Millwright Apprenticeship. Related Training Modules. Oregon State Dept. of Education, Salem. 210P

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 254 719 CE 040 995

TITLE Millwright Apprenticeship. Related Training Modules. 5.1-5.16 Drafting. INSTITUTION Lane Community Coll., Eugene, Oreg. SPONS AGENCY Oregon State Dept. of Education, Salem. PUB DATE [82) NOTE 210p.; For related documents, see CE 040 992-041 007. Many of the modules are duplicated in CE 040 973. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Materials (For Learner) (051)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Apprenticeships; Behavioral Objective3; *Blueprints; *Drafting; Job Skills; Job Training; Learning Modules; Machine Tools; Measurement; Measurement Equipment; *Orthographic Projection; Postsecondary Education; Power Technology; *Trade and Industrial Education; Welding IDENTIFIERS *Millwrights

ABSTRACT This packet, part of the instructional materials for the Oregon apprenticeship program for millwright training, contains 16 modules covering drafting. The modules provide information on the following topics: types of drawing and views, sketching, blueprint reading/working drawings, working drawings for machines and welding, machine and welding symbols, basic blueprint reading and drafting, machine features for drafting, measure.ient, and visualization. Each module consists of a goal, performance indicators, student study guide, introduction, information sheets illustrated with line drawings and photographs, a self-assessment test with answers, and a post-assessment test.(KC)

********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** APPRENTICESHIP

RELATED TRAINING MODULES

.4j/I 5- /6breA-F7Pt/c. SAIIMORIMMINISSMMOMINMIIIMISSIOMMIMal6

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IT IS THE POLICY OF THEOREGON DEPARTMENT OFEDUCATION

THAT NO PERSON BESUBJECTED TO DISCRIMINATIONON THE

BASIS OF RACE, NATIONALORIGIN, SEX, AGE,HANDICAP OR

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STRIVE BY ITS ACTIONS TOENHANCE THE DIGNITYAND WORTH

OF ALL PERSONS,

STATEMENT OF DEVELOPMENT

THIS PROJECT WAS DEVELOPED ANDPRODUCED UNDER ASUB-CONTRACT COMMUNITV FOP THEOREGON DEPARTMENT OFEDUCATION BY LANE A84, COLLEGE, APPRENTICESHIPDIVISION, EUGENE, OREGON,

LANE COMMUNITY COLLEGE IS ANAFFIRMATIVEACTION/EQUAL

OPPORTUNITY INSTITUTION.

3 Pagel

APPRENTICESHIP

MILLWRIGHT RELATED TRAINING MODULES

SAFETY

1.1 General Safety 1.2 Hand Tbol Safety 1.3 Power Tool Safety 1.4 Fire Safety 1.5 Hygiene Safety 1.6 Safety and Electricity 1.7 Fire Types and Prevention 1.8 Machine Safeguarding (includes OSHA Handbook) ELECTRICIMALEq221

2.1 Basics of Energy 2.2 Atomic Theory 2.3 Electrical Conduction 2.4 Basics of Direct Current 2.5 Introduction to Circuits 2.6 Reading Scales 2.7 Using a V.O.M. 2.8 OHM'S Law 2.9 Power and Watt's Law 2.10 Kirchoff's Current Law 2.11 Kirchoff's Voltage Law 2.12 Series Resistive Circuits 2.13 Parallel Resistive Circuits 2.14 Series - Parallel Resistive Circuits 2.15 Switches and Relays 2.16 Basics of Alternating Currents 2.17 Magnetism

CCMPUTERS

3.1 Digital Language 3.2 Digital Logic 3.3 Computer Overview 3.4 Computer Software

TOOLS

4.1 Boring and Drilling Tools 4.2 Cutting Tools, Files and Abrasives 4.3 Holding and Fastening Tools 4.4 Fastening Devices 4.5 Basic Science - Simple Mechanics 4.6 Fasteners

4 Page II

DRAFTING

5.1 Types of Drawing and Views 5.2 Sketching 5.3 Blueprint Reading/Working Drawings 5.4 Working Drawings for Machines and Welding 5.5 Machine and Welding Symbols 5.6 Blueprint Reading, Drafting: Basic Print Reading 5.7 Blueprint Reading, Drafting: Basic Print Reading 5.8 Blueprint Reading, Drafting: Basic Print Reading 5.9 Blueprint Reading, Drafting: Basic Print Reading 5.10 Blueprint Reading, Drafting: Basic Print Reading 5.11 Blueprint Reading, Drafting: Basic Print Reading 5.12 Blueprint Reading, Drafting: Basic Print Reading 5.13 Blueprint Reading, Drafting: Basic .Print Reading 5.14 Drafting, Machine Features 5.15 Drafting, Measurement 5.16 Drafting, Visualization

HUMAN RELATIONS

6.1 Communications Skills 6.2 Feedback 6.3 Individual Strengths 6.4 Interpersonal Conflicts 6.5 Group Problem Solving 6.6 Goal-setting and Decision-making 6.7 Worksite Visits 6.8 Resumes 6.9 Interviews 6.10 Expectation 6.11 Wider Influences and Responsibilities 6.12 Personal Finance

BOILERS

7.1 Boilers- Fire TUbe Types 7.2 Boilers Watertube Types 7.3 Boilers- Construction 7.4. Boilers Fittings 7.5 Boilers Pperation 7.6 Boilers- Cleaning 7.7 Boilers-. Heat Recovery Systems 7.8 Boilers- Instruments and Controls 7.9 Boilers- Piping and Steam Traps

TURBINES

8.1 Steam Turbines- Types 8.2 St am Turbines- Components 8.3 Steam Turbines- Auxiliaries 8.4 Steam TUrbines- ration and Maintenance 8.5 Gas TUrbines Page III

PUMPS fi 9.1 'Pumps - Types and Classification 9.2 Pumps - Applications 9.3 Pumps - Construction 9.4 Pumps - Calculating Heat and Flow 9.5 Pumps - Operation 9.6 Pumps - Monitoring and Troubleshooting 9.7 Pumps - Maintenance

COMEUSTICN

10.1 Combustion - Process 10.2 Combustion - Types of Fuel 10.3 Cambustion - Air and Fuel Gases 10.4 Combustion - Heat Transfer 10.5 Cambustion - Wood

GENERATORS. '7

11.1 Generators - Types and Construction 11.2 Generators - Operation

FEEDWATER

12.1 Feedwater - Types and Equipment 12.2 Feedwater - Water Treatments 12.3 Feedwater - Testing

AIR COMPRESSORS

13.1 Air Compressors - Types 13.2 Air Compressors - Operation and Maintenance

STEAM

14.1 Steam - Formation and Evaporation 14.2 Steam -4 Types 14.3 Steam - Transport 14.4 Steam - Purification

MISCELLANEOUS

15.1 Installation - Foundations 15.2 Installation - Alignment 15.3 Circuit Protection 15.4 Transformers 15.5 Trade Terms

TRADE MATH

16.1 Linear - Measure 16.2 Whole Numbers 16.3 Additional and Subtraction of Common Friction and Mixed Numbers 16.4 Multiplication and Division of Common Fractions and Whole and Mixed Numbers Page IV

16.5 Compound Numbers 16.6 Percent 16.7 Ratio and PropoLtion 16.8 .Perimeters, Areas and Volumes 16.9 Circumference and Wide Area of Circles 16.10 Area of Plane, Figures and Volumes of Solid Figures 16.11 Metrics

HYDRAULICS

17.1 Hydraulics -Lever 17.2 Hydraulics -Transmission of Force 17.3 Hydraulics -Symbols 17.4 Hydraulics -Basic Systems 17.5 Hydraulics -Pumps 17.6 Hydraulics -Pressure Relief Valve 17.7, Hydraulics -Reservoirs 17;8 Hydraulics -Directional Control Valve 17.9 Hydraulics -Cylinders 17.10 Hydraulics -Forces, Area, Pressure 17.11 Hydraulics -Conductors and Connectors 17.12 Hydraulics -Troubleshooting 17.13 Hydraulics -Maintenance

METALLURGY

18.1 Included are TLS packets: W 3010 W 3011-1 W 3011-2 MS 9001 (1-3-4-8-9-6-7-5-2-9) MS 9200, 9201

POWER DRIVES,

19.1 101. A-B-C-D-E 102. C -D-E 103. B-C-D-E 104. A-C-E-F-G-H I-J 107. A 108. A

WELDING

20.1 602. A- B- C- D- G -I -L-M 603. A-B,F-G-I W. 3011-1 refer to Mettallurgy 18.1 WE. MA-18 MILLWRIGHT SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCE DIRECTORY

Note: All reference packets are numbered ontheupper right-hand corner of the respective cover page.

Supplementary Packet # Description Related Training Module

Concepts t Techniques of Machine Safeguarding,U S.D.L., O.S.H.A. 1.8 Machine Safeguarding

Correspondence Course, Lecture 1, Sec. 2, Steam Generators, Types 7.1 Boilers, Fire Tube Type of boilers I, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Correspondence Course, Lecture 2, Sec. 2, Steam Generators, Types 7.2 Boilers, Water Tube Type of Boikers II, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

12.3 Correspondence Course, Lecture 2, Sec. 2, Steam Generators, Boiler 7.3 Boilers, Construction Construction & Erection, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

12.4 Correspondence Course, Lecture 4, Sec. 2, Steam Generators, Boiler 7.4 Boilers, Fittings .Fittings II, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

12.4 Correspondence Course, Lecture 4, Sec. 2, Steam Generators, Boiler 7.4 Boilers, Fittings Fitting I, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Boilers, Operation 12.5 Correspondence Course, Lecture 10, Sec. 2, Steam Generation,Boiler 7.5 Operation, Maintenance, Inspection, S.A.I.T.,Calgary, Alberta,. Canada

Boilers Heat Recovery 12.7 Correspondence Course, Lecture 3, Sec. 2, Steam Generation,Boiler 7.7 Details, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada Systems

PUMPS -OTT-- Types & Classifications 13.1 Correspondence Course, Lecture 9, Sec. 2, Steam Generator, Power 13.2 Plant Pumps, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada 9.2 Applications 13.4 9.4 Calculating Heat & F.,ow 13.6 9.6 Monitoring & Troubleshooting 13.7 9.7 Maintenance

13.3 Correspondence Course, Lecture 6, Sec. 3, Steam Generators, Pumps, 9.3 Construction 13.5 S.A.1.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada 9.5 Operation

9 Millwright Supplementary ReferenceDirectory Page 2 IN/ Supplementary Related Training. Module Packet # Description

Correspondence Course, Lecture 6, Sec.3, Steam Generators, Steam 14.3 Steam Transport 14.3 Boilers, Instruments & Generator Controls, S:A.I.T., Calgary,Alberta, Canada 7.8 12.8 Controls

SteamGenerators, 14.4 Steam Purifkation 14.4 Correspondence Course, Lecture 11, Sec.-2, Piping II, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta,Canada

Prime Movers, & Auxil- 8.1 Steam Turbines, Types 15.1 Correspondence Course, Lecture 1, Sec. 4, iaries, Steam Turbines, S.A.I.T., Calgary,Alberta, Canada

Movers, Steam 8.2 Steam Turbines, Components 15.2 Correspondence Course, Lecture 4. Sec. 3, Prime Turbines I, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta;Canada

Auxi1-1 8.3 Steam Turbines, Auxiliaries 15.3 Correspondence Cour'se, Lecture 2, Sec. 4,Prime Movers & i,ries, Steam Turbine Auxiliaries, S.A.I.T.,Calgary, Alberta, Canada

8.4 Steam Turii145, Operation 15.4 Correspondence Course, Lecture 6., Sec. 3,Prime Movers, Steam Turbine Operation & Maintenance, S.A.I.T.,Calgary, Alberta, & Maintenance Canada s,

Movers, Gas 8.5 Gas Turbines 15.5 Correspondence Course, Lecture 8, Sec. 3, Prime Turbines, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

10.2 Cnmh$15 tien Type of Fuel 16.2 auilcrs FirA with Wood & Bart. Residuec, D.D.Jnge, u.S.U., 1975

v,g1 of Fuel 16.2 ',rre4onqunce 1e,:ture 9,'..)pc. 2, !Aelk r,ombustion, Calriary: Alberta, Canilda

F. rIci Gases 16.3 orrespondence Course, Ler.ture ';ec. ?, Plant Servicw., Ft -1 Combustion, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

12.1 Feedw4(1r, Typos & 11.1 Correspondence Course, Lecture 1?, 3, (2te3111 Genercition, Water Treatment, S.A.I.T Calgary, Albixta, Cdnada Operdtion

Generiltion, Writer 12.2 Feedwater, 'Jater 1/.2 correspondence Course, Lecture' 12, Sec. 2, StQoM Treatment, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada Treatme is U I.1 Millwright Supplementary ReferenceDirectory Page 3

Supplementary Related Training Module Packet # Description Generators, Boiler 12.3 Feedwater, Testing Correspondence Course,Lecture 7, Sec. 2, Steam 17.3 Canada Feedwater Treatment,S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Generators, Types & Lecture 2, Sec. 5,Electricity, Direct 11.1 18.1 Correspondence Course, Construction Current Machines, S.A.I.T.,Calgary, Alberta, Canada

11.1 Generators, Types & Correspondence Course, Lecture4, Sec. 5, Electricity,Alternating 18.1 Construction Current Generators, S.A.I.T.,Calgary, Alberta, Canada 18.2 18.2 Generators, Operation

13.1 Air Compressors, Types Correspondence Course, Lecture5, Sec. 4, Prime Movers& Auxil- 19.1 Canada iaries, Air Compressor I,S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta,

6, Sec. 4, Prime,Movers 13.1 Air Compressors, Types 19.1 Correspondence Course, Lecture Air Compressors, Operation II, S.A.I.T., Calgary,'Alberta,Canada 13.2 lades, Air Compressors & Maintenance

Transformers, EL-BE-51 15.4 Transforrers 20.1 Basic Electronics, Power Switchgear 15.3Circuit Protection Correspondence Course, Lecture6, Sec. 5, :lectricity, 21.1 Jlgary, Alberta, & Circuit, ProtectiveEquipment, S.A.I.T., Canada Power 15.1 Installation Foundations Correspondence Course, Lecture10, Sec. 3, Prime Movers, 22.1 Canada Plant Erection & Installation,S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USING TRAININGMODUHS

numbers for this The following pages listmodules and their corresponding hours particular apprenticeship trade. As related training classroom that vary for different reasonsthroughout the state, we recommend packets to the individual apprenticeshipcommittees divide the total fit their individual classschedules.

There are over 130 modulesavailable. Apprentices can complete the whole set by the end oftheir indentured apprenticeships. Some apprentices may already haveknowledge and skills that arecovered credit could be in particular modules. In those cases, perhaps to the granted for those subjects,allowing apprentcies to advance remaining modules.

modules in We suggest the the apprenticeshipinstructors assign the numerical order to make thislearning tool most effective. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

ON CASSETTE TAPES

Tape 1: Fire Tube Boilers - Water Tube Boilers and Boiler Manholes and Safety Precautions

Tape 2: Boiler Fittings, Valves, Injectors, Pumps and Steam Traps

Tape 3: Combustion, Boiler Care and Heat Transfer and Feed Water Types

Tape 4: Boiler Safety and Steam Turbines

NOTE: The above cassettetapes are intended as add!tional reference materialfor the respective modules, as indicated, and notdesignated as a required assignment. Modules 18.1, 19.1, and 20.1 have been omitted because they contain dated materials. MDIVIDUAUZED LEARNING SYSTEMS

5.1

TYPES OF DRAWINGS AND VIEWS

Goal: Performance Indicators:

Upon completion of this module, the The student will complete a Self student will have a working knowledge Assessment exam and a Post Assessment of orthographic, pictorial and iso- exam covering the topics, and will also metric drawings and types of lines, complete an assignment consisting of and will be able to identify them and six orthographic and isometric drawings. understand how they are applied in reading blueprints.

..I1.iw10,

Study Guide =1110

For successful completion of this module, complete the tasks in the order listed below. Check each one off as you complete it.

Read the Goal and Performance Indicators on the cover of this module. This will explain what you can be expected to learn from the module and how you will demonstrate it.

2. Read the Introduction section and study the Information section. In these sections you will acquire the knowledge necessary to pass the Self and Post Assessment exams.

3. Complete the required assignments on the Assignment pages. Turn them in to your instructor for review.

4. Complete the Self Assessment exam. This will show how well you can expect to do on the Post Assessment exam. Compare your answers with those on the Self Assessment Answer Sheet found immediately following the exam. If you scored poorly, re-study the Information section or ask your

instructor for help.

5. Complete the Post Assessment exam. Turn the answers in to your instructor. It is recommended you score 90% or better before continuing with the next module. INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS

Introduction

One of the problems in all drawing is how to depict a three-dimensionsal object on a two-dimensional sheet of paper. Any attempt at showing all three dimensions on a single drawing will result inforeshortened lines that will not represent true dimensions of the object. To show an object's true shape, the draftsperson must make two or more related drawings, each of which depicts the object in twoof its principal dimensions only--width and depth, width and height, or height anddepth. Almost without exception, working drawings are made this way.

Sometimes, however, it is desirable to portray the object more nearly as anobserver would normally see it--that is, to show all three principal dimensions at once. Several methods are employed for making drawings of this picture-like type, andall are useful for illustrating the overall shapeand general features of technical objects. However, all of these pictorial drawing methods have a commondisadvesitage that makes them generally unsuitable for the production ofworking drawings: the true measurements of the object. INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS

Information

ORTOHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

The drawing method almost universally employed in the maMng of architectural and engineering working drawings is called orthographic projection; the drawings produced in this way are called orthographic or "true" drawings, as opposed to the, picture-like drawings made by pictorial drawing methods. Unlike most pictorial drawings, orthographic drawings are drawn to scale, and true measurements can be taken from them.

An orthographic view shows one face or side of an object to the extent that it would be seen by an observer looking squarely at that side or face. No pictorial techniques are employed for an orthographic drawing, the object being shown in its actual form, not is apparent form. This makes it possible for the draftsperson to indicate, in a series of related orthographic views, the true size, shape, and location of every part of the object and to present dimensions in a clear and precise way. c

-VISUALIZING THE OBJECT FROM ORTHOGRAPHIC WORKING DRAWINGS The orthographic-projection drawing method (also called "three-view" or "multiview" drawing) can best be understood from a study of the three most common orthographic views--top, front, and side views--as they are employed in mechanical drawings to represent a simple object, as for example in Fig. F-13.

Each of the three orthographic viewsin Fig. F-13 reveals the shape of the object as perceived from a particular viewing direction. Collectively, the three views provide a complete illustration of the object. The top view shows it in width and depth. The front view, which is obtained by rotating the object90°on its vertical axis away from the front view, shows it in height and depth. If additional orthographic views are required to complete the description of an object, they will be developed by further 90° rotations, and thus will will bear right-angle relationships to the top, front, and side views. Front, side, and rear views are called elevations. Hidden features are indicated on orthographic drawings by means of dotted lines, as in the front and side views in Fig. t-14.

In an orthographic drawing, only those object lines that are perpendicular to the observer's direction of view--that is, parallel with the picture plane--are shown in their true scale length. The oblique line A-B is drawn in true proportion in the top view in Fig. F-15. In.the front view, hmever, the line A-B is drawn shorter than its true scale length and therefore is not shown in true proportion.

TOP VIEW DEPTH

Fig. F 13 WIDTH-1-- Orthographic (multiview) projections

Fi1ONT SIDE HEIGHT VIEW I VIEW 0 0 TOP VIEW TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEW SIDE \ANEW F RUNT VIEW

Fig. F-14 Fig. F-15

Hidden lines in orthographic views Oblique lines in orthographic projection 21 From this discussion, it will be seen that the shape of an object cannot be visualized from a single orthographic view; all the related views must be studied

together. The importance of this rule will become apparent as more complex working drawings are encountered.

TYPES OF LINES IN WORKING DRAWINGS

4Several types of lines, each having a specific meaning,, are employed in the making of working drawings; some lines are thicker*than others, some are solid, and some are broken. Some of the more common types of lines with an example of their appli- cation, are shown in Fig. F-16. Such a listing of conventional drafting lines is called an "alphabet of' lines."

41-9" 91-3" 2' -6° -i- 21-6" A

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s"- "cv LIVING ROOM L/ (NJ

11!

7' 6" 31- 0"- 0111

BOUM I( LINE VISIBLE 013.1ECT LINE INVISIBLE (HIDDEN) 011,1 CT LINE SECTION LINE CENTE 11 LINE LONG BREAK LINE 51-3,1 EXTENSION LINE DI M NSION LINE.

Fig. F-16. Lines used in working drawings.

22 PIr'ORIAL DRAWINGS

Because a pictorial drawing shows more than one face of the object, it can give more information about the shape of the object than would be possible with any single orthographic view. For this reason, persons without technical training find pictorial drawings the easier type to understand. The main disadvantage of pictorial drawings lies in their distortion of true object lines and angles; this makes them unsatis- factory for describing comple6e and detailed forms. However, they are useful in cases where the measurements of the image need not correspond exactly with those of the actual object. For example, the architect uses a pictorial drawing to show his or her client how the house will look when completed.

The two principal types of pictorial drawings are perspective and axonometric drawings. A third type, the oblique drawing, is partly axonometric and partly orthographic. Because of the distorted appearance of objects drawn by the oblique method, it is not widely used for pictorial representation and will not be discussed further here.

PERSPECTIVE DRAWINGS The type of pictorial .sawing that represents an object most clearly as it is seen by the human eye is tho verspective drawing. The optical line relationships in a perspective drawing are like those in a photograph; that is, all lines that are parallel on the actual object tend to converge at some distant point on the drawing.

Perspective drawings are seldom used as working drawings; they are used mainly in sales and promotion work and as architectural "presentation" drawings.

AXONOMETRIC DRAWINGS The term "axonometric" refers to the class of pictorial drawings in which all the measurements necessary for making the drawing are made on the three principal axes of the object or on lines parallel with those axes. A rectangular solid drawing in this way consists of three sets of lines, each set being parallel to one of the principal axes, and.reveals three of its faces. An infinite number of axonometric .positions is possible, the choice of position depending upon how the object is to be viewed. (See Fig. F-l7.) The isometric position, second from the right in the

illustration, is the one most often employed. An axonometric drawing in the isometric position is called an isometric drawing.

23 Fig. F-17. Axonometric drawings in several 'itions

THE THEORY OF ISOMETRIC DRAWING

The Theory of isometric drawing is that the object is viewed from theexact positionin which three of its sidesare seen equally foreshortened. In making an isometric drawing, the draftsperson first lays out the three isometricaxes--one vertical and other two tipped up 30° froma horizontal base line, as shown in Fig. F-18. The height, width, and depth of the object are measured off on.these axis lines. Since all lines on or parallel with the isometric axes"are foreshortended equally, they will be in true proportion; however, they willnever appear as true scale lengths, as dc the lines in orthographic drawings. The relationship of an isometric view and three orthographic views of an object is shown in Fig. F-19.

ANGLES IN ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS

Angles cannot be directly transferred from orthographic drawingsto isometric drawings; this is so because angles do notappear in their true shape in isometric drawings. To transfer angles in making an isometric drawing from orthographic views, the draftsperson first transfers the intersection points ofthe lines that form the angles., then draws the angles from the transferred points._ (See Fig. F-20.)

CURVES N ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS Like angles, curves-suffer distortion in being transferred from orthographic drawings to isometric drawings. To transfer a curie, the draftsperson first plots pointson the isometric drawing from similar locations along thecurve on the orthographic drawing, Ott connects the points witha curved line. (See Figs. F-21 and F-22.) To simplify'transferring the points, heor she may lay out a grid of rectangular coordinates on the multiview drawing and a corresponding isometric gridon the sheet fo the isometric drawing.

24 r.

onT -TOP VIEW A

HORIZONTAL BASELINE

Fig. F-18. Layout of isometric axes

ISOMETRIC DRAWING

I 16 ~wow oraiiocitApHic FRoNT VIW orrritoGUAPHIC SIDI VIEW

Fig. F-19 Isometric drawing and orthographic views of an object

rig. F-20 Orthographic projection and isometric drawing of an object with an angled Fig. F-21 4 surface Orthographic projection and isometric drawing of an object with a curved surface Fig..F-22

Orthographic projection and isometric drawing of an object with a center hole

26 INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS

Assignment

In each of the two rectangular grids on this page, sketch the top, front, and right side views of the object shown in the small isometric drawing.In each of the four isometric grids on the following page, make isometric sketches of the object shown in the small multiview drawing.

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V INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS Self Assessment

After you have studied the material in the module, complete the exercises by writing in the word that belongs in each space.

The drawing method used for making most working drawings is called

Orthographic drawings are drawn to and measurements can be taken from them.

3. An orthographic view shows only one or of an object.

4. In architectural drawings, a view from above is called a(n) view.

5. A listing of conventional drafting lines used in the making of a working

drawing is a(n) of

6. The type of drawing that represents an object most nearly as it would be seen in a photograph is a(n) drawing.

7. A pictorial drawing shows more than one of an object.

8. The type of pictorial drawing in which all of the principal axes are equally foreshortended is the axonometric drawing.

9. In an isometric drawing, two of the three principal axes are tipped up degrees from the horizontal; the third axis is

29 SELF ASSESSMENT ANSWER SHEET

1. "orthographic projection

2. scale, true

3. face, side

4. top

5. alphabet, lines

6. pictorial

7. view

8. axonometric

9. 300, 900

30 INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS Post ssessment

Listed below each numbered item are four possible answers or completing phrases. Decide which of the four is correct, or most nearly correct; then write the corresponding letter in the blank space to the left of that item.

The drawing method almost universally employed for making working drawings is called:

a. orthographic projection c. perspective drawing b. isometric projection d. scaling

2. One disadvantage of pictorial drawings is that in general they:

a. are too large for use on the job b. are suitable only for exterior views c. do not accurately represent object lines and angles d. give a poor overall view of an object

3. An isometric drawing is one kind of:

a. orthographic drawing c. axonometric drawing b. perspective drawing d. multiview drawing

4. An orthographic view shows how many sides or faces of an object?

a. one c. three b. two d. four

5. MIM111 The true shape of an object cannot be visualized from a single: a. orthographic view c. pictorial view b. perspective view d. axonometric view

6. The drawing shown below is properly called:

a. pictorial c. multiview b. orthographic d. isometric

IMINAMINI01

31 7. The drawing shown below is properly called:

a. perspective c. axonometric b. isometric d. orthographic

8, The drawing shown below is properly called:

a. pictorial c. axonometric b. perspective d. orthographic

The drawing shown below is properly called:

a. multiview c. oblique b. orthographic d. isometric 10. The drawing shown below is properly called:

a. pictorial c. isometric b. multiview d. orthographic INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS

5.2

SKETCHING

Goal: Performance Indicators:

The student will learn the elements The student will successfully complete of and reasons for sketching as an a Self Assessment and a Post Assessment essential aid to understanding exam and will make assigned free-handed blueprints. sketches.

Study Guide

For successful completion of this module, complete the tasks in the order listed below. Check each one off as you complete it.

Read the Goal and Performance Indicators on the cover of this module. This will explain what you can be expected to learn from the module and how you will demonstrate it.

2. Read the Introduction section and study the Information section. In these sections you, will acquire the knowledge necessary to pass the Self and Post Assessment exams.

3. Complete the Self Assessment exam. This will show how well you can expect to do on the Post Assessment exam. Compare youranswers with those on the Self Assessment Answer Sheet found immediately following the exam. If you scored poorly, re-study the Information section or ask your instructor for help.

4. Complete the Post Assessment exam. Turn theanswers in to your instructor. It is recommended you score 90% or better before continuing with the next module.

35 INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS

Introductin

For the skilled worker, the importance of being able to make quick, clear and accurate sketches cannot be overemphasized. Most mechanical and architectural ideas are expressed better by means of a sketch than by a verbal description. In general, once a technical problem has been put down as a picture, it is more clearly defined and its complications become more obvious. In some instances, sketches may take the place of regular working drawings; for example, a shop sketch made by the foreman or a journeyman may be the only drawing for a small jobtfiat is to be done in the shop.

Minia In learning to sketch, the apprentice will not only acquire a needed jobskill; he or she will also develop the ability toobserve things more critically. Making an accurate sketch of an object requires that all its details and partsrelationships be carefully studied and clearly understood. INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS

Information

USES OF SKETCHES The degree of perfection and the amount of detail required in a givensketch depend upon itsintended use. Sketches made to organize ideas, or to develop or formulate various solutions toa given problem, may be rough or incomplete. An architect's quickly drawn preliminary floor plan, showing his or her ideas for room arrangement, is a goodexample of such a rough sketch. On the other hand, sketches intended for communicating important information in a precise way should be very carefully done. An example of this' would be aAdetail sketch developed from an existing drawing, possibly to show necessary changes in construction or to give detailed.information about size, materials, and installation.

MATERIALS FOR SKETCHING The materials required for making sketches are fewL-usually only a pencil, some paper, and an eraser. The pencil should have a rather soft lead--a No. 2 in the ordinary Plcil series or an MB or F in the drafting pencil series,, End views of various drafting pencils, ranging from the very hard 9G to the very soft 7B, are illustrated in Fig. F-8. The harder drafting pencils are used where high accuracy is required; medium pencils are used fosr general sicetching and lettering; and the softer pencils are used for making large freehand drawings. (Coordinate paper, which has crossed line$'or grids, is helpful to the beginner; the grids may be ed as guides for drawing lines and keeping proportions. The grids.of such per are either rectangular or isometric. (See Fig. F-9.) r ./7V.; HARD / / /MFDR'M 7)) 0 0 CO 911 811 711 611 5H 411 311 211 11 F 913 ii /f mil' .

11ECTINGE1I.,Aft 29 3E3 4B 513' 6B 7E3 isomE rurc

Fig. F-8. Hard, medium & soft drafting pencils Fig.F-9.rids*of coordinate paper SIZE AND PROPORTIONS OF SKETCHES In general, sketches are not made to any scale, Out they should be as nearly in proportion as possible. Before a sketch can be started, the overall dimensions of the object to be drawn must be known; the size of the sketch can then be planned in accordance with the area available for it on the paper. When the desired size for the sketch has been determined, the proportions can be worked out from the dimensions of the object. In working out proportions, it is helpf 1to ask oneself questions like these: How many times greater is the height than he width (or vice-versa) of the object? If the object has openings, are their h ight and width greater then the,spaces between them?

SKETCHING PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES The term "sketch" is often misunderstood to mean a vague, crude dr ng; however; . if even a rough sketch is to be of any value, it must be done with asonable care an accuracy. Speed in.sketching is desirable, but the beginner should concentrate at first on developing accuracy. He or she should hold the pencil i the normal w iting pos tion, using wrist motion for sketching the shorterlines d forearm m tion for the longer ones. All lines should be drawn with a free movement, without h sitation, and fairly fast.

KETCHING LINE groUp of exer ises designed to develop skill in the sketching of,linesis given n the next page. }In doing these exercises, the apprenticeshould connect the dots in each set as shown, making each line Itith one firm, quick stroke andkeeping his or her eye on the dot toward which the pencil is moving--not on the pencilpoint. Short, "hairy" strokes must be avoided; the pencil should be kept in contact with the paper for the entire length of the stroke. If the resulting line logics wavy, it was probably drawn too slowly; if the line misses the dots, it was probably drawn too fast. It is good practice to go through the motion of the stroke-once or twice with the pencil. raised slightly.off the paper before actually drawing the line; when the stroke seems to be going where it should, the pencil point can be lowered onto the paper and the final stroke made.

38 EXERCISES IN SKETCHING LINES

rm.°

HORIZONTAL

DIAGONAL

CURVED

33 BASIC FORMS IN SKETCHING When you have become proficient in the freehand drawing of lines, you will be ready to try sketching the basic geometric forms--squares, rectangles, triangles, and circles--that singly or in various combinations represent the shapes of most objects.

Two simple wayi to sketch rectangles or squares when the lines are parallel to the paper edge arefshown in Fig. F-10. In the method illustrated at the left, point'S are laid out the required distance in from the paper edges, then connected with freehand pencil strokes. A strip of paper or cardboard can be marked and used as a gage for laying out the points. The method illustrated at the right can be employed if a sketching pad is being used; the pencil is held as shown, the finger- tips being used to guide the hand along the edge of the pad.

Fig. F-10. Two methods of sketching lines parallel to the paper edge

The sketching of squares, rectangles, triangles, and circles is made easier by laying them out on crosses (intersecting lines) that 'have been marked to provide reference points for the drawing. (See Fig. F-11.)

Circles and arcs, especially the larger ones, may also be drawn with fair accuracy by placing the tip of the little finger on the paper where the/center of the circle will come, holding the pencil steady and with moderate pressure on the paper, then rotating the paper carefully. (See Fig. F-12.)

40 Rectangle Triangle

Circle

Fig. F-11. Laying out figures from center lines

Fig. F-12. Another method of drawing a circle

41 INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS Self Assessment

Read each statement and decide whether it is true or false. Write T if the statement is true; write F is the statement is false.

1. Sketching an object may compel a person to change his or her opinion of it in some way.

2. A sketch developed from an existing drawing to show a change in construction should be very carefully done.

3. To make a good-quality line for a sketch, one should use short, overlapping pencil strokes.

4. Sketches are usually made to some given scale.

Lines are employed in sketching to represent the surfaces, edges, and contours of objects.

6. Most right-handed persons find that the most natural direction for drawing horizontal lines is from left to right.

A ruler is an essential instrument in freehand sketching.

8. If the lines of a sketch are wavy, they were probably drawn too fast.

42 SELF ASSESSMENT ANSWER SHEET

2. T

3. F

4. T

5. T

6. T

7. F

8. F

43 INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS Post Assessment

1. Learning to sketch develops a technical student's ability to

a. use drafting instruments b. understand verbal instructions c. observe things critically 'd. use the tools of his or her trade

2. Which of the following combinations of materials would be best for the beginner in sketching?

a. coordinate paper b. charcoal and wood c. unlined paper and any soft pencil having ar eraser d. typing paper, typewriter eraser, and HB drafting pencil

3. In drawing a line freehand, one should use:

a. a series of short, overlapping strokes b. a straightedge if the line is over 4" long c. wrist motion only d. a single pencil stroke

4. The first step in learning to sketch is to practice drawing:

a. lines b. rectangles c. planes and contours d. three-dimensional forms

5., Coordinate tracing paper has:

a. no lines b. vertical lines only c. horizontal lines only d. crossed lines or grids 6. Sketches are usually made:

a. to scale and in proportion b. to scale but not in proportion c. neither to scale nor in proportion d. in proportion but not to scale

7. The first step in making a sketch is to:

a. draw the lines representing the top and bottom of the object b. draw the lines representing the sides of the object c. determine the overall dimensions of the object d: determine all the dimensions of the object

8. The degree of perfection and the amount of detail required in a sketch depends upon the:

a. number of copies to be made b. importance of the information given in the sketch c. time available for sketching d. cost of the item being sketched

9. Which one of the following is essential equipment for sketching?

a. drafting instruments b. coordinate paper c. blueprint machine d. soft eraser

10. If a freehand-drawn line looks wavy, it probably was drawn:

a. with too soft a pencil b. .one the wrong paper c. too rapidly d. too slowly

45 NNV1DUALEIND LIAINNO SYSTEMS

5.3

BLUEPRINT READING WORKING DRAWINGS

Goal: PerformanceIndicators:

The student will become familiar with The student willrefer to a set of the types of information, general working drawingsto complete a Self and detailed, which may be found on Assessment and aPost Assessment exam. working drawings.

Study 'Guide

For successful completion of this module, complete the tasks in the order listed below. Check each one off as you complete it.

1. Read the Goal and Performance Indicators on the cover of this module. This will explain what you can be expected to learn from the module and how you will demonstrate it.

2. Read the Introduction section and study the Information section. In these sections you will acquire the knowledge necessary-to pass the Self and Post Assessment exams.

3. Complete the Self Assessment exam. This will show you how well you can expect to do on the Post Assessment exam. Compare your answers with those on the Self Assessment Answer Sheet found immediately following the exam. If you scored poorly, re-study the Information section or ask your instructor for help.

=.1111111 Complete the Post Assessment exam. Turn the answers in to your instructor. It is recommended you score 90% or better before continuing with the next module.

0...a.1.10.11.010.110Mbillamk.....MOdibi01.11106

47 INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS

Introduction

Anyone entering any of today's trades or technical fields must havea thorough knowledge of the graphic language of blueprints. Learning this special language, like learning any other, demands careful and patient study ofits theory and composition, its symbols, and its conventions. With practice, the apprentice will be able to read the new language without difficulty and employ it, through sketching, to express his or her technical ideas to others. As you acquire skill in blueprint reading, you will be able to visualize from its drawingshow a technical object will look when completed and how its parts will fittogether. The apprentice will also be able to determine froma study of the drawings what machines, equipment, and work processes will be needed to construct, erect,or install the object.

Working drawings--architectural or engineering drawings reproducedas blueprints- - can be considered to be tools of every technical occupation.A skilled worker in any of the building trades, for example, must know how to get information froma set of working drawings quickly and accurately. To do this, the worker must be able to visualize the object from the line drawingson the blueprints. The worker must also understand the meanings of symbols and conventions, whichare the "short- hand" means used by the-draftsperson to indicate materials, quantities,sizes, locations, and details of construction. When necessary, the worker must be able to get from written specifications information regarding the quality of materials, finish, and workmanship agreed upon by the contractor andthe client.

48 INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS

Information

Many present-day buildings are very complex, and the complete set of working drawings for such a building usually includes separate sheets of drawings, for the several crafts--structural,plumbing, heating and ventilating, electrical, andso forth--in addition to the usual architectural drawings. Although each worker will be primarily concerned with the working drawings for his or her own trade, heor she may also need to refer to other drawings in the complete set from time to time.

A set of working drawings, reduced in size, is included at the end of this module to illustrate the discussion that follows.The apprentice should study all the drawings carefully to get a clear idea of the kinds of information each provides about the construction project (a one-room elementary school). Reading working drawings like these is part of the day-to-day work of every skilled craftsworker in the building industry.

SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN (SHEET 1) The first drawingto be considered in a set of blueprints for a construction project is usually the site development plan or plot plan, which may also incorporatean area map and a site grading plan. Plot plans include the following essential information that must be known before any building can be erected: compass directions, property lines, contours (slopes), location of the buildingor buildings on the site, and locations of roads, trees, existing structures, and utilities. Approaches to the buildings and finished grade contours are also shown.

FOUNDATION PLAN (SHEET 2) The foundation plan for a building shows the overall dimensions of the foundation walls and includes cross sections that show the width, depth, and the height of the footings at various locations. It also indicates the placement and sizes of steel reinforcing rods and anchor bolts and the location and dimensions (including thickness) of all concrete floor slabs and steps.

49 FLOOR PLAN (SHEET 3) A floor plan shows the layout of a single floor of a building. It is in effect the view from above that would be revealed if the building were sliced through horizon- tally at a height that would best show interior features. The floor plan ,shows the arrangement, size, and shape of the rooms; the thickness of walls and partitions; the location of windows, doors, and other wall openings; and the size, shape, and location of plumbing fixtures and other mechanical fixtures.

Symbols are employed to represent mechanical features and details where this results in the simplification or clarification of the floor plan;The apprentice should give careful attention to the various uses made of symbols not onlyon the floor plan but on all the other working drawings of this set as well. If the meaning of a symbol, a term, or an abbreviation on the drawing is not t, he or she should ask the instructor to explain it.

EXTERIOR ELEVATIONS (SHEET 3) An exterior elevation is a view of one side or the front or back of a structure, showing its shape, the size and location of openings, and other features as roof details and exterior finishes.

INTERIOR AND SECTIONAL ELEVATIONS (SHEETS 5 AND 6) Interior elevations show the placement and relationship of interior parts of the building. Sectional elevations are detailed interior elevations that represent the building, or some part of it, as if it were sliced through vertically. Many interior and sectional drawings may be needed to provide all the essential information about such items as wall construction, joinery, and interior openings ina complex structure.

DETAIL DRAWINGS (SHEETS 4 AND 7) When a construction detail is shown with insufficient clarity, or completeness in a floor plan, elevation, or other small-scale drawing, the detail is presented else- where drawn to a larger scale. The detail drawing is keyed to the smaller-scale drawing by means by an identifying number or letter.

SHOP DRAWINGS Shop drawings are an exception to the general rule that the architect or engineer

50 oc

shall provide all the working drangs needed for bringing the nstruction project to completion. (No examples o hop drawings are included in this module.) A shop

drawing is a blueprint that may be supplied by a manufacturer of special equipment-- commercial cabinets and fixtures, for example--to show how the equipment is constructed and how it should be installed.Shop drawings must have-the approval of the architect or engineer.

NOTES AND SCHEDULES (SHEETS 3 and 4)

The working drawings that make up a complete setare interrelated,'and they must be read together, if they are to be used effectivelyInformation givenon one drawing'often clarifies information givenon another, and a separate set of written specifications backs up the drawings. Also, most working drawings contain brief notes referring to other drawings or to information in the specifications that cannot well be shown by a symbol. In addition, mart working drawings'also include schedules--charts or tables containing dataon doily's, windows, special equipment, and the like.

SPECIFICATIONS AND THE CONTRACT The written specificatio7 that accompany a set of working drawings present all the

information' about the construction project that cannot be shown convenientlyon the drawings. They give a detaU.e4 account of the quality of workmanship and materials that apply in every phase of thevproject, spell out the responsibilities of the contractor, the subcontractors, and theowners.

Drawings and specifications should agree in all details, but if they are found to be in conflict in any way, the specificationsare to be followed.

51 WORKINGDRAWINGS

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After you have read the Information material, answer the questions below, referring to the working drawings at the back of the module as directed. Write each answer in the space provided at the right of the question.

LOOK AT THE AREA MAP ON SHEET 1, AND ANSWER QUESTIONS 1-2.

1. In what county is the school to be located?

2. What scale is used for the area map?

LOOK AT THE SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN ON SHEET 1, AND ANSWER QUESTIONS 3-4.

3. What are the dimensions of the asphalt play area?

4. The main entrance to the school faces in what direction?

LOOK AT THE FOUNDATION PLAN ON SHEET 2, AND ANSWER QUESTIONS 5-9.

5. Anchor bolts of what size are to be used to fasten the sill to the pad?

6. What is the scale of the Foundation plan?

Bolts of what size are to be used to anchor the foot scrapers?

8. How thick is the floor slab?

9. What is the height from the slab to the top of the plate?

LOOK AT THE FLOOR PLAN AND ELEVATIONS ON SHEET 3, AND ANSWER QUESTIONS 10-12.

10. What material is to be used for the exterior siding?

11. How many exterior doors are there? 12. Approximately how many square feet of floor area does the teacher's office have?

LOOK AT THE DOOR AND WINDOW DETAILS ON WET 4, AND ANSWER QUESTIONS 13-14. REFER AGAIN TO PREVIOUS SHEETS AS NECESSARY.

13. What'miterial is specified for the outside doors?

14. What type of door is specified for the kitchen?

LOOK AT THE INTERIOR ELEVATIONS ON SHEET 5, AND ANSWER QUESTION 15.

15. What material is to be used to finish the walls in the coatroom?

LOOK AT THE STRUCTURAL FUMING AND ROOF FRAMING SECTIONS (SHEETS 6 AND 7), AND ANSWER QUESTIONS 16-17.

16. Nails of what size are to be used on the roof sheathing?

17. How deep is the classroom sink cabinet from front to back?

LOOK AT THE HEATING AND VENTILATING, PLUMBING, AND ELECTRICAL PLANS (SHEETS 8, 9 AND 10),'AND ANSWER QUESTIONS 18-20.

18. In what 'oom is a thermostat to be located?

19. What means of ventilation is provided in the lavatories?

20. In how many places are hot water taps to be located? INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS

Self Assessment Answers

1. trinity

2. 1" = 30'

3. 75'x 65'

4. south

5. 3/4"

6. 1/4" =

7. 1/2" x 8"

8. 4"

9. 6"

10. 1" x 8" redwood

11. two

12. 175 sq.ft.

13. weldwood

14. solid core birch surface

15. horizontal redwood siding

16. 8d

17. 24"

18. general classroom

19. 12" x 24" louvred opening

20. three INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS Post Assessment

Which one of the following kinds of information could a worker expect to find in a set of working drawings for a building?

a. grades of Limber to be used b. quality of paint required c. separate sheets of details for the different crafts d. the time limit for completion of the project

2. Which one of the following kinds of information would normally appear in the specifications for a building?

a. locations of utilities at the site b. quality of plumbing fixtures required c. dimensions of footings d. grade contours

On which one of the following kinds of working drawings could a carpenter expect to find information about roof structure?

a. plot plan c. foundation plan b._ exterior elevations d. floor plan

4. The arrangement of rooms is shown on a:

a. site development plan c. detail drawing b. floor plan d. shop drawing

5. The symbol on an electrical plan indicates a:

a. timer c. duplex receptable b. thermostat d. junction box

6. A chart appearing on a working drawing giving the names, sizes, and manufacturers of special equipment is called a:

a. schedule c. detail b. specification d. cross section

7. .IL Before placing electrical outlets in a new building, the electrician will consult the:

a. architect c. building superintendent b. general contractor d. electrical plan

76 8. A characteristic of a plan view (floor plan or foul 'ltion plan) is that it:

a. shows more detail than any other type of working drawing b. shows the interior construction of partitions c. reveals the structure as it would be viewed from above d. includes all necessary specifications for the project

9. An exterior elevation is a view of one side or face of a building from a viewpoint:

a. slightly above and to the right of the side shown b. slightly below and to the left of the side shown c. directly in front of the side shown d. that reveals the maximum number of building details

10. Contour lines are normally found on the:

a. plot plan c. floor plan b. foundation plan d. elevations

77 "" ffl

1104V1DUALIZ0 MINIMS SYSTIMS

5.4

WORKING DRAWINGS FOR MACHINING AND WELDING

Performance Indicators:

Upon completion of this module, the The student will demonstrate an student will be acquainted with the understanding of the subject by: lines, fundamental dimensions and 1) comOeting a short self Assessment materials symbols necessary to exam, which tests comprehension of understand simplie blueprints used in the subject the trades. 2) completing a Post Assessment exam which requires the student to look at a simple working drawing and a figure and answer 12 problems.. ti

In order to successfully complete this module, ao the following tasks if, the order in which they are presented. Check them o f as you complete them.

Familiarize yourself with the Goal and Performancejndlcators presented on the cover of this module:This will inform you of what you are expected to gain from the study of thismodule(as well as how you will be expected to demonstrate your competence.

2. Study the Introduction and Information sections.These will provide you ,with the knowledge necessary to complete the Self and Post Assessment exams.

3. Complete the Self Assessment exam, referring to the Information section or asking your instructor when neceksary. Compare your enviers with 5 thos, found on the Self Assessment Auer Sheet immediately following the exam. This will demonstrate how *1 you can expect to do on the Post Assessment exam.

Take the Post Assessment exam and turn your answers in to your instructor for grading. It is recommended that you score 90 percent or better before going on to another module.

t4;%

'7 :1 INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS

Introduction

From the past modules in the subject, you have seen the importance of prints in general, and what they may contain, of views of an object, and how they may be rendered on paper, and of the types of drawings and how they are dimensioned.

This module takes a closer look at the fine points of working drawings for the machining and welding trades.

SO INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS

Information.

A working drawing must give the worker exact information as to the size and shape of an object, as well'as any other information necessary to finish the product. All of these concepts are done in lines, dimensions, and notes or symbols. Module 3 of this section, "Types of Drawings and Views," introduced some of the types of lines used in print making.

The following examples refer to the machine and welding trades:

Object line, used to show visible edges or contour of an object.

Hidden line, used to show the hidden =1 m features of an object.

Center line, used to show axes of symmetrical parts, and aid in dimensioning.

Extension line, used to indicate the termination of a dimension.

Dimension line, used to indicate the extent and direction of dimensions. 44

Cutting plane or viewing plane line, used to indicate the location where an imaginary cut is made through an object and the viewing position of the piece removed. The arrowhead points in the direction in which the section should be viewed.

Short break line, used to indicate a short break on a partial section of an object \e'"'" in order to conserve space on a drawing.

Lone 'reak line, used to show long breaks.

81 Phantom line, used to show adjacent parts, alternate positions, and lines of motion.

Section lines, used to show cut surfaces ////i///////////1/ of an object.

Leader, used to point to a surface for the purpose of dimensioning or adding a note.

Fig. G-1 on the following page demonstrates the types of lines used in a typical working drawing.

As you'll recall, dimensions were another of the necessary components of a working

drawing. Dimensions indicate the size of an object or any part of an object, and are written three ways: 1) as a fraction % 4 1/2", 17/16", etc., 2) as a decimal - .5", .9917", etc. 3) as an angle - 45°, 36°, etc. The anguThr measurement may be broken down further into minutes (1) an0 seconds (") for more exact measure. A% Minute is 1/16 of a degree and a second is 1/60 of a minute. Therefore, an angle greater than 45 degrees but lessthan 46 degrees could be expressed 45°30'30". This would represent a measurement of about 1/100 of a degree larger than 45 1/2 degrees. Fig. G-1 on the following page demonstrates dimensions used in a typical working

drawing.

Dimensions ',wally allow for a very slight acceptable error. It is demonstrated by a plus( +) sign on top of a minus (-) sign, like this ± .001", which means the print allows for an error of dimension up to 1/1000 of an inch too large or too small, but no greater or less.

82 Fig. G-1

BESTCOPYAVAILABLE 83 The third part of a working drawing is comprised of symbols and notes. Fig. G-2 shows some of the more commonly used symbols. It is not the intent of this module to list all of the metal trades symbols but they are used to denote the roughness or smoithness of the ground piece, the thread measurements if the piece is to be connected by bolts, or screws, and the type of material to be used.

The more commonly used materials in machine and welding trades include the following:

STEEL CAST IRON (ALSO FOR GENERAL USE FOR ALLMATERIALS)

COPPE', BRONZE, BRASS ZINC, LEAD, BABBITT AND ALLOYS

MAGI IVIUM, At RUBBER, PLASTIC AND Al Jr) AMMItJtIM ELECTRICAL INSULATION AI LOY,

Fig, G-2 INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS Self Assessment

Complete the following statements by filling in the correct word or words.

1. Working drawings must show the shpae and of an object by using object and lines.

2. A tolerance of 1/100 of an inch too large or too small would be shown on a working drawing as

3. The dimension which uses minutes and seconds is

4. The material symbol would represent the use of which metal?

5. The lines on working drawings which have arrowh' ads are lines.

85 SELF ASSESSMENT ANSWER SHEET

1. size, dimension

2. + .001

3. angular

4. cast iron

5. dimension

86 INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS Post Assessment

Referring to Fig. G-1 in the Information section of this module in which the different types of lines are lables by circles numbers, describe what is represented by the following numbers:

-1. extension line

2. steel

3. short breat( line

4. dimension line

5. hidden line

6. center line

7. object line

8. center line

9. long break line

10. Using the following small diagram, a. b.

decide what material is being called for:

87 INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS

5.5

MACHINE AND WELDING SYMBOLS

a Goal: Performance Indicators:

Upon completing this module the student The student will demonstrate knowledge will be familiar with the common in the subject by successfully completing working drawing symbols used to denote a Self Assessment and a Post Assessment metal finish work and welds, and how exam. ',hey are presented on a we king drawing.

Study Guide

In order to successfully complete this module, do the following tasks in the order in which they are presented. Check them off as'you complete them.

1. Familiarize yousself with the Goal and Performance Indicators presented on the cover of this module. This will inform you of what you are expected to gain from the study of this module, as well as how you will be expected to demonstrate your competence.

2. Study the Information section. This will provide you with the knowledge necessary to complete the. Self and Post Assessment exams.

3. Complete the Self Assessment exam,,. referring to the Information section or asking your instructor when necessary. Compare your answers with those found on .the Self Assessment Answer Sheet immediately following the exam. This will demonstrate how well you can expect to do on the Post Assessment exam.

4. Take the Post Assessment exam and torn your answers in to yourinstructor for grading. It is recommended that you score 90,percent or betterbefore going on to another module.

ore

89 INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS

Information

N'S

The fifth module of thiszection, "Working Drawings for Ma ining and Welding," explained that three elements are found in working drawin lines, dilMensions and symbol=sornotes. That module discussed lines and dimensions as they apply to the machine and metal trades; this module di.scuss the symbols and notes. 0 A MACHINE SYMBOLS --Machined-materials most often must be ground to a desired degree of smoothness 'or roughness in order to meet the speciliaations called for by the draftsperson.

Surface finish symbol's are as follows:

VorV = smooth finish, with the following .letters placed in the V = rough machining = smooth machining

= ground surface .ft

When the surface is to be more exactly controlled than simply a rough tx smooth designation, the check mark (v) with a number placed in it is used.The number

refers to the microinches (or millionitns of &n inch) of roughness height. An e,ampl e: 0°' , meansthat the machined surface can have flaws of only 55/1,000,000 in height or depth.

In addition to surfaces, holes for keys, bolts and screws must also be specified in many machined parts. Several typical hole drawings and dimensions are shown below in figure H-1.

O.I.101410.10.0 1111114 ..11101111111=4111 ) DIA 82° CSK .395 DIA .375 WA 4 HOLES .380

WELDING SYMBOLS There are two important factors which welding symbols provide. First, the symbols point out the type of weld to be made; secondly, they point out on what side or sides of a joint that particular type of weld is to be made. Figure H-2 illm.,trates the (ommon types of weld joints.

/7/ I /

1 CORNER RUT T TEE LAP

Certain types of welds may be used on each of these basic joints. The common types of welds include seam, groove, flange, fillet, spot and others. Each of these types has its own specific symbol. The spot weld symbol is a circle: 0 ; the ,eam weld symbol is a circle with horizontal lines through it;419.F. ;the fillet weld symbol

is a right triangle: ; and so on. It is not the intention here to present all of them; seek complete information from this module's Supplementary Reference section.

The second main facto44-tg-welding symbols, you will recall, is the symbol used to point out the location of the weld, or on whichmtde of the joint the weld is to

91 be made.

The main part of a welding symbol is the reference line with an arrow at one end.

Example:

The location of the weld is pointed out by the arrow like this:

If the weld is to be made on only the side the arrow is pointing\tol the appropriate weld symbol (in this instance, we'll assume it to be a fillet weld) will be placed below the reference line, like this: I Iv I,

If the weld is to be made 6n the side opposite of where the arrow is pointing, the appropriate symbol will be placed above the reference line, like this:

\JI

If the weld, is to be made on both sides, then the appropriate symbol will be placed a 0 both above and below the reference line, like this:

If it doesn't really matter on which side of the joint the weld is to be made, the symbol would be placed in the middle of the reference line, like this:

Obviously, there are many more symbols and numbers used on and along the reference line to point out spacing of welds, size of welds or weld combinations, etc. Consult the Supplementary Reference section for more complete information.

92 INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS .111{ Self Assessment

Decide if the following statements are ,t,eue (T) or False (F) and place the appropriate letter in-the space to the left of the statement. /

1. Machined materials never have finished surfaces.

4. The term microinch refers to millionths of an inch.

3. The symbol N8/ indicates a rough finish is desired.

4. Bolt hole dimensions are seldom given, relying usually on the letters B, F, or D.

t 5. ---,. There are about 1,500,000 common_ weld_

6. A lap joint refers to the fact that one piece overlaps another. .

7. The symbol for a spot weld is a circle.

8. _Welding symbols are different from all other symbols in that welding symbols have arrows on both ends of the reference line.

9. The positioning of the welding symbol with respect to the reference 'line indicates where the weld is to be located.

10. butt joint means that one piece will be welded at a 90 degree angle to another piece.

33 SELF ASSESSMENT ANSWER SHEET

1. F

2. T

3, F

4. F

5. F

6. T

7. T

8. F

9. T

10. F INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING SYSTEMS Post Assessment

1, What does this weld symbol indicate?

2. Sketch the coj'rect symbol for a seam weld.

3. The symbol N/ means that the surface must be machine smooth to a tolerance of 55

4. The main part of a welding symbol consists of a and an arrow.

44, 5. The letters R, S and G mean as follows:

R = 11/ 4

41..**11 LEA : YAM715

5.6

BLUEPRINT READING

Drafting: Basic Print Reading

Goal: Performance Indicators:

The apprentice will be able to read and 1. Identify basic symbols and representa- interpret blueprints. tions used in blueprints. 2. Relate two dimensional drawings to three dimensional objects'.

3. Utilize measurements and scales to interpret blueprints.

4. Identify the purpose and configuration of commonly used machine features.

5. Interpret notes on blueprints for dimensions and tolerances.

96 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

Introduction

of'4.41.

E Wc.

( You have heard the saying that "a picture is wortha thousand words." This statement is particularly true in regard to technical drawings.

It would be nearly impossible for an engineer, designer, or architect to describe in words the shape, size and relationship of a complex object. Therefore, drawings have become the universal language used by engineers, designers, technicians, and craftspeople to communicate the information necessary to build, assemble and service the products of industry.

It is important to remember, as you study blueprint reading, that you are learning to communicate with the graphic language. Lines are part of the language.

Since technical drawings are made of lines, it is logical that the first step in learning to "read" a drawing is to learn the meaning of each kind of line. Generally, there are 11 basic types or lines. Each kind of line has a definite form and "weight." Weight refers to line thickness or Wth. When combined in a drawing, lines provide part of the information needed to understand the print.

7 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

( Information

The 11 lines used on prints are:

1. OBJECT LINE

An object 'iie is a thick continuous line that indicates all the edges an ible surfaces of an object. An object line can also be cal d a visible line.

OBJECT LINES

(THICK)

2. HIDDEN LINE

A hidden line is a medium weight line, made of short dashes, to show edges, surfaces and corners which cannot be seen. They are used to make a drawing easier to understand.

(MEDIUM)

HIDDEN LINES

98 3. SECTION LINE

Section lines are used on a drawing to show how it would look if it were sectioned, or cut apart, to give a better picture of shape or internal construction. Section lines are very thin, and ore usually drawn at 45 degrees. They show the cut surface of an object in sectional view. More on sections will be explained later.

SECTION LINES

4. CENTER LINE

Center lines are used to indicate the center of holes, arcs, and symmetrical objects. They are very thin and consist of long-short-long dashes.

(THIN)

CENTER LINE

9) 5. DIMENSION LINE

Dimension lines are thin lines used to show the extent and direction of dimensions on an object. Dimension lines usuAlly end with an arrowhead.

(THIN)

6. EXTENSION LINE

Extension lines are also thin lines showing the limits of dimensions. Dimension line arrowheads touch extension lines.

(THIN) 7. LEADER LINES

Leaders are more thin lines used to point to an area on a drawing.requiring a note for futher explanation.

.500 DIA. THRU

LEADER LINE

(THIN)

8. CUTTING PLANE LINE

A cutting place line (very heavy) helps to show a reference for sectioning. It is a line showing the plane where an imaginary cut is made to expose the internal shape of an object.

NMI 111111Emilmg (THICK)

CUTTfNG PLANE LINE

101 9. BREAK LINES (short, long, cylindrical)

There are three kinds of break lines.used in drawings. They are used to remove or "break out" part of adrawing for :larity, and also to shorten objects which have the same shade through- out their length and may be too long to place on thedrawinc.

SHORT BREAK (THICK)

LONG BREAK (THIN)

CYLINDRICAL BREAK (THICK)

10. PHANTOM LINES

Phantom lines are thin, long-short-short-long lines most often used to show movement or travel of an object or part in alternate positions. It can also be used to show adjacent objects or features.

(THIN)

PHANTOM LINE

102 11. BORDER LINES

Border lines an medium thick, continuous lines used to show the boundary of the drawing or to separate different objects drawn on one sheet. They are also used to separate the title block from the rest of the drawing.

arowl TITLE:

BORDER LINES ABC COMPANY SCALE: Muddywater, Ore. DR. BY:

(MEDIUM THICK) o

INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS SElf AssEssmEnt

Directions: Name the types of lines shown beldW. Check your own answers.

short break Answers: 1. Cutting plane line; 2. Leader line; 3. 4. Object line; 5. Extension line; 6. Cylindrical break; 7. Long break.

104 it

LINE LANGUAGEREVIEW

below. of lines needed tocomplete the figurer Directions: Draw the kinds nat

SHORT BREAK LINE

450SECTION LINES HIDDEN LINES

CYLINDRICAL DIMENSION LINE BREAK LINE AND ARROWS

CENTER LINES

CUTTING PLANE' LONG BREAK LINE LINE

EXTENSION LINES LEARIIIK iU

5.7

BLUEPRINT READING A A Drafting: Basic Print Reading

gr.

Goal: Performance Indicators:

The apprentice will be able to read and 1. Identify basic symbols and representa- interpret blueprints. tions used in blueprints' 2. Relate two dimensional; drawings to three dimensional objects:

3. Utilize measurements and scales to interpret blueprints.

4. Identify the purpose and configuration of commonly used machine features.

5. Interpret notes on blueprintsfor dimensions and tolerances.

106 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

Introduction

MedI c6M I limmainF

17 : i="_ . .. . _ _ E7 a '=_.-= . __,.= _ _.: . _-___14 = MIME 1 MENEM 1NEL AI ia...lilEill. lagir I

You have heard the saying that "a pictureis worth a thousand words." This statement is particularly true in regard to technical drawings.

It would be nearly impossible for an engineer, designer, or architect to describe in words the shape, size and relationship of a complex object. Therefore, drawings have become the universal language used by engineers, designers, technicians, and craftspeople to communicate the information necessary 0 build; assemble and service the products of industry.

It is important to remember, as you, study blueprint reading, thatyou are learning to communicate with the graphic language. Lines are part of the language.

Since technical drawings are made of lines, it is logical that the first step in leaning to "read" a drawing is to learn the meaning of each kind of 1;fie. Generally, there are 11 basic types of lines. Each kind of line has a definite form and "weight." Weight refers to line thickness or width. When combined in a drawing, lines provide part of the information needed to understand the print.

411-111.0.11w..i.I.M=1...

107 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

Information

The 11 lines used on prints are:

OBJECT LINE

An object line is a thick continuous line that indicates all the edges and visible surfaces of an object. An object line

can also be called a visible line. \\.

,,OBJECT LINES

(THICK)

2. HIDDEN LINE

A hidden line is a medium weight line, madeof short dashes, to show edges, surfaces and cornerswhich cannot be seen. They are used to make a drawing easier tounderstand.

(MEDIUM)

HIDDEN LINES

108 3. SECTION LINE

111 Section lines are usedon a drawing to show how it would look if it were sectioned, or cut apart, to givea better picture of shape or internal construction. Section lines are very thin, and are usually drawn at 43 degrees. They show the cut surface of an object in sectional view. More on sections will be explained later.

SECTION LINES

4. CENTER LINE

Center lines are used to indicate the center of holes, arcs, and symmetrical objects. They are very thin and consist of long-short-long dashes.

(THIN)

CENTER LINE -----,

1O9 5. DIMENSION LINE

Dimension lines are thin lines used to show the extent and direction of dimensions on an object. Dimension lines usually end with an arrowhead.

(THIN)

6. EXTENSION LINE

Extension lines are also thin lines showing the limits of dimensions. Dimension line arrowheads touch extension lines.

(THIN)

esrmllo 7. LEADER LINES (7 111f Leaders are more thin lines used to point to an area on a drawing requiring a note for futher explanation.

LEADER LINE .

(THIN)

8 CUTTING PLANE LINE

A cutting place line (very heavy) helps to show a reference for sectioning. It is a line showing the plane where an imaginary cut is made to expose the internal shape of an object.

NMI (THICK)

CUTTING PLANE LINE

111 9. BREAK LINES (short, long, cylindrical)

There are three kinds of break linesused in drawings. They are used to remove or"break out part of a drawing for clarity, and also to shorten objects whichhave the same shade through- out their length and may be toolong to place on the drawing.

SHORT BREAK (THICK)

LONG BREAK (THIN)

CYLINDRICAL BREAK (THICK)

10. PHANTOM LINES

Phantom lines are thin, long-short-short-longlines most often used to show movement or travel of anobject or part in alternate positions. It can also be used to show adjacent objects or features.

(THIN)

PHANTOM LINE 11. BORDER LINES

Border lines are medium thick, continuous lines used to show the boundary of the drawing or to separate different objects drawn on one sheet. They are also used to separate the title block from the rest of the drawing.

TITLE:

BORDER 'LINES ABC COMPANY SCALE:

Muddywater, Ore. DATE:

DR. BY: CHKDDRAWNG. NO.

(MEDIUM THICK)

113 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS SElf AssEssment

Directions: Name the types of lines shown below. Check your own answers.

Leader line; 3. Short break Answers: 1. Cutting plane line; 2. 4. Object line; 5. Extension line; 6. Cylindrical break; 7. Long break. LINE LANGUAGE REVIEW

below. lines needed tocomplete the figures Directions: Draw the kinds of

$ SHORT BREAK LINE

45° SECTION LINES HIDDEN LINES

CYLINDRICAL DIMENSION LINE BREAK LINE AND ARROWS

CENTER LINES

CUTTING PLANE LONG BREAK LINE LINE

EXTENSION LINES 5.8

BLUEPRINT READING

Drafting: Basic Print Reading

Goal: PerformanceIndicators:

The apprentice will be able to readand 1. identify basic symbols and representa- interpret blueprints. tions used in blueprints. 2. Relate two dimensional drawings.to three dimensional objects:

3. Utilize measurements and scales to interpret blueprints.

4. Identify the purpose andconfiguration of commonly used machinefeatures.

5. Interpret notes on blueprintsfor dimensions and tolerances.

116 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS ntroduction

w nose Hamm& We 1w rffl I i Apr--

You have heard the saying that "a picture.is worth a thousand words." This statement is particularly true in regard to technical drawings.

It is important to remember, as you study blueprint reading, that you are learning to communicate with the graphic langUage. Lines are part of the language.

Since technical drawings are made of lines, it is logical that the first step in learning to "read" a drawing is to learn the meaning of each kind of line. Generally, there are 11 basic types of lines. Each kind of line has a definite form and "weight." Weight refers to line thickness or width. When combined in a drawing, lines provide part of the information needed to understand the print.

aMMIMItl=Mki.MIMOMMIIII

117 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

( nformation

The 11lines used on prints are: rd.

1. OBJECT LINE

An object line is a thick continuous line that indicates all the edges and visible surfaces of an object. An object line can also be called a visible line.

OBJECT LINES

(THICK)

HIDDEN LINE

\A hidden line is a medium weight line, made of short dashes, to show edges, surfaces and corners which cannotbe seen. A They are used to make a drawing easier to understand.

(MEDIUM)

HIDDEN LINES 3, SECTION LINE

Section lines are used on a drawing toshow how it would look if it were sectioned, or cut apart, togive a better picture of shape or internal construction. Section lines are very thin, and are usually drawn at 45 degrees. They show the cut surface of an object in sectionalview. More on sections will be explained later.

SECTION LINES

4. CENTER LINE

Center lines are used to indicate thecenter of holes, arcs, and symmetrical objects. They are very thin and consistof long-short-long dashs.

(THIN)

CENTER LINE

119 5. DIMENSION LINE

flimension lines are thin lines used to show theextent and direction of dimensionson an object. Dimension lines usually end with an arrowhead.

(THIN)

6. EXTENSION LINE

Extension lines are also thin lines showing the limits of dimensions. Dimension line arrowheads touch extension lines.

(THIN) 7. LEADER LINES

Leaders are more thin lines used to point to an area on :.: drawing requiring .a note for futher explanation.

.500 DIA. THRU

LEADER LINE

(THIN)

8. CUTTING PLANE LINE

A cutting place line (very heavy)fhelps to show a referencef6r sectioning. It is a line showing the plane where an imaginary cut is made to expose the internal shape of an object.

INMMENINXM NMI NNW (THICK)

NNW Mei

CUTTING PLANE LINE

121 O 9. BREAK LINES (short, long, cylindrical) There are three kinds of break linesused in drawings. They are used to remove or"break out" part of a drawing for clarity, and also to shorten objects whichhave the same shade through- out their length and may be toolong to place on the drawing.

SHORT. BREAK (THICK)

LONG BREAK (THIN)

CYLINDRICAL.BREAK (THICK)

10. PHANTOM LINES

Phantom lines are thin, long-short-short-longlines rust often used to show movement or travel of anobject or part in alternate positions. It can also be used to show adjacent objects or features.

(THIN)

PHANTOM LINE

122 11. BORDER LINES

Border lines are medium thick, continuous lines ,used to show the boundary of the drawing or to separate different objects drawn on one sheet. They are also used to separate the title block from the rest of the drawing.

=1 TITLE:

BORDER LINES ABC COMPANY SCALE: Muddywater, Ore. DATE: DR.BY:/CHKDDRAWNG. NO.

(MEDIUM THICK)

123 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS Self ". AssEssmEnt

Directions: Name the types of lines shown below. Check your ownanswers.

Answers: 1. Cutting plane line; 2. Leader line; 3. Short break Ell 4. Object line; 5. Extension line; 6. Cylindrical break; 7. Long break. LINE LANGUAGE REVIEW

below. lines needed tocomplete the figures Directions: Draw the kinds of

SHORT BREAK LINE

45° SECTION LINES HIDDEN LINES

CYLINDRICAL DIMENSION LINE BREAK LINE AND ARROWS

CENTER LINES

CUTTING PLANE LONG BREAK LINE LINE

EXTENSION LINES IMINIMMIO/ 4

Ainwommolla IrOCIUCuOndi. 1.2A-TIFIC YelM11.1

5.9

BLUEPRINT READING Drafting: Basic Print Reading

Goal: Performance Indicators:

The apprentice will be able to read and 1. Identify basic symbols and representa- interpret blueprints. tions used in blueprintS. 2. Relate two dimensional drawings to three dimensional objects'.

3. Utilize measurements and scales to interpret blueprints.

4. Identify the purpose and configuration of commonly used machine features.

5. Interpret notes on blueprints for dimensions and tolerances.

126 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

Introduction

You have heard the saying that "a picture is wortha thousand words." This statement is particularly true in regard to technical drawings.

It is important to remember, as you study blueprint reading, that you are learning to communicate with the graphic language. Lines are par.t of the language.

Since technical drawings are made of lines, it is logical that the first step in learning to "read" a drawing is to learn the meaning of each kind of line. Generally, there are 11 basic types of lines. Each kind of line has a definite form and "weight."Weight refers to line thickness or width. When combined in a drawing, lines provide part of the information needed to understand the print.

127 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

Information k.J

The 11 lines used on prints are:

1. OBJECT LINE

Ap object line is a thick continuous line that indicates all the edges and visible surfaces of an object. An object line can also be called a visible line.

OBJECT LINES

(THICK)

2. HIDDEN LINE

A hidden line is a medium weight line, made of short dashes, to show edges, surfaces and corners which cannot be seen. They are used to make a drawing easier to understand.

(MEDIUM)

HIDDEN LINES

128 3. SECTION LINE

Section lines are used on a drawing to show how it would look if it were sectioned, or cut apart, to givea better picture of shape or internal construction. Section lines are very thin, and are usually drawn at 45 degrees. They show the cut surface of an object in sectional view. More on sections will be explained later.

SECTION LINES

4. CENTER LINE

Center lines are used to indicate the center of holes, arcs,

and symmetrical objects. They are very tlY , and consist of long-short-long dashes.

(THIN)

CENTER LINE7

129 5. DIMENSION LINE

Dimension lines are thin lines used to show the extent and direction of dimensions on an object. Dimension lines usually end with an arrowhead.

(THIN)

6.. EXTENSION LINE

Extension lines are also thin lines showing the limits of dimensions. Dimension line arrowheads touch extension lines.

(THIN) 7. LEADER LINES

Leaders are more thin lines used topoint to an area on a drawing requiring a note for futherexplanation.

.500 DIA. THRU

LEADER LINE

(THIN)

8. CUTTING PLANE LINE

A cutting place line (very heavy) helps toshow a reference for sectioning. It is a line showing the plane where animaginary cut is made to expose the internal shapeof an object.

01110

(THICK) ,

CUTTING PLANE LINE

131 9. BREAK LINES (short, long, cylindrical)

There are three kinds of break lines used in drawings. They are used to remove or "break out" part of adrawing for clarity, and also to shorten objects which have the same shade through- out their length and may be too long to place on thedrawing.

SHORT BREAK (THICK)

LONG BREAK (THIN)

CYLINDRICAL BREAK (THICK)

10. PHANTOM LINES

Phantom lines are thin, long-short-short-long lines most often used to show movement or travel of an object or part in alternate positions. It can also be used to show adjacent objects or features.

(THIN)

PHANTOM LINE

132 11. BORDER LINES

S Border lines are medium thick, continuous lines used to show the boundary of the drawing or to separate different objects drawn on one sheet. They are also used to separate the title block from the rest of the drawing.

TITLE:

BORDER LINES ABC COMPANY, SCALE: Muddywater, Ore. DATE: 011 DR.BY:7CHKDDRAWNG. NO.

)

(MEDIUM THICK) *

INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS Self AssEssmEnt

Directions: Name the types of lines shown below. Check your own answers.

44'

N Leader line; 3. Short break Answers: 1. Cutting plane line;2. Cylindrical break; 4. Object line; 5. Extension line; 6. 7. Long br'eak.

134 LINE LANGUAGE REVIEW

lines needed tocomplete the figuresbeloy. Directions: Draw the kinds of

SHORT BREAK LINE

45° SECTION LINES HIDDEN LINES

CYLINDRICAL /1 DIMENSION LINE BREAK LINE AND ARROWS

CENTERLINES.

CUTTING PLANE LONG BREAK LINE LINE

EXTENSION LINES

.35 irtgluonddl uEmninc stflwal

5.10 4i

BLUEPRINT READING

Drafting: Basic Print Reading

Goal: Performance Indicators:

The apprentice will be able to readand 1. Identify basic symbols and representa- interpret blueprints. tions used in blueprints. 2. Relate two dimensional drawings to three dimensionalobjects:

3. Utilize measurements and scales to interpret blueprints.

4. Identify the purpose andconfiguration of commonly used machinefeatures.

5. Interpret notes on blueprintsfor dimensions and tolerances. INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS ntroduction

ma. = - 7 P-2317

You have heard the saying that "a picture isworth a thousand words." This statement is particularly true in regard to technical drawings.

It would be nearly impossible for an engineer, designer,or architect to describe in words the shape, size and relationship of a complex object. Therefore, drawings have become the universal language used by engineers, designers, technicians, and craftspeople to communicate the information necessary to build, assemble and service the products of industry.

It is important to remember, asyou study blueprint reading, that you are learning to communicate with tht. graphic language. Lines are pant of the language.

Since technical drawings are made of lines, it is logical that the first step in learning to "read" a drawing is to learn the meaning of each kind of line. Generally, there are 11 basic types of lines. Each kind of line has a definite form and "weight."Weight refers to line thickness or width. When combined in a drawing, lines provide part of the information needed to understand the print.

......

137 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS ..wars.owsex

Information

The 11 lines used on prints are:

1. OBJECT LINE

An object line is a thick continuous line that indicates all the edges and visible surfaces of an object. An object line can also be called a visible line.

OBJECT LINES

(THICK)

2. HLDDEN LINE

A hidden line is a medium weight line, made of short dashes, to show edges, surfaces and corners which cannot be seen. They are used to make a drawing easier to understand.

(MEDIUM)

HIDDEN LINES 3. SECTION LINE

OSection lines are used on a drawing to show how it would look if it were sectioned, or cut apart, to give a better picture of shape or internal construction. Section lines are very thin, and are usually drawn at 45 degrees. They show the cut surface of an object in sectional view. More on sections will be explained later.

SECTION LINES

4. CENTER LINE

Center lines are used to indicate the center of holes, arcs, and symmetrical objects. They are very thin and consist of long-short-long dashes.

(THIN)

CENTER LINE

1 39 5. DIMENSION LINE

Dimension lines are thin lines used to show the extent and direction of dimensions on an object. Dimension lines usually end with an arrowhead.

(THIN)

6. EXTENSION LINE

Extension lines are also thin lines showing the limits of. dimensions. Dimension line arrowheads touch extension lines.

(THIN) 7. LEADER LINES

Leaders are more thin lines used to point to an area on a drawing requiring a note for futher explanation.

.500 DIA. i'HRU

LEADER LINE

1111111111111111r

(THIN) 1611117

8. CUTTING PLANE LINE

A cutting place line (very heavy) helps to show a reference for sectioning. It is a line showing the plane where an imaginary cut is made to expose the internal shape of an object.

11111111111111 (THICK)

CUTTING PLANE LINE

141 9. BREAK LINES (short, long, cylindrical) 411 There are three kinds of break lines used indrawings. They are used to remove or"break out" part of a drawing for clarity, and also to shorten objects which havethe same shade through- out their length and may be toolong to place on the drawing.

SHORT RREAK (THICK)

LONG BREAK (THIN)

CYLINDRICAL BREAK (THICK)

10. PHANTOMLINES

Phantom lines are thin, long-short-short-longlines most often used to show movement or travel of an object orpart in alternate positions. It can also be used to show adjacent objects or features.

(THIN)

PHANTOM LINE 11. BORDER LINES

TITLE:

BORDER LINES ABC COMPANY SCALE: Muddywater, Ore. DATE: DR. BY: CHKDDRAWNG. NO.

(MEDIUMTHICK)

143 9. INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS Self AssessmEnt

Directions: Name the types of lines shown below. Check your ownanswers.

t...._,4) 650DIAL.

Answers: 1. Cutting plane line; 2. Leader line; 3. Short break 4. Object line; 5. Extension line; 6. Cylindrical break; 7. Long break.

144 LINE LANGUAGE REVIEW

needed to complete thefigures below. Directions: Draw the kinds of lines

SHORT BREAK LINE

450 SECTION LINES HIDDEN LINES

3 CYLINDRICAL . DIMENSION LINE BREAK LINE AND ARROWS 111

CENTER LINES

LCUTTING PLANE LONG BREAK LINE LINE

EXTENSION LINES

145 C21

01111MIr

111k71U.A.4X1A1 La-1W )115. 1a

5.11

BLUEPRINT READING

Drafting: Basic Print Reading

Goal: PerformanceIndicators:

The apprentice will be able to read and 1. Identify basic symbols and representa- interpret blueprints. tions used in blueprints. 2. Relate two dimensional drawings to three dimensional objects.

3. Utilize measurements and scales to interpret blueprints.

4. Identify the purpose and configuration of commonly used machinefeatures.

5. Interpret notes on blueprints for dimensions and tolerances.

146 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

Introduction

- Mi I 11-

z.7.... 7z..-. : =2.-

You have heard the saiiihg that "apicture is worth a. thousand words." This statement is particularly true in regardto technical drawings. r-\

It would, be nearly. impossible for an engineer, designer, or architect to describe in words the shape, size and relationship ofa complex object. Therefore, drawings have become the universal language used by engineers, designers, technicians, and craftspeopleto communicate the informationnecessary to build, assemble and service the products of industry.

It is important-tbremember, asyou study blueprint reading, that you are learning to communicate with the graphic language. Lines are part of the language.

Since technical drawings are made of lines, it is logicalthat the first step in learning to "read" a drawing isto learn the meaning of each kind of line. Generally, there are 11 basic types of lines. Each kind of line has a definite form ansi "weight."Weight refers to line thickness or width. When combined 1m a drawing, lines provide part of the information needed to understand the print.

147 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

Information

The 11 lines used on prints are:

1. OBJECT LINE

An object line is a thick continuous line that indicates all the edges and visible surfaces of an object. An object line can also be called a visible line.

OBJECT LINES

(THICK)

2. HIDDEN LINE

A hidden line is a medium weight line, made of short dashes, to show edges, surfaces and corners which cannot be seen. They are used to make a drawing easier to understand.

(MEDIUM)

HIDDEN LINES

148 3. SECTION LINE

Section lines are used'on a drawing to show how it wouldlook if it were sectioned, or cut apart, to givea better picture of shape or internal construction. Section lines are very thin, and are usually drawn at 45 degrees. They show the cut surface of an object in sectional view. More on sections will be explained later.

SECTION LINES

V.)

4. CENTER LINE

Center lines are used to indicate the center of holes, arcs, and symmetrical objects. They are very thin and consist of long-short-long dashes.

(THIN)

CENTER LINE

149 5. DIMENSION LINE

Dimension lines are thin lines used to show the extent and direction of dimensions on an object. Dimension lines usually end with an arrowhead.

(THIN)

6. EXTENSION LINE

Extension lines are also thin lines showing the limits of dimensions. Dimension line arrowheads touch extension lines.

(THIN)

150 7. LEADER LINES

Leaders are more thin lines used to point to an areaon a drawing requiring a note for futher explanation.

.500 DIA. THRU

LEADER LINE

(THIN)

8. CUTTING PLANE LINE

A cutting place line (very heavy) helps to show a reference for sectioning. It is a line showing the plane where an imaginary cut is made to expose the internal, shape of anobject.

eirINNIMMINI NEM WPM (TH'i

CUTTING PLANE LINE

151 9. BREAK LINES (short, long, cylindrical)

There are three kinds of break lines used in drawin ?s. They are used to remove or "break out" part of a drawin for clarity, and also to shorten objects which have the same shade through- out their length and may be too long to place on thedrawing.

SHORT BREAK (THICK)

LONG BREAK (THIN)

CYLINDRICAL BREAK (THICK)

10: PHANTOM LINES

Phantom lines are thin, long-short-short-long lines most often used to show movement or travel of an object or part in alternate positions. It can also be used to show adjacent objects or features.

(THIN)

PHANTOM LINE

152 11. BORDER LINES 111 Border lines are medium thick, continuous lines used to show the boundary of the drawing or to separate different objects 01, drawn on one sheet. They are also used to separate the title block from the rest of the drawing.

TITLE:

BORDER LINES ABC COMPANY SCALE: Muddywater, Ore. DATE: DR. BY:/ CHKDDRAWNG. NO. 1111

(MEDIUM THICK)

153 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS Self AssEssmEnt

Directions: Name the types of lines shown below. Check your ownanswers.

Answers: 1. Cutting plane line; 2. Leader line; 3. Short break 4. Object line; 5. Extension line; 6. Cylindrical break; 7. Long break.

154 LINE LANGUAGEREVIEW

below. of lines needed tocomplete the figures Directi'ns: Draw the kinds

SHORT BREAK LINE

450 SECTION LINES HIDDEN LINES

3 CYLINDRICAL DIMENSION LINE BREAK LINE AND ARROWS

CENTER LINES

CUTTING PLANE LONG BREAK LINE LINE

155 t

EIN74U.A.1011AL.Lavine le)mal

5.12

BLUEPRINT READING Drafting: Basic Print Reading

Goal: Performance Indicators:

The apprentice will be able to read and 1. Identify basic symbols and representa- interpret blueprints. tions used in blueprintS. 2. Relate two dimensional drawings to three dimensional objects:

3. Utilize measurements and scales to interpret blueprints.

4. Identify the purpose andconfiguration of commonly used machinefeatures.

5. Interpret notes on blueprints for dimensions and tolerances.

ViimmkomiNNOMMEMINIMMIMIII1611001111101. 156 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

Introduction

1 w NEEL T _ E E iEN IP

You have heard the saying that "a picture is worth a thousand words." This statement is particularly true in regard to technical drawings.

It is important to remember, as you study blueprint reading, that you are learning to communicate with the graphic language. Lines are part of the language.

Since technical drawings are made of lines, it is logical that the first step in learning to "read" a drawing is to lean; the meaning of each kind of line. Generally, there are 11 basic types of lines. Each kind of line has a definite form and "weight."Weight refers to line thickness or width. When combined in a drawing, lines provide part of the information needed to understand the print. INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

c Information

The 11 lines used on prints are:

1. OBJECT LINE

An object line is a thick continuous line that indicates all the edges and visible surfaces of an object. An object line can also be called a visible line.

OBJECT LINES

(THICK)

2. HIDDEN LINE

A hidden line is a medium weight line, made of short dashes,' to show edges, surfaces and corners which cannot be seen. They are used to make a drawing easier to understand.

(MEDIUM)

O HIDDEN LINES

158 3. SECTION LINE

Section lines are used on a drawing to show howit would look if it were sectioned, or cut apart, to give-abetter picture of shape or internal construction. Section lines are very thin, and are usually drawn at 45 degrees. They show the cut surface of an object in sectional view. More on sections will be explained later.

SECTION LINES

4. CENTER LINE

Center lines are used to indicate the center of holes,arcs, and symmetrical objects. They are very thin and consist of long-short-long dashes.

(THIN)

)( CENTER LINE

111

159 5. DIMENSION LINE

Dimension lines are thin lines used to show the extent and direction of dimensions on an object. Dimension lines usually end with an arrowhead.

(THIN)

6. . EXTENSION LINE

Extension lines are also thin lines showing the limits of dimensions. Dimension line arrowheads touch extension lines.

(THIN)

160 7. LEADER LINES

Leaders are more thin lines used to point to an area on a drawing requiring a note for futher explanation.

LEADER LINE

1 (THIN)

8. CUTTING PLANE LINE

A cutting place line (very heavy) helps to show a reference for sectioning. It is a line showing the plane where an imaginary cut is made to expose the internal shape of an object. J

=MIMEO MI==11111 (THICK)

CUTTING PLANE LINE

161 3

9. BREAK LINES (short, long, cylindrical)

SHORT BREAK (THICK)

LONG BREAK (THIN)

CYLINDRICAL. BREAK (THICK)

10. PHANTOM LINES

Phantom lines are thin, long-short-short-long lines most often used to show movement or travel of an object or part in alternate positions. It can also be used to show adjacent objects or fLatures.

(THIN)

PHANTOM LINE

162 H

11. BORDER LINES

TITLE:

BORDERLINES' ABC COMPANY SCALE: Muddywater, Ore. DATE: DR. BY: CHKD DRAWNG. NO.

71111 (MEDIUIV iCK)

163 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS SElf Na, AssEssment

Directions: Name the types of lines shown below. Check your own answers.

Short break Answers: 1. Cutting plane line; 2. Leader line; 3. 4. Object line; 5. Extension line; 6. Cylindrical break; 7. Long break.

164 A

LINE LANGUAGE REVIEW

below. lines needed tocomplete the figures Directions: Draw the kinds of

SHORT BREAK LINE

450 SECTION LINES HIDDEN LINES

CYLINDRICAL DIMENSION: LINE BREAK LINE AND ARROWS

CENTER LINES

CUTTING PLANE LONG BREAK LINE LINE

EXTENSION LINES

165 4

aruclus...onau. Lwrine

5.13

BLUEPRINT READING Drafting: Basic Print Reading

Goal: Performance Indicators:

The apprentice will be able to read and 1. Identify basic symbols and representa- interpret blueprints. tions used in blueprints. 2. Relate two dimensional drawings to three dimensional objects.

3. Utilize measurements and scales to interpret blueprints.

4. Identify the purpose and configuration of conuonly used machine features.

5. Interpret notes on blueprints for dimensions and tolerances.

166 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

Introduction

log mill i VEREigv.

MESE I

You have heard the saying that "a picture is wortha thousand words." This statement is particularly true in regard to technical drawings.

It would be nearly impossible for an engineer, designer,or architect to describe in wordt the shape, size and relationship ofa complex object. Therefore, drawings have become the universal language used by engineers, designers, technicians, and craftspeopleto communicate thy: information necessary to build, assemble and service the products of industry.

It is important to remember, as you study blueprint reading,that you are learning to communicate with the graphic language. Lines are part of the language.

Since technical drawings are made of lines, it is logical that the first step in learning to "read" a drawing is to learn the meaning of each kind of line. Generally, there are 11 basic types of lines. Each kind of line has a definite form and "weight."Weight refers to line thickness or width. When combined in a drawing, lines provide part of the information needed to understand the print.

167 a

INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

( Information

The 11lines used on prints are:

1. OBJECT LINE

An object line is a thick continuous line that indicates all the edges and visible surfaces of an object. An object line can a'so be called a visible line.

OBJECT LINES

(THICK)

2, HIDDEN LINE

A hidden line isa medium weight line, made of short dashes, to show edges, surfaces and corners which cannot be seen. They are used to make a drawing easier to understand.

(MEDIUM)

HIDDEN LINES

168 3. SECTION LINE

Section lines are used on a drawingto show how it would look if it were sectioned,or cut apart, to give a better picture of shape or internal construction. Section lines are very thin, and are usually drawn at 45 degrees. They show the cut surface of an object in sectional view. More on sections will be explained later.

SECTION LINES

4. CENTER LINE

Center lines are used to indicate the center of holes,arcs, and symmetrical objects. They are very thin and consist of long-short-long dashes.

(THIN)

CENTER LINE

169 5. DIMENSION LINE

Dimension lines are thin 1;ries used to show the extent and direction of dimensions on an object. Dimension lines usually end with an arrowhead.

(THIN)

6. EXTENSION LINE

Extension lines are also thin lines showing the limits of dimensions. Dimension line arrowheads touch extension lines.

(THIN)

170 7. LEADER LINES

Leaders are more thin lines used to point to an area on a drawing requiring a note for futher explanation.

.500 DIA. THRU

LEADER LINE

(THIN)

8. CUTTING PLANE LINE

A cutting place line (very heavy) helps to show a reference for sectioning. It is a line showing the plane where an imaginary cut is made to expose the internal shape of an object.

W1011111101111161 111111111111 (THICK)

CUTTING PLANE LINE

17.1 9. BREAK LINES (short, long, cylindrical)

There are thrqe kinds of break lines used in drawings.They are used to remove or "break out" part of a drawingfor clarity, and also to shorten objects which have the same shade through- out their length and may be too long to place on thedrawing.

SHORT BREAK (THICK) °

LONG BREAK (THIN)

CYLINDRICAL BREAK (THICK)

10. PHANTOM LINES

Phantom lines are thin, long-short-short-long lines most often used to show movement or travel of an object or part in alternate positions. It can also be used to show adjacent objects or features.

(THIN)

PHANTOM LINE 11. BORDER LINES

TITLE:

BORDER LINES ABC COMPANY SCALE: Muddywater, Ore. DATE: DR. BY: CHKDDRAWNG. NO.

(MEDIUM THICK)

173 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

0 SElf AssEssment

Directions: Name the types of lines shown below. Check your own answers.

Short break Answers: 1. Cutting plane line; 2. Leader line; 3, 4. Object line; 5. Extension line; 6. Cylindrical break; 7. Long break.

174 LINE LANGUAGEREVIEW

lines needed tocomplete the figures below. Directions: Draw the kinds of

SHORTBREAK LINE

45° SECTION LINES HIDDEN LINES

CYLINDRICAL DIMENSION LINE BREAKLINE ANDARROWS

CENTER LINES I

CUTTING PLANE LONG BREALINE LINE

EXTENSION,' -4- LINES

175 fro

4 0

I.111 imlimmia NUCIUCZOrIAL, MINIM 5.14

DRAFTING

MACHINED FEATURES Bevel Keyseat Boss Knurl Chamfer Lug Counterbore Neck Countersink Pad Dovetail ,Round Fillet Spline Kerf Spot Face Keyway T-Slot

Goal: Performance Indicators: The student will be able to identify Given a prepared worksheet, the the purpose and configuration of student will identify various several commonly used machine machined surfaces by name. features.

176 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

Introduction

MACHINED FEATURES

INTRODUCTION:

The machined features in this package are common terms related to basic industry processes. These terms are often found on prints; therefore, it is Wortant to understand their use and purpose. This module will explain a little about each of these machined features. a

4%,

177 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

Information

1. BEVEL

A surface cut at an angle.

2. BOSS

A circular pad on forgings or castings which projects out from th( body of the part. The surface of the boss is machined smooth for a bolt head to sit on and it has a hole drilled through to accommodate the bolt shank.

11.1111.1110101111100111111e

178 3. CHAMFER

The process of cutting away a sharpexternal 4orner or edge.

4. COUNTER BORE

To enlarge a drilled hole to a givendiameter and depths Usually done for recessing a bolt head.

5. COUNTER SINK

To machine a conical depression in a(frilled hole for recessing' flathead screws or bolts.

179 6. DOVETAIL

A slot of any depth and width which hasangled sides. Used to allow another part to slide without separatingfrom the dove- tailed part.

FILLET

A small radius filling formed between the inside angle of twosurfaces.

8. KERF

The narrow slot formed by removing material whilesawing or other machining. 9. KEYWAY

111 A narrow groove or slot cut in the shaft hole of a sleeve,hub, or gear to accommodate a key.

10. KEYSEAT

A narrow groove or slot cut in a shaft to accommodate a key.

KEY

KEYSEAT

11. KNURL

To uniformly roughen, with a diamond or straight pattern, a cylindrical or flat surface.

IF.Y.:..:.!.!.:.:e..:.:!!.::,::.!.!:.:.:::..:::.:.::::.::::.:!.!:::.:.:.: 12. LUG 411 A piece projecting out from the body of a part, usually rectangular in cross-section with a hole or slot in it, used for mounting or securing.

13. NECK

A narrow machined groove on the cylindrical part of an object, used to hold a retaining ring.

odar/....4.4.\awm.roarrrormormws./....riass...."."a.

v-GROOVE SQUARE ROUND 14. SPOT FACE 411 A round surface on a casting or forging for a bolt head. Usually less than 1/16 of an inch deep.

15. T-SLOT

A slot of any dimensions cut to resemble a "T." Used much like a dovetail for locking pieces into position. 4 16. PAD

A slightly raised surface projecting out from the body of a part for bearing or surface wear. The pad surface can be any size or shape. (Remember, bosses are round and have a hole through them.)

17. ROUND

A small radius, rounded, outside corner formed between two surfaces, to eliminate rough, sharp corners and reduce material usage.

t, a

OS%

184 18. SPLINE

A gear-like serrated surface on a shaft, which takes the place of a key in special power transmission problems. 0. 6.

INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS Self Assessment

Directions: Write your answers in pencil in spaces provided. Check your test with the answers on the next page.

166 Answers to self test:

1. Chamfer 7. Knurl

2. Kerf 8. Counter sink

3. Round 9. Neck

4. Lug 10. Fillet

5. Pad 11. Counter Bore

6. Dovetail, 12. Spline

1111

187 IMEMIIIMMEr

11 WINC4L1MOCIA1 L2A-IninC.)"5M71.1

5.15

DRAFTING

MEASUREMENT Scale Measurement Full Size Half Size Quarter Size

=4, Goal: Performance Indicators:

The student will be able to use Given prepared worksheets, the measurements and scales in working student will locate various with blue prints for industry. fractional dimensions or typical drafting scales.

188 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS introduction

INTRODUCTION:

The ability to make accurate measurements is a basic skill needed ,by everyone who reads and uses blueprints. Since some students have had little need to measure accurately, these exercises will provide the practice they need. Othei.s who.have had more experience may find these exercises a worthwhile review.

Remember, if you need a dimension from a print that is unclear or not given, DON'T MEASURE THE PRINT: Since prints shrink, stretch, and may not be drawn to scale, you can easily come up with some veryin- accurate dimensions.

189 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

Information

SCALE MEASUREMENT

A drawing of an object may be the same size as the object (full- size), or it may be larger or smaller than the object. Ln most cases, if it is not drawn full-size, the drawing is made smaller than the object. This is done primarily for the convenience of the users Of the drawings. After all, who wants to carry around a. full-size drawing of a locomotive?Obviously, with an object as small at aloristwatch, it would necessary to draw at a larger scale.

A machine'part, for example,-may be half size (1/2" = 1"); a building may be drawn 1/48th size (1/.1" = 11-0"), =, map may be drawn 1/1200th size (1 1/2 = 1001-01; and a gear in that wrist- watch maybe drawn ten times the size (10" = 1").

There are numerous scales for different needs. Since each occupational group has its own frequently used scales, some practice br basic review will help you to work with the scales used in your technology.

190 t'! 40 P

2. FULL-SIZE

Full-size is simply letting one inch (or unit) on a ruler, steel rule, or draftsperson's scale equal one inch (or unit) op the actual object. Rules of this kind are usually divided into six- teen units per inch or 32 units per inch.

Here is a "big inch." Each space equals 1/32 of an inch,.

WM! ONE INCH 32

On the scale above, locate the following fractions.

1. 5/8 6. 7/8

2. 3/16 7. 11/16

3. 7/32 8. 5/16

4: 15/16 9. 31/32

5. 25/32: 10. 19/32

191 3. HALF SIZE

Thr. principle of half size measurements on a drawing is simply letting one unit, such as 1/2 inch on the scale, represent a

larger unit such as 1 inch on the drawing. If the drawing is properly labeled, the words "half size" or 1/2" = 1" will appear in the title block.

Using the half size scale isn't difficult, but it does take some practice. To measure a distance of 2 3/16 in half size you look first for the whole unit 2 then go backwards to the zero and count off the additional 3/16. You measure this way for each dimension that has a fraction. Whole numbers (numbers without fractions) are measured in the usual way.

2 0 2 3 4 5

HALF SIZE

With the scale above, practice locating the following half size dimensions.

1. 43/16 4. 13/16

2. 21/2 5. 3.3/8

3. 53/4 6. 413/32 4. QUARTER SIZE

Quarter size is used and read in a similar way to half size, except that each unit, such as a quarter of an inch, represents a larger unit, such as one inch. If the drawing is properly labeled the words "quarter size" or "quarter scale" or 1/4" = 1" will appear in the title block.

The example below shows a dimension of 3 3/8 inches.

3 2..8H

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 4

Using the scale above, practice locating the following dimensions.

1. 25/8 5. 53/8

2. 37/8 6. 103/4

3. 61/4 7. 45/8

4. 81/8 8. 11 1/4 11INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS SElf ASSESSMEnt

Directions: Place the dimensions given above each scale to show that length. Check your answers. If you have 5 or more right, go on to the next section. If not, repeat this module. The first problem is done for you as an example.

0FULL 1 2

I"32

1 4* 2 5 HALF

-z19 --1 %.) 32 2 0 2 3 4 5 HALF

ICI

4 12 10 8 6 4 21 0 QUARTER

2* 4 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 QUARTER Answers to self test:

4,a 2. IA(

2 3

3'932 ---411101 3. 111111111111111.11001

2 0 1 3 4 5

CIA 4. .111=y1111.11,

12 10 8 6 4 2

H216

4 12 10-TT8 IFTT0

195 PI

INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

Study Guide

For Fu.*ther Information:

Drafting and Graphics, Giachino and Beukema, 2nd Edition, pp. 4-7.

Technical Drawing, Giesecke, et al, 6th Edition, pp. 30-35.

Drafting for Industry, Brown, 1974, pp. 31-33.

ILS Drafting: Measuring :nstruments, article 7.00

196 15,74:110(1411. YAM11.5

5.16

DRAFTING

VISUALIZATION

Perspective Orthographic Projection Oblique Drawing 4, Hidden Surfaces Isometric Drawing Curved Surfaces One-View Drawing Inclined Surfaces Two-View Drawing

Goal: Performance Indicators: The student will learn to be able to On a prepared worksheet, the student relate two-dimensional representations will fill in lines needed .to complete of three-dimensional objects. a third view.

197 INSTRUCTIGNAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

Introduction

VISIBILITY

INTRODUCTION:

The ability to "see" technical drawings; that is, to "think in three dimensions" is the most important part of this course. Since most engineering and architectural prints utilize some form of orthographic projection (multi-view drawing), that type of drawing will be emphasized.

Before going into a study of orthographic projection, you should be able to recognize several other types of drawings. They are: (1) perspective drawing, (2) oblique drawing, and (3) isometric drawing As a group, they are called pictorial drawings. They are found on prints and they are easy to visualize, so let's look at their differences.

198 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS

Information

1. PERSPECTIVE

Perspective is the most realistic form of drawing. Artists use one-point perspective, two-point (shownhere), and three- point to create visual depth. Perspectives are used by architects and for industrial pictorials of plant layouts, machinery, and other subjects where realism is required. Objects drawn in perspective grow smaller as they recede into the horizon. VANISHING POINT HORIZON LINE

VANISHING POINT

OBLIQUE DRAWING TWOPOINT PERSPECTIVE

Oblique drawings are made with one plane(front) of the object parallel to the drawing surface. The side, or other visible part of the object is generally drawn at 30 45 degrees. Note that only the side is on an angle.

OBLIQUE DRAWING

3. ISOMETRIC DRAWING

Isometric drawings have less distortion than oblique drawings, and-are used more frequently by industry for that reason. An isometric drawing has both visible surfaces drawn at 30 degrees.

300 30°

199 4. ONE-VIEW DRAWING

A single view of an object is sometimes all that is needed for a complete visual expluiation. When dimensions, material, and other inforwation is included, and object requiring only a single view is usually easy to. understand.

Most one-view drawings are of flat objects, made from materials such as sheet metal and gasket stock. Spherical objects, such as a cannonball, would require only one view and,a note indicating the material and diameter of the sphere.

The object shown below could be made of any appropriate material that might be'specified. In appearance, it is much like the gasket used in part of the cooling system ofmany cars.

1" DIA 2 HOLES

14-R

"GASKET 3 6

ONE-VIEW DRAWING

2(10 5 TWO-VIEW DRAWING

Two-view, drawings are sometimes, foundon prints since two views may be all that is needed U.; showthe shape of an object. Objects which are cylindrical, suchas the length of pipe, are usually shownon a print with two views. In such a case, two viewsare sufficient to explain the shape. Notice in the two -view drawing belowthat the length of pipe is shown in one view and the diameteris called out in the other. The hidden or dashed lines indicatethe inside surface of the pipe which cannotbe seen.

MAT W. 1

..vm.m..=xema TWO-VIEW DRAWING

201 6. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

Orthog6pRic projection isa name given to drawings whi6 usually have three views. Often, tlib three vizA lelectedare the top, front and right side.. It's possible,when necessary, to select other views such as the left sideor the bottom. Generally, though, the top, front and rightside views arCtraditionally seen V.-the personsreading prints. ! Since most prints makeuse of the orthographic projection system, and because the top, frontand right side viewsare most often used, it's importantthat you know their orderor arrangement on the-print. To help you understand thissystem, think of a chalk boarderaser, a short length of 2x 4 lumber, or a .common brick. It looks like this:

FRONT

When seen on a print, using orthographic projection,it would Took like this:.

TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW

ORTHOGRAPHIC LAYOUT

202 This system of orthographic projection may oe-difficult to understand or visualize at first, but you will grasp it with some practice. Here's a basic example of how it works, using a simple object.

Orthographic projection does not show depth,so the object shown above will appear flat. With practice, however, you .00 will learn to scan the three views and "read" depth intothem. Remember that the location of the top, front and right side views does not change.' The projection lines between the orthographic views below show the height, width and depth relationships that exist betty each of the views.

c TOPI, VIEW PROJECTION LINES

RiGNT

FRONT VIEW SIOE

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

203 In case you didn't understand the three-view on the last page, let's take another look at the same thing. This time numbers will be used for identification of the surfaces.

Using orthographic projection, the object with surfaces numbered appears like this:

2 3

Notice that the front view (1) is the key to the drawing because it most clearly shows the shape of the object. The other two views,,don't tell you much about the shape of the object by them- selves. By looking at surface 1, however, you can see that 2 is taller than 3. Therefore, in "reading" the surfaces, 2 should appear to be closer to you than 3. Now look at 4 and 5. Which surface is projected closest to you?

(g aaelans) 204 You may be wondering at this point why something like orthographic projection is used on prints when isometric or oblique drawings are so much easier to visualize. The answer is that isometric and oblique pictorials are used for relatively uncomplicated drawings. When an object is complex, neither. pictorial can equal the orthographic system for a clear presentation of dimensions, notes, and configuration details.

7. HIDDEN SURFACES

Another advantage of orthographic projection is'that it allows the person reading the print to have the ability to see the inside, or surfaces of am object which normally could not be seen.. With complicated objects in pictorial, this transparent viewing can become very useful in completely describing the object.

In the drawing below, the hidden line in the right side view represents the entire surface of the flat area between the two higher sides.

TO P

HIDDEN SURFACE

205 In this example, the t den lines result from a square hole through the middle of the object.

41=1 TOP

FRONT RIGHT SIDE

The hidden lines in this example are there becausea part of one corner of the front surface has been cut away or recessed.

FRONT

TOP

FRONT RIGHT SIDE

206 8. CURVED SURFACES

Curved surfaces are perhaps tricky to "see" untilyou remember that the curve is shown only inone view. You must put the curve "In the other views yourself, through visualization.

Owe

Here's another example of curved surfaces.

207 9. INCLINED SURFACES

Inclined surfaces are those which are at an angle, or slanted. In other words, they are surfaces which are neither horizontal nor vertical. In viewing orthographic drawings you need to be alert to angles and inclined surfaces, for they are often fmnd on prints you will be reading later.

Notice the hidden line in the right side view created when the inclined surface joins the vertical end surface of this object.

Here is an object with twc inclined surfaces. /

218 INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS SElf ASSESSMEnt

Directions: With a pencil, draw the lines needed to complete the view. One view in each problem is incomplete. Grade your test. If you have 9 or more right go on to the next section. If less than 9, erase your answers and repeat this module.

1----

1 7

r 1 1 0 - ____.

o II 2

> p. [21 E

209 4 ./* Or

Answers to self test: (

I 2 3 n I

---. , _

1 i l 1-1-171 .

_I 1

7 8 9

I 1 1 1 t

a CDI .,__ ..."

to 11 12

\ n I 9 l

210