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Diet Selection of Lesser White-Fronted Geese Anser Erythropus at a Spring Staging Area

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Diet Selection of Lesser White-Fronted Geese Anser Erythropus at a Spring Staging Area ECOGRAPHY 26: 705–714, 2003 Diet selection of lesser white-fronted geese Anser erythropus at a spring staging area Juha Markkola, Marika Niemela¨ and Seppo Rytko¨nen Markkola, J., Niemela¨, M. and Rytko¨nen S. 2003. Diet selection of lesser white- fronted geese Anser erythropus at a spring staging area. – Ecography 26: 705–714. We studied diet selection of the globally threatened lesser white-fronted goose Anser eythropus at a spring staging area on the island of Hailuoto (64°00%N, 24°45%E), off the western coast of Finland. We determined the diet using droppings, which were collected in late May, when the geese had left the area and migrated northwards. The sample potentially comprised of ejecta from 31 different individuals. Plant identifica- tion was based on visual determination of epidermal fragments. A total of 100 droppings were sampled using a point quadrat method. We calculated the percentage of each identified taxon in each dropping and related this to the availability of the corresponding taxon in the meadow. We measured preference for each taxon using o Chesson’s electivity index ( i) and tested them by bootstrap resampling. The diet contained 9 taxa of the ca 40 available. Almost all dietary items were Monocotyle- dons (99.9%), mostly grasses (88.7%) including Festuca rubra (43%), Phragmites australis (30%) and Calamagrostis stricta (13%). Only Phragmites (o=0.73, p= 0.000), Festuca (o=0.52, p=0.004) and possibly Triglochin palustris (o=0.70, p= 0.125) were preferred, all other species were avoided. All preferred species were quite common and other goose species exploit them too. The lesser white-fronted geese preferred large natural meadows that were five times broader than an ‘‘average’’ Bothnian Bay meadow. All forms of mowing and grazing management benefit the restoration of lesser white-fronted goose habitats at the landscape level. Festuca and especially Triglochin benefit from such management. Reeds, Phragmites, whose spread has been the main cause of coastal meadow deterioration, can be controlled by management, but can also be maintained among other vegetation if mowing is less frequent or grazing not too intensive. J. Markkola ( juha.markkola@oulu.fi), M. Niemela¨, and S. Rytko¨nen, Dept of Biology, Uni6. of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014 Oulun yliopisto, Finland. The lesser white-fronted goose (abbreviated later as is on the verge of extinction, comprising B50 breeding LWfG) Anser erythropus L. was a numerous breeding pairs (e.g. Aarvak et al. 2001). bird species in arctic and sub-arctic areas between Beginning from Nordic initiatives in the 1970s and Scandinavia and the Far East before World War II 1980s a network of conservation activities was estab- (Lorentsen et al. 1999). In recent decades, population lished step by step throughout the entire distribution numbers have fallen and the distribution range has area of the LWfG from Europe to China and the Far contracted drastically (Norderhaug and Norderhaug East. The LWfG Task Force was established under the 1984). The most serious threat, based on results of Goose Specialist Group of Wetlands International in ringing and satellite telemetry studies, is illegal or, in 1994. An action plan to protect the LWfG was ap- some countries, legal hunting (Tolvanen and Markkola proved by the European Council and published by 1998). At present, the autumn population comprises BirdLife International (Madsen 1996). little over 25 000 individuals, and the species is globally Results from a range of studies are required to threatened. In Nordic countries the LWfG population construct a basis for undertaking a comprehensive vul- Accepted 24 March 2003 Copyright © ECOGRAPHY 2003 ISSN 0906-7590 ECOGRAPHY 26:6 (2003) 705 nerability analysis (Soule´ 1986), necessary for successful (L.) and Carex mackenziei (V. Krecz.). Juncus gerardii formulation of conservation policy. The conservation (Loisel.) and Calamagrostis stricta (Timm, Koeler) are biology studies of recent years have included analysis of common throughout the whole meadow. Upper parts population trends and distribution (e.g. Iwabuchi et al. of the meadow are characterised by Festuca rubra and 1997), migration routes (e.g. Lorentsen et al. 1998) and locally with willow shrubs. Minor variation in topogra- population genetics (Ruokonen 2001) of the LWfG. phy breaks zoning by creating mosaic like vegetation. One fundamental need is an understanding of the diet Phragmites and Carex mackenziei typically grow in and habitat selection in staging areas. In particular, can most shallow depressions and Festuca on low hillocks. an understanding of these be of benefit to the LWfG in Since 1986, To¨mppa¨ meadow has been managed by these areas? Depending on the migration patterns and mowing, successfully reducing the previously expanding phenology of a particular bird species, conditions on reed beds and areas of willow scrub. the wintering quarters, in spring-staging places and in The area lies within the mid-boreal coniferous forest breeding areas contribute to varying degrees to the zone and is subject to compensatory land-uplift of ca 8 ultimate reproductive success of a population (e.g. mm per year (Siira 1970). The area is scheduled under Nilsson 1979). In northern breeding, long-distance mi- the National Conservation Programme of Wetlands in grating geese as the LWfG, the feeding conditions at Finland, confirmed by the Council of State in 1982, and stop-over sites are important (Ebbinge et al. 1982, Prop it has been included in Project Mar, as a proposed and Deerenberg 1991). The female geese acquire energy Ramsar wetland of international importance and pro- stores in spring-staging areas before moving to the posed Natura 2000 site. The LWfG working team of breeding places, where very little food is available dur- WWF Finland annually carries out observation work at ing the egg laying period. To¨mppa¨ during the entire spring staging period of the This study aimed to reveal diet and habitat prefer- LWfG as a part of the annual monitoring and research ences of the LWfG on the Bothnian Bay coast during program. spring staging. The results were applied to recommen- dations for management planning of the coastal mead- ows along the Bothnian Bay, with particular emphasis Habitat quality on recommendations for management of mowing or grazing. Our working hypothesis was that LWfG staging along the Bothnian Bay prefer the most extensive coastal meadows. To test this the 9 meadows used by LWfG during the last 10 yr were compared with 20 randomly Material and methods sampled meadows throughout the Bothnian Bay coast % % Study area between Kalajoki, 64°15 N and Kuivaniemi 65°30 N. Latitude and longitude co-ordinates of 20 points Diet selection of the lesser white-fronted goose was were randomised and the nearest meadow to each was studied on coastal meadows at To¨mppa¨ on the island of included in the sample. The width of the meadow was Hailuoto (64°00%N, 24°45%E), on the Finnish western measured from 1:20 000 National Survey Board maps coast of the Bothnian Bay. During 1985–2002 this (1980s edition) between the wooded zone to the land- meadow supported, in most years, the majority of all ward side and the shoreline. Under conditions prevail- lesser white-fronted geese using the Bothnian Bay ing throughout the Bothnian Bay this equates to the flyway from the border area between Greece and geolittoral zone situated between the average sea level Turkey via Hungary and Estonia towards Lapland and and the high water level (Siira 1970). The hydrolittoral Finnmark, in northern Norway (Aarvak et al. 1999). In zone between the (average) sea level and the lowest 1985–1988 the Bothnian Bay meadows hosted ca 100 water level was roughly measured determining the dis- LWfG. After that the numbers declined and in 1993, tance between the shoreline and the dotted line on the when the dropping samples were collected, 31 LWfG maps showing ca minus one metre under the average used the meadow of To¨mppa¨, out of all 33 staging on sea level. The difference in the width of the geolittoral the Bothnian Bay coast. In 1994 the total number was and hydrolittoral zones was T-tested (one tail, unequal 46 but declined gradually to ca 25 in 2000 (Markkola variances) between LWfG staging places and the refer- 2001). The Valdak marshes in Finnmark, N Norway ence meadows. unite more branches of migration routes and therefore host more LWfG, e.g. 84 individuals in spring 1998. The central, relatively uniform part of the meadow is Determining diet ca 1 km2 and is flanked by extensive mud-flats and shallows, the area of which varies greatly according to The easiest method of studying diet is to determine the the sea water level. Vegetation near the shoreline is contents of the digestive system in dead birds. Sedinger dominated by Eleocharis species, Agrostis stolonifera and Raveling (1984) applied this method in Canada 706 ECOGRAPHY 26:6 (2003) goose Branta canadensis L., Budeau et al. (1991) in droppings and logged these according to species or white-fronted goose Anser albifrons Scopoli and Ster- taxon and the type of tissue concerned. We sampled the betz (1978) in Hungary in the white-fronted goose and points determining their location as pairs of numbers even in the LWfG. This method enables identification taken from the random number table and using these of plant material freshly consumed but requires destruc- figures as co-ordinates (x,y) of the movable objective tive sampling – i.e. killing the birds. table of the microscope. Leaves and leaf sheath epider- An alternative method useful in threatened species mis tissues were differentiated as upper and lower epi- involves study of the diet by determination of frag- dermis, enabling identification of one or both in any ments of plant epidermal tissues in faecal pellets.
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