such matters, public safety to care of other improvements structure as criminals. stopping case The woman releasing venomous snakes of the requiredof her own instance, local volition, for and animal control police efit that has been forgone as the result of opting to take a different action. has a different take efit been as to of opting result that the forgone caseIn the of invasive species, arises need opportunity that is the the cost used are artifi Government and resources to them. workers manage to wild populations. and manage turtle cially hyacinths clear water cases to related directly more officialssafety occasionally may be wrangle out to sent poisonous snakes they become various of in agricultural established is a drop output there fruits, in particular. melons and, asways on important a result, limitations functions as place such irri and aquaculture. gation Opportunity is defined consideration. cost possible as into taken any ben Drops in local Drops species populations of native markets as impact supplies in prices. cause a hike thus and Somedrop common as red-vented farmers known the for bulbul, are cause trouble asto they ground seedsprefer and fruits diet. vegetables and their for Red-vented Pacific in the because countries in many bulbuls causewherever concern

------92 fangsheng ritual, they place they ritual, place fangsheng originated as a means of show that involves the endless loop the involves of that fangsheng fangsheng Even though the core reasons for the practice reasonspractice the for core the though Even 90 , then the goal of showing compassion through through of showing goal compassion the , then fangsheng Unfortunately, the potential havoc that commonly released commonly that havoc potential the Unfortunately, Not only does this introduce a certain irony to the situation, situation, the to a certain irony Not only does introduce this in Buddhism involves showing compassion for the animals animals the for showing in Buddhism involves compassion 93 91 As previously mentioned, When discussing animal release within China, act sounds very the The potential impact that these animals may have on the environment environment on the have these animals may that impact potential The Experts in Guangzhou estimate that the entire cycle,Experts coupled entire with the that in Guangzhouestimate fangsheng an order for animals. Hunters are then paid by local stores to go out and out and by local paid go then to are stores animals. for an order Hunters retrieve these animals. associations When the perform releases their later, then they may so wait that to practice near tend the thosehunters same next the for market on the back animals and put them the catch ing compassion for all living for beings.ing compassion Over its time, popularization led a to mer on ten of sorts be to transformation caused centered practice that the popu This ritual. knowledge practitioners of the all common to are its that larization has, increased in turn, release. animals to When demand for the organizations and associations a for prepare tioners often tioners released birds. of often is release and that they releasing, of catch are is a circle that there purpose defeatsthe created that releases of the and causes animals to the become die. increasingly ill and ultimately release is rendered null and void. No amount of compassion would be of compassion able and void. No amount release null is rendered justifyto release to life. in order loss of life the mal populations. possible soci and effects environment the on However, superficially. nice side of ety aside, darker the suf animals are and release If the ruins idea practice. catch the behind the fering because of beyond stipu with compassion, taking them treating care of animals and with care and environment of Buddhism the also followers treat that lates compassion. wreak uponanimals may local and ecology the environment the do just opposite, and cause in local drops as overeat ani these native animals may Another concerning factor reinforcing these high rates is that the peoplethe that is these rates high factor reinforcing concerning Another is.animal an healthy how often releasewho for care not do Thus, them poorly animals markets and shop keepers the on purpose treat to tend to later. easier them catch make to lessons, teachings of Buddhism.of the One the also to seems back go to wears away at the health of the animals and leads to the death of many, as in of many, death animals and leads the health of the to the at wears away casethe in Guangzhou. animals being environments,the released non-native causes into abnor mally high mortality a death rates. have estimated to Birds, are instance, for cycle release. and in the up of catch caught of 90% or higher once rate association. but it also bringsof hypocrisy a bit as seemingly this never ending cycle

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 192 Caitlin Stone 193 ------94 fang Many Many within 96 fangsheng Realizing people that his from fangsheng. fangsheng. Since there are rehabilitation centers that are willing are that centers rehabilitation are there Since 95 , especially animal species in terms of what released. are Some associ Education is another major aspect that may alter the practice of practice the aspect major alter is another Education may that There are wildlife rehabilitators in China, as wildlife as well wildlife many rehabilitators are There One case, on the other side of the world, may offer some insight as offer some insight to may One case, world, of the side other on the provide pictures to make identification easier. Benkong has Shi also led easier. identification make to provide pictures sheng Association, beenations, Fangsheng as Guangdong have such the posting blogs popular their about more some to animals, of the information espe effects and their environment. on the red-earedcially the slider, of these blog posts will also support release the of local species native and be idea others. open the than commercialized more to Some more of the associations possiblymay be if they can interested be assured pos of any be inclined of profit, regardless more may as others such sible profitability, those associated not be with all. It temples, willing still may at and others to opinions and willingness the gauge of associations to hard work to is rather responded. have I contacted aswith none that rehabilitators, conservatories. heard Ark, have groups,are that as such There Wildlife release and find it an compassionate idea regarding about Benkong Shi’s appealing solution. willingness on is the solution relies this of associa involved, get what to tions within China. Based wide on the spectrum these associ which onto some associations fall in terms of opennessations may and transparency, tion that there are plenty of wildlife rehabilitators that release animals quite releasequite animals that of wildlife rehabilitators plenty are there that tion localoften without disturbing ecology and decided with a collaborate to begin, to he calls, what center “compassionate local rehabilitation turtle turtle-related 2008, he has a dozen organized than Since more release.” as well. rehabilitators releases with bird work and plans to compassionate Benkong Shi, an American Buddhist monk in New York City, has taken City, BenkongAmericanan Shi, Buddhist Newin monk York somemeasures try to impacts preventand detrimental environmental of practitioners of hands the at the releasing red-eared and around were sliders and goldfish into temple doing so being illegal), (despite pond he decided Park in Central offer a to friendly releases. environmentally option for more realiza came the He to tions on animals that may be provides released, may market what black that tions on animals the but asso of actions the for cannotconcern of be lack legally this is obtained. It ciations,aloofness general the subject the on government, the and the from education of problems. causing peoplelack of the are that be possible reached may beyondany solutions that educating practitioners. SOLUTIONS of practice restrictions no the on are there As now, of China. associations left are The release unhindered to as and temples many animals as they please as and often as they trade restric please.are There ------fang fang by setting up by setting up , a Daoist text, illus text, Daoist a , fangsheng TheLiezi associations. associations These fangsheng 97 led to the popularization led was the which to practice, of the is an important religious ritual with is an important ritual deep religious roots Chinese in his fangsheng chi fangsheng survived dynasties, Ming and Qing the throughout as as well the every day. These practices, once concerned with showing compassion for the practices, the These with concerned showing for compassion once After the end of the Cultural Revolution, liberalization the Cultural end of the of religion After the ter, and basking places. Some of these even prey upon speciester, native in the areas they released are and predatory competitive in. These have behaviors represented by the popular by the represented releasesbirds, of turtles, and fish, rep which the Unfortunately, respectively. and prosperity, freedom,resent longevity, popular animal species released are within these that invasive. groups are speciesThe of parakeets, red-eared sliders, bighead carp, and American animals in terms of food,bullfrogs native known shel are out compete to releaseas practices often as possible, even so far going as perform to sheng become creatures,lives of other a means have of obtaining karmic mer from ensuring range endlessits prosperity your descendants that to for merits Paradise. The hoped also are for Western the into gaining entrance place restrictions on the questions that may be asked may by curious questions that restrictionsoutsid on the place ers. Other associations been have open more and transparent, offering as numbers. as information possible, Some bank account much including maintained transparency as business,have other as much any trying to ease of illegitimacy a profit. turn to concerns These while also attempting of popularizationsurge associations the of to cater tion under Mao Zedong. aspectsand other can that practice of society of the led a resurgence to be seen form of in the today as populace legit among the questions led of the some concerns have to imacy raised some are of these associations practices often enough that possibly further ushered along by the Tang suppression of Buddhism. This of Buddhism. suppression This possibly further Tang ushered along by the fusion led the of Chinese have to Buddhism Mahayana may suppression easily more were undertones spiritual that and Daoism because of similar, people. popularity common daily lives of the the The to of relatable sheng RevoluRepublican be Era only to met Cultural during with the resistance Fangsheng appearing first written mention, The in tory. and concept religious a foreign is not simply ritual the fact the that trates creatures. lives people other Promotion of the for shows that had concern forms of both construc advertisement public in the and the by emperors tion of education campaigns in both China and Taiwan about the possible about the detri education campaigns both in Taiwan China and effectsmental releases. of CONCLUSION

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 194 Caitlin Stone 195 ------fang practices practices fangsheng would upset a large would upset a large fangsheng . The animals themselves are are animals themselves . The fangsheng because of invasive species, and animal, occupy both plant places on the environment also contradicts some of the teachings of teachings of some also of the contradicts environment on the places In the face of all theseall of detrimental face effects, the In simply to do not would it The Chinese environment and society Chinese poten only things environment not the The are It is also likely that the Chinese will the detrimental economy feel effects that is also likely It Public health is also a concern when discussing is alsoPublic health a concern fangsheng formed by each association. would also be a good It least idea at for some, if not all, of these associations partner cen to with local animal rehabilitation ban the practice. The roots of the practice are too old and engrained are roots practice The of the into practice. ban the of a prohibition Mandating Chinese society. portion Chinese citizens, of the of the best people. is within the interest It restrictions on the place Chinese to and the environment, government the types bebe to animals of released permay practice oftenand how the do not show concern for the wellbeing of the animals, wellbeing of the the for so just as long do not show concern they brings a certain alive. This hypocrisyare as original the practice the into strain that The been compassion. had simply goal demonstrate to sheng as well. environment the for Buddhism, as of compassion it shows a lack tially damaged by the effectstially damaged by the of strain of popularization. has the feeling cycle and release that The of catch given a new birth supply animals has to to beenmarket animals to causing bebe to again just released caught, released, caught over immediately then becoming them in resulting again, over and increasingly leadingand ill to high mortalityabnormally people rates. of the Many performing releases and energy controlling plant growth messes and cleaning up the plant created and energy controlling by independent economy, impacts actors. on the potential of the In spite certaina level affluenceof can be seen Chinese the among population as asa result people more spend money more on these releases, using large portions salaries practice. of their on the ease increase. transmission to of manpower required The GDP. portion country’s large of the ing a relatively these species to tend to a heavy can have influence opportunity on the country the as for localcost spend agencies must time and government because of possible of disease transmission The human. animal to from flu avian are to as potential and salmonella the concerns theymajor have amountseffect of people large and become alarmingly of severe. lack The released are is demon animals that handling of the safe the for concern by practitioners not wearingstrated gloves animals. and kissing the The of dis probability cause kept the are animals poor the in which conditions the potential to cause detrimental to potential effectsthe local to ecologies envi and the by offsetting food in localronment drops and causing ani balances native diseasemal populations through pool gene out competition, transmission, predation. dilution, and - friendlier to the friendlier the to fangsheng groups find to sustainable fangsheng did. 98 The Liezi As is evidenced in New Qinghai association by the temple the and There are a few associations within the country, such asQing such the a few are associationsThere country, within the environment and society. Hopefully, even education after the of society, Hopefully, and society. environment as governor in the the right,” people “you are the say will than do more story from means release to animals. An important some groups which step, are undertaking, people educate the is to effects of the environment, on the education, animals themselves. the and Without public health, economy, be could proposed solutions be that any ignored would likely and business solution a forth is not in putting would be goal as conducted usual. The make it and to reform to but system, the end to the species the many of one is lake Lake.Qinghai nakedof carp the This into naked ecosystems of these carp.of the goal native the The are which lakes reverse to effects the overfishing of releases attempt is to and increase the local populations. possible for it is entirely City, York ters in order to release native species release theyto native areas which in order the belong, to ters into release.” of “compassionate example following Benkong Shi’s Association,hai Lake Fangsheng focus releasing on very which specific species.native Qinghai Lake association,The releases only instance, for

UMBC REVIEW | VOL.18 196 Caitlin Stone 197

------April April 中 - , 北京云局寺朝阳放生协会, ” Nonviolence to Nonviolence to [Internet Fang [Internet [Guangdong Fangsheng Fangsheng [Guangdong Ethical Treatment of Ani Treatment Ethical Ethical Treatment of of Treatment Ethical , February 22, 2016, http:// , February [Fangsheng Wang Message Message Wang [Fangsheng 放生网络 . . 113-114. [Fangsheng Wang], fangsheng Wang], [Fangsheng 128-130. , (Albany, SUNY Press: 1993), 23. , (Albany, 放生纪实与账目明细, 放生纪实与账目明细,”北京云局放生纪实与账目明细,”北京云局寺广东放生协会 Association], http://gdfangsheng.org/ 16, 2016); (accessed May (accessed May http://www.cyfsxh.org/ 16, 2016); sheng], http://gdfangsheng.org/NetFS. 16, 2016). asp (accessed May Invasive Species National The Council, “Invasive Species Definition Clarifica The Paper,” White tion and Guidance InvasiveNational Species Council 21, 2006, https://www.invasivespe ciesinfo.gov/docs/council/isacdef.pdf 29, 2016). (accessed March Fangsheng666, email message to Author, Author, to email message Fangsheng666, 11, 2016. March “” 放生户生放生网 wang.org 16, 2016); (accessed May 全国放生联系文公益点击留言版, 网留言板 Board], http://fangshengwang.org/lirui/ 16, 2016). (accessed May www.bjyjsfshs.com/fsjs/20160222/9764. 7, 2016). (accessed March html. “ 放生户生 Christopher Chapple, Christopher Chapple, Earth,Animals, Asian Self Tradi in and tions “BuddhistShiu, Animal Release Prac 182. tices,” Quoted “Buddhist in Shiu, Animal 182. Release Practices,” Ibid., 182. Chenzhong, mals, “BuddhistShiu, Animal Release Prac 182. tices,” “ 寺放生户生 Think Differently AboutSheep, “Why Differently Think Think Buddhism,” Animals Matter: About Sheep, http:// Differently think-differently-about-sheep.com/ Buddhism.htm Why_Animals_Matter_ 16, 2016). (accessed May Chenzhong, Animals, 28. 29. 25. 26. 27. 24. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 15. 16. - - -

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- - - , Sep , November 28, East Asia: A New The Economist (London: Northbrook Ethical Treatment of of Treatment Ethical , November 6, 2015, Taoist Teachings from the Teachings Taoist Ethical Treatment of Ani Treatment Ethical Contemporary Buddhism (New York: Addison-Wesley Addison-Wesley (New York: 104. Lionel Giles,Lionel Tzu Book of Lieh 1912), 118-119. Society, Steve Coutinho, “Liezi (Lieh-tzu, Cn. Encyclopedia Internet B.C.E.),” Cn. 4th http://www.iep.utm.edu/ of Philosophy, 6, 2016). liezi/ (accessed March Ibid. Chenzhong, mals, Ibid., 105. Ibid., 105-107. “BuddhistShiu, Animal Release Prac 183. tices,” dx.doi.org/10.1080/14639940802556529 (accessed January 7, 2017). Rhoads Murphey, History Publishers, 1997), 78-80. Ibid., 94-95. Ibid., 184. Animals in Early Chinese Buddhism Chinese Early in Animals UK: Cambridge (Newcastle upon Tyne, Scholars Publishing, 2014), 102-105. Henry and Leah Shiu Stokes, “Buddhist Animal Release Practices: Historic, Envi and Economic Public Health ronmental, Concerns,” 9, no. 2 (December 2008): 182, http:// Hudson Lockett,Hudson “The Booming Business release’ Buddhist Ceremony,” ‘life of the Review Economic China 2014, http://www.chinaeconomicreview. (accessed March com/dangerousdharma 2, 2016). Pu Chenzhong, rc=email_to_a_friend (accessed March rc=email_to_a_friend (accessed March Xin, “Money Sours 5, 2016); Yang Animal Release,” Ceremonial Buddhism’s Beijing Today https://beijingtoday.com.cn/2015/11/ money-sours-buddhisms-ceremoni 2, al-animal-release/ (accessed March 2016). “Animal Spirits,” Spirits,” “Animal tember 12, 2015, http://www.economist. com/news/china/21664239-releas ing-animals-wild-voguewith-unwel come-consequences-animal-spirits?fs

12. 13. 14. 8. 9. 10. 11. 5. 6. 7. 4. 2. 3. ENDNOTES 1. - - - - Jour 294, 294, - Science 78 (Novem “Rana Catesbeiana,” “Rana Catesbeiana,”

, http://eol.org/ 41, no. 3, (September August 23, 2010, http:// August , Ibid.; Fangsheng666, email message to to email message Ibid.; Fangsheng666, 11, 2016. March Caitlin Stone, Ibid. Chen, “Invasive Carp Ping Xie and Yiyu Lakes,” Plateau in China’s stable/4498618 (Januarystable/4498618 8, 2017). Ibid. Encyclopedia Parakeet of Life, “Shell - Details - Undulatus - Melopsittacus Encyclopedia of Encyclopedia of Life,” Life, http://eol.org/pages/914969/details 30, 2016). (accessed March Sin-wai “Reli Chan and M. Phil, gious Kong,” release in Hong of birds Biological Conservation ber 2006): 72, http://hub.hku.hk/ bitstream/10722/51015/6/FullText.pdf 2, 2016). (accessed March Encyclopedia Parakeet - of Life, “Shell Encyclopedia Undulatus,” Melopsittacus of Life, http://eol.org/pages/914969/ 30, 2016). details (accessed March ARKive, and “Budgerigar Videos, Photos ARKive, http://www.arkive.org/ Facts,” budgerigar/melopsittacus-undulatus/ 30, 2016). (accessed March Ibid. Sin-wai “Religious Chan and M. Phil, release of birds.” Encyclopedia of Life, “Bighead Carp - Nobilis – Detail,” Hypophthalmichthys Encyclopedia of Life pages/204760/details (accessed March 30, 2016). eol.org/pages/330963/details (accessed 29, 2016). March Ibid. Ibid. Ibid.; AmphibiaWeb, AmphibiaWeb www.amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_que (accessed ry?rel-common_name=like 30, 2016). March Zhongei Guo, Chris Yanping, Wang, Li, “Body A.topher and Yiming Pearl, Size Affects Predatory the Interactions Between American Introduced Bullfrogs (Rana Anurans Catesbeiana) and Native in China: An Experimental Study,” of Herpetologynal 2007): 514–20, http://www.jstor.org/

58. 59. 60. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 46. 47. 48. 49. ------) 58, 58, - , Beijing Lithobates CatesLithobates , June 3, 2009, 3, 2009, , June BioScience “

Assessment Con and China.org.cn ” Encyclopedia of Life, http:// Trachemys Scripta Elegans Trachemys , November 06, 2015, https:// beianus, Ibid. Xin, “Money Sours Buddhism’s Yang, Animal Release,” Ceremonial Today beijingtoday.com.cn/2015/11/mon ey-sours-buddhisms-ceremonial-ani 2, 2016). mal-release/ (accessed March Encyclopedia of Life, Status of the Introduced Red-eared Introduced of the Status ( Slider in Taiwan,” trol of Biological Risks Invasion (January 2006): 187-196, http:// citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/down load?doi=10.1.1.533.8811&rep=rep1& type=pdf 2, 2016) (accessed March March 11, 2016. March Invasive Species Database, “Trachemys Scripta Elegans, ”. Ibid. Ibid. Chen, “Distribution and Tien-Hsi mys Scripta Elegans,” Invasive Species Scriptamys Elegans,” Database, http://www.cabi.org/isc/data sheet/61560 29, 2016). (accessed March Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Author, to email message Fangsheng666, Global Invasive Species Database, “100 Invasive Alien Spe Worst World’s of the Global Invasive Species Database, cies,” http://www.issg.org/database/species/ search.asp?st=100ss (accessed March 29, 2016). Invasive Species Database, “Trache Jianqing Ding, et al., “China’s Booming Ding,Jianqing et al., “China’s and Accelerating Is Sparking Economy Biological Invasions,” 2009): 319, https://doi. no. 4 (April (accessed January org/10.1641/B580407 8, 2016). Lockett, “The Booming Business of the release’Buddhist Ceremony.” ‘life Wang Wei, “China Suffers from Invasive from Suffers “China Wei, Wang Species,” http://www.china.org.cn/environment/ features_analyses/2009-06/03/con (accessed March tent_17880215.htm 29, 2016). 43. 44. 45. 39. 40. 41. 42. 35. 36. 37. 38. 33. 34. 31. 32. 30.

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- - - - Chi The PLOSONE 3, no. 2722 3, no. 2722 北京云居寺 (Beijing Yunju Temple Life Life Temple (BeijingYunju , August 13, 2014, http:// , August Current Opinion in VirologyCurrent Opinion in Scientific Reports , August 13, 2014, https:// , August Ibid. Releases Shenzhen Cobras Into “Woman Park, Gets Online,” Eviscerated Nanfang thenanfang.com/Shenzhen-wom an-releases-poisonous-snakes-in to-wild-gets-eviscerated-online/ 10, 2016). (accessed May Sets ‘Does Good’, Woman “Chinese in Park,” Free Snakes Poisonous naSMACK www.chinasmack.com/2014/pictures/ chinese-woman-does-good-sets-poison Ibid. H7N9,” “Surveillance of Avian Wang, 1-11. Chan, “Religious release of birds.” Li-Qun Fang, Spread et al., “Mapping Influenzaand Risk A(H7N9) of Avian in China,” (September 2013), http://www.nature. (accessed March com/articles/srep02722 7, 2016). and Development of Zhu, “Emergence H7N9.” and Risk.” Spread Fang, “Mapping 10, no. 8 (August 2015): 1-11, http://dx. 2015): 1-11, 10, no. 8 (August doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135718 (accessed January 8, 2017). Disease for and Centers Control Asked Prevention, “H7N9: Frequently Disease for Centers Control Questions,” and Prevention, 2014, http://www.cdc. gov/flu/avianflu/h7n9-faq.htm (accessed 2016). 17, May and Zhu, et al., “Emergence Huachen Development of H7N9 Influenza Viruses in China,” 2016): 106-113, http:// 16, (February www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/ pii/S1879625716300025 (accessed April 5, 2016). and Accounting Details),” Details),” and Accounting 放生户生团 Release http:// Group), Protection and www.bjyjsfshs.com/fsjs/20160307/9787. 17, 2016). (accessed May html et al, “Surveillance of Wang, Xiaoxiao Envi in Various H7N9 Virus Avian of Zhejiangronments China Province, Before After and Live Poultry Markets Closed in 2013-2014,” Were

76. 77. 78. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 68. 69. 67. - - , - - - 与 - -

(The - [The 日【 29, no. 2 29, no. 2 Science of 6 (March (March 月 (放生仪 3 CRI English 年 , http://www.cdc. 468 (September ),” YouTube ),” 放生的智慧 Centers for Disease 卢军宏台长与心与卢军宏台长 Fangsheng [Released 100,000 Fish! Disease Surveillance [Wen-quing,Wang], et al.,“ [Wen-quing,Wang], “Salmonella,” “Salmonella,”

,” YouTube video, 5:22, https://www. YouTube ,” 6, 2016 [Sunday] Fangsheng Records Records Fangsheng 6, 2016 [Sunday] Zhang Zhang, “The ‘Red-eared Slider’, Zhang Zhang, “The ‘Red-eared Slider’, Bully LocalStop Turtles,” 22, 2009, http://english.cri. May cn/7146/2009/05/22/53s486844.htm 10, 2016). (accessed May Life Release and Temple Beijing Yunju “2016 Group, Protection 周日】放生纪实与账目明细 Salmonella Pomona was first Pomona isolated Salmonella red-eared slider (Trache exotic from the scriptamys wild in the elegans) in China: health,” public for Implications Environment Total the 2014): 28-30, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/24012893 (accessed April 5, 2016). 爬行动物有关的波摩那沙门菌 of Reptiles and Salmonella Relationship Pomona]” 2014): 163-166, http://html. (February rhhz.net/JBJC/html/article_8018.htm 1, 2016). (accessed March Gong Shiping, et al., “Highly pathogenic K_2-wpX4VP0HCN&index=3 (accessed 3, 2016). March Disease for and PrevenCenters Control tion, PreventionControl and gov/salmonella/general/technical.html 10, 2016). (accessed May 王闻卿 YouTube video, 7:51, https://youtu. YouTube be/YfLKYvYLkGg?list=PL18_AEX Ylx8U5JjVTVkK_2-wpX4VP0HCN 2016); Ding Yi 3, (accessed March Ong, Practice Sheng “Fang 式) youtube.com/watch?v=YfLKYvYLk Gg&list=PL18_AEXYlx8U5JjVTVk video,https://www.youtube. 29:13, com/watch?v=a8Ddt5l0jww&index =1&list=PL18_AEXYlx8U5JjVT VkK_2-wpX4VP0HCN (accessed 2, 2016); March 灵法门,“放生十万条鱼!奇迹般活过来了! of Life has Miracle Come!],” The no. 5544 (Novemberno. 5544 999-1000, 2001): http://science.sciencemag.org/con (accessed March tent/294/5544/999.3 2, 2016). “ CuteBabydoll4562, of Wisdom 65. 66. 64. 62. 63. 61. - - - 放生 [March [March 北京云居寺年3月6日【 [Qinghai Lake Carp [Beijing Yunju Temple Life Life Temple [Beijing Yunju Non-violence to Animals, Earth,Non-violence to Animals, , January-February, 2014, 2014, , January-February, [Everybody Discuss Fangsheng],” [Everybody Discuss Fangsheng],” https://www.audubon.org/magazine/ january-february-2014/a-buddhist-rit ual-gets-ecologically 17, (accessed May 2016). Ibid. Association,Guandong Fangsheng “ 大家谈 Association,Guandong Fangsheng http://gdfangsheng.org/Forums2/List. Asp?BoardID=3 17, (accessed May 2016). Buddhist Gets Ritual an Eco “A Nuwer, logically Correct Update.” 青海湖观鱼放生网 Release Online], http://www.qhhgyfsw. 17, 2016). (accessed May com/ Protection Group, “2016 “2016 Group, Protection 周日】放生纪实与账目明细 Records Fangsheng [Sunday] 6, 2016 Details]”; and Accounting 放生户生团 Release http:// Group], and Protection 17, www.bjyjsfshs.com/ (accessed May 2016). “Buddhist Animal ReleaseShiu, Prac 183. tices,” Ibid. Ibid. Chapple, Asian Self Traditions. in and Buddhist Ritual “A Nuwer, Rachel Gets an Ecologically Correct Update,” Audubon 95. 96. 97. 98. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. - - - - - ,

. [March 6 [March 年3月6日【周 , (August 13, 2014). , (August . . The Economist “Opportunity Cost , Sunday] Fangsheng Records and and Records Fangsheng Sunday] The Nanfang China.org.cn China.org.cn. China.org.cn [ Wei, “China Suffers from Invasive from Suffers Spe “China Wei, cies,” Releases Shenzhen Cobras Into “Woman Park,” Life Release and Temple Beijing Yunju of Life, “Red-vented Bulbul - Pycnonotus Encyclopedia of Life, Cafer - Overview,” http://eol.org/pages/1050631/overview 17, 2016). (accessed May Invasive from Suffers Spe “China Wei, cies,” Investopedia Definition”. Wei, “China Suffers from Invasive from Suffers Spe “China Wei, cies,” Invasive Hawaii Species Council, Invasive Hawaii “Red-vented Bulbul,” Species Council, http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/ hisc/info/species/red-vented-bulbul/ 17, 2016); Encyclopedia(accessed May Accounting Details].” Accounting Ibid. Spirits,” “Animal Investopedia, Defi “Disposable Income Investopedia, 2003, http://www. nition,” investopedia.com/terms/d/disposablein 10, 2016). (accessedcome.asp May ous-snakes-free-in-park.html (accessed 10, 2016). May Life Release and Temple Beijing Yunju “2016 Group, Protection 日】放生纪实与账目明细 2016

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Emily Huang editors Dylan Rogers Elliott

Maryam Banyahmad graphic designers Amir Khatirnia EMILY HUANG Emily Huang is a senior biochemistry and molecular biology major and modern languages, linguistics, and intercultural communications minor with a focus in Chinese. After graduating in spring 2017, she will pursue a DMD degree at the University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine. Serving as the STEM Editor for the 18th Edition of the UMBC Review has been one of one of the most rewarding experiences of Emily’s undergraduate career, and she is incredibly thankful for her amazing team. She would first like to thank Dr. Susan McDonough for her advice and help throughout the editing process. Emily is also extremely grateful for Ms. Janet McGlynn’s support, and she wishes Ms. McGlynn all the best in her retirement. Emily also extends her thanks to Mr. Devon Fick and Mr. Michael Mower of the Office of Undergraduate Education (OUE). Lastly, she would also like to thank her co-editor, Mr. Dylan Rogers Elliott, the design advisor, Ms. Guenet Abraham, and the co-designers, Mr. Amirhossein Khatirnia and Ms. Maryamsadat Banyahmad for their hard work and dedication to this publication. DYLAN ROGERS ELLIOTT Dylan Rogers Elliott is a senior Humanities Scholars Program Scholar and a member of UMBC’s Honors College expecting to graduate in spring 2017. He is majoring in history and minoring in legal policy with the intention of pursuing a career in law. Serving as the Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences Editor for the UMBC Review has been a tremendous honor for Dylan and he is proud to have supported UMBC’s vibrant undergraduate research community. He would like to thank Dr. Susan McDonough, who has been an advisor for Dylan during his time as an editor and for the entirety of his undergraduate career. He also thanks the staff of the Office of Undergraduate Education (OUE), specifically Ms. Janet McGlynn. Her dedication to the UMBC Review is unflagging and without her consistent support this volume would never have been published. Finally, Dylan extends his thanks to his co-editor, Ms. Emily Huang, and the co-designers, Mr. Amirhossein Khatirnia and Ms. Maryamsadat Banyahmad. Working with these dedicated individuals has been a privilege. MARYAM BANYAHMAD Maryam Banyahmad is graduating in May 2017 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Graphic Design and print media as her minor. Having been honored by the opportunity to design the UMBC Review has been an immensely rewarding experience for her. Maryam would like to thank her mentor Professor Guenet Abraham for her dedication, persistence, and guidance. She would also like to extend her thanks to the editors, Mr. Dylan Rogers Elliott and Ms. Emily Huang, who worked hard to create the latest volume of UMBC Review: Undergraduate Research Journal. Maryam is thankful to fellow designer Mr. Amir Khatirnia, whose creativity led to the creation of an effective design for the 18th edition of the UMBC Review. AMIR KHATIRNIA Amir Khatirnia is majoring in graphic design and minoring in print media at UMBC. He is graduating in spring 2017 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Graphic Design. Amir is so grateful for having been a graphic design assistant for the 18th edition of 2017 UMBC Review: Undergraduate Research Journal. He would like to thank his mentor, Professor Guenet Abraham, whose guidance, dedication, and advice in creation of this edition gave him the opportunity to enhance his design skills. Finally, Amir wishes to extend his thanks to everyone involved, especially, the co-editors, Ms. Emily Huang and Mr. Dylan Rogers Elliott, and co-designer, Ms. Maryam Banyahmad, for their diligence. Working with all of them was a great honor.