Solid-State Lighting 2017 Suggested Research Topics Supplement: Technology and Market Context September 2017 [This page has intentionally been left blank.] SSL 2017 SUGGESTED RESEARCH TOPICS SUPPLEMENT Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency, contractor, or subcontractor thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The document should be referenced as: DOE SSL Program, “2017 Suggested Research Topics Supplement: Technology and Market Context,” edited by James Brodrick, Ph.D. Editor: James Brodrick, DOE SSL R&D Program Lead Author: Morgan Pattison, SSLS, Inc. Contributors: Norman Bardsley, Bardsley Consulting Monica Hansen, LED Lighting Advisors Lisa Pattison, SSLS, Inc. Seth Schober, Navigant Consulting, Inc. Kelsey Stober, Navigant Consulting, Inc. Jeffrey Tsao, Sandia National Laboratories Mary Yamada, Navigant Consulting, Inc. i SSL 2017 SUGGESTED RESEARCH TOPICS SUPPLEMENT [This page has intentionally been left blank.] ii SSL 2017 SUGGESTED RESEARCH TOPICS SUPPLEMENT List of Acronyms Abbreviation Definition $/klm U.S. dollars per kilolumen 3-D 3-dimensional A/cm2 amperes per square centimeter AC alternating current AlGaN aluminum gallium nitride AlInGaN aluminum indium gallium nitride AlInGaP aluminum indium gallium phosphide AlN aluminum nitride ANSI American National Standards Institute app software application ASP average selling price BLE Bluetooth Low Energy BR bulged reflector Btu British thermal unit °C degrees Celsius CALiPER Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and Reporting CCT correlated color temperature cd/m2 candelas per square meter CFL compact fluorescent lamp CIE Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage CLTB connected lighting test bed cm-LED color mixed-LED COB chip-on-board CRI color rendering index CSA China Solid State Lighting Alliance CSP chip scale package CWF cool white fluorescent DC direct current DLC DesignLights Consortium DMX digital multiplex DOE U.S. Department of Energy Duv distance from the blackbody locus in u-v colorspace EESL Energy Efficiency Services Limited EQE external quantum efficiency EQE/IQE extraction efficiency EU European Union FCC Federal Communications Commission FOA funding opportunity announcement FP-7 Seventh Framework Programme FWHM full width at half maximum iii SSL 2017 SUGGESTED RESEARCH TOPICS SUPPLEMENT FY fiscal year GaAs gallium arsenide GaN gallium nitride HID high intensity discharge HPS high-pressure sodium HVAC heating, ventilation and air conditioning hy-LED hybrid LED IEA International Energy Agency IES Illuminating Engineering Society IHS Information Handling Services Markit Ltd. III-N III nitride material III-V III-V semiconductor material InGaN indium gallium nitride IoT Internet of things IP Internet protocol IQE internal quantum efficiency IR infrared ITO indium tin oxide K Kelvin klm/m2 kilolumen per square meter KrW Korean Won L1 Level 1 L2 Level 2 L70 duration of lumen maintenance to 70% initial brightness; operational lifetime LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory LCA life-cycle assessment LED light-emitting diode LER luminous efficacy of radiation lm/m2 lumens per square meter lm/W lumens per watt LSRC LED Systems Reliability Consortium LT50 lifetime to 50% of the initial luminance LT80 lifetime to 80% of the initial luminance mAh milliamp hour MC-PCB metal-core printed circuit board MEMS microelectromechanical systems Mg magnesium MLA micro-lens array MOCVD metal organic chemical vapor deposition MR multifaceted reflector MW megawatt NGLIA Next Generation Lighting Industry Alliance NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology iv SSL 2017 SUGGESTED RESEARCH TOPICS SUPPLEMENT nm nanometer OLED organic light emitting diode PAR parabolic aluminized reflector PCB printed circuit board PCE power conversion efficiency pc-LED phosphor-converted LED PDMS polydimethylsiloxane Pd palladium PECVD plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition PLC powerline communication PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory PoE power over Ethernet PPER photosynthetic photon efficacy of radiation Pt platinum QY quantum yield R&D research and development R2R roll-to-roll R9 Color fidelity test standard for red content not used in calculations of CRI RGB red, green and blue RGBA red, green, blue and amber RYGB red, yellow, green and blue SSL solid-state lighting TADF thermally activated delayed fluorescence TAKT process cycle time TBtu trillion British thermal units THD total harmonic distortion TiO2 titanium dioxide TLED tubular LED TWh terawatt-hours UDC Universal Display Corporation UV ultraviolet V volt VLC visible light communication W Watt W/m2 watts per square meter W/mK watts per meter kelvin W/mm2 watts per square millimeter YAG yttrium aluminium garnet ZESCO Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation ZrO2 zirconium dioxide µm micrometer Δu'v' magnitude of color shift in the CIE 1976 chromaticity diagram (u', v') Ω/□ resistivity per unit area v SSL 2017 SUGGESTED RESEARCH TOPICS SUPPLEMENT [This page has intentionally been left blank.] vi SSL 2017 SUGGESTED RESEARCH TOPICS SUPPLEMENT Executive Summary Solid-state lighting (SSL) technology and pricing have advanced significantly in the past decade, to the point where it is the best option for almost every lighting application. SSL technology offers clear energy savings, reduced cost of ownership, and even improved lighting performance compared to conventional lighting products. Even so, it is the early phases of the market and technology transition to light-emitting diode (LED) lighting. Though the rate of progress in LED lighting technology has been impressive, opportunities for significant improvements in source efficacy can still be achieved through ongoing research and development (R&D), and there is a compelling case to do so. If LED products were to meet medium- and long-term SSL Program efficacy targets, the United States would see 5.1 quadrillion British thermal units (Btus),a or quads, of annual energy savings from LEDs in 2035 [1]. Figure E.1 DOE SSL Program Goal Scenario Energy Savings Forecast for the U.S. from 2015 to 2035 Source: DOE SSL Program, “Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination Applications,” September 2016 [1] Other aspects of lighting performance, such as color quality, optical control, efficient delivery of light, and integration of lighting into buildings, can also still be improved while providing additional levels of energy savings. New functionality of lighting products that was not possible with previous lighting technologies, is being developed that can enable new applications and increase the value of lighting systems. For example, active color tuning enables new benefits, such as lighting that can be tuned to engage human physiological responses. Integration of sensors, controls, and communications also allows lighting systems to be part of the Internet of things (IoT), which will unlock enormous additional value for lighting systems through data mining and analytics. a 1 Btu is equal to 1,055 joules, and 1 TBtu is equal to 1.055 petajoules. vii SSL 2017 SUGGESTED RESEARCH TOPICS SUPPLEMENT Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology still faces challenges in reducing cost and in commercializing the high-efficacy performance that has been demonstrated in the lab. However, the technology offers intriguing benefits in terms of brightness, form factor, and effective delivery of lighting that could complement LED lighting solutions. While LED sources are by nature small and bright, OLED sources are large and diffuse, which means they can be deployed very close to the task without creating uncomfortable glare. OLEDs have the potential of being manufactured through very low-cost continuous, roll-to-roll (R2R) type deposition processes, offsetting the materials cost inherent with these lower brightness sources. As these technology developments are ongoing, manufacturers are working to supply SSL products to replace or retrofit conventional lighting products that are in a vast number of “sockets” worldwide. There are an estimated 45 billion lighting sockets in the world [2], and this number is expected to increase through population growth, construction in the developing world, and growth of new lighting applications, such as indoor horticulture. To fill these sockets is a massive manufacturing challenge, but also an opportunity to provide energy and cost-saving lighting products and systems with increasing value. In addition, SSL technology provides an opening to develop domestic manufacturing