1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1917 SENATE l\1r. HALE. I give notice that I shall move to take it up at the earliest possible moment; if not before, immediately follow­ TUESDAY, Januart; ~4, 19~8 ing the final disposition of the pending unfinished business, the merchant marine bill. (Legi-~:~latilve aa.y of Monilay, Ja;nuary ~3, 1928) Mr~ SIMMONS. Mr. President, in this connection I ask The Senate reassembled at 12 o"clock meridian, on the expira­ unanimous consent to have printed in the REcoRD an article tion of the recess. entitled u What is the truth about the S-4?" written by Mr. Mr. CURTIS. Mr. President, I suggest the absence of a Courtenay Terrett, a · newspaper correspondent who was pres­ quorum. ent all the while during the activities of the Government to Tbe VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk will eall the roll. recover the submarine and rescue its inmates. The article The legislative clerk called tbe roll, and the following Sena­ appears in the Outlook for January 11, 1928. I bad intended tors answered to their names : · to have it read to the Senate, but it is too long, so I am going .Ashurst Fess McKellar Shortridge to content myself by asking unanimous consent to have it Barkley Fletcher McMaster Simmons printed in the RECoRD. But I want to call the attention of Bayard Frazier McNary Smith Smoot Senators to the article, written by this newspaper man of ~Fagam ~~f~e ~:l~tfid Steck repute, I understand, as being worthy of their reading and Rlaine Gillett Moses Steiwer consideration. Rlea e Glass Neely Stephens Borah Gooding Norbeck Swanson The VICE PRESIDE~~. Without objection, it is so ordered. Bratton Gould Norris Thomas The article is as follows : Brookhart Greene Nye Trammell Broussard Hale 0<1die Tydings WHAT IS THE TRUTH .ABOUT THE " s-4 " ? Bruce Harris 0Yerman Tyson Capper Harrison Phipps Wagner By Courtenay Terrett Caraway Hawes Pine Walsh, Mass. (Mr. Terrett was one of the correspondents wbo went to Province­ Copeland Hayden Pittman Walsh, Mont. Couzens Heflin Ransdell Warren · town to see the Navy rescue six living men trapped in the torpedo Curtis Howell Reed, Pa. Waterman room of the sunken submarine 8-J,. The effort quickly degenerated into Cutting .Johnson Robinson, Ark. Watson a plain job of salvage. The story Mr. Terrett tells of tbe actual con­ Deneen Jones Robinson, Ind. Wheeler Dill Kendrick Sackett Willis sideration given to alvaging the ship as opposed to saving the lives Eide1·ation wheneve1· he pleases. sionnl investigation. Mr. HALE. The joint resolution was withdrawn because But they will never satisfy those of us ·who for five maddening certain Senators were not here who wished to address the days watched a slowly assembling fleet of rescue ships, equipped with Senate during its consideration. I would like to have it the llest available apparatus and manned by a thousand experienced brought up at the earliest possible moment It is an important men, lying over the sunken submarine and accomplishing nothing measure that should be settled, and the commission. whatever toward saving those six known survivors. it may be, should get to work on an investigation of the In retrospect it seeiDB that rescue was never in the Navy's plan, but disaster. only the salvage of a fighting machine which cost upward of $3,000,000 Mr. SWANSON. The Senator can move to bring it up in the to build and might be reconditioned at an expense less than t•egular way. He had nearly a whole day devoted to the con­ replacement. sideration of the joint resolution, and then he withdrew it This view is unfair, perhaps, for there were men and officers in that because, as I thought, he could not get it passed. fleet who were feverishly anxious to do something, anything, that Mr. HALE. It could not have been finished that afternoon might save the six, and who were heart-sick and incautiously resentful under any circumstances. when they knew tbat the chance had passed. Yet tbe facts are Mr. SWANSON. I object. challenging. LXIX--121 i918 CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-SENATE JANUABY 24 The Coast Guards men located the S-1/s resting place Saturday night the admiral. He came to the rail and identiflE'd himself by pointing to after dragging the ocean floor for hours from small boats, and a buoy the gold braid and leaves on his uniform cap. was put down to mark the spot. One newspaper man called to him, "Have you quit?" Already the destroyer Stu-rtevant and the mine sweeper Lat·k were The admiral's answer was au explosively negative. at the scene. The Lat·k had diving equipment aboard, but it was not " Then why did you come in? " he was asked. used that night. Morning found the Bushnell, fitted for divers, the There was another angry rumble, "Because I wanted to," he shouted Falcon, bearing the fullest of diving equipment, and the mine sweeper and stnlked into his cabin out of earshot of other annoying inquiries. ~IaZlanJ at the scene, and displayed a sea far calmer than that of the The attitude of hostility toward the press-an attitude that this w.11s night before. Yet it wns well past noon on Stmday before the first purely a Navy matter and that the public had no right to be interested diver went down; for, though ships were watching all through the in what was being done to save six men imprisoned at the sea bottom­ night, the marking buoy had broken free and the S-J,'s position was was relaxed only once in the first three dllys of the "rescue." lost. The exception was Captain Struthers's courteous reception or a Again the small boats swept and dragged the sea bed. Hours passed, boatload of newspaper men Monday afternoon. He assisted them in and no man knew whether 40 men lived below. At length the Coast boarding the Bushnell and offered coffee and sandwiches. But what Guards men found the S-.t again. Another buoy was put over to mark they wanted was information. the spot. Divers on the Falcon climbed into their awkward dress and They asked what was being done, what wRs going to be done, what slowly descended through the 102 feet of sea. could be done. He hesitated, evaded. They asked if further messages They found, down in the darkness of 17 fathoms, the ship rE'stlng on bad been received from the doomed siX. He said vaguely that there an even keel. A deep wound half severed her, slashing through the had been one "some time that morning about oxygen bottles." They control room below the conning tower, and her deck was a tangle of asked for its literal reading. They asked if the names of the imprls· wires nnd rails and twistE'd plates. oned six had not been communicated in any of the messages. '.rhey The divers plodded around through the mud, exploring the wreck. asked many questions and got few answers. Thomas Eadie, one of the best of them, tapped a bar against the plates They went ashore and found tltat the information they sought, and which of the forward torpedo compartment and got a mulled answer. He in some cases the Bttslmell's commander had denied knowing, had been went aloft, slowly, and into the decompression chamber, and came out given out at Washington. to annou·nce that men still lind down below. It was on Tuesday, the day marked by the admiral's unexplained Other divers went down. They confirmed Eadie. Finally, late, an retreat fl'om the open sea to the harbor's comfort, that the possibillty of air line was nm over the Falcon's stern and a diver attached it to the introducing an air line by way of the S-C tube was first mentioned. wreck. Until that time the discussion of getting air to the men in the S-4 It was not run to the compartment where men were known to be bad centered about introducing oxygen bottles into the torpedo tubes, alive. It was attached to another part of the ship. Secretary Wilbur a process necessitating the fitting of water-tight collllrs about the says that it was attached to the general air-distributing system. But bottles to make it fit the tubes. the men at the scene that night announced that it had been attached Then, apparently, some one recollected that the S-C tube, or listening to the forward ballast tanks, and explained that its purpose was to device projecting up through the deck from the torpedo room, migbt push some of the water out of the S-4 nnd lighten her for raising. afford an inlet. Fitted with a pet-cock valve inside, it provided a Rear Admiral Frank Brumby, in command of the fleet, himself wtre­ 2-incb pipe through which air might be pumped. lessed to Washington : Junior officers were asked-for those in authority did not care to be " Divers now secw·ing salvage air lines to tanks." asked questions-why this had not been thought of while the dlver8 And a few hours later he reported, " Blowing air from Falcon were down Sunday afternoon. They s.aid, defensively, that the process to tanks." was also one reqmring special fittings and would take time. There was no mention in those mess.ages of sending air to tile com­ A sailor commented in a low voice, "Any dumb plumber could do it partment where men were alive ; the word " salvage " is notable, also, in five minutes." as being the admiral's choice over "rescue." The even easier method of merely boring a hole in the hull and Simon Lake, the inventor of the even-keel submarine, says that the quickly plugging it with the end of an air line was d.ismissed as totally operation of putting an air line into the torpedo room is no more unfeasible. complex than boring a hole in the hull, even with an ordin!lry breast On these two days while the fleet lay idle it was supplemented by drill, and plugging the hose end into it as the drlll was withd.rawn. the .arrival of tugs towing pontoons, by two great derrick lighters from Before the men died they opened the insJde valve of the S-C tube, Brooklyn. These device.s, necessary to any operation with a view to " the listening telescope " rising through the roof to project above the raising the submarine, bad been started" long after the news of the 8-fs deck. The company which manufactures these tubes says lt is "just sinking. a plumber's job" to fit a bose to them, requiring no more than five min­ The pontoons had not been started until Sunday morning instead of utes and needing no special fittings. It was apparently not even consid­ Saturday evening, and one of them, springing a leak, held halt of them ered .at the time. back .11 full day in the slow tow from Brooklyn to Provincetown. Instead air was pumped into the ballast tanks until after midnight. But all was in n-adiness when Wednesday dawned. The bright sun Then, when " Whitey" Michaels, a well-known and daring diver, showed a sea that w.11s smooth n.nd clear. Within the harbor the water was brought to the surface with a bad attack of the "bends "-air scarcely l'ippled, and outside Long Point the waves were as slight as bubbles in the blood system, resulting from too long exposure to great on any fine summer day. Yet the press boats, hurrying out with the pressure--the Falcon cast off tbe air lines and steamed to Boston to expectation of finding diyers busy and rescue operations progressing place Michaels in a hospitlll. with feverish haste, found nothing being done. At 11 o'clock no diver ~'he explanation was offered when it rehuned in the evening of the had gone over tbe side. next day that it was the only vessel in the fleet possessing a decom­ At 1 o'clock the newspaper men disconred that once more small boats pression chamber and that it was necessary to keep l\Iichaels In this were out trailing hawsers, dragging the sea bed. chamber to save hls life; further, that the incre.llslug rougbness of the One of them was bailed: "What are you looking t'or'i" sea made diving impossiblP, anyway. " The sub," called back a sailor, and a petty officer slapped him on The officers who bellowed a brief excuse over the ships' sides at the back with an order: "Keep yom· damn mouth shut." reporters who hung about in wave-tossed opeu fishing boats angrily On the Falcon and on the Bushnell gold-sprigged gentlemen grew refused to speculate upon what the situation would be if the storm apoplectic at the inquiry as to whether the submat·ine had been lost a should suddenly subside with the Falcon still miles away. third time. Divers were already descending, they pointed out; they Fortunately for the peace of conscience of the Falcon's officers ana· would not go down unless they knew where the submarine was. Never­ Admil'Ul Brumby, the sea did stay rough all day l\Ionday and a]] day theless an hour later it was officially admitted at Charlestown Navy Tuesday. Yard in Boston tlJat the rescue fleet bad lost the S-.1. The rescue fleet lay about idly, impotently. The submarine S--8 It was nearly sundown-5.27 to be exact-before the wreck was lay anchored above hrr stricken sister and listened for signals. A few relocated. came up, slowly hnmmered out, piteous and yet courageous calls for air Then the Coast Guarcls men rE'discovered it for the third time. A and food and water, but always for air. buoy, the third, was again attached. Divers went down into the water, Long since the air in the tor11edo room had been exhausted. The six which the burning floodlights pierced for a few feet. Underwater were living now upon the precious oxygen contained in fivtJ steel bottles, lights were lowered witb them, and with fair facility an air line was and they asked, " Is there any hope?" finally attached to the S-C tube. The men up above lied, pet·haps knowingly, perhaps not. The diver who made 1t fast-at 11 o'clock-reported that the lnner "There is hope " they signaled back. valve of t!J.e tube had been opened by the men in the submarlne. In mlda.fternoon ~ruesday the reporters in the fishing boats saw with There had been no message, no cohet·ent, Intelligible signal from amazement the Busltncll nnd the- Falcon up anchor and hurry into the below for more than 24 hours. harbor. 'l"he six men were dead nnd everyone k.new it, but the air began tlow· Tiley followed the NaYy ships into the harbor and, while junior offi­ lng down into the com[Jartment where they lay, In fom· hours the air eers howled ang1·y orders to keep off, the newspaper men called fox bad been entirely replaced by fresh air, it was computed. 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1919 What was the use? they a.s1red in the fishing boats and on shore. Mr. NORRIS. I move that the bill ( S. 2215) to authorize the And they answered it themselves. The Nav:y had to .make ~;ome gesture eonstrtretion of a public highway to .connect the town of Alder· of aelf-justificatlon. son with the village of Glem·ay, W. Va., be indefinitely post­ All night the Falcon's pumps forced air down through the long hose poned. lines into the six: men's crypt. The next morning a handsome and The motion was agreed to. smartly tailored young o11ieer arrived from Boston. He was instructed, be explained winningly, to establish a cordial liaison between the fteet PEI'ITIONS AND MEMORIALS and the newspaper men. He would make four trips a day from shore Mr. STEPHENS presented the following concurrent resolu· to interview Admiral Brumby and bring the information back to the tion of the Legislature of the State of Mississippi which was reporters. referred to the Committee on Commerce : ' · He made this explanation to the 15 men still left at the village, for Concurrent Resolution 3, memoriallidng Congress to take over and more than half of the reportorial crew had already departed, knowing _ assume ftood control on the Mi,ssissippi River that no rescue story would or could be written. Only a salvage job Whereas flood control of the Mississippi River is obviously a matter remained. of national interest and concern and fall!? within the legitimate scope With this officer, in charge of a petty officer, came three pulmotors, of direct Federal Jletion, the jurisdJction o! the United States over the for reviving asphyxiated men. Mississippi River being paramount to that of the several States border· They might have been useful 36 or 48 hours earlier. They should 1ng thereon ; and have been on hand on Sunday. Whereas the St.'ltes bordering on the Mississippi River are wholly But then, so should the pontoons and the derricks. unable to cope with the flood situation and to prevent loss of human So, with the equipment finally complete down to a liaison omeer life and calamitous destruction of property caused by the overflowing and a pulmotor expert, and with two hose lines still pumping air into of the river within their re·pective territories; and the B-~'B torpedo :roo;n, Admiral Brnmby announced on Thursday noon : Whereas in order to prevent further injury from fioo-ds emanating "I have no doubt that tbere is absolutely no life aboard the S-4.» from the Mi55issippi River a gQvernmental course or PQlicy toward No one else had, either. said . situation should be adopted and immediate governmental action His announcement brought down puzzled queries, biting denunciations, undertaken to restrain and control said flood3 : Now therefore be it upon the Navy Department; and next day Curtis WUbur, the author Resolved by the House ot Representatives of the State ot j{(Ss-iBJJippl of Susie Bear and holder of the Naval Academy tambourine-kicking ~the 8ena.te concurring), That the United States Government be, and record, jotirneyed to Provincetown, comforted his officers, and denounced tt is hereby, urged to take over and assume at the earliest pTacticable their critics. Every effort, be announced, would be made, and at once, moment the function of 1lOQd control on the Mississippi River a a. to salvage the submarine. matter of entire and exclusive Federal action; and that the Congress · If an goes well, sorrowing families will have the bodies of their sons o! the United States be, and it ill hereby, memorialized to at onee enact before Sl)ring. such statutes aiJ may be necessary, proper, or incidental to said course, PUBLIO HIGHWAY AT ALDERSO:q", W. VA. and to efl'ectuate the said policy of exclusive Federal ftood control in Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President, the Senate Committee on the areas affected by the overflow of the Mississ1ppi River: Be 1t further Judiciary reported the bill ( S. 2215) to authorize the construc­ Ruolf).cd, That officially certified copies o! this resolution be mailed tion of a public highway to eo-nnect the town of Alderson with and presented to the President and Vice President of the United the village of Glenray, W. Va. The House passed an identical States and to the Members of the Congress. ·bill which ·came · to the Senate and was referred t.o the Com­ Adopted by the house of representatives January 5, 1928. mittee on the' Judiciary. I ask unanimous consent that the Adopted by the seriate January 9, 1928. Collllllittee on the Judiciat-y be discharged from the further con­ I. Walke~ W.ood, secretary of state of the State of Mississippi, do sideration of the House bill and that it be taken up for imme- hel'eby certify tbat the above and :foregoing irurtrument entitled "Con; ·diate consideration. · · · current Resolution a" is a true and eorroot copy of Concurrent Reso­ The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection to the unani­ lution 3 of the Legislature of the State of Mississippi at the 1928 mous-consent request of the Senator from Nebraska 1 Without session thereof as same appears on the enrolled act of said eonenrrent ' nbjecti-on, the committee will be discharged and the bill will resolutiQn now on me and a matter of reoord in tbe office -of the secre­ be read. · • · tary of state. Mr. NORRIS. 1 will explain the b111. There can not be any Given under my hand and the great seal of the State of Mississippi objection to it. I make this request because I do not want the hereunto affixed this 20th day of January, 1028. Senate to take up, on a call of the calendar, and pass the Senate [SEAl,,] WA-LKER Wooo, bill when the House has passed an identically similar bill. Secretary of State. They are word for word the same. All the bill does is to grant Mr. WARREN presented resoluti.ons adopted by the Lions permission, on the part of the Government, to the town of Clubs of Cody. a-!ld Lusk, Wyo., favoring the making of ade­ Alderson, W. Va., to construct a highway across the Govern­ quate appropriations for reforestation work which were ra. ment property there. ferred to the Committee on Appropriations. ' Mr. ROBINSON of Arkansas. The Senator merely ~ontem­ He also presented resolutions adopted by the Lions Clubs o:r plates placing the House bill in the positi{)ll on the calendar ~u.~k Cody, Wyo+, favoring the passage of legislation to aid which the Senate bill now occupies? an? ill msurmg B? adequate growth of timber, which were referred Mr. MOSES. Oh, no; more than that. He asks for the to the Cmrumttee on Agriculture and Forestry. present consideration of the· bill. He also presented a resolution adopted by the Saratoga Val­ ·Mr. NORRIS. I ask to take up the House bill now for con­ ley (Wyo.) Stock Growers Association protestinO' a<>'ainst the sideration. lowering of tariff duties on beef and 'beef prod~cts.o impurted The VICE PRESIDENT. Is tbere objection 1 in.to tbe United States, which was referred to the Committee on Mr. ROBINSON of Arkansas. May I suggest that the Sena­ Fmance. · tor should first substitute the House bill for the Senate bill? BILLS Il'i'TRODUCED Mr. NORRIS. Yes; that will be done. There being no objection, the Senate, as in Committee of the Bills were introdu~ed, read the first time, and, by unanimous Whole, proceeded to consider the bill (H. R. 9022) to authorize consent, the second tune, and referred as follows : the town of Alderson, W. Va., to maintain a public highway By 1\fr. W.ILLIS: upon the premises occupied by the Federal Industrial Institu­ A bill ( S. 2786) to authori?..e and direct the Secretary of War tion for Women at Alderson. w. Vu., which was read, as to e;x:ecute .a lease with Air Nitrates Corporation and American follows: C amid Co., and for other purposes ; t.o tbe Committee on culture .and Forestry. Be it enacted, eto., That the Attorney General is hereby authorized and bill ( S. 2787) providing for the appointment of governors empowered to grant to the town of Alder60n, W. Vn., subject to and of the non-Christian Provinces in the Philippine Islands by the under such conditions and regulations as the Attorney General shall Governor General without the consent of the Philippine Senate· from time to time prescribe, and subject to revocation at such time as to the Committee on Territories and Insular Possessions. ' in his judgJrnmt the interests of the United States require it. the right -By Mr. BRATTON: to construct and maintain upon and across the eastern end of the A bill (S. 2788) for the relief of Charlie McDonald· to the premises occupied and used by and for the Federal Industrial Institution for Women at Alderson, W. Va., a public hJghway to connect the town Committee on Claims. ' By Mr. McKELLAR: of Alderson with the village ot G1enray. A bill (S. 2789) for the relief of Erite Jones and Melissa The bill was reported to the Senate without amendment, or· Williams; to the Committee on Finance. dered to a third reading, read the thil·d time, and pass~. By Mr. GEORGE; 1920 CONGR,ESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE JANUARY 24 A bill (S. 2790) to authorize the reappointment of George F. (H. J. Res. 131) providing for a commission to investigate and Seyle as second lieutenant in the United States Army; to the report upon the facts connected with the sinking of the suo­ . Committee on Military Affairs. marine S-4, and upon methods and appliances for the protec­ A bill (S. 2791) to provide for the payment of an annuity to tion of submarines, which was ordered to lle on the table aud certain employees of the Postal Service; to the Committee on to be printed. Post Offices and Post Roads. CO~DITIONS IN CHINA By l\Ir. McMASTER: Mr. FRAZIER. l\Ir. President, I ask unanimous consent to A bill ( S. 2792) reinvesting title to certain lands in the have printed in the RECORD a statement by the junior Senator Yankton Sioux Tribe of Indians; to the Committee on Indian from Montana [Mr. WHEELER] entitled "Privilege holds China Affairs. in subjection," which appeared in La Follette's Magazine for A bill ( S. 2793) making an appropriation for the construc­ December last. tion of a highway, known as the Spearfish Canyon Highway, in The VICE PRESIDEXT. Without objection, it is so ordered. Lawrence County, State of South Dakota; to the Committee on The article is as follows : Agriculture and Fore-stry. By Mr. BROOh.'"HART : PRIVILEGE HOLDS CHlXA IN SCB.TECTION-MlLIT.ARlS~, GRAFT, A~D A bill (S. 2794) granting an increase of pension to ::\Iargaret PROFIT BATTLE AGAINST NATIOXAL SOVE.REIG~TY AND DE:IIOCRACY ll'OR Talbert (with accompanying papers) ; to the Committee on CELESTULS ; CRY OF' BOLSHEVIK A BOGEl: Pensions. By BaRTO~ K. WHEELER, United States Senator from Montana A bill (S. 2795) to amend subdivision c of section 47 of the (Senator BuRTON K. WHEFJLE.&, of Montana, autlJOr of the article that act entitled "An act to establish a uniform system of bank­ follows, as our readers well know, is one of tile most progressive and ruptcy throughout the United States," approved July 1, 1898, fearless fighters for the public interest of his day and generation. .Ele as amended ; to the Committee on Banking and Currency. was the candidate for Vice President on the Independent-Progressive By Mr. NYE (by request): ticket with Robert M. La Follette in the 1924 presidential campaign, in A bill (S. 27U6) to provide for the survey, appraisal, and which Senator WimELER made a strong impre!lsion on the country by sale of the undisposed lots in the town site of St. Marks, Fla.; his aggressive championship of the people"s cause. to the Committee on Public Lands and Surveys. It was Senator WHEELER'S unflagging intet·est and zeal in prosecut­ By Mr. DILJJ: ing the investigation of the Department of Justice that forced Attorney A bill (S. 2797) authorizing the Secretary of the Interior General Harry Daugherty to resign, together with William• J. Burns, to grant a patent to certain lands to Minerva E. Troy; to the head of the secret service. This led the Department of Justice to insti­ Committee on Public Lands and Surveys. tute a vindictive suit, charging Senator WRiilELBR with having appeared By Mr. MOSES: before the Department of the Interior in violation of a Federal statute. A bill ( S. 2798) granting an increase of pension to Sarah Readers know how this charge was repudiated, first, 9Y the Senate's R. L. Church (with accompanying papers) ; to the Committee indorsement of its investigating committee's declaration that Senator on Pensions. WHEELER had at all times observed not only the spirit but the letter of By 1\fr. HA·wES : the law; second, by the Montana jm·y's immediate acquittal when the A bill ( S. 2199) granting an increase of pension to Sarah Govemment brought its case, relying on a surprise witness, whose tes­ .Jane Selvy (with accompanying papers) ; to the Committee on timony was manifestly perjured; third, by the decision in favor of Sen­ Pensions. ator WHEELER by the court of the District of Columbia, where, in ils By 1\Ir. REED of Pennsylvania: determination to "get" him and if possible destroy hls usefulness, the A bill ( S. 2800) a uthoriziug :m. K. 1\Iorse, his successors and Government had brought another suit on practically the same charge assigns (or his or their heirs, legal rep\resentatives, and refuted by the United States Senate and the Montana jury. The perse­ · assigns), to construct. maintain, and operate a bridge across cution of Senator WHEELER for the performance of his public duty is the Delaware River at or nea1· Burlington, N. J.; to the Com- ' one of the serious offenses for which the Coolidge administration is mittce on Commerce. plainly answerable. . By Mr. NEEI,Y: Following the adjournment of Congress last March Senator WHEELmn, - A bill (S. 2801) granting the consent of Congress to the new accompanied by Mrs. Wheeler, two sons, and a daughter, made a tt·ip to Martinsville & Ohio Bridge Co. (Inc.) to eonst.ruct, maintain, the Orient, of whose conditions he wanted to get flrst-hand information. and operate a bridge ucross the Ohio River; to the Committee Returning to Montana, Senator WHEELER spent the remainder of his on Commerce. vacation in speaking to audiences, including high schools, ovel' the State, By Mr. ODDIE: giving his constituents the benefit of the personal knowledge he had A bill (S. 2802) to provide for the appointment of five mid­ gained of the part of the world be had visited. We are indebted to the shipmen each year at large by the Vice President of the United. North American Newspaper Alliance for the privilege of printing the fol­ States; to the Committee on Naval Affairs. lowing account of Senator 'VnEELER's observations and conclusions as By Mr. CAPPER: to conditions in China.-Editor's note.) - A bill ( S. 2803) granting an increase of pension to Agnes Austin (with accompanying papers) ; to the Committee on If you arc one of those sentimental souls who wants to believe, and Pensions. therefore does believe, that the Chinese people are like so many Ameri­ A bill ( S. 2804) to amend section 812 of an act entitled "An cans, with the same ideals, whether high or low, and but for the· inter­ act to establish a Code of Law for the District of Columbia," as ference of foreign governments they would to-day have a government amended; to the Committee on the District of Columbia. patterned after our own, go there. Or if you are one of those fanatics iliENDME.L'IT TO INTERIOR DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATION BILL who believes that there is a bolshevik behind every sage bush and that l\Ir. HAYDEN submitted an amendment providing that the the Third Internationale at Moscow is responsible for every bit of unrest Secretary of the Interior be authorized and dil·ected tu change in the world, then you ought to go to China. and relocate the boundaries of the old Fort Apache Military Of course, if you go there and only talk with the northern dictator, Reservation, Ariz., now occupied by the Theodore Hoosevelt Chang Tso Lin, you would come away convinced that he with his many Indian School by transferring such areas to the Fort Apache wives was trying to save not only China but the United States and the British Isles from bolshevism. Indian Reservation as he may deem advL~ble by reason of the use and/or occupancy of a part thereof by Apache In6.ians and DELUSIO. S ABOUT CHINA to transfer an approximately equal area of lands of the Fort I must admit that I we.nt to the Orient last Ma1·ch with rnauy dclu· Apache Indian Reserva tlon to the Theodore Roosevelt Indian sions about China, and how the Chinese were being exploited by for­ School reservation, etc., intended to be proposed by him to eigners and that the foreigners had ne1'cr helped but only butt the House bill 9136, the Jnterior Department appropriation bill, Chinese people. I had read of their art,· of their culture, and of their which was referred to the Committee on Appropriations and civilization before the days of Marco Polo. At Peking I saw the mar­ o1·dered to be printed. velous palaces, the works of art, and the great wall. NORTH PLATTE AND SARATOGA BJOOLA:UATIO:\' PROJE-CTS At Nanking I visited the tombs of the dynasty, saw the animals Mr. PHIPPS submitted an amendment intended to be pro· carved from stone, the g1·eat wall sul'l'ounding the city, and was posed by him to the bill ( S. 1135) to provide for the storage brought to the inevitable conclusion that here at one time had dwelled for diversion of the waters of the North Platte River and con­ a great people who had buildcd a gt•eat nation. struction of the Saratoga reclamation pi'oject, which was re­ Now, I saw between 400,000,000 and 500,000,000 people-poverty ferred to the Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation and stricken, diseased, dejected, and miserable, most of them living on l<.'ss ordered to be printed. than 10 cents a day. IIow, I asked myself, is it possible fot· a nation that once uoasted of the highest civilization to sink to the lowest d<-'pths INVESTIGATION OF SINKING OF SUBMARINE " S-4 " of degradation? Was it the foreign imperialist who ingratiated himself l\Ir. TYSON submitted an amt-ndment in the nature of a sub­ into their -confidence and then exploited them? It couldn't be that, stitute i.Dte.nded to be proposed by him to the joint ri.•solution because thcl'e were no foreigners in China then. ·was it the Third In· 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1921 ternationale in Moscow with their preachtngs against imperialism, ete., as they become educated they want American articles of all kind. that caused this catastrophe? No; because there was no Third Inter­ The Standard on· Co. to-day is selling them gasoline at around 50 nation ale then. Was it any other foreign intrigue? No. cents (American money) per gallon, and also kerosene, which is a Well, then, what was it? It was simply the selfishness and the drug upon the .American market. American tobacco interests are sell­ greed of the leaders of the Chinese people who exploited their own ing cigarettes to the Chinese now. We in the United States are people for their own benefit and who preached the doctrine so familiar producing more manufactured articles than we can consume. This to the ears of some of us in this country, that we should worship at the Nation ts bound to develop greater industrial capacity, even surpass shrine of our ancient ancestors, believe the same things that they did. the fondest dream of any industrialist, providing we can fin.d markets The Chinese people did not progress in their religious, political, or for our products. The Orient will furnish the market. economic ideas. They were satisfied and contented, and they retro­ ENGLAND'S POLICY FAlLS gr essed. England's strong-armed policy in the Orient bas failed. If the MISERY AND POYERTY ABOUT United States follows the advice of some of her pro-British citizens It is most difficult for the average American to obtain a correct in the Orient she will fail. The Chinese bate the British. They have mental picture of the misery and poverty in China to-day unless be efl'ectively boycotted British merchandise. The Standard Oil Co. bas goes there. There is one vision that hannts my sight day and night. benefited by this boycott, as have other Americans. The British do I ~>ee the gaunt and stunted forms of little children robbed of the joys not like it and want us to join with them.. thus forcing the Chinese of childhood ; the joyless and hopeless faces of women stubbing along to boycott us all! This Government should send its most trustworthy their way on bound feet ; men stooped and staggering under loads too men to the- Orient to make an intensive study of the political and heavy for beasts of burden to bear, and in the features of all marks economic eonditions in the Orient. You business men should not send of sin, disease, suffering, despair ; blind girls sold into a life of shame. the office boy to China and hope to succeed. China is not the best I see the narrow street;s and dark alleys with their filth; boys. and place to live. You prohibitionists will find it hard to drink the water girls, men and women, sleeping in the doorways and upon the docks and harder still to drink the booze and keep going in that climate. without clothes. I know of the illiteracy, of tbe ignorance, and the Too many Americans are trying that now. · superstition of the people. I realize how they have been victimized The question is, Do we really want to help the Chinese? Most of by selfish and unscrupulous war lords. Then I ask myself bow it is you have not cared anything about helping them from any altruistic possible to lift these people out of this human cesspool, build a nation reasons, even though by so doing you were helping to build up the which sbal! represent the people, raise their standards of living, and moral fiber of the world. That statement is not quite fair to you­ give them an education. you do care--you give anywhere from 10 cents to $10 a year for the Tbere can be no question in the ml.nds of any sane person that the foreign missions, and then forget about it-so you know you care. Chinese upper classes have· in the past, and are to-day, exploiting But it is different now. The time is at band. It is not a question of their own people in the most •vicious manner. There is no question sentiment-it is a question of bard-headed business. We are not as but what the Chinese upper classes are more cruel and inhuman than actively interested in the Orient ae is Great Britain, because there is Americans. There is no question but the foreign employers of labor India. If China wakes up, what about India, and all the rest of her treat tbetr' employees better than do the Chinese employers, furnish oriental possessions? What about the opium trade, etc.? One them with more sanitary places in which to work, pay them a little Britlsher said to me: "You can not give the Philippines their inde­ more wages, and 1n most instances work their employees shorter hours. pendence. If you do, Great Britain or Japan will -take them. We But to those of you who think that the American business man ln can not afford to see the Philippines have their independence for the China is there for the purpose of helping the Chinese I wish to narrate efl'ect it will have upon India." But the United States has {l.O India. a conversation whieb took place at a luncheon in Shanghai. We are not as yet as dependent upon the Orient as England, but it LOSE AMERICAN IDEALISM is coming, Now is the time to prepare, not by treating them rough There were present representatives of several American firms, and and telling them nothing, but by treating them kindly and telling naturally the conversation drifted onto the Chinese situation. Some them everything. of them felt that the administration at Washington was not pursuing BOGI:IC 01' BOL.SHEVIK the proper course. They felt, I gathered, that the administration Chang Tso Lin believes the only way to help China Is by helping should take a firmer stand against the nationalist. Wishing to learn him. He would have you believe that be is not fighting to save the what these men thought of the character of the nationaliBt leaders, I Chinese alone, but is interested primarily in saving the United States inquired as to what kind of a man Chang Kai Shek was. One member and the rest of the world from the 'bolshevik ! I met him by appoint­ of this group, not having permission to use his name, I shall refra.ia ment at 11 o'clock p. m. at his palace in Peking. He had been playing from doing so, spoke up and said : " Chang Kai Sbek is a pimp, always mah-jongg all the night previously, and so was unable to receive me has been, and always will be." He further said that "all of the in the day time. As I sat there and conversed with him I wondered nationalist leaders were no good," that "when they took Shanghai whom he resembled that I bad known. Finally I realized be resembled they immediately called upon him and insisted he pay his men more no one person but a type--the old-time western frontier gambler­ money, notwithstanding the fact that be was paying them more money slick, suave, cunning, insincere. You see them now only in the than anyone else engaged in the same line of business." I was movies. . curious to learn what reason there coul·d be for the nationalists to Yes; he with his many wives is saving the world and the United single him out and asked him bow be explained it. He then said : States from bolshevism, and when I told him that the sensible people " You see, I employ Chinamen to work for me, and they in turn buy of the United States were not worrying much about the bolsbeviks boys to work for them. They furnish them with chow and a few clothes, because our farmers had a good crop of wheat and our workers bad and they [nationalists] included these boys among my employees." automobiles, he didn't seem to like it particularly. And then when I I asked him if be was not receiving the benefit of the labor of these told him that the nationalist l~aders bad told me that they, too, were boys. He admitted he was, but added : " They would sell these boys seeking only to help the Chinese people and to save the world from to the Chinamen, but they would not sell them to me, although I the bolshevik, and a.sked him why, if it were true that all of them would treat them better than the Chinamen." I do not believe that were fighting for the same things, be and they didn't stop fighting, this would-be slave owner represents the spirit of many American disband their armies, get together around a table, iron out their petty business men. I cite it to you as an extreme case. But, nevertheless, difficulties, and use the money that it cost for their armies to build I am firmly convinced that, nnfortunately, many Americans who go schools, build roads, and endeavor to raise the standard of living of his to China lose their American idealism, i1 they ever had any to lose, own people, he was still more perturbed. He informed me that the and look upon the Chinese as an inferior race of people who are here Russians were the ones who were financing Chang Kai Shek. I didn't upon this earth for the purpose of acting as serfs and slaves for those tell him that I bad quite positive evidlo'nce that the oil interests bad of us who are fortunate enough to be born white. helped to finance some of the nationalist leaders by paying their taxes Throughout the Orient, and particularly in the Philippines, when considerably in advance, and that I hardly thought they would have you speak of educating the oriental it is not at all uncommon to hear done so if they felt that all the southern leaders were as red as he Europeans and Americans say: "To educate them is to spoil them." would have me believe. It might happen, but it isn't likely, I may be termed a sentimentalist, a pink, or a whatnot, but I am DOCTOR WU A. CALM LEADER unable to bring myself to believe that in the long run any race of The southern general, Chang Kai Shek, was more open, more frank, people can be spoiled by tbe right kind of an education. You will bear and I felt more honest, though I was impressed with the fact that be it said that all the Chinese student learns in America is bow to jazz, did not seem big enough for the stupendous task be had before him. or that the Filipinos all want to become lawyers or doctors. That, of When I interviewed Chang Kai Shek I felt that he was somewhat dis­ course, is unfortunate, but it does not apply to the orientals alone. couraged. There were dissensions in his own ranks. He bad the oppo­ In my judgment, what they need more than anything else is educa­ sition of tlie foreigners, and opposition of the communists at Hankow, tion-not the kind of education that teaches them to all become doc­ and the opposition of Chang Tso Lin, besides ·dissensions and petty tors, lawyers, or philosophers-but skilled mechanics; craftsmen, scien- jE-alousies that creep into any liberal movement the moment it meets . tific farmers, etc. with success. Every time you educate an oriental yon raise his standard of living Doctor Wu, the nationalists' foreign minis ter, whom I also interviewed, and incre/lse his wants. There are over 400,000,000 Chinese. .As fast was educated in the United States, was extremely friendly to our people, 1922 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 24 and wanted our aid and cooperation. In my judgment he ls one of the POLICY IN CHIN A most sensible and conscientious Chinamen with whom I came in contact. He ts not antiforeign in any sense, unless wanting to correct certain Mr. BINGHAM. :Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to abuses perpetrated by foreigners could . be so considered. He is not have printed in the RECORD a very informative article entitled a red, unless wanting to serve the cause of the mass of his people could "Has the United States a China Policy 1 " by Stanley K. be so considered. · Hornbeck. Since we left China, Chang Kai Shek left Nanking, deserted the army The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, leave is granted. he was leading, and, according to the press dispatches, intends to marry The article is as follows : a beautiful girl and start a real war. I can hear the propagandist in [Reprinted from Foreign Mairs, vol. 5, pp, 617-632, July, 1927] Shanghai say, "I told you so-all grafters-all alike." But make no " HAS THE UNITED STATES A CHINA. POI.ICY? " mistake about this, every southern general may sell out and quit, the From the nationalist hendquarters at Hankow there comes a "Mani­ southern army may be forced back, but the struggle between the north festo to the American People" in which it is declared thnt " the and the south, between the old autocratic conservative regime and the Chinese people believe the American people are not aware of the crimes new democratic movement, will go on, and while I am neither a prophet their Government is committing" in pursuit of a "catastrophic change nor the son of a prophet I am will1ng to hazard the guess that the in America's policy toward China." liberal forces in China will win. .Misinformation, misrepresentation, ignorance, credulity, emotionalism, DEMOCRACY WILL WIN and impatience render the Chinese masses easy victims of the agitator The issue is militarism, graft, and special privilege .over against and American classes enthusiastic creditors of much that is incredible. national sovereignty and democracy. On the one side are war lords In soil fertilized by one or more of these ingredients grew the Boxer with armies of hirelings, grown fat and powerful, impoverishing the uprising. In such soil have been cultivated the antiforeign manifesta­ people by oppression and cruelties which rival the tyrannies of the tions of the Chine e natlQnallst movement. In such soil there flourishes dark ages ; on the other side, students, teachers in the schools and in the United States a luxuriant crop of erroneous impressions with universities, · the merchants, often intimidllted into silence, and the regard to conditions in China and with regard to what the United Chtistian population of China in an overwhelming majority. States, its Government, and its citizens are doing in China. The slogan of the northern armies, taken apparently from one of our Impressions, opinions, assertions. There a1·e in regard to the situa­ detective agencies, is "Destroy the reds," and the watchword for the tion in China, and in regard to the problem which that situation pre­ southern forces is " For the cause of the people." The nationalist sents, certain indisputable facts. Chinese leaders, groups, bd factions movement has been discredited in the minds of many foreigners by are at war with one another. Some of them are actively hostile to the excesses and crimes which have been committed. But the whole move­ foreign powers, foreign nationals, and foreign influences. Political ment can not be damned by calling it " red." authority has broken down. Chinese soldiers and Chinese civilians We in America should help the Chinese to help themselves. The have driven and are driving foreignl!\-s from their homes and their southern forces are encouraging the masses to become educated and places of business. Articulate political China has declared and is de­ are seeking to raise their standards of living, Whom besides the Chi­ manding that the "unequal" treaties be done away with and that nese is that going to help? I am not speaking now except in the the privileges enjoyed by the foreign powers and foreign nationals in materialistic sense--whom besides the Chinese, I repeat, is it going to Chlna be terminated. help if they become educated and their standards of living are raised? For months there have been demands that the American Government It will help all of the American people individually and collectively " do something " in regard to China. From China, in so far as it is to a greater prosperity, The Chinese, like every other nation, is articulate, and from many quarters in the United States have come seeking to imitate the Americaq,. They want our products and we want suggestions, advice, and demands with regard to the negotiation of a to sell to them. new treaty. .After the adjournment (July 23, 1926) of the special DIFFERENCE OF IDEALS conference on the Chinese customs tarill' (Peking) the demand began Those deluded souls who are asking us to join with Great Britain to be voiced that the American Government "negotiate with China" and Japan in an armed intervention of China entirely overlook the fact a.t once and independently of the other powers. In January, 1927, that even though we conceded for sake of argument that these nations Secretary of State Kellogg made public a statement affirming the will· would exercise only a sort of benevolent dictatorship over China and ingness of the American Government to go ou with the negotiations that it might be beneficial to China, it would most likely lead to a con­ begun at Peking or to enter upon new negotiations with representa­ flict between the nations themselves. Our interest in China and our tives of China at the earliest possible moment. A flood of suggestions ideals are so far different from these countries that such a combination and demands has ensued. From some quarters it has been urged that must of necessity prove disastrous to us if not to all concerned. The the Department of State propose formally to the Chinese minister in only other alternative is to help in every way possible a sane and liberal Washington that delegations be forthwith appointed; from some that Chinese movement or sit idly by, see it fall, and later see that country the American Government appoint its delegates without waiting for pass absolutely under the domination of Russia. You can't stamp -out the Chinese; and from some that it "confirm its readiness to nego­ the seeds of bolshevism by shouting "Red," nor can you stamp it out tiate" by "naming a delegation satisfactory to the Chinese." A with armies. You can only stop it by making conditions so much better prominent Chinese spokesman has urged that "the powers themselves that the majority of the articulate people don't want it. should declare in irrevocable terms and unconditionally the terminating China, with its misery, its poverty, and its disease, is the most fertile of all unequal treaties." field in the world for the spread of bolshevism. Unless some group In studying the treaty provisions and the whole system which has like the nationalists can hold out some hope to these 400,000,000 or arisen under the treaties in regulation of the contact between the more people that their condition is going to be better and nltimately Chinese and foreigners two facts should be kept ever in mind : First, actually make it better, China is bound to come under the influence, il this system has developed not without cause and rellson. Second, what· not the absolute domination, of the Russian Government. Some say it ever its faults, it exists; it rests upon law and contract ; it has been isn't possible because of the large class of people owning small farms. the legal basis upon which many foreigners and more Chinese have But the farmers are not making money enough to meet their increasing ordered their lives, made their investments, created and carried on wants, and, even if they were, you have the cities. You forget that it their business during several generations ; and it can not be abolished wasn't the farmers of Russia that started the revolution. The com­ suddenly without working injustice and great hardship to a considerable munists took charge of Leningrad and of Moscow and the revolution number of honest, law-abiding, hard-working, and progressive persons, spread to the other cities. The control of the cities meant the control both foreigners and Chinese, more of the latter than of the former. of Russia; It was urged until a few weeks ago by some Chinese and some Ameri­ A .JUMP FROM STABVATION cans that the Government stake everything on the prospects of one The Chinese worker is scarcely one jump from starvation. The occi­ Chinese faction, and advocates of this course declared that if the dental speaks to him when he wants a favor and curses him otherwise. United States did not do this the Chinese people would "lose faith in The Russian talks to him, works with him, and spreads the gospel that America,'· would regard America as an imperialistic power, would con­ the proletariat can rule China and make a better job of it than the war sider her an enemy and would treat her as such. It has since been lord or the foreigner. They tell him it can't get any worse, and the suggested that the American Government send a commission to China Chinaman may think there is a possibility that it might get better. If to investigate, authorized perhaps to negotiate. It has been suggested China becomes allied with or under the influence of Russia, watch recently that the ~ericnn Government should negotiate with both India, watch Japan, yes, watch for another world catastrophe. " governments " or with each and all of the various contending and It isn't the preaching of Karl Marx, or Lenin, or Debs that makes competing authorities in China. radicals-it is the short-sightedness and ignorance of those who call Always the demand that the American Government "do something"; themselves smart among the ruling classes that permit conditions to frequently the demand that it "take the lend ·• in China; in many become so deplorable that in desperation a slumbering mass of people forms a demand for action, immediate action, and positive action. walm up temporarily, act like wild men, kill their fellowmen, and take Then came action. There was a change in the situation in China. the reins of government into their own desperate bands. .A.ttacks on foreigners began. Missionaries wei'(! driven from their Take your choice--help a Chinese moderate government in China or posts; tbe British concession at Hankow was overrun by a mob; it be forced to take a bolshevik China. was announced that Chinese armed forces intended to take the 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1923 international settlement at Shanghai. Action. The British G~vern­ Marshall, American colll1IllSSlOner, took the position (1853) "• • • ment sent armed forces to China ; the American Government and other that the highest interests of the United States are involved in sus­ governments sent armed forces. Then came the affirmation, with grave taining China-maintaining order here [at Shanghai] • • rather concern on the part of those who advanced it, that there had been a than to see China become the theater of widespread anarchy and ulti· deplorable " change " in the policy of the United States toward China. mately the prey of Eureopean ambition"; and later, "it iB my purpose Next came dispatches to the etrect that the other powers were swinging to perform, punctiliously, every obligation assumed by the United toward the policy of the American Government-much to the gratifica­ States under the treaty, and to refrain from embarrassing the public tion of Wa hington. administration of Chinese affairs by throwing unnecessary obstacles in All within a few weeks-assertions that the United States has not a the way." The American Government became of the same mind; its China policy, assertions that it has, demands that it do something, policy became that of respecting China's sovereignty and helping the complaints when it does something, complaints because it does not do Chinese authorities to maintain the political and administrative integrity more, demands that its policy be changed, the affirmation that it has of the empil'e. (See Tyler Dennett, "Americans in Eastern Asia," pp. been changed. assurances that it has not been changed, and expressions 215--220.) of gratification that the other powers are inclining toward the American Shortly thereafter, though .Americans in China, including officials, policy. merchants, and some missionaries, urged that the United States co­ To the question asked a few days ago by one of the keenest men in operate with EuroPean governments in the use of force, the American Washington, "Has the American Government, really, a Cblna policy?" Government resolutely refused to be drawn into the armed conflict. the reply was and is. "Yes; it has--a policy so obvious, so simple, and ("The aggressiveness of the American missionaries in their disposition so straight-in-line with American traditions and opinions that many to force the opening of the Empire is notable. It is entirely in accord people fail to see it because they are looking for something different." with what had been the prevailing spirit in missionary cil'cles from The American Government has a China policy, based on well-estab­ the beginning." Tyler Dennett, "Americans in Eastern Asia," p. 563. lished principles. The China policy of the United States has been and "• • • From 1830 to about 1900 'American' missionaries carried is, fortunately, a consistent policy. To anyone who will take the trouble on most of the actual intercourse between the Governments of China to look into the history of American activities in the Far East during a and the United States • • • " and, " • • • so far as I can century and a half of contact between the United States and China discover the generality of the missionaries approved of both the neces­ and then read the published statements of the President and the Secre­ sity of the ' rights ' and of their being made treaty provisions. tary of State during the past two years and then examine the record • • •." Frank Rawlinson, "Chinese Recorder," November, 1925, of the past five years, this will appear a trnism. p. 721.) Probably the most common error made by those who study foreign Fifteen years later, in the only treaty which Anson Burlingame suc­ policy is that of failing to distinguish between policy and plan of ceeded in concluding, it was reiterated that the sovereign rights of China action, then ootween plan of action and detail of action, and finally must be respected and the principle of equal opportunity for all nations between action which is negative--but nevertheless deliberate and con­ to compete "in trade or navigation within the Chinese dominions" be sciously determined--and action which is positive and expressed in respected-in accordance with, but not beyond, " the treaty stipulations movement. of the parties." (In that treaty, too, were included several wholly In the field of foreign relations every government has a twofold duty: reciprocal provisions; and there was laid down the principle (Article first, to safeguard the lives and interests of its own citizens; second, VIII) of nonintervention in China's domestic administration.) to-respect the rights and susceptibilities of the people of other countries. It remained for John IIay to formulate in 1899 the doctrine that, In relations between the United States and China, successive Ameri­ in reference to their " spheres of interest " in China, the powers should can administrations have established in reference to this twofold duty a follow, with regard to each other and to the world, the principle of record of performance with which neither the American nor the 'equality of opportunity; and to suggest in 1900 that the powers pledge Chinese public, as they look back over it, find much fault. And the themselves to respect China's territorial and administrative entity. present administration is not ignorant of or indifferent to that record. The Hay notes committed the United States, and those of the other American Far Eastern policy has been shaped by the belief of the powers whose replies were favorable, to the principle of cooperation American peot»e that free states should rem!lin free--in the Orient as in a course of self-denial and restraint. The principle of cooperation elsewhere--and should be encouraged to develop peacefully along their was followed by most of the powers in 1900 ; and during the negotia­ own lines without political interference. In this respect the far east­ tions of 1900-1901, in the post-Boxer settlement, the American· Govern­ ern policy of the United States has sprung from the same root in ment did everything possible to make effective the feature of restraint. American thought from which sprang the Monroe doctrine in relation In 1902 and 1903 the British,· the .American, and the Japanese to the Western Hemisphere. In relation to China, as earlier in relation Governments assented by treaty to an increase in · China's taritr rates to Japan, the American people and the American Government qave simultaneously with the abolition by China of Iikin duties, and agreed looked with disapproval upon tendencies toward imperialistic adventure to relinquish extraterritorial rights when satisfied that the state ot or partition or absorption by foreign states. This attitude and policy Chinese laws and arrangements for their administration and other con­ have run a clear course. (In the amended text of the preamble to the siderations should warrant. Porter resolution, as pas ed by the House of Representatives on Febru­ In 1915 the Wilson administration served notice that it would recog­ ary 21, 1927, it is stated: " • • • The United States, in its rela­ nize no agreement which China might be forced to make which wonld tions with China, has always endeavored to act in a spirit of mutual impair " • • • the political or territorial integrity of the Republic fairness and equity and with due regard for the conditions prevailing of China, or the international policy relative to China commonly known from time to time in the two countries." This is a fair statement.) as the open-door policy." In 1918 President Wilson approved of Amer­ American interest in thiDa has been ch1e1Jy commercial and cultural. ican participation in the new consortium in the belief that only by To China from America there went first, merchants ; second, mission­ participation could the American Government exercise a restraining aries; third, diplomats. No American soldiers went to China until influence which would be in the long .run to China's advantage. At the 1900. Paris conference President Wilson labored bard over China's case. He In the early days of the Canton trade, before the first treaties, " In failed to .'break the arrangement which · had been concluded two years every issue between the foreigner and the Chinese, the .important ques­ earlier among four other powers. But the American Senate and the tion was -whether the Americans would find it most to their profit to American people stood with China-the principle involved being that of stand with the English or with the Chinese." This continued after preserving China's independence and territorial integrlty--'-until at Wash­ the signing of the treaties. " Sometimes the Americans stood with ington agreements were arrived at between Japan and China whereby the British for concerted action, but when the concerted action proposed the "lost rights" in Shantung were restored to China. by the British would have a tendency to weaken the Chinese merchants, At tbe Washington conference, with the American Government play­ or when the British adopted policies directly inimical to the American ing the leading part, the principal powers concerned (including China)' trade the Americans were disposed to support the Chines~" (Tyler committed themseloves to a common understanding with regard to Dennett, "Americans in Eastern Asia," p. 53.) equality of opportunity in China, respect for China's sovereignty, and When giplomatic wations began, the principal positive objective of noninterference in China's domestic afl'alrs, and in these agreements the American policy in China was-as it had been and has been elsewhere-­ underlying prindple was that there should be cooperation in a course to Insure for Americans equality of opportunity. In the treaty which of forbearance, self-denial, and restraint. Caleb Cushing concluded, equality of treatment was promised by China Three years went by before tbe last of the powers signatory to the to the United States. (As in the preceding British treaties, the pro­ Washington treaties deposited its ratification of the trellty concerning ,·isions with regard to the tariff and extraterritoriality were unilateral, the Chinese cW!toms tariff and enabled the Chinese Government to ask but it needs to be taken into consideration-though it seldom seems to for the . assembling of that conference. On September 4, 1925, the be--that all of the far eastern treaties of that period ·were concluded powers sent identic notes to the Chinese Government. In its partici­ with a view to regulating contacts on oriental, not on occidental soil. pation in this note the American Government said: "• • • The The west went to the east ; for a long time the east did not reciprocate; United States is now prepared to consider the Chinese Government's there was, therefore, in those early days no occasion for and probably proposal !or the modification of the existing treaties." little thought of "reciprocity.") · Two days earlier (September 2, 1925) Secretary Kellogg had stated The " second plank in the platform of American policy " toward in a speech at Detroit the principles of the Chinese policy of the China was laid down in the period of the Taiping ~ebellio.n. Humphrey American Government, as follows: "In brief that policy may be said 1924 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 24 ;to be to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China, armed forces to China to do battle with the armed forces of China." to encourage the development of an effective stable government, to President Coolidge takes occasion to explain that our troops will coop­ maintain tlle open door or eqWll opportunity tor the trade of nationals erate with other foreign troops for the specifically limited purpose of :of all countries, to carry out scrupulously the obligations and promises protecting .American lives when cooperation promotes tbis end; but made to China at the Washinglon conference, and to require China that there will be no " unified command " ; and he declares : " Our :to perform the obligations of a sovereign state in the protection of citizens are being concentrated in ports where we can protect them foreign citizens and their property." and remove them. It is solely for this purpose that our warships and The .Ametican Government forthwith sent its delegation to the marines are in that territory." tari.J! conference ::.tt Peking prepared to go the limit to which other The United States is unquestionably committed by tradition, by powers might be moved to go toward creating in and for China an precedent, and by declaration to certain definite principles of China improved fiscal situation, and at the conference the American delegation policy. These principles are assurance of equality of opportunity ; did its utmost to carry out the spirit of its very libeml instruetions respect for China's sovereignty and territorial integrity ; noninterference and prrsisted in the hope that an agreement would be reached until, in China's domestic alfairs ; nonaggression ; and insistence that Cbina in July, 1926, the Nlltionallst Government (then at Canton) served perform the obligations of a sovereign State in protection of foreign .notice that it would recognize no engagement which might be entered citizens. The United States is also committed, partly by tradition and into by the Peking government. precedent, but more particularly by the provisions and spirit of the The commission on extraterritoriality pursued for nine months its Washington agreements, to the principle of cooperative action. investigation of the laws and administration of justice in China. The In the presence of conditions such as now exist in China, can a plan .American member of the commission took a leading part, as chairman, of action be devised which will be consistent at once with the prin­ in drawing up suggestions and recommend::.ttions as to steps which ciples of nonaggression, of insistence that China alford proper protec­ should be taken both by China and by the powers toward producing tion to foreigners, and of cooperation? conditions which would warrant the powers in giving up their rights Elforts have been made to commit the American Government to going in this connrction. In their report the commissi{)ners expressed unani­ along with other powers if and when these powers decide upon meas­ mously the opinion that there should be a period of transition, by agree­ ures of coercion. But in the 1830"s and in the 1850's such elforts ment and program, rather than abrupt destruction of such legal struc­ were made. The American Government was implored to participate ture and arrangements as exist in Chin& before another system has been in armed hostilities against China, and it refused. In 1900 the made ready to take its place. .American Government sent troops to China, as dld other govern­ In a statement on January 27, 1927, Secretary Kellogg said with ments, but not for purposes of aggression. .American armed forces are regard to the Chinese tarilf and · extraterritoriallcyt "The United now cooperating with those of other countries, as they did in 1900. States is • • prepared to enter into negotiations with any gov­ Yet McKinley's and Hay's policy in 1900 was " to seek a solution ernment of Chinll or delegations which can represent or speak for which will safeguard the independence and integrity of the Chinese China • • for • entirely · releasing tariff control and Empire"; and during the negotiations which ensued, W. W. Rockhill, re ·toring complete tarilf autonomy to China. • • • The United at Peking, with John Hay behind him at Washington, stood between States is prepared to put into force the recommendations of the Chinese officialdom and the crushing proposals of certain other powers. extraterritoriality commission which ean be put into force without a What would the American Government have been able to do in those treaty at once (the American Government has since taken certain steps negotiations if it bad not participated in the relief of the legations? in this direction) and to negotiate the release of extraterritorial rights But what about " cooperation" now? Concerted action is one of as soon as China is prepared to provide protection by law and through the most desirable things and one of the things most difficult to achieve her courts to .,.\merican citizens their rights and property. • • • in the field of human endeavor. It is difficult enough as between two '.fhe Government of the United States • • • is relldy • • • to individuals. Where a dozen nations are involved the difficulty is continue the negotiations on the entire subject of the tarilf and extra­ multiplied many fold. Americans have cooperated wltb the nationals territoriality or to take up negotiations on behalf of the United States of other countries in China in many ways and over long periods of alone." But, "Existing treaties which were ratified by the Senate of time. .American officials and the .American Government have cooper­ the United States can not be abrogated by the President but must be ated with the officials and tbe governments of other countries frequently, superseded by new treaties negotiated with somebody representing eJl'ectively, and through periods of years in China. The American China and subsequently ratified by the Senate of the United States." Government has from time to time definitely advocated, and at Wash­ During the past four months it has been demonstrated that there ington actually brought about, an agreement that there should be exists in China no governing authority which can guarantee to for­ cooperation. Where this principle is adopted, there must either be 'eigners in certain areas either protection in situ or safe conduct to express commitment as to specified courses of action or provision that places of security in China or to points of departure from China. the will of the majority shall prevail, or an understanding that in the The American Government bas dispatched to China naval and land absence of specifications and of the majority rule each party shall be forces, as have other governments, for the protection of its nationals. free to participate in or to absta.in from action proposed. The Wash­ .American naval vessels have been used to assist ln the evacuation of ington treaties committed the powers-and in reference to some foreigners from points in the interior. (The foreign governments h!ive matters, China-to cooperation in relation to certain specified matters; asked or ordered their citizens to come out from points in the interior. they committed them to the not doing of certain things, to self-denial. Tile American Government has no means of forcing American citizens The separate treaties between China and the powers individually to come out, but it has done everything possible to get them to come commit the parties to certain things. But is there anywhere a pro­ and has provided them with transportation faclllties.) In several vislan which prescribes a course of action to be taken in case ot instances when fir·ed upon by Chinese armed forces they have returned breach of treaty provision. a provision wbe~eunder, for instance, in the fire. In one Instance only have they fired without first having case China disregards or can not fulfill her treaty pledges to one or to been fired upon-when, at Nanking, after foreigners in the city had all of the treaty powers, those powers are pledged jointly to employ been under Chinese fire all day and some had been killed, they threw force in an effort to penalize or to coerce her The United States a barrage around the Socony ·Compound to make possible the escape never has participated in aggressive action against China and has of a group of foreigners who were in imminent danger of their lives never entered jnto any engagement so to do. It has no commitments at the bands of Chinese soldiers. .American marines have been landed which lay upon it the obligation to use its forces in 1927 for any ~t Shanghai ~nd are participating there in maintaining order in the other than a common protective end. foreign-administered area (within which are resident some 40,000 for­ The question whether the United States should or should not cooper­ eigners, exclusive of refugees, and some 1,200,000 Chinese) and in pre­ ate in the use of force to compel one or another of the Chinese authori­ venting troops of any of the contending Chinese armies from invading ties to honor China's treaty obligations is one in the answering of that area. which tbe American Government is no less free now than it was in Tllis action of the .Amuican Government has drawn expostulations 1900 and in 1840 and in 1856 to exerci.'3e its own ju{)gment and to both fr·om American and from Chinese sources. The cry has been decide according to its reading of .American public opinion and its raised that from the traditional American policy of goodwill and non­ estimate of the various rights and interests and other con,sid~ratlons aggre,;sion toward China the United States has been drawn away into involved. accepting a made-in-Europe policy. Until the Nanking incident, con­ At this point there comes a series of questions. What, in the tenders of thi.'3 school almost unanimously held the view. that the presence of existing conditions and circumstances, would the American United States should refrain from disposing in China any armed forces Government have a legal right to do in China? What would it be whatever. politically expedient for it to do? What is the extent of its lawful Secretary Kellogg declares in a published statement: "American obligation to citizens of the United States in regard to (a) protection diplomatic and military representatives in China are cooperating fully of life, (b) protectio.n of property, (c) enforcement ot rights accorded witll other foreign representatives when faced with a joint problem under ·treaty provisions in general? How many and where are the such as protection of the lives and property of their nationals." persons to be protected? How much, where, and of what value is the Senator BoRAH declares in a public address: " We are not sending our properq which is threatened? Of what sort and of what value are the 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1925 general treaty rights for whieh enforcement is sought? What do the to tbe other tJowers. The .American GoTernment tries to live up to its people of the United States States want tae Government to do? What commitments. is it advisable for it to do? In dealing with China fhe powers have tried almost every line of There are present in tile Far Eastern Division of the Department of policy imagjnable. There have been periods of independent action State five officers, each of whom has had long experience in the Far (free competition), periods of partial cooperation, periods of complete East. Two of these men were born and brought up tp. China. Three cooperation, periods of informal eooperation, periods of cooperation by have had more than 15 years each of official H career" service in China, agreement. The theory of the Washington treaties is cooperation. The :read and speak Chinese, and have served both in consulates and at the American Government cooperated w1th the others at the tariff con­ legation in Peking. One has been consul general at large in the Far ference, in the work of the extraterritoriality commission, in connec­ East. A fourth bas had more than 30 years in the Consular Service, tion with representations to both of the eontending Chinese factions <>f which the past 13 have been in Chlna and the past 8 as consul gen­ in Not·fh China in 1926 wjth regard to what is called the "Taku eral at the most important p<>rt in China. The fifth has had 20 years incident." Ameri{!Un forces are cooperating now with those of other of " career" service in Japan, in Manchuria, and in Siberia, and speaks foreign powers in China. As Secretary Kellogg has stated, '~American and reads Japanese. The American minister to China is a recognized diplomatic and military representatives in China are cooperating fully authority on China and has served in Siam, in Russia, and in J"apan, with other foreign representatives when faced with a joint problem as well as twice in China and for six years in the Department <>f State. such as the protection of the lives and property of their nationals." The e men kno.w their Far East. That appears, however, to be the limit within which it intends to In the conduct of foreign relations the Department of State pays use force. It has cooperated in the presentation of demands to na­ much attention to the question of legal rights and lawful obligations. tionalist authorities in connection with the Nanking incident. But it It is well informed with regard to the number and location of American apparently declines to participate in proposed mea.snres of a coercive citizens, and the value and location of American propa'ty in Chlna, character conceived with a view to following up those demands. and with regard to .American investments, trade, and o.ther interests Whence, now, the charge that by holding back it ls unt.l!ne t<> the · involved. With regard to what the people of the United States want, principle of cooperative action. it must form its own conclusions, but it is in much better position to This charge is not warranted. The theory ot the cooperative policy judge than is the man in the stxeet or in the business office or at does not require that 1n whatever direction one or more powers may missionary headquarters or in the study, for there pour in to it from a w1sh to proceed the others must go ; and the express eommitments with thousand quarters, from all over the United States, from all over China, regard to cooperation are eommitments individually n.nd collectively to from all over the world, reports, dispatches, petitions, resolutions, let­ refrain from aggression, not commitments collectively to proceed in ters, telegrams, and memoranda expressive of opinions, hopes, desires, measures of eoerdon. Any one of the States committed to the coop­ and demands. erative policy may without violation either of the letter or of the There is no unanimity ot opinion, tt goes without saying, among spirit of the policy object to a proposed positive program and decline Americans, either in the United States or in China or elsewhere, with to participate in its execution without violation of either the letter rtgara to what the Government ought to do. Merely among Americans or the spirit of the cooperative policy. In fact, ln case some States re 'ident in China three sets of interests, three points of view, and three proceed with such a program in spite of objection. and of refusal to schools of thought are readily distinguishable. The merchant class is participate on the part of others, is it not those who act rather than concerned about markets; the missionary class is concerned about propa­ those who decline to act who forsake the eooperative principle? gation of ideas; the official class Is concerned about persons and prop­ As a niatter of fact, while the cooperative principle has been in erty in relation to laws and principles. But not all of the merchants force several powers have not hesitated to act independently. While hold the same views regarding policy, either commercial or political; the powers were acting in common in negotiating at Peking concerning not aU <>f the missionaries are en'gaged in the same lines of endeavor, the Chinese customs tariff, Japan was, with the full knowledge of aU have the same outlook, or advocate the same policies, either for the the others, negotiating with the Peking Government for a new and societies under which they work or for the government to which they separate commercial treaty between itsel! and China. Belgium has owe allegiance ; and not all of the officials have the same views with been negotiating wtih Peking during the past six months. Great regard to what is expedient o-r what is advisable. The interests, the Britain has been negotiating with both the Peking and the nationalist views, and the objectives of the importer and the exporter diller con­ (Hankow) authorities. The principle of cooperative action applies siderably from those of the banker and the railway builder. The properly where there has been or can be achieved a unanimity of perspective and the views of the missionary, who sits in a comfortable opinion with regard to a proposed action wherein colllDlon rights and office in the security of Shanghai, and those of the missionary who intere~ts are involved. r~ldes, by virtue of a special treaty provision and the grace of Pr<>vi­ The principle of independent action may be applied properly where dence, in a remote village in the interior, txaveling year in and year such u.nanimity has oot been or can not be achieved, or where the issue out among vocational and avocational bandits, are quite different. Even is one in which rights and interests peculiar to one or several powers among the diplomatic and consular officials there is by no means always only are involved. In view or difficulties experienced, Sect·etary Kellogg identity of view, though within this class there is as a rnle less diverslty aas declared in regard to such questions as, for instance, the tariff, that and less particularity of view than within the otha- elasses. tbe .American Government is prepared either to continue negotiations in And the views of a class, or of a majority within a class, as well as common with the other powers or to enter upon negotiations betweea of individuals, are subject to change, sometimes radical and rapid China and t.he United States alone. change. Thus the views of the missionaries with regard to the nationalist government at Hankow and with regard to the presence of In final analysis the Government has to make up its own mind with foreign armed forces in Chinese waters and at Shanghai appear to regard to what is lawful, what is possible, what is expedient, what 1s have undergone considerable modification since March 24 (the Nanking advl..sa.ble, what is to be done. This the Government appears to have incident). · .&ne and to be doing, without fnss and without confusion. It is well In considering what it ma1 or may not do, what it will or will not equipped adequately to consider the factors and to arrive at sound con­ do with regard to China, an administration must necessarily consider clusions. It is not likely that it will depart far from the established not alone relations with Chlna but also relations with other powers. lines of American policy. Even if it should wish to, It would find it The American Government is responsible for considering and safe-­ difficult to do so. The Chinese policy of the Government always has guariling the interests of all Americans, not only all Americans in been responsive to the attitude and wishes nf the .American people. China but all Americans everywhere; it has to consider the safety Public opinion is becoming more and more an active and conclusive and interests of the whole American people. infiuence in determining of policy and of action. PubUc opinion does In deciding what it may or may not do an administration must turn not change rapidly. The American people are possessed of a peculiQ.rly both to national law and to international law. It does not have an sympathetic attitude toward the Chinese people, an attitude which is altogether free hand-or will-in relation to such a question as, for somewhat senti.niental and somewhat patronizing, but genuinely benevo­ illstance, that of affording protection. Treaties are made between lent. Warranted or not, Americans regard the Chinese as a nation of governments, but · they provide for rights of persons as well as of great potentialities, wish them well, believe that they will be better oJr States. In the United States treaties are a part of the law of the and the world better off it they govern themselves, and believe them land. Is it not, then, an obligation, a duty of the Government to capable of self-government. The American people are opposed to any protect its citizens in the enjoyment of their lawful rights? Ordinarily course of action wliich would constitute, in their opinJon, "aggression" this obligation is met, this function performed, by diplomatic processes. against the Chinese people. B11t where a foreign government has become powerless, where there is In only one particular, so far as is discernible, has the present admin­ no local authority able to afford protection, where American nationals istration deviated from the course prescribed by the traditions, the are in danger of violence to their persons, is it not the duty of the precedents, and the practices to which in referenee to China it aas American Government to substitute its own police force for the local fallen heir from preceding administrations. For almost 150 years the police forces which should be but are not present? The only way to American people and the American Government have proceeded on the protect lite is to prevent its being taken. assumption that in China there was a Government capable of perform­ The American Government has commitments-to China and to other ing the ordinarily IU!Cepted functions of a sovereign authority. Now, powers. And so has China commitmen~-to th~ United States and and for the time being, the American Government has apparently, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE J.ANUARY 24 of necessity, given up that assumption, as have the other foreign The PRESIDING OFFICER. The resolution will be read governments. The resolution was again read. · . The Government appears fully to understand what it is about. It 'I'he PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection to the pres- has Massachusetts. I desire to ask the Senator The PRESIDING OFFICER. The question is on agreeing from Montana, is there any objection, from any source of which to the resolution as modified. the Senator knows, to the adoption of this resolution 1 The resolution as modified was agreed to. :rtlr. WALSH of Montana. No. THE MERCHANT MARINE The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection to the pres­ The VICE PRESIDEJ\--rr. The unfinished business will be ent consideration of the resolution 1 Mr. MOSES. The Senator from Montana said the resolution proceeded with. was of merely formal character. What is the idea of the reso­ The Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, resumed the con­ sideration of the bill ( S. 744) to further develop an American lution? Mr. J01\TES. I will say that I understood from the Senator merchant marine, to assure its permanence in the transportation from Kawas [Mr. CURTIS] that the resolution was entirely of the foreign trade of the United States, ~nd for other pur­ poses. sati ·factory to him. Mr. MOSES. May I ask the Senator from Montana how Mr. JONES. Mr. President, in my judgment there is no more important question before the American people than the matter will the resolution operate? Mr. WALSH of Montana. If adopted, the resolution would of building up our merchant marine. I think an adequate authorize the President of the Senate to issue commissions to merchant marine is vital to the development of our commerre take testimony on the request of the chairman of any commit­ and to our national security. The question involved in it is not a partisan one. It is a question that is bigger than tee of the Senate. parti~ Mr. MOSES. Is not that authority now possessed by com­ ~anship. If there is one genuinely American question, in my mittees under the general resolutions giving them authority to JUdgment, before the people of this country it is the question of the building up of American shipping. I am glad to say this conduct hearings? 1\Ir. WALSH of Montana. The authority of committees under question has been dealt with by the Committee on Commerce in that general resolution does not seem to be ample. an entirely nonpartisan way. In the consideration of the slrlp­ Mr. MOSES. I wish the Senator from Montana to have a ping act of 1920 that act was developed and passed with an private conversation with me about it. I will object to the con­ entire absence of partisanship. There was no partisanship in sideration of the resolution for the moment. the committee and there was no partisanship on the floor of The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection to the pres­ the Senate. So with the measure that is now before the Sen­ ent consideration of the resolution? ate. It was considered in the committee in an entirely non­ Mr. 1\IOSES. I object. partisan way. 1\Ir. JONES. The Senator from New Hampshire [Mr. MosES], Mr. President~ I wish also to say that tb.ere is no man on I understand, temporarily objects to the consideration of the this floor who has taken g~·eater interest in or done more resolution. · toward the proper and wise solution of this problem than has The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from New Hamp­ the Senator from Florida [Mr. FLETCHER], the ranking minority shire [Mr. MosES] objects to the present consideration of the member upon the committee. I wish to commend the remark­ resolution, and the resolution will go over. ably able and comprehensive speech that he made on this floor Mr. WALSH of Montana subsequently said: Mr. President, I a few days ago. He ,has acted in a most patriotic, genuinely nm advised that objection has been withdrawn to the resolution American way with reference to this important subject; the which I submitted a few moments ago, and I now ask unani­ people of the country owe him a very great debt of gratitude mous consent for its present consideration. for the earnest, faithful, patriotic work that he has done with Mr. SACKE'IT. 1\Ir. President, will the Senator from Mon­ reference to this question; and, as chairman of the Committee tana have the resolution once more read? on Commerce, I am glad to say th~s with reference to his work. 1928 CONGR.ESSIONAL RECORD-8ENATE 1927 Mr. President, this is a country of about 120,000,000 people ; of the commerce carried by foreign ships and the value of our its wealth is estimated at $400,0001000,000; its annna.l imports commerce, I said this: and export trade is nearly $10,000,000,000; and it seems almost Not only is this condition o! things humiliating and unprofitable, inconceivable that a country with such wealth as this, a country but it is actually dangerous. British ships tran:sport the greater with an ocean on each side of it, a country tbe foreign com­ part of our foreign commerce. Suppose England should engage in a merce of which can not get to market except by shipping war with a great power. Thousands of her ships would be taken could be in such a deplorable condition so far as shipping is for transports and other thousands might be destroyed. Our foreign concerned. commerce would be destroyed~ products we now send abroad I do not j:hink that we need to argue the importan<;e. of a would be left o.n oar hands, glutting our markets and bringing upon merchant marine for this country. It is not necessary to take us industrial ruin and widespread commercial ilisaster. Farmers and the time of the Senate to show the importance of it so far as manufacturers would sutrer alike, and the laborer and his family our commerce is concerned, nor ought it to be necessary to would face the wolf of hunger in his home. We are at the very show its importance as an instrulnentallty of national security. point where Thomas Jefferson, whom I have heard referred to to-night However, I think I shall take this opportunity to call attention as the patron saint of the Democratic Party, said protective and de­ to the condition that confronted us when the World War fensive measures become necessary. came on and the result of it, which it seems to me ought to be enough to make everyone perfectly willing to do whatever may He said: be nece sary to insure our people a merchant marine. If particular nations grasp at undue shares of our commerce, and, We all know that when the World War came on American more especially, if they seize on the m~ans of tbe United States to con­ ~!hipping was at the foot of the list. Ships under the American vert th~m into aliment for their own strength, and withdraw them :dag were carrying only about 7 or 9 per cent of om: imports entirely from the support of those to whom they belong, defensive and and our exports. My recollection is that when the World War protective measures become necessary on the part of the nation whose broke out we had just about 16 ships of about 166,000 tons marine resources are thus invaded ; or it will be disarmed of its defense, fiying the American flag engaged in overseas commerce. I shall its productions will be at th-e mercy of the nation which has possessed call attention a little later to conditions that existed locally in itseLf exclusively of the means of carrying them, and it<:~ politics may be so far as our commerce was conc-erned; but what has it cost us ln.fiuenced by those who command its commerce. 1n dollars and cents because we did not have an adequate merchant marine? The very thing mentioned there happened. In addition to When we ourselves got Into the World War the cry was for what I have just read, I wish to read a brief extract from a ships and ships and more ships; it was necessary to have ships book called "The Heritage of Tyre;' by William Brown Meloney. to transfer our troops across the sea; and Congress appro­ The book was published in 1916, after the World War had .priated, in round numbers, over $3,000,000,000 for the building begun. I desire to call attention to his vivid description of the of ships. That amount of money and more was expended for situation at that time: that purpose. So that, because we did ~ot have an adequate In this year of 1916 the United States, without a merchant marine, merchant m~ine, the people were required to put up money to bereft of ships, ls more than half the ~lave that she was in 1861. What .the amount of over $3,000,000,000. We got tbis money largely boots it that labor is free if the products ol its industry and enterprise by the sale of Liberty bonds ; in other words, we borrowed the are denied their markets 'P money. We ~re paylJ1g in interest every year now on the Turn where one wlll and h Is to behold the e't'idence of its vassalage. amount of money borrowed, in round numbets, over $100,000,- Leave any one of our glutted seaports, with piers and warehou es ·and 000. How· long we shall continue to do so nobody can tell; freight terminals burdened beyond capacity by. an immovable commerce, bnt · possiblY, on the n verage, during the ne::rt 50 years the and follow the railroad lines into the interior, across the continent-go peop1e of this country will :pay in interest ali>ne the sum of north, go south. go east, go west, and there is not a mile that has not $00,000,000 a year becau e we did not have a mercbant marine a chapter to contribute to the tale. All of the conceivable products of ..when we became involved in the World War. We have been 100,000,000 people lie along those steel arteries arrested by embargoes. ·paying out since tbe World War large sums of money to make What moves is what the warring nations eboose to buy and will receive up the deficit in the operation of our shipping. We have prob­ fl·om the railroads at tidewater. An else must abide its time or rot, Ably expended for that purpose alone two hund!ed or three for as Europe controls the world's deep-water tonnage, so our market Is hundred million dollars. limited to her will. It matters not that there are other markets in But that is not all. Before we got into the World War it cost which we could sell and entrench ourselves to the advantage of future this country hundreds of millions of dollars because we did not trade and expansion. We haven't the ships to reach them. have a mer-chant marine. The ships that were going on ordi­ Turn from field and plain and orchard and forest to the manufac­ .nary run..,, transpo~·ting our commerce, were taken by the needs turing centers, and it is to fiud the same paralysis of industry, for of war to other services. We were dependent largely upon industry lives by import as well as by export. Here a factory stands British shipping, and British shipping had to be taken off the silent because it can not get tin from England ; there a silk loom lies commercial runs and used for the transporting of war sup­ manacled becau e it can not obtain the raw product from China. As pli~ and of troop . Britain controls her sh1pping. so does Japan eontrol hers. Japan has I remember that Secretary of the Treasury McAdoo made but to say to ber merchant marine, •• Our sbips will carry Ja.pane e an investigation to ascertain the increased cost in the freight exports from December to May and imports for Japanese consumption charges by reason of the fact that we had not a merchant only from June to November," and that is suffi.clent. The rest of the marine and because of the increase in t·ates, and he estimated world may whistle. What is true of those two nations 1s likewise that in one year, because of our Jack of shipping, the people true of all others. o:f this country had paid in increased rates on carrying charges As this is being set down, comes news that "Britain is promulgating over $300,000,000. Rates soared, doubled, trebled, and in some an order in council prohibiting among other things the importation cases they were increased over 2,000 per cent because of our of automobHes for private use, fruit. musical instruments. cutlery of lack of shipping. all kinds, hardware, yarns, cbinawat·e, !ancy goods, and even soaps; It was found also that our products, and especially the and it is explained th:lt th1s Is being done, not a.~ a matter of policy products of the farm, were congested at the seaports and on but because of a shortage of ships; that Britain must have American too docks. They were waiting for shipping to take them to the w~at and corn and meat and that other things can not be permitted markets which demanded them, but the ships were nat avail­ to take up the space of her vessels. Yet wheat and earn and meat and able. Many of these products were perishable, and they munitions of war are but a part of Ameriean commerce. · perished. What the lo s was from that source, of course, no-­ At peace and neutral though we are, belligerency in the present body can tell, but no doubt the losses to the farmer and to the situation could exact no more of us. manufacturer and to business of every kind amounted possibly to hundreds of millions of dollars. Mr. President, those are words written at a time when the It seems to me that these facts alone, which are within the need for our ships was evident to everybody. I fear, however, memory of every A.merican citizen, ought to make us willing to that we forget these things, and so I have called them to your adopt any course that will give us reasonable assurance of an attention. adequate merchant marine. These facts demonstrate the ab- With reference to national security, it seems to me the value solute necessity of a merchant marine. ~ of an American merchant marine was demonstrated most con- \ I wish to call attention to a prophecy. I do not claim to ciusively by the situation that confronted us when we entered be much of a prophet, but several years ago in discussing the the World War and the steps that we took when we entered it. . iniportance of a merchant marine, when the Simmons-Under­ It was most fortunate for civilzation, it was most fortunate wood Tartir Act was under consideration and the provision in for the associated powers that when we entered the war there 1·eference to discriminating duties was before the Senate, I were ships of Germany interned in our ports, and in my judg­ made a speech in which, after calling attention to the value ment the German ships won the victory for the associated 1928 CONG-R.ESSION AL RECORD--SEN ATE powers in the World War. That is a strong statement to make, the situation in, I think, a very splr-.ndid way from different but what was the situation? standpoints; but I just want to read thi' clause: When we entered the World War we had no ships. We had The gT{>atest wenkness of the national defense Is the present mer­ none to transport our soldiers across the sea.. They could chant marine. It is the weak link that bre~tks the cbain of national not get to the battle front unless they were carried by shipping. security. The Nation will uot be capable of defending its commerce Where did we get the shipping? We took these interned ships until it has suitable merchant ships an<1 a stronger flet-t. 'l'he national­ in the harbor of New York and in the other harbors of this defense feature of this problem commands tbe attention of Congress country and we converted them into tran ports for oor soldiers; at this session. and it is said that tl1e Lfn'iatlw.n., the pride of our shipping fleet now, a German shlp, carried to Europe 275,000 American I ju&1: want to call attention to this. We talk about . the soldier . If we had not hnd those ships where we could get need of a navy for the de-fense of our commerce, and yet if at them, it is very likely that our boys would not have been our commerce is not carried in American ships it will very likely transported across the sea when they were. Very likely they be carried in neutral ships, if carried at all; and we do not would have been delayed six months in getting to the battle need a navy to defend the neutral shipping of the world. line in France. Mr. Pre"ident, I think everybody wants a merchant marine. I think military authorities concede that if they had not I have never met anyone who did not say, when the matter gotten there when tlwy did, the outcome of the war very was brought up, "Yes; we want a merchant marine"· but we likely would have been different. lf our soldiers had been ?ivide ove.r ~1Ec>tails. We divide o\er methods a. to ho~ we get delayed six month·· in getting to the battle line in France, 1t; and thiS 1s really what prevented us from having a mercllant the chance · are that Germany would have cut in two the marine when the World War broke out. allied armies, gotten to the coast, and the result of the war How can we get an American merchant marine? To mvl would have been entirely (lifferent. notion, there are just two ways by which we can o·et it. One I hope we may never be found in that condition again. It is through private energy, private capital; the othe~ is through / wa mo ·t fortunate that these ships were in our ports so that the Government. I frankly say that I should like to see our we could take them; but we can not depend upon that again. Ameriran merchant marine privately owned and developed with If we get into trouble again-whirh we hope we may never private capital. I think, taking it on the whole that that is a do-we can not rely upon having our enemy ships in our ports, more efficient way to do it, a more economical' way to do it ·1 thnt we may take them nnd transport our troops with them and I had come to the point where I had concluded that i wherever they may be needed. would vote for any measure that I believed had any chance of l\lr. NORRIS. :Mr. President-- success that would lead private capital to go into the buildinoo The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. OnniE in the chair). of an American merc·hant marine; but I have come to the con': Do·es the Senator from Washington yield to the Senator from elusion that it is impossible to pa..,s through Congress any Nebraska? measm·e that will gi,e the ~id that is necessary to induce pri­ Mr. JONES. I yield to the Senator. vate capital to gQ into the shipbuilding and ·hip-operating ~Ir. NORRIS. I do not want the Senator to get the idea bu~ines . :from the que::;tion I am about to ask that I am trying to be­ l\1r. BINGHAM. Mr. Pre~ident, will the Senator yield? little the argument he is making, because I am not. 1 am in Mr. JONES. I yield to the Senator from Connecticut. sYnwathy with it. At the same time, it seems to me that it Mr. BINGHAM. Did the committee give full consideration could be very well said that the argument the Senator is now to the possibility of securing capital for a privately owned making, and using the German ships as an illustration, if merchant marine at a low rate of interest, to be loaned by the reversed and applied to Germany, would show that the thing Government to private parties for this purpose, in order t11at to do would be not to have a merchant marine. If Germany they might have the benefit of the Government guarantv of had not bad a merchant marine, we would not have bad those their capital, and therefore se.eure money at 3 per <:ent i.n.Stcad I ships, so that in her cas-e a merchant marine was to her detri­ of at 6 per cent? ment; and the next war may find us in the position ~he was in, Mr. JO:NES. Mr. Pre::;ident, the committee considered the and the enemy u ·ing our merchant marine. In other word , whole problem as we thought it confronted us. I have been in it is a good deal like the early bird that catcl1es the worm; Congress for 29 years. When I first enterro the Hou ·e I be­ it i the early worm that gets caught. rame a member of the Committee on the Merchant Marine and Mr. JONES. I think we had better tal.:e the chanre of hav­ Fi::~beries. I knew what we had been attempting to do for 25 ing shipping for our security. We might lose it in that way, years preceding that time. We had been striving to adopt but I do not think we are likely to. measures of some kind that would lead to the building up of Mr. FLETCJIER. Mr. President, on the other hand, may I an American merchant marine. 1Ve bad not been able to do it. suggest to the ~enator, if be will allow me, that it was the fact I think the fir t term I was here the Merchant Marine Com­ that Great Britain had some 18,000,000 tonf!: of merchant ship­ mittee considered the shipping problem. We tried to reach an ping that enabled her to survive after the submarine campaign agreement with reference to a bill that we thought would build was instituted. If she bad not bad the enormous number of up the American merchant marine. We could not do it; at any merchant sl.Jips that she did possess after tl1at campaign rate, we could not rearh a conclusion upon any bill that seemed wa · started-and she lost about 1 out of 6 that left her to meet tlle approval either of the House of Representatives or ports-altogether some 7,000,000 tons of merchant shipping was of the Senate. During the last 60 years the only measurel sunk by the submarines-if Great Britain had not had an looking to aid or the building up of a merchant marine through 1 ente~·prige enormous number of merchant ships, she could not have sup­ private and energy in the nature of a subsidy or 1 plied her army or her people with food. wbateYer you may call it, Gove1·nment aid, was the passage of Mr. NORRIS. I admit that; but, at the snme time, if we are ~he mail a~t of 1891, under which, my recollection is, we got ~ going to take the argument of the Senator from Washington JUSt two ship~. at 100 per cent, we will have to admit that if Germany had I remember when what was known as the Hanna-Gro venor / not had a merchant marine she probably would have won bill was brought up. That wa a subsidy proposition. I Wn had not been given, because that would be in the ington yield for a moment further? nature of a subsidy. Mr. JONES. I yield. Mr. JONES. No; we considered that matter in determining I Mr. BINGHAM. It does not seem to me that the two mat- what we thought was the wise thing to do. We came to the rters are comparable at all, because from the very earliest days conclusion that there was no possibility of passing a subsidy ithe Government has recognized the fact that part of its work bill, and I think the committee felt that that was in the nature lwas improving the navigable waters of the United States has of a subsidy. e I dredged harbors and rivers, has built the Panama Canal and Mr. COPELAND. May I ask the Senator another question? tother canals. Therefore the ownership of the Cape Cod Canal We have this loan fund of about $80,000,000 or $90,000,000. 1comes under a line of precedents which have shown themselves Mr. JONES. I think now it is about $90,000,000. ~ to be useful and valuable, whereas the proposal to put the Mr. COPELAl\TD. By the way, in that connection I want my Government into the shipping business might be said to come memory refreshed. I helped the Senator, so far as I could in •under the wretched precedent which was followed in war time my weak way, to add to what he called the fighting fund. How of putting the Government into the railroad business and into much did we add that year? ·other forms of business, in which experience has shown that Mr. JONES. I think it was $5,000,000. It was proposed to •the Government is not successful. add $10,000,000, and we got $5,000,000. ~Ir. WALSH of Massachusetts. Mr. President, will the Mr. COPELAND. Has that been exhausted yet? . ~enator yield? l\!r. JONES. That bill has not passed at this session. I 1\fr. JONES. I yield to the Senator from Massachusetts. rather think we had something of the kind in the other bill, too. Mr. WALSH of Massachusetts. I think the Senator's narra- Mr. COPELAND. As a matter of fact, we have in the loan 'tion of the history of sub idy legislation in the Senate would fund $80,000,000 or $90,000,000. Would the Senator consider mot be complete if it were not asserted that since the failure that lending that money to private citizens of the United States ~of the Harding subsidy bill no President and no Member of at the current rate of interest-! mean by that the rate the fthe House or Senate bas ever proposed a subsidy bill of the Government would have to pay for any money that it bor- 1character of that bill at least. Am I correct? rowed-under the provisions of section 11 of the Jones Aet, I · Mr. JONES. My recollection is that the President bas said think it is, would be in the nature of a subsidy? !in one or two messages that there should be Government aid, but Mr. JONES. I think so. It would not be a very big one. I :in the last message of the President even that suggestion was do not believe that it would lead to the building of new ships ft1ot made. for the overseas trade unless we had something else to supple- Mr. WALSH of Massachusetts. No such bill has been pre- ment it. t"sented to the House or the Senate upon which any vote was Mr. COPELAND. Is the Senator familiar with the bearing tt;aken, at least, or bas come out of a committee? held this morning before the Shipping Board? l\Ir. JONES. Not since the Harding bill. Mr. JONES. No; I was present at the flood-control hearing l\Ir. COPELAND. The Senator from Washington, however, this morning. IJ>resented such a bill last year. · Mr. COPELAND. A definite proposal was made this morning Mr. JONES. I presented such a bill last year and I pre- for the building of six ships of 33 to 35 knots, finer ships than ,J;ented such a bill this year. I did that under these circum- are now owned or being built by any other country. I am going .stances: The Senator will remember that we passed a resolu- to speak on this at some length at a later time. One of the tion through the Senate-! think a couple· of years ago--asking conditions imposed upon proceeding with that plan is that there 'the Shipping Board to investigate the situation and recommend should be a revision of the loan provision to make possible the ·to Congress concrete measures for the building up of an Ameri- building of these ships with a loan of three-quarters of their ·can merchant marine. The Shipping Board held bearings all value instead of two-thirds as it is•at present, and that the .over the country; they got the views of the peor,le all over rate charged should be the current rate. ,the country; and finally, while they did not submit it as Without considering the other elements involved in the pro- 1a part of their report, I asked them to prepare such a subsidy posal would the Senator consider that that would be an im­ bill as in their judgment would give us an ade<:juata .A.merican proper use of the loan fund if ample security were given for ,merchant marine. the return of the money and if the Government were reimbursed They prepared such a bill. In conjunction with them I pre- at the current rate of interest, and if repayment must be made :pared a bill, the alternative for the Government. I introduced complete in 20 years? Would the Senator consider that a sub­ both of those bills. We bad the matter up in the Commerce sidy or an improper use of the fund? ;Committee at the close of the last session of Congress. The Mr. JONES. I would not consider it an improper u e of the •committee came to the conclusion that we could not pass a sub- funds. The Senator knows my position. I will vote for a sidy bill. we could not enact such a bill into law, and as the subsidy bill if it is one which I think will bring results, but only alternative they reported the bill providing for a Govern- I have come to the conclusion that we can not pass any such ( ·ment merchant marine, which was substantially the same as bill. The Senator does not need to argue those things with me. provided in the pending bill. At the beginning of this s~ssion Mr. COPELAND. No; I know that; and I know very well of Congress I reintroduced the two bills. I reintroduced the the honorable purpose of the Senator. ' !Subsidy bill and I reintroduced the pending bill, and under Mr. JONES. Yes; I know the Senator does. the circumstances which I have just mentionecl the committee Mr. COPELAND. But I want to ask him his individual ;reported this bill. opinion. Would he see any objection to a modification of that I have tried to make it clear that personally I would section of the Jones Act permitting the lending of 75 per cent ·favor a subsidy bill and would vote for a subsidy bill if I instead of 66 per cent for 20 years instead of 15 years, the rate thought there was any possibility of getting it through and to be fixed at the current rate to the Government? tgetting one that would be adequate. I am going to refer to Mr. JONES. I would not so far as I am individually con- 1tbis phase of the situation a little bit later on, but I am going cerned, but I am satisfied that a measure like this is substan­ ;to say now that even if we could pass a subsidy bill nobody tially the only measure that stands any chance of getting !knows whether it would accomplish what we want done. No- through the Congress, though I am standing by this bill and . body knows whether it would be adequate and sufficient to propose to stand by it even though there are other matters induce private capital to build the ships that we want built, which I might like to see put into tbe law. I want to see and if it failed to do that then we would be in a position where above everything else a merchant marine, an adequate Ameri- iJlOthing could be done for 2 or 3 or 4 years. can merchant marine, of up-to-date ships. I bt!lieve in putting something through that would be cer- :Mr. McKELLAR. Mr. President-- J : in. If we can supplement it by and by with something The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Wasb- rwhich would induce primte capital to take over the ships we ington yield to the Senator from Tennessee? ~uilt, and to build new ships and maintain the service, I would Mr. JONES. I yield. support it. But I want something that will insure a merchant Ur. McKELLAR. The Senator was asked about subsidies. :marine, and in my judgment the only reasonable assurance that As I recall, when a subsidy bill was proposed in 1921 or 192~ ( we can get is for the Government to get behind it, and that the Senator stood on this floor for nearly two and one-half J,s exactly what is proposed to be done in this bill. mouths-- Mr. COPELAND. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? I l\Ir. JO~~S. I sat most of the time! [Laughter.] Mr. JO:~TES. I yield to the Senator from New York. l\1r. l\IcKELLAR. And tried to get that subsidy bill passed. Mr. COPELAND. A moment ago the Senator from Connecti- The Senator found it was impossible. The Senator still be­ ~t ~ked the Senator from Washington if any consideration lieves it is impos ible to pass a subsidy bill, does be not? 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-·SENATE 1931 Mr. JONES. I think lt is more impossible now than it was Carolina, because apparently the Senator from North Carolina then. directed his question to me-- 1\fr. SHORTRIDGE and Mr. EDGE addressed the Cbair. Mr. SIMMONS. Yes; I did. . The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Wash· Mr. JONES. I yield to the Senator from New York for ington yield; and if so, to whom? that purpose. Mr. JONES. I think the Senator from California rose first. Mr. COPELAND. Of course, in addition to a modification of I will yield to him, and then will yield to the Senator from New the loan fund, they are asking that the ocean mail act shall be Jersey. amended, not to give a subsidy-- Mr. SHORTRIDGE. May I inquire whether the Senator Mr. SIMMON.S. l'o give what? If not a subsidy, then . expects to bring this matter on for a vote to-day? what? Just ordinary p·ay, or do they want pay which is so far Mr. JONES. If I could do so I would, but I do not expect to in excess of the actual cost of transportation that it becomes be able to do so. either a subsidy or a subvention, which is the same thing? Mr. SHORTRIDGE. I and several other Senators interest"Erl Mr. COPELAND. I discussed the matter with the Senator in it must be before Ute Finance Committee at 2 o'clock. from North Carolina on Saturday, but I have fuller informa­ Mr. JONES. I do not expect it to come to a vote to-day. tion .now. There i;> no desire to ask anything in the' way of a Mr. SHORTRIDGE. I want to make some remarks on the subSidy or subvention. It is asked that there shall be a stabili­ bill before it comes to a vote, if I have the opportunity. zation of the rates, a readjustment of .the rates, and that the Mr. JONES. I now yield to the Senator from· New Jersey. Postmaster General shall be pennitted to enter into contracts Mr. EDGE. The Senator has very clearly expressed his de­ for a period of 5 to 10 years on the basis of the service sire to get some bill passed that will at least seem to make rendered. possible a merchant marine, in which desire I heartily join ; but I hope to show to-morrow, by facts which I . shall present, why is it necessary in that connection to go to the extreme fuat the total amount spent for mail service under these .condi­ either way? The prop'Osition of the Senator from New York tions will not exceed the amount spent now. The Senator will as a business proposition provides apparently 75 per cent from probably ask, how then does it help the company? It is because the Government and 25 per cent from private capitaL The bill we are no'! paying to British bottoms $1,500,000 for the carriage before us, if we recondition or rebuild the ships, must neces­ of our mails by reason of the fact that our own United States sarily call upon tile Government to provide 100 per cent. lines are .inadequate to provide the ships and so under this Mr. COPELAND. With no return of the money. arrangement of the maU service, that money will go to Ameri­ Mr. EDGE. Yes. Why is it interposed from time to time can ships which will be built under the further conditions which that the Senate will not consider a business proposition because were discussed this morning. at one time or another in the past 60 years it refused to pass Mr. SIMMONS. .I shall be very glad to hear the Senator ~ an out-and-out subsidy bill. Possibly this is in the nature of but I think when we do it will be merely the same .old propo:i a· subsidy, but it is .a clear business proposition which I believe tion of a subsidy. . the taxpayers of the country would approve, because it relieves Mr. BINGHAM. Mr. President, will the Senator from Wash­ them of 25 per cent of the burden. Why should it be assumed ington yield to me for another question? in advance that it would not pass? I am inclined to believe the The PREJSIDING OFFICER.. Does the Senator .from Wash­ chairman of the committee is probably incorrect, and I hope 'ington yield to the Senator from Connecticut? Mr. JONES. I yield. he is7 in stating that- the Senate would refuse to accept 25 per eent from 'Private citizens when such a proposition would carry Mr. BINGHAM. Will the Senator from Washington be so with it the very assurance which the Senator is looking for, and good as to tell me whether there has ever been a vote in either that is the building of ships. Why should not we ·save 25 per House on the question af direct loans to be made so as to en­ cent if. it is assured that the ships will be built? · able those who are anxious to build up a merchant marine to Mr. .JO~"'ES. Suppose we pass a provision· carrying just what secure their money at a lower rate of interest than Uley could is proposed here. What assurance have we that the people will otherwise secure it upon the market? go on and build the ships? Mr. .JONES. There has been none, except on the provisions Mr. EDGE. As I understand the proposition that has been of the act of 1920 that in the case of ships built for the over­ made to the Shipping Board only to-day, it is that if the Senate seas ~rade loans could.b.e advanced at, 1 think, 4 or 4% per cent, will provide that amendment they will enter into a ·contract, and m the case of ships built for the coastwise trade at I with bonds, to build the ships. I know nothing more about it think, 5 per cent. ' than that. Mr. BINGHAM. Was there a vote on that provision? . ~· JONES. That provision was adopted in the merchant Mr. SI~Il\IONS. 1\Ir. President, let me ask the Senator from New Jersey a question. Was this made· as a condition to our ma:rme act of 1920, but there has not been a solitary loan made for the building of a ship in the foreign trade, although there J not legislating 'as proposed in the bill presented by the Senator have been several loans made for the building of ships in the from Washington? Mr. EDGE. I do not understand that it was. coastwise trade. , _ Mr. COPELAND. I can answer no; that it is not. Mr. BINGHAM. Were there any votes in committee on the particular proposal which the Senator from New York men­ Mr. EDGE. It is simply a suggested amendment to the bill. Mr. SIMMONS. What conflict, therefore, is there in the bill tioned a few moments ago? Mr. JONES. No; there were no_ special votes except the and in the proposition? Why not embody them in two separate committee voted down the subsidy proposition. The committee bills? were practically unanimously in the view that we could not get 1\Ir. EDGE. Why' not embody them in one bill? · anything in the nature of a subsidy through. Mr. Sil\IMONS. One provides for a loan of this fund the Mr. BINGHAM. Would the Senator be. willing_ to listen to a Government has, amounting to nearly $100,000,000, · to people definition of the word "subsidy" from the Century Dictionary? who Will build ships and operate them, and one provides for The Senator has denounced this proposal so emphatically-- the Government taking over and controlling the ships· which Mr. JONES. I shall be very glad to listen to the definition the GO"Vernment now owns. The two provisions do not seem but I do not think it will affect the judgment of Senators ~ to me to be coupled together in any way, and they may not the least. The Senator from Connecticut I think understands work together. However, I wish to say that I have not under­ my position. He does not need to read the definition of a sub­ stood that those who lire engaged or desire to engage in the sidy to me to persuade me under proper conditions to vote for private operation of ships have had trouble about getting the a subsidy, but if he desires to read the definition for the en­ money to build the ships or have ha~ trouble about tile rate lightenment of other Senators here, I will be very glad to yield of interest that they would have to pay for Ute money they to him for that purpose. · would have to use to build the ships. Mr. BINGHAM. The only reason I should like to read it is The trouble with them has been that they have contended that I feel that while the Senator and I are in perfect accord that the cost of construction is such and the cost of operation and are willing to vote for a subsidy to help the ·merchant is such that they can not operate them successfully in com­ marine, the word " subsidy " has a very peculiar connotation in petition with foreign ships. If we could loan them the money the minds of certain people. As the CentUI-y Dictionary says : and the ships should be built, does not the Senator think they would be here knocking at the doors of Congress and asking Writers who oppose an uses of public funds [i. e., to aid private us for a subsidy of some sort by granting them fat mail con­ enterprise] commonly prefer to characterize them as "subsidies,,. while tra

be accused of doing something frightful. That is why I was Mr. JONES. Yes; cargo vessels that are up to date and will sorry to hear the Senator use the word "subsidy" in objecting compete with the fleets of other countiies. . to the proposal which was referred to by the distinguished Sen­ Mr. HOWELL. Is it not a fact that a subsidy would not ator from New York [Mr. CoPELAND], which would permit a be applicable to such vessels because they could not be expected new enterprise contemplating the construction of very large to carry the mails? and very fast ships to secure a part of the money needed for Mr. JONES. A particular kind of subsidy might. not be. those ships through a loan guaranteed by the Government or I presume the Senator is talking about mail pay. through money loaned them by the Government at the same rate Mr. HOWELL. I am talking about cargo vessels. of interest which the Government must PR¥ therefor. Actually, Mr. JONES. Then the Senator is talking about mail pay according to the Century Dictionary, a subsidy is- rather than a _subsidy in general terms. A subsidy in general Any direct pecuniary aid furnished by the State to private industrial terms would provide compensation to the slower-going boats. undertakings, or to eleemosynary institutions. Such aid includes boun­ Mr. HOWELL. But is it not a fact that it has been held ties on exports, those paid to the owners of ships for running them, and unconstitutional, or the view has been generally held that it I donations of land or money to railroad, manufacturing, theatrical, and would be unconstitutional, for us to subsidize vessels that ·do not carry the mails ; that the only theory upon which we can other enterprises. support a subsidy is upon the theory of aiding in the carrying It does not seem to me that the proposal referred to by the of the mails? Senator from New York may in fairness be called a " subsidy," Mr. JONES. I will say frankly to the Senator that such a unless all the laws that we paSs here that are of any benefit suggestion has not been brought to my attention, and in all whatsoever to private enterprises, by giving them governmental of om· subsidy bills heretofore I do not remember that that recognition or by giving them governmental approval, may be question was ever raised at all. We have proposed a subsidy called subsidies. regardless of mail pay or anything of the kind. I do not think Mr. JONES. Mr. President, the Senator from North Caro­ that I could go quite so far as the Senator goes. lina [Mr. SIMMONS] suggests to -me that the word "subsidy" Mr. WALSH of Massachusetts. Mr. President-- had acquired a sort of a political meaning which is not covered Mr. JONES. I yield to the Senator from Massachusetts. by the dictionary. Furthermore, -in my opinion, every Senator Mr. WALSH of Massachusetts. As I understand the Sena- will be his own judge as to whether a proposition is a subsidy tor's position-and I am pleased to say I am in full accord with or whether it is Government aid such as he can support. That, it-be considers the present policy of this country toward a I think, has always been the basis upon which different Sena­ merchant marine one of uncertainty ; he considers that any tors and Representatives have acted on this question. I am subsidy legislation giving opportunity-for private interests to not scared at the word-" subsidy"; I do not care what Govern­ develop the American merchant marine would be uncertain; ment aid may be called ; as an independent proposition I would that the bill which he now presents assures a definite, certain, give any sort of Government aid that would insm·e us an unmistakable merchant marine for the American people, and American merchant marine, and I would stand for it. But, that is why he is supporting this particular bill, bec~use it is Mr. President, I am not going to be sidetracked with reference the only way we can end the uncertainty of years in establish­ to· this bill. In my judgment, this is the only possible bill ing a definite, certain, progressive American merchant marine. which can be passed which will assure us an American mer.: Mr. JONES. That is my judgment. chant marine. So-, while amendments may be proposed that Mr. Sil\11\IONS. Mr. President, I think the Senator is dis­ independently I would vote for and would be glad to support, cussing one of the most important measures of legislation that I will not support them as amendments to the pending bill we have had before lis in many a day. There are but few because, in my opinion, it is the only measure that stands any Senators in this Chamber, and I am impelled to ask for ~ possibility of passage ; and, furthermore, it is the only meas­ quorum. ure which, if passed, affords any assurance that we will obtain Mr. JONES. I would prefer the Senator would not do that. any new ships. I know Senators are busy in committees and on cominittee -Take the proposition suggested by the Senator from New work, and they can not be both there and on th·e floor. York. I do not question the good faith of the gentlemen who Mr. SIMMONS. Of course, if the Senator objects, I will advance that suggestion. I had a talk. with them the other not insist upon the point. day. I do not believe that they would be satisfied with bor­ Mr. JONES. I am not objecting. rowing three-fom·ths of the value of the ships at current rates Mr. SIMMONS. The Senator knows that he is discussing of interest. I think they would want mall contracts of special a very important matter, and on the other side of the Chamber advantage; and, furthermore, I very seriously doubt even if I see only two Senators. It does seem to me that we ought lwe were to put into force a law under which they could get to have more here to listen to this discussion. what they now suggest that they would eventually build these Mr. WALSH of Massachusetts. I hope the Senator from ships. They propose to build such ships as never were con­ North Carolina will insist upon his point of order. This is a structed heretofore, such ships ~s Great Britain herself has very able speech, and there ought to be a larger attendance not constructed. They propose to build ships of 33 and 34 of Senators. knots, of twenty-five or thirty or forty thousand tons, and run Mr. SIMMONS. The Senator is explaining the matter very them between this country and Europe. I should like to see lucidly and very strongly. su"ch ships constructed ; I wish they could build them; but I Mr. WALSH of Massachusetts. The Senator insists upon veey seriou ly doubt if they would be able to do it. However, his point of order? that is not the question here. We do not know whether they Mr. SIMMONS. _ I insist. upon the point.of order. will build them or not, and I am not going to support or permit, The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll. if I can prevent it, amendments to this bill at this time. The legislative clert called the !'Oll, and the following · - I will sny to the Senator and to the gentlemen who are Senators answered to their names : interested in the proposal referred to, let us pass this bill in Barkley Ferris King Sheppard the Senate just as quickly as p6ssible; let us get it over to the Bayard Fess La Follette Shipstead other body ; let the Members of that House suggest their pro­ Bingham Fletcher McKellar Simmons Black Frazier McNary Smith posals to it, and if they shall add some good provisions along Blaine George Mayfield Steck this line that can be harmonized with the pending bill, without Blease Gerry Metcalf Steiwer inconsistency between them, possibly in conference we can work Bratton Gillett Moses Stephens Brookhart Glass Neely Swanson out orne legislation along those lines that both bodies will Broussard Hale _ Norris Thomas adopt. I hope we can, and I will do eve-rything in my power to Bruce Harris·.,. Oddie Trammell it Capper • Harrison Overman Tyson bring about, but I do not want to have any such amendments Caraway Hawes Phipps Wagner put on· t11is bill in the Senate. Copeland Hayden Pittman Walsh, Mass. I do not think it will be wise to do so from my standpoint Couzens Heflin Ransdell Waterman Curtis Howell Reed, Mo. Watson of securing legislation under which we would obtain a merchant Deneen Johnson Robinson, Ark. Wheeler marine. Dill .Tones Robinson, Ind. Willis M.r. HOWELL. Mr. President-- Edge Kendrick Sackett 1\lr. JONES. I yield to the Senator from Nebraska. Edwards Keyes Schall Mr. HOWELL. Is it not the purpose of this !Jill to provide The PRESIDING OFFICER. Seventy-four Senators having a fleet of cargo ships? answered -to their names, a quorum is present. l\Ir. JONES. Oh, yes ; cargo ships, combination passenger Mr. J01\TES. Mr. President, I get many editorials from and cargo ships, and passenger ships. _ _ papers and a great many letters from individuals denouncing Mr. HOWELL. But is not one of the chief purposes of this Government ownership of ships and urging that the Govern­ bill to provide a fleet of cargo vesels? ment get out of the shipping b~siness, turn over the ships to 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1933 private parties, and let us have a merchant marine in private ships and they all go into private bands, what . guaranty bas control and under priva te ownership. I have not seen a single the Government that they will become auxiliaries to the Navy editorial, I have not received a single letter pointing out how for purposes of national defense? this can be accomplished or how it can be done. Mr. JONES. We have none, and, as a matter of fact, we I received a s,hort time ago, from a gentleman in Cleveland, have only probably 18 or 19 ships that would really be suitable a letter taking me to task quite severely for urging Govern­ for auxiliaries for the Navy. They have all }?een sold under ment shippipg. He said, ''We want private shipping." I wrote this five-year limitation. How long they will last, how long they back and asked him to tell me how we could get private ship­ will be suitable, nobody kriows, or where they will go at the ping, and I put this question to him : " There are only two end of the five years nobody knows. The only limit is that they ways to have a merchant marine: One is through private enter­ can not go under a foreign flag without the wnsent of the prise, and the other is through the Government. Private enter­ Shipping Board. There is nothing in the world to prevent them prise, apparently, will not go into it without Government aid. from going into the coastwise trade. Congress will not provide the aid t.hat is necessary ; so the Mr. SIMMONS. If these ships are built and owned by the dilemma is, either Government ownership or no shipping." I Government, as provided in the bill, they will be so constructed said, " I should like to know how you stand · on this proposi­ as to be auxiliaries to the Navy? tion." I said to him, " I prefer Government shipping to no Mr. JONES. We provide that in the bill. shipping, and I should like to have you tell me whether you Mr. SIMMONS. That is provided in the bilL That will cost prefer Government shipping to no shipping." I received no the Government something. Does the Senator think that cost answer to this letter. will be any greater than the subsidy we would have to pay to As I say, you read editorials in our . papers denouncing a private capital, ·without getting these auxiliaries, or a guaranty Government merchant marine. None of them points out how we of a ux:iliaries? are going to get p1ivately owned shipping. Mr. JONES. I doubt, that it would cost any more, and it I The Herald-Tribune of New York a few days ago had quite a will insure the ships. sharp editorial referring to this as a foolish propositioq, and Now, Mr. President, I want to note the attitude of some of suggesting that we were pressing a very foolish proposition, the big men of the country. Here is a statement from John E. suggesting that the Government should get out of business and Edgerton, president of the National Association of Manufac­ let private capital and private ownership give us a merchant turers, in a speech to his organization down in Chattanooga a marine ; but they did pot suggest how we could get it or how short time· ago, when he said . this: it could be done. Mr. COPELAND. Mr. President, will the Senator permit an Shall an aroused citizenship rise up In the majesty of a calmly con­ interruption? scious right and say to the Government : "Get out of our business for Mr. JONES. I yield to t.he Senator. which.you were not intended and for which you are not qualified, either Mr. COPELAND. I should like to say to the Senator that by experience or natural ability, and go back to where you belong and I was quite embarrassed because of the fact that the Herald­ stay there " ? Tribune, to which the Senator refers, spoke kindly of me. It ·No doubt Mr. Edgerton is a fine man, no doubt. he is an · bas never done that before, and I quite mistrust myself when abJe man, no doubt he is a good business man, and he gives the Herald-Tribune praises me for anything. expressiPI! to this sentiment because of his opposition to the 1 Mr. JONES. I am rather inclined to think, in view of that Government in business. But apparently he does not consider editorial, that the Senator is fully justified in mistrusting it. the fact _that we have no privately owned American merchant I do not mind these criticisms: I am glad to have them. I marine, that we have no private capital to which these ships feel that these. papers are just as anxious to have a merchant will go, that will run them and replace them and keep the serv- ) marine as I am ; but they ought to realize the situation that ices going, and build new ships, and bring those now in exist­ confronts us, and if they are opposed to Government shipping ence up to date; and he does not seem to appreciate the fact they should point out how we can get the aid that will give that apparently it is impossible to get Congress to pass legislation us p1ivate shipping. I should like for them to say, also, that will induce private capital to go into the shipbuilding busi­ • 'whether or not they prefer no merchant marine to a Govern­ ness and the ship-operating. business under the American flag. ment-owned merchant marine. Some of our people seem to . That phase of it is, in a way, the controlling phase of the Itake that position. case. It is because we can not induce private capital to go into One of the Senators on this floor a few days ago gave me this that we are urging this measure. We believe that we the impression that that at least was his attitude. He said, should have this m~asure to give us a merchant marine, rather " Sell our ships; get the Government out of this ; abolish the than to have none at all. Shipping Board." In my judgment, that means no shipping. Mr. SMITH. I want. to ask the Senator whether the party In my judgment, that expresses the attitude that rather than who made the statement he has just read, inviting us to go have Government ships they would prefer to have no shipping back to where we belong and get out of business, is in favor at all. It is all right for any Senator or any newspaper to of a subsidy or not? · take a position of that kind if he or it believes it. I would Mr. JONES. I do not know whether he is or not. I would prefer almost any course that will give us a merchant marine guess that he would probably be. rather than to have none at all. Mr. SMITH. Very well.- For 60 years or more we have had Mr. SIMMONS·. Mr. President-- no merchant marine, and the advocates of a privately owned The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Wash­ merchant marine come to Congress and insist that we shall ington yield to the Senator from North Carolina? guarantee them against any loss out of the Treasury of the l\Ir. JONES. I yield to the Senator. United States in order that they may compete with foreign Mr. SIMMONS. A great many ships have been sold or countries. That is inviting us to go into the shipping business given away, one or another-practically given away, in .most to that extent, at least, for the benefit of the private individuals instances-by the Shipping Board. In connection with the who own these vessels, when the proposition of the Senator argument the Senator is now making; I should be very glad and those who are advocating his measure is that whenever lo s if he would tell the Senator and the country what has become is sustained the Government Shall assume, and whatever profi ts of these vessels that the Shipping Board has disposed of arid there are the Government shall have them, so that the profits put into private hands after five years. What has become of and losses shall be distributed for the account of all the Amer­ them? Are they still under the American fl ag? ican people, and not private individuals. Mr. JONES. I do not think the five years has expired in Mr. JONES. Mr. President, I have bere a quotation from any case in connection with a sale of that sort. I do not the address of Philip H. Gadsden to the United States Chamber think the time is up ; but when the time is up these ships can of Commerce at its meeting on May 4, 1927. l\ir. Gadsden is go into our coastwise trade if they are not sati fied with the very hlghly spoken of here as a splendid citizen and a fine busi­ business that they are doing- on the routes upon which they ness man, and I have no doubt that the5e commendations are are running. I have feared that with the sale of these ships fully justified. Yet he does not seem to -@predate what the on a five-year basis, at the end of that time they would go shiJ?ping situation is. This is what he said : into the ·coastwise trade. No special familiarity with the problems of the shipping business is I am satisfied they will do it if they are nnt makiug money. needed by business men of America to pass judgment upon the policy I have heard of no company -that purchased the ships under of the Government owning and operating a mt!rchant marine. the five-year limitation that is creating a reserve funu out of which to build new ships to replace the ones they are running Possibly it is true that he understands fully the problem as they wear out. of the shipping business and that he thinks that no special Mr. SIMMONS. Permit .me to ask the Senator another familiarity is needed with reference to iL But he evidently question. If the Shipping Board continues to dispose of these Q.oes not know, O:t: at least does not think very much about, LXIX--122 1934 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 24 what we might term the political situation, if you please, which Mr. President, there are many objections urged to Govern­ exists in Congress. He said~ ment ownership and Government operation of ships. For the This is on]y n phase of a much larger question which at this time is sake of the argument, I am going to concede every one of them. • giving the business men of tbe United States concern, ,e.nd that is, Mr. McKELLAR. Mr. President, I do not know whether they f How fnr shall G<>vernment invade the field of business? still have the contract or not, but the International Mercantile Marine, as the Senator will recall, a few years ago had a con­ Then be said : tract with Great Britain that if war ever broke out all of the AI; I understand the temper of the business men of this country, ships they had should be turned over to Great Britain. we are opposed to Government entering into any phase of business, Mr. JONES. Those thin.gs are in the record, and the con- , and we are looking hopefully to the time in the near future when the tracts of those lines with the railroads of the country, by which Government will retire from tbe shipping business. they were to give a preference to foreign ships, and so on, arc Note this statement as showing the apparent unfamiliarity of all in the record; but I am not going into those things now. this great business man with the shipping history and business Mr. President, we can build a merchant marine. The Govern­ ment can do it. We can operate it. We_are operating it. In conditions of the country: my judgment we can eventually operate it efficiently and We are looking hopefully to the time in tbe near future when economically. We are getting down to an economical basis even Government will retire from the shipping business and turn back this to-day with the uncertainties that exist and with the character great field of American business into the bands of Amerlcnn business. of ships we have. Just a few years ago we appropriated American business, if it ever had the shipping business, bas $50,000,000 a year to make up the deficit in connection with the not bad it for at least 60 years. There is no American business operation of our ships. For the current year, my recollection is, that bad charge of shipping business to which this could that we had an appropriation of only a little over $13,000,000 be turned back, as this gentleman seems to suggest, and Ameri­ for that purpose. I understand that the estimates by the ShiJj­ can business is not ready, it is not willing, it will not take over ping Board to operate the lines which it established and Jts the shipping business without some Government aid. Mr. shipping during the next year are only a little over $13,000,000. ) Gadsden ought to realize that, and I would just like to know In a Dill which is likely to pass the other body to-day there is what Mr. Gadsden would say to the proposition, If we must an appropriation of a little over $12,000,000. It is very likely have Government shipping in order to have a merchant marine, that that $12,000,000 will take care of the operation of tbosei do you prefer to have none rather than to have Government ships. Possibly they will get the cost .reduced and bring it . shipping? down to a lower sum. They have been gradually reducing it Then another gentleman who seemed to be quite influential every year dming the last five or six years. in connection with the Chamber of Commerce of the United Mr. FLETCHER. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? States was William H. Douglass, of New York. I know· that Mr. JONES. Certainly. . Mr. Douglass is a very fine man and a very patriotic citizen. Mr. FLETCHER. My information is that the cost of opera­ What does be say with reference to. the resolution then pending tion this last November was something like 20 per cent less before the chamber of commerce?- than it was for the corresponding month a year ago. - The cost of operation is being cut down and the efficiency of service As the resolution says, we have got to have something substantial being built up, because they seem to be now seriously trying to in the way of a mail or a direct subsidy to enable those ships to be make the operation a success. _ • run to advantage by the people who take them up and put their money Shortly after the war, during the high-rate period, our ships into those operations. Unles.s you do that, and Congress subscribes actually made money. There was a profit then of nearly $200,~ to that policy, you will never be able to build up an American merchant 000,000, so that if that were set opposite all our losses it would marine. be found that really the Government operation bas cost the I assume that he means in private bands, and that, Mr. people of the country very little, if any, money at all. President, emphasizes the attitude and view of the committee. Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President-- He said further : 1\fr. JONES. · I yield to the Senator from Nebraska. Mr. NORRiS. I would like to inquire of the Senator whether • We have got to do something for ghlpping other than talk. The the American railroads are still operating under contracts by Congress of the United States have got to make up t:l).eir minds to which they turn to foreign shipping all the ove1·seas trade which pay a reasonable subvention to establish these lines and keep them they carry to the ocean? I understand that our railroads did going. not patronize American ships, but ca:r:ried the freight and de­ Mr. Douglass, I think, was a Member of the House a good livered it to foreign ships for transshipl:Ilent across the ocean. - many years ago. He appreciates the political phase of the situ­ l\fr. JONES. My understanding is that those contracts have ll.ll tion, . and the really practical phase of it. He says that you been canceled. I have not looked into this phase of the matter can not have shipping in private bands without Government for two or three years. At that time there was just one trans­ aid, and be ought to know well enough the history of this continental road that bad an agreement of that kind, but my proposition to realize the difficulties and practically .the abso­ understanding is that they have all canceled those agreements. lute impossibility of getting Congress to extend such a1d. Mr. CARAWAY. Mr. President, may I ask the Senator from The Chamber of Commerce of the United States passed a Washington a question? resolution the logical result of which, as I construe it, as I Mr. JONES. I yield to the Senator from Arkansas. understand their attitude, is that they would rather have no Mr. OARA WAY. The Senator from Florida suggested and, merchant marine than a Government merchant marine. as I understood, the Senator from Washington concurred in the Mr. President, I do not favor that position. I think, as· I statement that in the last year they have reduced operating said before, that a merchant marine is of such vital conse­ expenses some 20 per cent. quence not only to commerce but to our national security that Mr. JONES. That was in one m()nth as compared with the if I can not get it other than by Government, I take it by corresponding month of the preceding year. Government. Mr. CARAWAY. Of what did those savings consist? · I want to note just one objection made to the Government :Mr. JONES. Probably the Senator may have looked into 1'11Il1ling these ships. They say that the Government should that matter. not compete with private enterprise and private shipping lines, Mr. CARAWAY. I beg the Senator's pardon. I thought the and that is one objection that is urged to-day to the action of Senator bad looked into it. the Shipping Board. The Government ships are not now being Mr. JOJ\~S. The Senator from Florida suggested that sav­ l'un in competition with private shipping and private lines. The ing. Shipping Board is striving to keep from doing that. It does Mr. CAllA WAY. There must have been a u·emendous waste mot desire to put the Government resources up against private in the administration of the previous year that could have its enterprise where private enterpli~e is doing things and actually overhead reduced 20 per cent in a month. I agree with the carrying on the bul}iness. Senat()r from Washington that we have to have a merchant Mr. GEORGE. Is not that the announced policy of the marine. There is an operating loss now of about $12,000,000. Shipping Board? Mr. JONES. That was during the last year. The current Mr. JONES. I think so. I want to call attention to what year is estimated at about $13,000,000. I might term the fiimsiness of this objection. There is only one Mr. CARAWAY. Does that take into consideration any re- .ship privately owned that was not purchased from the Ship­ placement? ping Board, flying the American flag, that is running across the Mr. JONES. No; I think not. Atlantic, and that is a ship under the International Mercantile Mr. CARAWAY. No recapitalization? . Marine. Mr. JONES. No; it is just the actual operating expenses. 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1935

Mr. CARAWAY. About what is the necessary replacement years ago were running 10 o1• 12 knots. 1\fost of our ~hips are fund for the fleet? If we were going to·keep it up to a stand­ 10 and 12 knot vessels. If we are going to compete with their ard, how much would we have to have for that purpose? ships, we will have to have ships of equal or greater speed. I Mr. JONES. I am going to come to that just a. little bit would like to see our ships 1 knot ahead of theirs all the time. later. I have not touched on that yet. Mr. OARAWAY. Then they would build ships 1 knot faster Mr. CARAWAY. I do not want to go into the Controverted than ours. question of a subsidy because tba.t has been gone into. We Mr. JONES. They probably would. will be paying and are paying a subsidy of several million Mr. CARAWAY. I understand. We have these ships. They dollars. We are going into the Treasury to get money to oper- are all obsolete or obsolescent. Would the bill make it ab­ ate the ships. . solutely impossible to dispose of them if we should adopt it Mr. JONES. Yes; that is true. without an amendment? Even though we have to build ships. 1\Ir. CARAWAY. I hope the Senator will tell us just how to replace them, would we not be unable to sell our present much, considering replacement and every other thing, we are ships? paying for the privilege of running the ships. Mr. JONES. We have an amendment from the committee, Mr. JONES. I am going to note the replacement in just a which has been proposed by the committee, providing that these little bit. In connection with this matter, while we are paying ships can not be sold except by unanimous vote of the Shipping out of the Treasury, maybe, $13,000,000 or $15,000,000 or Board. · $16,000,000 to make up the difference between the receipts and Mr. CARAWAY. If we adopt that amendment, then, will we the expense of shipping, that takes no account of the effect on not be unable to sell the ships even though we have to build the shipping. and upon the rates that our people have to pay. better ships and faster ships to take their place? In my judgment, if our shipping gets off the seas, as it will Mr. JONES. Suppose we discuss that when the amendment unless we provide some method of replacement, then our people is up. It is an amendment to the bill and will be open to are going to pay higher rates for the transportation of their full discussion at that time. I thought I would not discuss products than they are paying now or have been paying in the the amendment until it comes up. last few years. In my judgment, the reduction that we can Mr. CARAWAY. I did not know what the arrangement was. class as due to American ships operated by the Government is Mr. COPELAND. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? many, many times the amount we have had to take out of the The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Wash- Treasury. ington yield to the Senator from New York? Mr. CARAWAY. I did not expect to go into that matter. Mr. JONES. I yield. That is always subject to speculation, but I have no doubt it is true. What I was trying get at is this: I want to find out l\fr. COPELAND. To make a little fuller reply to the Sen­ to ator from Arkansas, in 1926 we carried in combination cargo just what it is actually costing us, and I am sure the Senator and passenger ships between the United States and north and has that information. south Atlantic ports of Europe 1,969,000 tons and only 4 per Mr. JONES. It is about $13,000,000. cent of that was carried on American ships. Mr. CARAWAY. But that does not take into consideration replacements? Mr. CARAWAY. Under some Jtind of an agreement that Mr. JONES. We are not replacing anything. we enter into with the shipping of all other countries, have l\Ir. CARAWAY. It doe8 not take into consideration inTested we not rather gotten the worst of. the arrangement? capital. About what would it be if the invested capital ·cost Mr. JONES. The Senator is talking about conferences, as us interest and if replacement was charged against us? I want they are called, and so on? to get that information if I can. Mr. CARAWAY. Yes. Mr. JONES. If the Senator takes the original capital, which Mr. JONES. Really I do not know whether we have or not. is over $3,000,000,000--- It would not surprise me if we have. Mr. CARAWAY. Of course, a lot of that is gone. I am talk­ Mr. CARAWAY. Does not the Senator think we are making ing about the number of ships actually now in operation. a mistake by appointing our agents from among old shipping Mr. JONES. It is estimated that the ships we now have are concerns which are not American and which are interested worth about $150,000,000. in their own ships, ships of their own nationality, and when Mr. CARAWAY. That is our invested capital. they undertake to serve our lines and serve those lines we Mr. JONES. We may term that our invested capital. There get rather the worst of it? is no interest and no depreciation of our vessels taken into Mr. JONES. I think so. account, and they are depreciating very fast. Mr. CARAWAY. Is it proposed to abolish that? Mr. CARAWAY. What would it cost us annually for re­ Mr. JONES. I have that in my notes as the next thing that placement even to keep that number of ships on the sea? I shall discuss. Mr. JONES. To keep the number of ships we now have on l\fr. CARAWAY. I have had that experience myself of being the sea, the number that we have running now of good up-to­ sent. to a shipping concern and finding out that it represented date ships, would cost about $25,000,000 a year for about 10 the shippers of its own nationals, and that everything we had years. That is the estimate of the Shipping Board. was absolutely useless and worthless and not fit to travel on. Mr. CARAWAY. Would it end· with the expiration of the 10 Mr. JONES. We can build an American merchant marine. years? We can operate it. It will cost us money, it is true, but the Mr. JONES. It would depend on what we provide for. That Government is able to do it. What will that likely lead to? is what we ought to have to replace the ships we have now. The building up of an American merchant marine from the Mr. CARAWAY. Then there would be a sinking fund neces­ beginning was a tremendous task. We had no experience. We sary to replace those vessels over a period of years. What is had practically been out of the business for half a century. the average lifetime of a ship? We had no agents anywhere throughout the world to see to\ Mr. JONES. It is 20 to 25 years. getting cargoes for our ships or to represent or handle American Mr. CARAWAY. I beg the Senator's pardon for taking so interests. We had no trade connections in the various coun­ much of his time, but is it not the tendency more and more tries in the world. The British Government, through its board now to seek much swifter ships to carry freight? of trade and through its shipping, has agents all over the world Mr. JONES. Certainly. to look after especially English business and English ships. Mr. CARAWAY. Combination ships which carry passengers It has trade connections all over the world, and in my judgment and freight? no more, and no more effective, trade agents anywhere in the Mr. JONES. Those are the things in which we are de­ world than in the United States itself. ficient now and which we must have. They have connections with our banks; they have connec­ 1\Ir. CARAWAY. We can hardly get freight for the slower tions. as suggested a moment ago, with our transportation boats. facilities and transportation lines. They are in close touch Mr. JONES. Just certain kinds of freight. with the business interests and business development every­ Mr. CARAWAY. The higher rated freights seek the faster where throughout the country. They have men who are pri­ ships. marily interested in British lines and British business and Mr. JONES. Oh, assuredly. That is one of the imperative British trade. We had nothing of that kind. We have not things in the adoption of a definite plan now. I will touch on yet. That is what we ought to· have and is what, in my judg­ that a little later, but I will say now that our ships are- getting ment, we can build up only under a stable system. In my juclg- \ out of date. They are not able to compete with the ships of ment. though it may take time, if the Government gets behind other countries. Great Britain and Germany have now ships the merchant marine, we would develop agencies with skilled of 14, 15, and 16 knots in the place of ships which fvur or five people in charge. 1936. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 24

As the Senator from Arkansas [Mr. 0.ARAWA.Y] suggested, of war. It was not constructed for a.I!Y speciflc or special serv­ much oight and bring it in on ships flying fore4,on flags. I want to In an article by Alfred H. Haag, director department of see the American people patronize American ships both as international shipping, Georgetown University School of For­ passengers and with their freight; but we can not complain, eign Service, I find an intere ting list of ships built by foreign we have no right to criticize our peopJ,e, unless we furnish them nations. The article is in the Georgetown College Journal of up-to-date and regular sezyice. to do those things. In my judg­ January 28. I wish to read what the author says: ment, if we shall furnish equal accommodatio~, equal service, Years have slipped by while the question has been argued whether equal shipping facilities we shall find Americans patronizing our shipping shall be under Government or pri-vate control. In the that shipping both as passengers and for bringing in and meantime our competitors have been aetively engaged in rehabilitating sendjng out their freight. their shipping, even in the face or their severe eeonomic handicaps. As I understand, it is true that the English merchant What is the result? We have been completely outbuilt by all of insists . upon his goods bei.J?.g shipped in English ships and them. At the present time we are hopeleSISly outranked in modern types upon his imports being brought in in English ships. That is of ships to meet the keen competition in overseas h-ade routes. A a fine thing, that is a patriotic thing to do. I am glad to see s.triking example o1 a nation retrieving her shipping is that of Ger· the Englishmen do lt. When we obtain suitable and ample many, which now has a. modern fleet of merchant ships of over three service we shall have a right to criticize Americans if they and one-half million gross tons. do not take the same attitude with regard to American ships. Shipbuilding a~tivities of the principal IIUU'itlme nations ..from 1922- When we get the proper shipping, we can insist that tile goods we export to any pl.ace on the face of the earth shall be sent That was after the World War closed- there in ships flying the American 1lag, and we can insist, to 1927 are disclosed in the following table : when we have ample shlpping, that goods brought into this Great Britain-number of ships bunt, 882; gross tonnage, 4,905,853, country shall be carried in American ships. Germany-192 ships; 1,118,635 gross toos. Of course, we do not seek to drive our British friends off France-104 ships ; 630,613 tons. the seas; nobody proposes that we shO'uld take all the trans­ Italy-87 ships ; 711.,499 tons. portation and shipping business of the world. All we ask ls Japan-75 ships; 333,327 tons. that this great Nation shall have its due part in the world's United States- shipping trade. By the shipping act of 1920 we declared that At the foot of the list­ American ships should carry at least 50 per cent of our trade. That ls all we ask; that is all we seek. If we shall have eighteen shlp.s of 195,191 tons. suitable ships to do that, then we shall have ships suitable The author then says : and sufficient for all of our purposes. The above figures show that Great Britain outbuilt us 45 to 1 l Mr. ROBINSON of Arkansas. Mr. President, I will ask the Senator from Washington what percentage of our trade is now Germany, 10 to 1; France, 5 to 1; Italy, 5 to 1; and Japan, 4 to 1. carried in American ships? I have not looked into it carefully but, in my judgment, the Mr. JONES. Outside of tankers, and of ships owned by ships that we have built, or at any rate a good many of them, companies which ()pente them primarily to -carry their own probably were under contract at the close of the war. products and tbelr own manufactures, we are carrying ln the Mr. SACKETT. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? overseas trade less than 30 per cent of American trade ; I Mr. JONES. I yield to the Senator from Kentucky. think it is down to about 22 per cent. Before the World :War · Mr. SACKETT. The Senator has just read figw·es showing it was down to about 9 or 10 per cent, and since the war the the number of ships built by foreign nations compared to the percentage has gradually decreased every year until, as I number built by the United States. The fo1·eign vessels were have stated, in that particular elass it is now down to about all built and operated under the stimulus of subsidies from 25 per cent, a little less than 30 per cent. their respective governments, were they not? Mr. · BINGHAM. Mr. President, will the Senator from Mr. JONES. I think most of the nations referred to pay Washington yield to me? subsidies and give government aid. Mr. JONES. I yield to the Senator from Connecticut. Mr. SACKETT. That baa D)Uch to do with the fact that Mr. BINGHAM. Is it not likely that if the Government they have built up their merchant marines to the extent indi­ goes into the shipping business, as the Senator proposes, it will cated compared with the small amount of· tonnage built by the force private enterprise out of the very business that it is now United States, has it not? . struggling to carry· on? Mr. .TONES. I am willing to concede that. I do not know Mr. JONES. To what private enterprise under the American just bow far it is true, but I am willing to concede it. ftag does the Senator from Connecticut refer? We have cross.. Mr. HOWELL. Mr. President-- ing the Atlantic Ocean between this country and Europe only Mr. JONES. I yield to the Senator from Nebraska. one ship under the America:n flag which is privately owned, Mr. HOWELL. Is it not a fact that the subsidies paid by 1and that is one of the ships of the International Mercantile Great Britain are very small and would not at all be satisfac­ tory to vessel owners in this country? 1 Marine. There are no American sltips in the overseas trade between this country and Europe primarily privately owned 1\Ir. JONES. If we did not give American owners any more for us to drive out of business. Of course there is the North than the British now give thffir shipping interests, I doubt that Atlantic Line, which is owned by the Government; there are it would be satisfactory to shipowners in the United States; some ships running to different quarters of the world that but we must not overlook the fact in connection with tbat have been bought from the Shipping Board, if they may be suggestion that Great Britain is established in the shipping classed as privately owned; but there are no privately owned business. What did she do to become established? If anyone ships :flying the American flag running between this country will read the history of Great Britain and her shipping, he will . and Great Britain and continental Europe for us to dri'\"'e out find that she took the most drastic measures to develop British Jof bu iness. shipping. She gave subsidies of a substantial character; she Mr. President, what ls the situation now with reference to prohibited the trade of her colonies and other dependencies our shipping? We have a large number of ships, aggregating from being carried on in foreign bottoms ; she restricted such a considerable tonnage, but that shipping was constructed hur­ trade absolutely to British ships. Great Britain took the steps riedly; it was constructed under the impetus and the needs which wer~ ne~;essary ~iginally to build up a merchant marine. 1928 CO~GRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1937" She has, as I said a while ago, her agencies all over the world sels, and Japan, France, Germany, and Italy combined 3,000,000 looking out for her trade. Now she does not need to give more. Eight million tons of ships have been built by these so much to maintain that supremacy ; but those are some of foreign nations since the close of the war for transoc-eanic \ the handicaps that our people face, and those are some of the service, and we have not laid down a single keel for that pur­ handicaps that it is necessary, if we are going to hav-e private pose. shipping, to overcome by Government aid in some way, and Mr. FLETCHER. The answer to all that, if the Senator will those are some of the reasons why, if we can not have Gov-ern­ allow me, is to do just exactly what Canada has been obliged ment aid, there is no hope of building up an American merchant to do-let the Government build and operate these ships. ruarlne in private ownership. Mr. BINGHAl\1. Does the Canadian Government operate the 1\lr. SACKETT. Mr. President-- ships across the North Pacific? 1\Ir. COPELAND. Mr. President-- Mr. FLETCHER. Yes ; her merchant marine is considered l\Ir. JONES. The Senator from Kentucky rose first, and I one of her greatest assets. yield to him at this time. Mr. BINGHAM. 1\ly information is not like that of the Sen­ 1\Ir. SACKETT. 1\Ir. President, can the Senator give us ator, because the information one gets on the Pacific is that information as to what kind of subsidy Great Britain granted those ships-that is, the Empress boats-are operated by the in connection with the building of the Lttsitania, and the Canadian Pacific Rail way. Mauretania and that class of ships? There is quite a story l\fr. FLETCHER. The railway administration also aclmin­ about that. isters the shipping of Canada. It is all under one control, but :Mr. JONES. My recollection is that the British Government it is the Government just the same. made loans on very liberal terms. Mr. BORAH. Does the Government own them? l\Ir. SACKETT. Was there not practically a payment by the Mr. FLETCHER. The Government o"vns them. The mer­ Government for the entire ship? Did it not amount to that chant marine is one of Canada's greatest assets. in the long run? Mr. BINGHAM. Does not the Canadian Pacific Railway 1\Ir. JONES. I do not know just how far the payments went, own the ships instead of the Government? but they went a long way. l\Ir. FLETCHER. No; the Government owns them, but the :Mr. SACKETT. They are very fine ships. administrative agency of the Government that administers the l\Ir. FLETCHER. They were all equipped as naval aux­ railroads also administers the ships. iliaries. Mr. BINGHAl\1. Does the Government run the railroads? l\lr. JOl\TES. Oh, yes. l\lr. FLETCHER. Yes. Mr. SACKET'.r. But the subsidy paid for the building of Mr. NORRIS. If the Senator will permit me, there tu·e two those ships amounted practically to their construction by the railroad systems in Canada. Government, provided the Government was given the right to Mr. BINGHAM. Surely the Government does not operate crtll them into service as naval cruisers in time of war. the Canadian Pacific. ~Ii·. JONES. I will make all the concessions that anybody Mr. NORRIS. The Government owns and operates only one want with reference to aid granted by foreign countries, so far of them. as that is concerned. Other nations, Great Britain especially, Mr. FLETCHER. I did not know that the Senator was draw­ ltnve done whatever was necessary to build up and maintain a ing that distinction. I know that they have a railway system merchant marine. I admire Great Britain greatly for it. If owned and operated by the Government. we could do what she has done, I would be glad to support such· Mr. BINGHAM. That is a different line, and it is not that a plan; but, in my judgment, we can not do it, and we will line that operates the famous Empress steamers across the not do it, and if we will not do it, then our only recourse is to North Pacific. It is the Canadian Pacific Railway, a private the action of the Government along other lines. concern, that operates those boats across the North Pacific so Mr. COPELAND. 1\Ir. President, will the Senator yield? successfully with Gm·ernment aid. Mr. JONES. I yield to the Senator from New York. Mr. FLETCHER. The Canadian Pacific may have some l\Ir. COPELAND. A moment ago the Senator spoke about ships. I do not know as to that. · l'hipbuilding activities abroad at the present time. I should Mr. MOSES. They have a very fine line running to the like to add to his argument at this point these facts: In Ger­ Orient and to Australia. many to-day two ships are being built, the B1·e1nen and the Mr. FLETCHER. The Government line does operate on the Europa, each of which is 928 feet long, with a tonnage of Atlantic. 46,000 and a speed of 28¥.! knots. They are being built by 1\ir. SACKETT. The Canadian Pacific operates a line of money loaned in New York for that purpose. ships fi·om Quebec and Montreal in the summer to England The White Star Line in England is building a ship of 60,000 that is owned by the Canadian Pacific Railway. I think it is tons, which will be the largest ship afloat. Tile Cunard Line only the Grand Trunk that is Government owned. has placed a contract with shipbuilders on the Clyde for a 1\Ir. FLETCHER. It may be that that is the case. $30,000,000 ship to replace the Mauretani.a-. These will be the 1\lr. NORRIS. The Canadian Pacific is a privately owned largest ships that up to this time have ever been built, and they railroad. are now actually under construction in shipyard· in Europe. Mr. SACKETT. Privately owned. Mr. BINGHAM. 1\Ir. President, will tlJe Senator yield at Mr. NORRIS . . The Canadian National, I think, is the name that point to permit me to ask a question before he sits down? of the Government-owned railroad. They may both operate l\Ir. JONES. I yield. ships, as far as I know. 1\Ir. BINGHAM. Does the Senator know how much Govern­ Mr. SACKETT. I do not know whether the Canadian Na­ ment aid is bE:-ing given to the projects in Germany and Great tional operates ships or not. The Canadian Pacific does. Britain to which he refers? Mr. JONES. Now, Mr. President, just a brief reference to l\It·. COPELAND. I can say that in Great Britain they are the condition of our shipping as compared with the shipping getting three-quarters of a million dollars a year for subven­ of our competitors so far as the character of the ships is con­ tions for the sake of having their ships at the disposal of the cerned. I hav-e here, from the same article from which I read British Government in case of need. The German figures I a moment ago, the speed of the ships of the different countries. expect to give in my O\Vn remarks to-morrow. Great Britain has 1,280 ships of 12 knots and over. The l\fr. BINGIIAl\I. Mr. President, may I say at that point that United States has 235. She has more than five times what we figures have been pTinted recently in the newspapers with have. regard to the merchant marine of Japan, which the Senator from Washington just said has built four times as many ships Of ships of 14 knots and ove~, Great Britain has 435. We ns we have in a given period, to show th..'lt within the next two have 101. In other words, she has four times as many as we or three months, if not already, there will be begun the con­ have. struction of the largest ships on the Pacific Ocean, with the Of ships of 1G knots and over, Great Britain has H5. We intent of cutting down the time between Asia and the Pacific have 37. coast, and that the ·e ships are being built under grants of aid Of ships of 18 knots and over, Great Britain has 38. We from the Japanese Government, guaranties of interest on the have 6. stock, and very large subsidies. That is the kind of thing with Of ships of 20 knots and over, Great Britain has 12. We which we have to contend; and it is by means of these sub­ have 2. sidies, which other countries that are more interested in their Mr. BINGHAM. 1\lr. President, will the Senator yield? Imerchant marine than we seem to be are willing to give, that Mr. JONES. Yes. we are being driv-en off the ocean. 1\Ir. BINGHAl\1. How many of those numerous ships of l\Ir. COPELAND. And I may say further that since the Great Britain that the Senator speaks about are owned and close of the war Great Britain has built 5,000,000 tons of ves- operated by tb,e British Govermiient? Any? 1938 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 24 Mr. JONES. I suppose not. Bow does the SenatoJ; suppose by assurances that new vessels of the mo t modern type will be sup. that we will get that many under our flag? Can we get them p-lied a.s the old vessels depreciate and as our foreign trade develops. through private enterprise? Mr. it Mr. MOSES. We certainly can if we will pay a subsidy. Why, President, seems to me that that is a matter of l\lr. JONES. But will we do it? common sense. Everybody knows, every business man knows, Mr. MOSES. I will. that if his tools become inferior to those of his competitor he will be driven out of business; that in order to maintain Mr. JONES. Of course, the Senator will, but he is not a himself he must get up-to-date tools and up-to-date instruments. majority. That is the ti-ouble. I would, too; I would join with Suppose we do nothing at this Congress. Suppose no steps the Senator; but we can not do it. are taken looking toward a permanent policy. When can we Mr. MOSES. The Senator and I can possibly make a do anything? You can not count on our being able to do any­ majority. thing short of at least two years. The next session of Con­ 1\Ir. SACKETT. I should like to agree to help out. gress is a short se ion. We can not pass any controve1·ted Mr. JONES. I wish we could; but I pointed out a while ago legislation with reference to this matter in that session. Then, the fact that for 16 years we have not been able to do it, and I unless an extra session is called, Congre s will not be in session think we have had just about as great men in the Senate and until the next December, two years from now; and then bow in the Bouse as we bave here to-day. long would' it take to pass legislation? Then, after it was Mr. BINGHAM. Is the Senator's argument this, then: That passed, it would take a year or two to build the ships, so we if we were as small as Japan or Great Britain, and were an can not count on anything substantial being done inside of insular country, so that more of our citizens could appreci~te three or four years. what was uoing on upon the ocean, we probably would be Will­ ing to do .;hat they are doing, to pay for the p1·ivilege of having Mr. President, in my judgment by that time the fleet that a merchant marine by granting a subsidy in various forms ; but we have will be practically gone. Not only will it be obsolete but it will be absolutely impossible for it to compete with our that since we are sue!! a continental conntry, and such a l,!ir~e competitors and maintain our trade and maintain our business. number of Qur people are far distant from salt water, 1t IS In my judgm€nt, this session is tbe critical session for the usele s? . . 1\lr. JONES. No; I have not wearied my mind With trymg merchant marine of this country. I may be wrong about it; I hope I am ; but if we do not do something at this session the to find out why men vote this way and men vote that way. I chances are that we will be going right back to where we were know they do it, and they ·have done it for 50 y~ars ~and I have not any indication that they have changed theu' mmds or that when the World War broke out. The Senator from Arkansas [Mr. CARAWA-Y] inquired a while they have changed their attitude, or that we may expect a dif­ ferent -vote in the Senate or the House. The Senator was not ago, " What necessary replacements are required?" I want here five years ago when we sat here day and night, with 22 just briefly to refer to that, and give you the ideas of the Ship­ majority in this body, trying to pass a subsidy bill, and we ping Board, which bas charge of this matter; and, whatever we think cuuld not do it. If we could not do it then, is there any man may about the Shipping Board, it is the instrumentality that is dealing directly with this problem and with our ships. in this body who believes that there is any chance to do it We hear a great deal of criticism of our Shipping Board. now? . They may have made mistakes, but we must bear in mind that Mr. FLETCHER. The Senator might refer to the. e:xpe~'le~ce that this country had once when we enjoyed a subsidy srm1lar they had a tremendous problem to handle, and they had to han­ to- that which is suggested now. We had a subsidy once in the dle it under very difficult conditions, and in a very difficult United States. The worst scandal the country ever went situation. I think, taking it on the whole, they hll.Ve done a good work. They know what the condition of the fleet is ; th€y through was experienced at that time, and it got us no shipp~ng. Mr JONES. 1\Ir. President, I have taken much more time know what it requires. than ·I intended to take, and I am going to finish in just a I remember that a few years ago-I think nearly three years ago-a committee was appointed, after very urgent request, to moment. . , Th Some people say, "We do- not need any new shi;JS. ey consider the condition of our fleet and devise a program of replacement, so as not only to maintain our fleet, but to put it say, "We have lots of ships"; but I have just sh.own you the right in the forefront. They prepared very carefully a program character of the ships that we have compared w1th ~e same kind of ships of Great Britain, our principal competitor. I of what they felt was necessary. That was a coupb of years bave here a statement made by General Dalton, who is at the ago. The necessity is more urgent to-day than it was then. head of the Fleet Corporation, and knows the situation. He Possibly the program will neeu to be enlarged, even. This is says: what they say. I am going to read it: The immediate needs of the Government's merchant fleet are as fol­ It 1s essential that America seriously consider at this time the build­ lows: of a new American ~rehant marine of vessels unequaled in type Ing Reconditioning of the steamships .Agamemnon and Mount Vernon. and speed on the high seas, so that our m~chant fleet can hold its place by sheer merit in the face of foreign competition on every essen­ This was a couple of years ago. I understand that in the ap­ tial trade route, and prove its value as a national asset through the propriation bill which will come over in a day or two provi­ character of the service it can render to our people. sion is made for the reconditioning of those two ships. Some The formulation of a program for the building. of this merchant­ of our friends claim that these ships would not meet the situa­ marine fleet that can be carried to an early and successful completion tion on the North Atlantic at all. Pos ibly they will not, but can no longer be delayed unless we are to lose all the advantages the Shipping Board says that the hulls of those ships are good, which we have gained during the past six years of the costly pioneering that they are in splendid condition, and that the ships can be effort made by the Shipping Board to establish our merchant flag upon reconditioned at a cost of $6,000,000 each. That is a large sum the trade routes that are vital to the prosperity of our Nation. of money, but I am not an expert; I do not pretend to sav And, Mr. President, in the report made on a similar bill at whether they are right or wrong. the last session of Congress, I quoted from the report of the I have to take their judgment. Tbey ~ay that if we will re­ Shipping Board on that measure. This is over a year ago. condition these two ships we will have two high-class ships to Lm"iathan. be~ t Some people say, "Oh, we do not need to be in a hun~. We go along with the 1-'hey are not tbe ships, and have plenty of ships. We do not need to start on this new they would not be the best shlps, but apparently they are the proaram"; but note what General Dalton ays. best they feel tbey can get now. Then I find this. The Shipping Board said : Mr. COPELAND. Tho e are German ships, are they not? 1\!r. JONES. 1-"hey are old German ships. In the present state of world shipping it is practically impossible Mr. COPELAND. How old are they? to sell our vessels for private operation in foreign trade and at tbe JUr. JONES. Their hulls, I guess, m-e probably 15 years old, same time retain them in American ownership and under American maybe 20. · l'egistry. Mr. COPELAND. They are 21 years old. Would the Sena­ And then, as to the declaration of section 4 of that bill, tor advocate taking an automobile of 1908 or 1907 and rebuild­ relative to the replacement of vessels, they say: ing it with a new body and a new outfit, and calling it a new The declaration • • • 1s most tim-ely not only from the view­ car? bin b tt point of our foreign commerce but a.lso from the viewpoint of our :Mr. JONES. Probably, if I could not get anyt g e er, national defense. Any business enterpri e which fails to make proper I would. provision for replacement, whether it be of machinery or of vessels, 1\Ir. COPELA.~"TI. The Senator wants to build up the Ameri­ not only as these wear out but as they may become obsolete, must can merchant marine? ultimately go into liquidation. It is useless to make pronouncements 1\Ir. JONES. I do. eoncerning the intentions of the United States to maintain and develop 1\Ir. COPELAND. So far as I am concerned, if we are going an adequate merchant marine unless such declarations are supported to add two ships to the Uhited States Line , let us build two 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE !1939 good new ships that can compete with foreign ships, and not merce. Yet if we do not do something for the building up of an rebuild these old ships. American merchant marine, we will not have any commerce to Mr. JONES. I would stand with the Senator. defend or protect. Mr. COPELAND. These were German ships, and the Ger­ Mr. President, is it possible that this great country of om·s mans had a sister ship, the Hens a, which they reconditioned will spend $750,000JOOO for vessels of destruction, and refuse under the same conditions we are now talking about taking $250,000,000 over a period of 15 years for vessels of construc­ care of the Agarne-mrum and the Mount Ver·non, and they gave tion, for vessels of peace, for vessels for the development of our her up in two years and put her on the junk heap. commerce and our trade, and to be used if necessary in defense 1\Ir. JONES. There is no controversy between the Senator of our country and our ftag? and me with reference to a proposition like that, so far as Mr. SACKETT. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? that is concerned. Mr. JO:!\TES. I yield. I now read further from the proposed construction program Mr. SACKETT. In addition to the consti·uction cost, has of the Shipping Board : the Senator any figures as to what the operation looses of those PROPOSED COSSTRUCTION PROGRAM same vessels, so constructed for $250,000,000, would be to the The immediate needs of the Go-vernment's merchant fleet are as Government during that period? Is there any way to calculate that at all? follows: Mr. Reconditioning of the steamships A.gamenwor' and Mount Vernon. Mr. JONES. No, President; there is not. I do not These -vessels were originally German, named, respecti-vely, Kaiser know whether the Senator was in the Chamber a moment ago Wil1telln II and Kronprinzessin Oecflie. They are of, respectively, or not when I called attention to the decrease in the operatiorr 19,361 and 18,372 gross tons, and had a sea speed of 23 knots. They cost of the ships that we have. That is the only criterion that are in the Government's laid-up fleet. The cost of reconditioning, I have really to go by. It speaks well for the Shipping Board, installing new machinery, and equipping for passenger service these it seems to me. They have reduced the deficit in the operation vessels will be approximately $6,000,000 each. Their proposed use of the fleet from about $GO,OOO,OOO, as it was a few years ago, would be in connection with the L evia.tlla·n and give this country a down to $15,000,000 now. As we build up our personnel, as weekly service between New York and the United Kingdom and con­ we get trained agents, and train our officials, give them pel·ma­ tinental Europe. A recent dry-dock examination shows that the hulls nent positions so that they will know that they will be em­ of these -vessels are in good condition and that they will be useful for ployed in that work and can take pride in it, take pride in developing American trade and American shipping, and with many yea.l's. these vessels that proportionately are more economical than For the east coast of South American there is also immediate need the ones we have now, I am hoping that we will get our Gov­ of six freight vessels, each of 9,000 dead-weight tons, ha-ving a sus­ ernment fleet practically down to a sustaining if not a profitable tained sea speed of 15 knots. They should have refrigerated space basis. Of course, that is ·only my opinion. for 1,000 tons. These -vessels like all other freight vessels contemplated 1\fr. SACKETT. Of course, there will probably be some in this replacement program should be built on contracts containing losses to be added to that cost each year. alternative provisions for internal-combustion engines or steam plants. Mr. JONES. Possibly so. If steam is chosen, the plants contemplated will be high pressure and Mr. SACKETT. And if we take back ships that have been high superheat. The fuel for the steam plants will be either oil or put out to private ownership, as the number of ships increases, pulverized coal. Present figures indicate that the installation of a the amount of money that will be lost by operation, if it is a steam plant would make a reduction in capital cost of some 15 per loss, wiU also increase, so that we have to take into account the cent, as compared with the internal-combustion engine equipment. operating losses, as well as the construction cost, for that 10- There is also present need of five vessels of 10,000 dead-weight tons year period. • and 15 knots speed to ply between North Atlantic ports and the Phil­ Mr. JONES. Of course, that is true. ippines, China, and Japanese ports. Tllese ships should have cargo 1\fr, SACKETT. That may amount to a very considerable tank space of approximately 1,500 tons, and be of the same general sum. type as suggested for the east coast of South Amelica. Mr. JONES. It may be a considerable sum. We have Five vessels similar to the last mentioned in size and speed should also to take this into account, that if we do not have a mer­ also be built for the North Atlantic and India trade. chant marine, if we do not have ships to ply these routes in At present-day prices in American yards the foregoing 16 freight competition with om· commercial competitors, we may ·expect, vessels, with internal-combustion engines, would cost approximately after we get out of the bus-iness, that the rates will go up. $1.540,000 each, or a total of $24,640,000. Mr. SACKETT. Of course. Unless conditions shall develop so that private owners can assume the :Mr. JO:!\TES. In other words, the great benefit of this fleet task of maint.'lining these services, which experience shows are neces­ comes in holding rates down to a reasonable degree for the sary for the protection and development of the commerce of the United billions of dollars of our exports and imports. States, it will be necessary during the 15 years following the com­ Mr. SACKE'l'T. It has a wonderful nuisance value. mencement of the construction above specifically provided for to replace Mr. JONES. Yes, indeed, and a value that can not be the balance of our freight fleet, -viz, some 275 vessels, as such vessels disregarded. become obsolete by reason of improved tonnage put into those services 1\Ir. SIMMONS. Mr. President, I hope the Senator will by our competitors or wear out. stress, in that connection, the value of having these ships so Should present commercial conditions continue, these proposed ves­ constructed that they would be suitable as auxilhi.ries of our sels will be practically of the same type as the freighters heretofore Navy in case of war. specifically described, with minor variations to fit the particular ser-vice Mr. JONES. That is provided in the bill. to which a specific vessel is assigned. Mr. SIMMONS. I know it is provided in the bill, and I The building program should be approximately 15 ships per year. want the Senator to stress it, because there is no possibility The higher speed of these proposed new freight vessels will make it of our securing an auxiliary navy under the administration's possible for a smaller number of such ships to do the work now being prEsent scheme--none at all. If ·the fleet goes into private done by our present fleet. This program for progressive construction hands, we have no assurance that we will ever secure an will permit of advantage being taken of such improvements and devel­ auxiliary navy through our m·erchant marine. But if it stays opments in naval construction and marine propulsion as from time to in the hands of the Government, it is certain that the ships time may occur. The routes upon which these vessels will be placed will be so built or conditioned that they will be suitable for as they progressively appear will be de~e rmined by the character of the naval auxiliaries, and if we had a merchant marine, with all competition encountered. the -vessels properly equipped as auxiliaries to our Navy, the :Mr. President, this program of replacement would cost about enormous expenditures that are now proposed would not be twenty or twenty-five million dollars a year during the next necessary at all. This additional strength in our equipment for 15 years. It would furnish us not only an adequate, up-to-date defense would take the place of much of these appropriations American merchant marine, but it would furnish to us those that are now being asked for the purpose of building new vessels which would be suitable for naval auxiliaries in time ships. of war. Tlult should be taken into consideration in connection Mr. JONES. I think the Senator has emphasized that just with the appropriation for these vessels. This program would as strongly as it could be emphasized. cost about $250,000,000. Mr. President, when we have put up..to-date ships on the There seems to be seriously proposed and seriously urged, and routes it is wise to maintain, when we have developed agencies it looks as if we are going to adopt, a naval program involving and a personnel in charge of and composed of earnest, skilled, the expenditure of $750,000,000 for naval vessels during the and capable Americans, when we have shown that we are in next five years, and it is even proposed by high authority to th·e shipping transportation to stay, then, if we are dissatisfied spend from two billion and a half to three billion dollars in with Government ownership and operation, we will have the the building of a na-vy, they say for the protection of our com- opportunity to pass such legislation as will lead private energy , 1940 CO:NGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 24 and capital to take over our ships and serviees at their true will observe that even as high an authority as the President of tlle value, and guarantee that these services will be maintained United States discussed the matter in a t·ecent public address and ~Jr. President, I have taken much more time than I bad rou will further observe that many business organizations, public intended, and I am not going to trespass upon the time of the officials, .co~gress, and others have discussed this very important mat~ Senate further, except to ask leave to put in the RECORD a t~. ThlS 1s indeed a very healthy situation, because out of all this brief statement with reference to the magnitude of American d1scussion we will undoubtedly reach a sane conclusion. This e>en foreign shipping, by Mr. Haag, to whom I referred a while so, mueh of the literature and ma.ny of the speeches and statements ago, and a statement which really covers the important phases are merely propaganda for the benefit of some special interests. For• of the proposition in a very clear and definite way by the tunately the American people are able to see through most of this, Senator from Michigan [Mr. CoUZENs]. I ask pen:nksion to but, of course, they are sometimes misled. hn"Ve that also printed in the RECORD. · The slogan adopted by most persons who believe in an American The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, It 1s so merchant marine is "An adequate merchant marine is indispensable ordered. to the prosperity and security of our country." There may be somf The matters referred to are as follows: who do not agree with this, but let us start out with the assumption is TilE MAGNITUDE OF AMERICAN FOREIGN SHIPPING that this correct. I believe in such a doctrine, and believe that the majority of our citizens do likewise. By .Alfred H. Haag, director of shipping courses, Georgetown University, Now, the problem is how best to secure an "adequate merchant school of foreign service marine" and to properly interpret what is adequate. In Philadelphia, The magnitude of our water-borne foreign commerce can best be on the 17th of November, our President said with a good deal of realized when we stop to consider that 5,761 ships, of almost twenty· force that any business the Government engaged in must be a monopoly. six and one-hal! million gross tons, participated in the carryin'"' of ap· He said further that the creation a! such a monopoly was destructive proximately 113,000,000 cargo tons, valued at almost eight thousand of initiative of enterprise of American citizens. I do not think anyone millions of dollars, of which the freight bill amounted to about will materially disagree with this statement, and so the question re­ 728,000,000. solves itself largely whether or not the American Government will Including the United States, 33 countries participated in the carriage have to undertake the furnishing of an "adequate merchant marine." of our foreign trade. We have had to take control of the post-office service nationaUy Of the total number of ships there were 1,676 Ame1ican '"essels o! because service was paramount to profits and even paramount, per: seven and one-half million gross tons, which carried about 38,000,000 haps, to the highest degree of efficiency, which we will admit for cargo tons. argument's sake is obtained through private enterprise. Are we able We commonly refer to our foreign trade as being divided into three to secure an "adequate merchant marine" through private initiati•e classes: when we are in competition with all the world? 1. The Great Lakes foreign trade. Can we, through private initiative, maintain the .American standnrd 2. The near-by ocean-borne foreign trade (this includes Atlantic and of living for our sailors, either aboard ship or at home, and compete Pacific Canada; the Caribbean region, which covers Mexico, Central with the nations of the world, whose citizens do not, everyone admits, Amet•ica, the northern portion of South America to Guirula, and the have the same high standard of living that we in America do? Are West Indies). we to take one group of our citizens, namely, those who man the 3. The overseas trade--trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific-east and ships flying the .American "fiag, and insist that they liv~ on a lower west coast of South America. standard than the rest of our citizens, so that we may, through In the Great ~akes foreign trade out of a total of about 13,000,000 private "interests, maintain an .. adequate merchant marine"? cargo tons Amencan ships carried about 50 per cent. The President, on November 17, in his speech pointed out that our In the near-by ocean-borne foreign trade, out of a total of about high tariff was responsible for the development of our country and 30,000,000 cargo tons, American ships carried 55 per cent. the high standard of living which we had attained. The tariff pre­ In the overseas trade, out of a total of 70,000,000 cargo-tons, Amer­ vented us from having to compete with the nations o:f the world for ican ships transported 22 per cent. American trade. No other way could we have competed and main­ American-flag ships are carrying at the present time approDma.tely tained the high standard of living without the tarii'J:'. What can we one-third of our foreign commerce. Our goal is to carry the greater do to assure an "adequate merchant marine" unless we subsidize portion of it in .American bottoms. private A.mericllD ship interests with funds from the Federal Treasury It has frequently been stated that our exporters and importers are or maintain a governmentally owned " adequate merchant marine "? indifferent toward patronizing American ships. The answer to this is Our people repeatedly have disapproved of a subsidy, perhaps all American exporters and importers will need no urging to patronize o.f us, however, not for the same reason. Admitting for argument .American ships when the service rendered is on an equality with that sake that it is proper to subsidize private shipping, does it giYe us. offered by our competitors. It is not fair to expect them to accept any assurance of an "adequate merchant marine"? I think not, inferior commercial service under the guise of patriotism. for the reason that immediately Congress fixes a subsidy schedule for The plain facts are that we have been outbuilt by our competitors in private American shipping the nations of the world are put on notice the last six years to such an extent that we are at a decided disadvantage they only have to slightly increase the subsidies to the ships fiying witll but few exceptions, in the matter of competitive types of ships. their fiags to again almost immediately dislocate the scale that Con­ In its shipbuilding activities the United States has drifted back to gress granted to again put American shipping interests in a position seventh place, with Russia trailing us by the equivalent of only one to not adequately compete. 10,000-ton ship. In any case it is obvious that whatever deficits accrue to American There are only three shipyards active in the United States at the shipping are taken care of through the Government, either through sub~ present time that can build the larger types of merchant and naval sidles or paying deficits in the operation of our ships by the United vessels, and none of them are fully occupied. States Shipping Board. This humiliating position in the shipbuilding industry is cnly com­ The question may arise, and properly so, as to which is the most parable to the universally acknowledged humiliating position we oc­ economical, whether we pay less out of the Federal Treasury in sub· cupied in the carrying trade prior to the World War, when we carried sidies or less in paying up the deficits of the Shipping Board. I do less than 9 per ceu t of our foreign trade in our own ships. not know and I doubt if anyone knows. I do know that when the If American shipping in foreign trade is to survive, it is high time united States Government is back of its shlpping interests with the tun that definite and immediate action be taken to render the necessary strength of the Federal Treasury they are not going to invite unreason­ assistance to the shipping industry to place it on an equality with our able competition. They will be less likely to cut rates to a. point tllat competitors. they carry the tonnage at less than cost. The shipping and shipbuilding industry is in direct competition with It may be said that the United States Shipping Board, a Federnl maritime nations whose living standards at·e considerably lower than agency, will not operate the sblps as efficiently as private intPrests ours. We are handicapped in direct proportion to tbe living stAndards will. That may be said of the Post Office Department, but really of the countries with whom we are competing. This handicap must be no one knows. met if American shipping :Is to survive. When you consider the profits that haTe to be taken out of privat ly • It is estimated the annual amOtmt necessary to support an adequate operated shipping I think it is safe to say that those profits will be American merchant marine would be approximately from one-eighth to equal to the deficits created by the Shipping Board, so in the nd one-fourth of 1 per cent of the annual value of our foreign tntde. the American public are paying the same, whether the ships are privately operated or governmentally owned and operated. [Prom the Detroiter, December 5, 1927] Of course, I could go into great length in discussing the decline Ot:'R MERCHANT MARINE-Sl!INATOR CO"GZJrNS TELLS A.DVA::ST.AGES OF GOV­ of American shipping in foreign trade. I could point out in great ERNMENTAL OWNJiiRSHIP AND OPERATIO!of OF ADEQUATE FACILITIES­ detail how American shipping in foreign trade dropped from 89.9 SAYS WIDESPREAD DISCUSSION MAKES HEALTHY SITUATIO:S per cent of the world trade in 1830 to 8.7 per cent in 1910. How, By Senator lAMES CouzENS as a result of this territic decline the Government was required to Nearly every day and everywhere where business or Government is d1s­ spend over $3,000,000,000 at the beginning o:t the war to protect the ~lli!.Sed .the question of the .American merchant marine is raised. You security of our country. 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE .1941 How, af:er we did this, the percentage of American shipping in the "circumstances. When our battleship fleet was taken around the foreign trade jumped to 42.7 per cent in 1920 and has been slipping world under the administration of Theodore Roosevelt, it had to be ever since until now it is down to 32.2 per cent of the world ship­ accompanied by foreign-built ships under a foreign flag in order to ping. It required 5,761 vessels aggregating a gross tonnage of have the fuel and supplies necessary to keep it going. That situation 26,330,000 to take care of the American foreign trade in the calendar was a most humiliating one. It should have aroused our people to our year 1926, and out of this large number of vessels and great tonnage need, but it did not. We went on careless and indifferent. Few and American ships only numbered 1,678, with an aggregate tonnage of fewer ships flew the American fiag. More and more did our commerce 7,336,000. depend upon foreign shipping. Are we proud of America? Are we anxious that it maintain its The World War came. The evils that some had vainly pointed out pre~ge not only in commerce but in its desire for world business? and all should have foreseen came upon us. Can anyone conceive of If so, why should we waste so much time and energy in bickering a clearer proof of the need of a merchant marine to a country like this over the method to be adopted in securing the end which I believe is than the experience that we had and the danger and expense the lack almost unanimously agreed upon? of a merchant marine brought to us? If we have forgotten it, we It is not that we disagree as to the necessity of an "adequate mer­ have not ceased to pay for it. chant marine " ; it is the eternal bickering as to how we are going to We should ponder well the following facts : have it. Foreign interests are greatly represented in this country, The ships that had been carrying our commerce eicept German ships and they are constantly endeavoring to deter America from main­ were taken off the lines of trade and put to carrying troops, ammuni­ taining its prestige and the acknowledged position it should hold in tion, and war supplies. Our products of farm, factory, and mine were world shipping. piled upon our wharves and docks with markets cryiAg for them but no At·e we to be misled and influenced by the desires of foreign nations way to transport them. Farm products especially rotted on the dock and are we to be diverted in our desires, as well as needs, by the or in the bin. This condition at our seaports brought stagnation and selfish interests of privately owned shipping, whether that privately distress in the intelior and this was refl~cted in lower prices in the owned shipping is flying the American flag or any other flag? That face of the greatest demand that our people had ever faced. The i.s the question to be solved. ships that were available charged enormous rates. In some cases If we admit that an " adequate merchant marine" is indispensable carrying charges increased 2,000 per cent, and this large increase was to the prosperity and security of our country, why is this indispensa­ paid to a great extent by the products of the farmer; and, in my bility to be measured by a few dollars? Do we measure the security judgment, the lack of shipping at the breaking out of the World War of our country or even its prosperity by the saving of a few dollars? is to no small degt·ee responsible for the condition of agticulture even We spend hundreds of millions every year for the " security of our to-day. It was estimated by the Secretary of the Treasury that country" througlr our Army and Navy. Now, if we need an Ameri­ because of our lack of ships our people paid in one year in increased can merchant marine for the security of our country, why hesitate to charges from $300,000,000. to $500,000,000. The loss to our farmers spend a few million dollars to obtain that secmity, plus prosperity? and merchants because they could not get their products to the When the secm·ity and prosperity of our country is at stake nothing markets that were crying out for them and wllling to pay high prices will induce me to approve of any parsimonious policy that will in­ is estimated to have been at least a billion dollars. The farmer was crease the risk. the greatest sufferer because of the perishable character of his product. If you do not agree that an "adequate merchant marine" is indis­ These figures are estimates. They may be too high or too low, but pensable to the prosperity and security of our country, then of course no one can doubt the industrial condition. Here is what was written none of my arguments apply. We then give our shipping to the ships in 1916: that will carry it at the lowest possible rates, without regard to what " In this year of 1916 the United States, without a merchant flag it flies. marine, bereft of ships, is more than half the slave that she was in If this is the correct policy, why not take down our tariff walls 1861. What boots it that labor ·is free if the products of its industry and say that we will buy where we can buy the eheapest? I am not and enterprise are denied their markets? one of those who believe in building up great bureaucracies in Wash­ " Turn where one will and it is to behold the evidence of this vas­ ington or that the Federal Government should assume responsibilities salage. Leave any one of our glutted seaports, with piers and ware­ for service that can be better performed in some other way, but I houses and freight terminals burdened to capacity by an immovable am one of those who is not afraid of the Federal Government doing commet·ce, and follow the railroad lines into the interior, across the the things that seem necessary and unavoidable to obtain prosperity continent, go north, go south, go east, go west, and there is not a and security for our country, mile that has not a chapter to contribute to the tale. All of the con­ Mr. JONES subsequently said : Mr. President, it has been sug­ ceivable products of a hundred millions or people lie along those steel gested that I ask to have printed in the REcORD at the end of arteries art·ested by embargoes. What moves is what the warring my remarks the ,.report made by the committee on the pending nations choose to buy and will receive from the railroads at tide­ bill. I ask unanimous consent to do that. I have some other water. All else must bide its time or rot; for as IDurope controls documents here which I also desire to print, and I ask permis­ the world's deep-water tonnage, &o our market is limited to her will. sion to do that. It matters not that there are other markets in which we could sell The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it is so ordered. and intrench ourselves to the advantage of future trade and expansion. The matter referred to is as follows : We have not the ships to reach them. [S. Rept. No. 1696, 69th Cong., 2d sess.] "Turn from the railroads and go into the orchards of the West and

FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN MERCHANT MABI~E Northwest and it is to find the fruit of last season mattressing the earth against the shaking down of the worthless crops of the coming Mr. Jo~Es of Washington, from the Committee on Commerce, sub­ mitted the following report, to accompany S. 5792: one. Hearken for the sound of ax and saw in the lumber regions The Committee on Commerce, to whom was referred the bill (S. 5792) of Oregon and Washington and California and hearken in vain. An to further develop an American merchant marine, to assure its perm.a· army of labor stands W.le; its accumulated product lies shipless in nence in the transportation of the foreign trade of the United States, gorged outports. Nor are there cars to move a cutting for domestic use. and for other purposes, having considered the same, report favorably The Middle West and the South are utilizing the rolling stock of our thereon, and recommend that the bill do pass without amendment. rails as gt·anaries and warehouses, and New England's depleted forests, This bill is reported with the approval of practically every member the conservation of 25 years, are being slaughtered to supply the needs of the Committee on Commerce. This does not mean that all, or even of the eastern seaboard. a majority of the committee, prefer Government to private ownership, "Turn from field and plain and orchard and forest to the manu!ac­ construction, and operation of merchant ships. It does mean that the turing centers and it is to find the same paralysis of industry, for members of that committee believe that, at least for a considerable industry lives by import as well as by export. HE!re a factory stands time, the only way to secure an adequate merchant marine under our silent because it can not get tin from England; there a silk loom lies flag is through the Government, and that they are willing to sink their manacled because it can not obtain the raw product from China. As personal preferences to attain an object vital to the public good. Britain conh·ols her shipping so does Japan control hers. Japan has We lead the world in every line of civilized development. No people but to say to her merchant marine, "Our ships will carry Japanese live so well, have so many comforts, or enjoy so many luxuries as we. exports from December to :r.Iay and imports for Japanese consumption We can live within ourselves if we have to do so. That, however, we only from June to November," and that is su:ffi.cient. The rest of the do not desire to do. If we are to get and bold what we should from world may whistle. What is true of those two nations is likewise true our wealth, needs, business, and power, we must be in a position to of nll others. promote as well as to protect our commercial interests. With an ocean "As tliis is being set down comes news that Britain is promulgating on each side and between us and the wot·ld's great markets, we can do an order in council prohibiting, among other things, the importation of neither without an up-to-date merchant marine. automobiles for private use, fruit, musical instruments, cutlery of all No people ever bad brought home to them so clearly and so dearly kinds, hardware, yarns, chinaware, fancy goods, and even soaps. And the need of a merchant marine as the peop1~ of the United States, and it is explained that this is being done, not as a matter of policy but no peoplte have ever appeared so heedless of the lesson as they. This because of a shortage of ships; that Britain must have American wheat may seem to be a harsh statement, but it is a mild one in the face of and corn and meat, and that other things can not be permitted to take 1942 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENA_TE JANUARY 24 up the spaee of her vessels. Yet wheat and corn and meat and muni­ Our people are lacking in one thing that is not pressed enough. We tions of war are but a part of American commerce. are not ship minded. The people of our chief shipping competitor know "At peace and neutral though we are, belligerency in the present the vital need of ships and are willing to make such personal sacrifice situation could exact no more of us." as may be necessary to have a merchant marine. They insist that the Wlu1e the demands growing out of the war had greatly stimulated goods they import must be carried in the Ships of their flag and they see shipbuilding in this neutral country, when we entered the war the need to it that the goods they export are carried in their ships. When our of ships was so great that heroic measures were necessary. We were people get to the point where they follow this course, the problem ot 3,000 miles away from the battle front. We could get there only by our merchant marine will be largely solved. We import and export ships. We did not have them. Providence seems to have foreseen that billions of products. Of our overseas exports and imports our ships we would get into the war and provided the means for meeting the carry only about 24.89 per cent, and this growing less year by year. • If emergency that we faced. even 50 per cent of our imports and exports were carried in our ships, When the war began some of the finest ships of Germany's merchant it would insure us a merchant marine reasonably adequate for our fleet were in our ports. As a neutral we interned these ships, and commerce and national security. when we entered the war we took them over, repaired them, put them Our business interests have been almost wholly dependent on forE.>ign in condition, raised our flag over them, and used them to carry our li!bipping for many years. They very naturally hesitate to forsake those troops to France. It is said that the Leviathan carried 275,000 of our who have been serving them so long. They can not be blamed for not boys across the sea. Had they not gotten to the front when they did, doing so until they can be sure of adequate shipping facilities. While Germany might bale pierced the Allies' battle line, reached the coast, American patronage of American shipping is essential to its success, and imposed humiliating terms of peace on France and England and assurance of sure, adequate, and permanent American shipping is alPo established the rule of autocracy in Europe and thus endangered our essential, and so we come to the question, How can we get and assure own security. These German merchant ships defeated Germany's war that service? lords, won the war, and saved civilization. We are convinced that Congress will not provide the aid necessary to These ships did not meet the whole need. The cry came from the induce private capital and enterprise to go into the shipping business Allies, " Ships, ships, and more ships."' Our own officials realized the and give us the merchant marine we should have. Assuming that to be need and called upon Congress to authorize the building of ships for true, there is only one other way to get a merchant marine, and that the Government. It responded generously. Shipbuilding plants sprang is directly through the Government. up overnight and everywhere. Enormous wages were paid and enor­ Whatever the defects of Government ownership and operation may mous profits amassed. Over $3,000,000,000 was appropriated and spent be, if our Government declares that it proposes to build and own a in building ships. That is more than the estimated value of all the met·chant marine and that it will maintain adequate and essential serv­ ices and authorize adequate appropriation therefor, we know it will be merchant ships of the world in 1914. This ras the equivalent of $30,- 000,000 a year for 100 years. Wby was it necessary? Because we did done. Uncertainty will end. · not have a merchant marine to meet the need growing out of the war. The sale of the ships we have for private operation is a minor matter. I am not saying this as an argument for a subsidy, but if we bad paid The important question is their replacement when worn out. They out $30,000,000 a year for 50 years before the war we would have had should not be sacrified in price unless there are satisfactory assurances an adequate merchant marine of up-to-date ships when the war broke of replacement. out. It would have saved them hundreds of millions, if not billions, We are falling rapidly behind, in the overseas commerce that is being that our people paid in increased carrying charges and would have carried in our own ships. saved Christendom from the calamity that threatened it from autocracy. The character and service of ships Is fast changing. The tramp ship is giving way to the liner; the tramp servi~ is being greatly re­ What have we to show for this $3,000,000,000? Hundreds of the stricted by regular-route service. Steamships are being replaced by oil ships we built are rotting away at their docks or at their moorings in burners. Oil burners are giving way to motor ships. If we are to have streams and bayoue. Some we have sold for a song, and .among those a merchant marine, we must have ships the equal at least ot those ot sold are our best ships. Ships costing five or six million dollars have our rivals. The last five years have brought about almost a revolution been sold for less than a million. The ships we have left are estimated in shipping. We ought to take the lead, especially in cargo ships. to be worth no more than two or three hundred million dollars. Our cargo carriers should be at least a knot faster than those of our These ships were built with borrowed money. No matter how little competitors and superior to them in cargo-handling facilities, and the they have brought upon sale, no matter how many of them waste away services should be regular and certain. and become worthleRS, the American people will have to pay in taxes We have a large ship tonnage. Our ships, however, were built the full $3,000,000,000 that is now represented by Liberty bonds, which hastily under the stress of war needs. They were not constructed with do not d_epreclate. It cost us over $3,000,000,000 in actual cash, a view to special services. They are largely out of date and in general because we did not have a merchant marine; and the ships we built far inferior to the ships of our competitors. This is a disagreeable are not only generally unsuited to meet the competition that faces them fact, but we must face it frankly. • but they are actually fast wearing out. We owe $3,000,000,000 and Our competitors are improving their ships. They are keeping abreast have comparatively little to show for· it. of the needs of trade and the methods of their rivals. We can not This is not all. Upon the $3,000,000,000 we borrowed to build ships hope to succeed unless we do likewise. Slow-going, out-of-date ships the American people are paying interest each year in the sum of about can no more compete with the fast, efficient, up-to-date ships than the $120,000,000. I think it is conservative to assume that it will cost the horse can compete with the automobile. American people in interest alone an average of over $40,000,000 a Is there need of early action? Your committee thinks there is. year for 50 years. What will they have to show for this interest Our ships are now 8 or more years old. We can not hope for legisla­ money? Nothing! It will build no new ships; it will not even repair tion much short of a year. Suitable ships can not be authorized, plans any ships. And in addition, we have paid out during the last eight be prepared, and the ships built short of two or three years more, and years deficiencies for running the ships in an amount of over $233,- before this can be done every ship we have will be in age beyond one­ 400,000. . • half of the estimated life of a ship. Our best ships will be inferior in To silln it all up, our not having an adequate me1·chant marine when almost every respect to the best ships of our competitors. · We can not the World War came on will cost the American people five or six maintain ourselves on the sea under such conditions. Ii we will pro­ billions of dollars, and w~ will not only have no adequate merchant vide up-to-date ships suitable for certain services the ships now on marine to show for it but there will be imposed upon us an annual such services can be transferred to other services for which they are tax of $40,000,000 or more for at least 50 years. With these facts better suited, and thus make our merchant marine more efficient in within the knowledge of everyone, with the need of an adequate mer­ every way. chant marine for the expansion of our commerce arid so vital to our The following are the routes with the character of the ships we are security and defense in time of war, can any American patriot refuse to now operating. They are deemed the most essential to our commerce. support any measure or policy that will give us and maintai.n an ade­ They must be maintained and the service improved. As trade develops quate merchant marine? new routes should be established.

Number, dead-weight tO'Tinage, and tvpe of United States Shipping Board oe&&el& in band& of operator& a& of midnight, January St, 19f'l, listed according to linu [Statistical division, Emergency Fleet Corporation, February 9, 1927}

Line Number Dead-weight Type Operator of vessels tons

Vessels operated by managing operators and charterers: America-France Line ______----____ ------____ -----______Cosmopolitan Shipping Co. (Inc.) ______9 78,141 Cargo. American Australia Orient Line------Swayne & Hoyt (Inc.)_------18 164.,915 Do. Mississippi Shipping Co. (Inc.) ______3 25,009 Do. American Delta Line------Black Diamond Steamship Corporation.. ______American Diamond Lines_------~------­ Munson Steamship Line ______16 141,434 Do. American Dispatch Line .. _------3 25,423 Do. American Dixie Line------­ United Gulf Steamship Co. (Inc.>------­ 41 368,626 Do. American India Line.------·-·-·· Roosevelt Steamship Co. (Inc.)------6 67.400 Do. 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1943

Numlm, dead-weight tonnage, and t11pe of United Statu Shipping Board tJullell in hands of operator11 a11 of midnight, January Sl, 1927, listed according to li-nes-Continued

Number Dead-weight Line Operator of vessels tons Type

Vessels operated by managing operators and charterers-Contd. American Merchant Lines·------J. H. Winchester & Co. (lnc.)------5 39, liO Cargo. Do ______-----___ ------.• --...do ______------5 40,606 Passenger and cargo. American Oriental Mail Line.·------Admiral Oriental Line------7 66,370 Cargo. American Palmetto Line.------South Atlantic Steamship Line ______15 119,991 Do. American Pion~r Line·------Atlantic Gulf & Oriental Steamship Co. (Inc.)------22 243,234 Do. American Premier Line.·------United Gulf Steamship Co. (Inc.) ______10 85, 198 Do. American Republics Line·------Moore & McGormick Co. (Inc.)------12 99,253 Do. American Scantic Line._------.do .... ----___ ; ___ ------8 64,129 Do. American West African Line------A. H. Bull & Co. (Inc.) ______10 82,352 Do. Atlantic Australian Line·------Roosevelt Steamship Co. (Inc.) ______7 62,333 Do. Gulf Brazil River Plate Line.------~------Mississippi Shipping Co. (Inc.)_------10 82,609 Do. Gull West Mediterranean Line------Tampa Inter-Ocean Steamship Co ______9 72,326 Do. McAllister Bros ______._------McAllister Bros ______------.------3 27,894 Tankers. Mississippi Valley European Line------Mississippi Sbipping Co. (Inc.) ______9 82,754 Cargo. Mobile Oceanic Line ______------Waterman Steamship Cvrporation. ------_------17 146,901 Do. Oil Transport Co------Oil Transport Co._------1 10,250 Tanker (B/B). Oregon Oriental Line·------Columbia Pacific Shipping Co------10 85,703 Cargo. Oriole Lines ______. __ ------Consolidated Navigation Co.------.------21 174,057 Do. Southern States Line·------Lykes Bros.-Ripley Steamship Co. (Inc.)------36 315,988 Do. Struthers & BarrY------Struthers & Barry ___ ------4 39,421 Tankers. Texas Star Line·------Lykes Bros.-Ripley Steamship Co. (Inc.)------11 96,475 Cargo. Yankee Line. __ ------Rogers & Webb------8 70,329 Do. Total.. ______• ______••• ______• ___ ------_----- ____ • __ • _. _. __ -----______-----. ______336 2, 968,291 Cargo ___ . _____ . ___ ------323 2) 850, 120 Passenger-----_._----_ ••• ______•• _•• ---_------···-. _-- •. _------_------. ------_ ••• ______5 40,606 Tankers .. ______---__ --__ ---_---_------.---.------8 77,565 336 2, 968,291 Operated by Emergency Fleet Corporation. United States Lines .•. ------6 74,724 Passenger. l===l======l Vessels operated by other Government departments: War Department ____ . ___ -----______._. ___ ------• _------.------.------.---. ------•• __ ------7,840 Cargo. Public Health Service.------4, 261 Do. ~----- l ------1 TotaL. ______• __ • ______• ___ ------2 12, 101 F=====F======I Total active (excluding tugs).------344 3, 055, 116 ===:======1 Tugs: Operated under bare-boat charter, ~erritt, Chapman & Scott ------­ 3 ------... --- ... - Corporation. Operated by Emergency Fleet Corporation- . Inactive fleet division. ...• ------­ 7 ------.. -- Operations department .. ------1 -- .. ------Total tugs active._------______------______------~------11 !------! 355 3,055,116 Total active: Cargo._. __ ------325 2,862, 221 Passenger ______-----_------.------11 115,330 Tankers ______------•• ------·------8 77,565 Tugs _____ • _. ------11 ------1------4 Grand total ______------.------•• _---.--- •• -----__ 355 3, 055,116

With reference to the provisions of the bill the Shi.pping Board says: commerce but also from the viewpoint of our national defense. Any­ "The clear declaration in section 1 that it is the intention of our business enterprise which fails to make proper provision for replace­ Government to permanently maintain a merchant marine adequate for ment, whether it be of machinery or of vessels, not only as these wt>ar our commerce and national defense will dispel the doubts of shippers out but as they may become obsolete, must ultimately go into liquida­ and importers as to the permanency of the service and will reveal to tion. It is useless to make pronouncements concerning the intentions our fot·eign competitors the futility of their persistent e.fforts to block of the United States to maintain and develop an adequate merchant the growth of an adequate American merchant marine. Its declaration marine unless such declarations are supported by assurances that new that Congress intends that adequate services shall be maintained on vessels of the most modern type will be supplied as the old vessels the principal trade routes of the world will do much to make our depreciate and as our foreign trade develops. citizens ' ship minded ' and encourage them to patronize American "It was gratifying to observe, at hearings conducted recentl~r ,,essels. As long as uncertainty exists with respect to regularity and throughout the country by the board, that tile interest of our citizens, permanence of service by American vessels our merchants are inclined especially those residing in the interior States, in the permanent estab­ to retain friendly connections with foreign shipping companies. lishment of an American merchant marine bas substantially incrt>ased " '£he declaration of section 2 will assist the board in properly de­ in recent years. The demand was very general, if not, indeed, prac­ termining the disposition to be made of ships and ship lines. Two tically unanimous, that an adequate merchant marine be maintained in interpretations have been given the provisions of the merchant marine foreign trade under the American flag, and if this is not practicable at act, 1920, relating to the sales of vessels and lines. There are those the present time by private capital, then the Government must main­ of the opinion that the act gi.ves the board full discretionary power to tain it. continue the ownership and operation of particular vessels and par­ ... It is not difficult to understand why our farmers and merchants ticular lines indefinitely. Others believe the discretion of the board is demand a merchant marine of our own; the withdrawal of British not that broad, and that after a reasonable time it is its duty to sell tonnage during the recent coal sttike in the United Kingdom is an apt the vessels and lines to private citizens. In the present state of world illustration. Had the Shipping Board not been in a position to supply shipping it is practically impossible to sell our vessels for private vessels the effect of the withdrawal of British vessels from our foreign operation in foreign trade and at the same time retain them in Ameri­ commerce would have been most selious. Our farmers have bad a can ownership and under American registry. The bill is entirely con­ similar experience in respect to the transportation of 'their products sistent with an intention that the vessels and lines shall ultimately be to foreign markets. In seyeral instances, had the Shipping Board not transferred to private ownership and operation. Pending the time been in a position to supply required tonnage for the transportation of when such transfer becomes practicable the commercial development wheat, cotton, etc., the loss to our farmers would have amounted to of our trade routes should be promoted and the physical condition of hundreds of millions of dollars. our fleet maintained and developed ; to that end Government operation " The merchant marine act, 1920, was a comprehensive piece of legis­ in the meantime is imperative, and the proposed act will thus con­ lation in the light of conditions tl1en existing. H owever, the benefit tribute materially to the permanent establishment of our merchant of the expenditures made under the provisions of that act will be very marine. largely lost unless a constructive and progressive spirit is shown uy "The declaration of section 4 of th~ bill, relative to the replacement Congress in the maintenance of our merchant marine. Such a spirit of vessels, is most timely not only from the viewpoint ot our foreign was exhibited in the passage of the act of .Tune 6, 1924, authorizing the !1944. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JAi~U.ARY 24

expenditure of a large sum of money in the development of motor ships, The contrtbutions of the sbjps and seamen created and ma:f.Dtained as fast motor ships are rapidly displacing ordinary freighters in the under the operations of this act will safeguard the Nation in times of transportation of the commerce of the world. . emergency. "We believe that the pending bill if enacted into law will be a very It should be a constant stimulus to private citizens to enter into the' desirable supplement to the merchant marine act, 1920... business of operating American ships in foreign trade. Without at this time urging any further argument we will sum­ It will continue to demonstrate, as Government ownership of vesselS marize the arguments for and the benefits to come from this legislation. in foreign trade have for years demonstrated, that Government encour­ The enactment of this bill will be more than a declaration by the agement and support are essential to our success upon the seas. American people that they propose to establish themselves upon the It will keep at home the vast and growing earnings of our ships, seas, there to remain permanently-it will be a day-to-day demonstra­ stimulating the construction of new vessels, attracting young Americans tion of that purpose. to the business of the sea, and substitute strength for weakness for the It will encourage American shippers to employ American ships. Nation upon the seas. It will insure employment of American shipyards for the construc­ Through this act will be restored the rank of the United 'States among tion of all Government-owned ships only in American shipyards. the sea powers of the world that tt unce held and to which it is entitled. It will stimulate more and more Americans to become ship minded. It will stimulate a body of adventurous Americans again to beeome [S. 5792, 69~ Cong., 2d sess.] seafarers, assured of a career upon the seas. A bill to further develop an American merchant marine, to assure its It will give the United States an opportunity to build up bona fide permanence in the transportation of the foreign trade of the United steamship agencies in the great ports of the world under the direction States, and for other purposes of patriotic Americans. Be tt enacted~ etc.~ That the policy declared in section 1 of the mer­ It will tend to discourage Americans from continuing as agents of chant marine act, 1920, is hereby confirmed, and the purpose of the foreign shipping lines in the United States in competition with our United States to maintain pe1·manently a merchant marine adequate fol" ' ships. the proper gi'QWth of the foreign and domestic commerce of the United It should tend to give our railroad men additional confidence in the States and for the national defense is hereby reaffirmed. permanency of American steamship services in foreign trade and so SEC. 2. The board shall not sell any vessel or any line of vessels when-! encourage our railroad men to increase their employment of American in its judgment the building up and maintenance of an adequate mer- 1 ships for export and import trade. chant marine can be best served by continued ownership of such vessel Gradually, under the stimulus of this act, the United States will seek or such line by the United States. to attain, and when attained maintain, maritime rank commensurate SEC. 3. In addition to ordinary repairs to vessels incident to their with its rank as a world power. regular operation, the board may recondition and improve vessels It should be a constant stimulus to the more rapid expansion of our owned by the United States. and in its possession or under its control, foreign trade. so as to equip them adequately for competition in the foreign. trade of · It would enable the Government to provide auxiliaries at all times the United States. ready to meet any emergency that may arise, with -train~d and experi­ SEC. 4. The necessity for the replacement of vessels owned ..by the .enced seafarers to draw on. United States -and in the possession o.r under the control of the board Our agriculturists ~ would be additionally assured of protection and the construction of additional UJ>-to-date cargo, combination cargo , by the Government seeing to it that their products were carried . to and passenger, and passenger ships, to giye the United States an ade- , foreign destinations at reasonable freight rates. · quate merchant marine, is hereby Tecognized, and the board is author­ It would make the Government itself a bulwark and shield for its ized and directed to present to Congress, from . time to time, recom­ agriculturalists by becoming dependable low-rate carriers ot their sur­ mendations setting forth what new vessels are required, ·and the esti­ plus products to foreign countries. mated cost thereof, to the end that Congress may, from time to time, . It would distinctly commit our Government the building up and to. make provision for replacements and additions. All vessels built by the l prosperous maintenance of a great new American industry, useful in board shall be built in the United States, and they shall be plannei peace and indispensable in war. with reference to their possible usefulness as auxiliaries to the naval It would tend to stifle propaganda against, and should stimulate a and military services of the United States. keen public interest in, the development of an American merchant SEC. 5. No vessel constructed pursuant to this act shall Qe sold with• rmarine. out the consent of Congress hereafter given. The Government then conld and undoubtedly would strengthen its SEc. 6. The appropriations necessary to carry out the provisions and matitime instruments of national defense through its ships and ship­ accomplish the purposes of this act are hereby authorized. yards_ SEc. 7. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act are Its early enactment will save our shipyards from the fear of failure hereby repealed. by assuring steady employment to them. Its policy of ship replacement, wisely developed. should eventually EXHIBIT 11 make American ships covering each great trade route the type, size, and speed best adapted to the varying requirements of its particular trade. REPORT ON THE AMERICAN MERCHANT M.A.ruNE WITH SPECIAL REFERE:SCJD It will mean the permanency of an adequate merchant marine in TO THE REPLAC1lMENT OF PRESENT MERCHANT SHIPS, TOGETHER WITH foreign trade. ANALYSIS OF THE WORLD'S SEA-TRADE CONDITIONS AND THE AMERICA.o.'i It serves notice to all shippers of American exports that they may MERCHANT FLEBT at all times absolutely depend upon an adequacy of American ships for In facing the shipping future of the United States there are but two the carriage of their exports. points o! view: It should and probably will put an end to the doubts constantly (a) That the United States shall encourage and develop American stimulated in the minds of American shippers through the persistent ships and shipping, already stal"ted, so that this country-a natural statements of agents of foreign ships that the United States 1s not in maritime nation with over 5,000 miles of coast-will possess an llde­ foreign carrying to stay. quate merchant marine and take its due place in the economic develop.. The American people as a whole, through the direct agency of their ment and possibilities ot lnternation~l trade; or Government, will beeome active competitors of foreign ships in our (b) That we abandon the mercantile sells as rapidly and economi­ foreign carrying. cally as possible and let who will carry goods to us or from us at :8o longer will foreign lines in our trade combine to drive American cheaply as may be done or as expensively as will be done in the absence ships out of business by maintaining ruinously low freight rates. of adequate competition. Operators of foreign lines engaged in om· foreign carrying then would In discarding the latter .alternative we believe it i.s only nece sary realize that they could not ruin the United States Government by any to point out the historic fact that there is a definite relationship policy Qf reduced freight rates, however low they may make them or between a nation's progress and prosperity and her substantial interest however long they may maintain them. in the sea, and that those nations that simultaneously developed their Competing foreign shipowners then will see that the " losses " suffered industry on and .across the seas, as well as at home, have been nations by Governmen~-owned ships become a far greater gain to the American most important not only to themselves but in the progres ing civiliza­ people through the low cost of marketing their exports and bringing in tion of the world. But it may be further emphasized in the fact that the their imports. principle o~ the establishment and encouragement of an American Competing foreign shipowners will realize that they will contribute merchant marine bas been stated clearly by Congress in the preamble to the increase of our foreign trade through low freight rates. to the Jones law, and it is well known thllt succeeding administrations Our foreign trade will be stabilized through the maintenance of oYer­ have approved this principle. seas freight rates at or near the minimum cost of the service. With the period of the Civil War our shipping was destroyed-some It will help to increase the number of Americans capable o! handtlng form of basic economic destruction is always one of the penalties of our ships in foreign trade by giving them knowledge and experience ot war. And then, too, the days of sail were over. The day of steel the ramifications of the business. ships was arriving. In Europe they had the great iron industries ; It will help make the United States si:Mng upon the seas, where too they were better equipped tc fabriCllte iron and steel ships than we long it has been weak. were. And wooden ships with sail could not compete with iron and 1928 CONGRESSION .AL RECORD-SEX.A.TE 19J5 steam. So shipbuilding passed across the water away from us as our carrying trade in relation to this ~ation, i. e., (a) the sea trade of the own yards decayed. But we did not trouble ourselves at that time, Atlantic between Europe and the United States; (b) the sea trade of for in our West stretched an ocean of prairie, and we turned American the Pacific with the Orient and Australia.; and (c) the sea trade with energy to building FJ. broad Nation and trading with its newly growing the continent of South .America in both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. uomain. To-day railroads network the country so completely that the THE EUROPEA:S SEA TRADE railroad days of enterprise and development are past; it is for the (1) The Atlantic-Europe sea trade is highly competiti>e and well future chiefly a problem of railroad upkeep and feeder development to developed With a large VOlume and ratio Of highly profitable passeuge L" trunk systems. tra1fic. All of this produces a situation that must be frankly analyzed Apparently, in the development of civilization, economic progress and recognized in cousidedng the development of European sea trade marks itself in fairly distinct waves, sometimes overlapping but on this ocean. The already intrenched and large capital invested in always each with a fairly definite outline of its own. We are still in this sea trade and controlled from Europe makes a formidable com­ the great age of invention-and at the same time there is a developing petitor that must be met with adequate resources and full competitive economic system that is bringing the world closer together and more equality. This should be done and, so far from abandoning the substan­ interdependent. So as we realize the completion of the pioneer railrolld tial start already made, this initial step should be expanded to become el'a it is reasonable and highly important that we scrutinize the flel(l the normal, customary balanced unit fot· a trans-Atlantic fleet. for our next great and comprehensive economic development. There is an economic unit of fleet operation, a· well as for an:r other • It would seem natural and inevitable, unless it meets with artificial operation of industry. The United States Lines fleet is away below lliis hindrance, that this next comprehensive economic step will be on the economic unit of a balanced fleet, as evidenced and pt·oved IJy s way there is restlessness that may in its economic aspect be tt·aced to the in view of the competition it meets a.nd the trade conditions it serves. fact that many peoples are desirous of becoming greater commmers of Two shJps, modern motor ships of the general class of the Georf}e wa.:~h­ the wealth and delights of higher and more comfortable civilizations. ington, should be added at once, so that, together with the Le·viathan, And this restlessness for new adjustments--quite as much economic as a regular high-class service may be maintained similar to the standards political-will organize itt>elf with a rapidity greater ·than it is easy in accepted usage and to meet the needs of that sen·ice. These ships to realize at the moment, and there will be as a natura], inevitable, and should be built with the view to their possible and ready conversion normal result a sea trade calling for transportation for which the busi­ as airplane carriers in time of emergency. And all of this entirely dis­ ness enterprise of this cOlmtry should be adequately prepared in tinct from any question or policy of Government ownership or opera­ merchant-marine development. tion, now or subsequently, for this fleet must be balanced and have And not only is an American meJ:chant marine necessary for the provision made for replacement whether in Go\·ernment bands or private carriage of a fair proportion of our exports and imports but it forms a hands. · vitally important arm of our national defense. Until navies are abol­ THE SEA TR.!DE OF THE PACIFIC ished altoge-ther it can not be gainsaid that an efficient merchant fleet (2) The sea tt·ade and the development of an American merchant is an auxiliary transport of the utmost, in fact, vital importance. And marine on the Pacific presents a somewhat different aspect than that of in time of peace it not only serves a useful economic purpose without the highly competitive field of the Atlantic. In the Pacific we occupy waste but it also provides a continuous training for officers and men naturally and by reason of our geographical position on the globe a that gives the Nation a reserve personnel, expertly trained in the opera­ situation of great advantage to the development of a mer·chunt marine tion of ships, that can be called into being as a naval force of enormous in those seas. potentiality in any time of national emergency. For a specific illustra­ There are two great manufacturing areas or centet·s in the world­ tion one may cite the vital functions that airplane transport ships will Europe and the United States. The manufacturing centers draw upon perform in the future. Yet merchant ships can be, and have been, ef­ the ·whole world for raw materials, and as they draw and send fo-rth fectively designed for all the uses of peaceful tracle in time of peace, so is sea trade borne and developed. Along the lines of least sea trans­ yet readily and quickly convertible as airplane carriers when an emer­ port will sea h·ade most easily develop. In other words, where tha gency arises. There is no economic loss in this line of preparedness. reciprocal markets are closest, geographically, there will sea trade most An analysis in detail will be found as part of this memorandum a easily develop. little further on, and with tabulations and recommendations in the light It is obvious, from a glance at the map, that the Orient is closer of our present and actual situation in merchant-fl<:'et operation. to om· Pacific coast than it is to Europe, and by a very great margin. In the development of an .American merchant marine an economic This means less steaming in both directions with cargoe.s, and also survey of the trade of the world indicates three majot· fields of ocean- a natural geographical differential in favor of .American trade with the. l946 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE Orient that is, or sl1ould be, a point of most earnest and thoughtful con· volume-with the position of olll" sea trade ln the North Atlantic direct side:rntion for the futme-both the near future and the general future­ with Europe. ' for it has a very definite potential for our Pacific and Western and THE ESSE.."fCE Oll' OUR SEA-TR.ADJ!l PROBLEM midwestern States. ·From the Orient or Australia to the Atlantic The very essence of the whole problem of the development of an seaboard of the United States is practically the same distance as from American merchant marine lies in the building of American ships. And Europe to the Orient and Oceania. So that the Pa,cific coast has a this question must be met frankly and boldly and a solution found. very great natural advantage in the development of trade with the Americans can build splendid ships-our splendid American-built Navy Orient and Oceania, and the Atlantic seaboard at least an equal proves that. opportunity, geo~raphically speaking, with Europe. But American merchant ships can not be built as cheaply as can · Inevitably the Pacific coast and west of the Mississippi generally must the ships against which these American ships must compete in the feel the effect of intelligent development of oriental trade, since they sea trade of the world. Nor is this a question of the cost of operating are likely, in the normal economic progress along these lines and in the finished ship, for as to this field the United States can well feel the course of time, to develop manufacturing industries for themselves proud that it has taken a step forward in civilization when she passed instead of allowing raw wealth to be shi"pped by rail across the coun­ laws that abolished abuses of the sea and abuses against the laborers try to the factories of the East and, in fact, to bid for this Orient of the sea on American ships; abuses against natural human rights trade against the sea trasport to the Atlantic seaboard or Europe. that had existed so long that they had become crusted with sanctity. Another highly important factor to be considered in this sector of In no othe.r field of economic endeavor in civilized countries had the development of an American merchant marine is the consuming abuses-virtual peonage and chattel slavery in all but name--continued. power of the area at the other end of the sea-borne trade. This con­ and sanctified under· medieval legal principles as they had upon those suming power is important, for in the last analysis goods must be who followed the sea as common seamen. Nor was it fair that Ameri­ paid for in goods, and return cargoes are quite as important as out­ cans should ask American seamen to accept as fair competition in their bound cargoes. The outbound cargo is only one-half ot the story. trade competition with the lowest, most ignorant !md backward ele· This consuming power is dependent upon the quantity of population menta or peoples-often still in their tribal stage-in the world. The and its own wealth--producing powers and production to pay for the sea is a. splendid calling, dignijled by its dangers, and a vital factor in outward bound cargoes, and also upon its density. Thus it is impor­ any great nation ; and the men who follow it are entitled to protection tant and easier to develop tmde with a country whose peoples have not only against its traditional abuses but against the effort to keep his in general, and spread throughout the mass desires for merchandise wage or conditions in competition with the pittance of the tribal necessities and luxuries and have reached a sufficient advance in e.co­ tlotsam of the Pacific or the degraded standards of a submissive, nomic cvilization to enable them to produc~ wealth to pay for these unthinking, lower crust of lower or less developed 1Jeoples. An Ameri­ desires. There is little here in trading on a large scale, such as the can merchant marine should not be, and must not be, built up at 'the development of an American merchant marine means, with sullen, expense of the American manhood which we ask to handle it. submerged, inactive, or sparse peoples. The poverty of the mass of the In other words, in the development and building up ·of an American Orient is offset by density and vast quantities of its population; and, merchant marine we must frankly accept the conditions ·of cheaper also, there is a reason for the general belief that it is shaking otf costs tor ships abroad so that a heavier capital expense is immediately what we have regarded as a supine~ submissive fatalism in the mass; charged against an American shipowner, or prospective owner. We and that there is impending a vigorous economic as well as political must put no portion of this adverse differential upon the backs of awakening that the business and producing interest of this country American seamen nor drive them ashore so that their jobs may be can not ignore and should not ignore. given to the coolie classes of any people. But if·-we are to exist · as It is a market for trade an~ shipping tbat has a tremendous and a trading nation we must have our fleet upon "th·e ·seas, together with active potential. such appropriate legislation as will keep 1t 1:here for our national .. By reason of the natural location of this continent on the globe advantage as a great commonwealth in the world of to--day and the American business has before it in the Orient and Oceania. an oppor­ world of the future. For our trade future and the tradi.Dg· .abroad of tunity for a trade and shipping that stirs the imagination. But this our wrplus production depends in large measure upon -our pl'oper vernment fleet to private interests and · with the problem of stimulating or organizing a sparsely inhabited but some progress has been made, notably the sale of round-the-world and large area as an economic factor. The great mineral wealth of that Pacific ships to Dollar and the sale of the fleet of steamers oper­ coast will furnish cargoes, but the sea trade problem must deal with ated by the Export Steamship Corporation to the operator. It is ap­ the factor of adequate cargoes both ways if sea trade is to develop parent that if this policy is continued, the number of vessels operated profitably. This trade will reopen naturally in the ordin~ry course of by the Government will decrease and the number operated by private time, but it is hardly ready for any concentrated development. interests will increase; but in any case, the vessels being operated are On the east coast, with the- sea distance substantially the same from the same and unless measures are taken for the replacement of the thls coon try as from Europe, the competition in selling will be keener vessels as they become unfit for use through dep1·eciatlon or obsolescence, nud the sea trade dependent entirely upon commercial salesmanship to the American ships in the !oreign trade will once again become but a furnish the cargoes of exports to that coast. The situation in regard memory. to the sea trade of this coast is not essentially different in principle­ As stated in a preceding paragraph, it is well recogntzed that the with the exception of the pressure of passenger carrying and general shipping situation throughout the world has reached unprecedented 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE _1947

depths of depression. This has come about through the disorganiza­ It will be observed that the fteet comprises 27 vessels with a. gross tion of trade, not only in Europe but trade in general,· resulting from tonnage of 421,294 and au average age of 6 years. .the war conditions, and it can not improve until governmental stability There can be no doubt that the vessels referred to are a minimum and restoration of the financial fabric takes place among the nations to properly carry on our trade at present in cargo and passengers of the world so that trade may be resumed. We are inclined, after on the routes over which they are now operated. In the case of the rending the reports of the losses incurred in the Government operation passenger and eargo vessels on the North Atlantic, particularly, it of the American ships in the foreign trade, to feel that the ru:.fortunate is glaringly apparent, for this North .Atlantic is a sea trade in which result is due entirely to Government operation, but while it is admitted more American passengers are carried than all the other nationalities freely that Government operation is not and can not be as efficient or combined ; an ocean carrying trade, in fact, in which the American • desirable as private operation, at the same time it should nt't be for­ pa.ssengers far outnumber the foreigners, yet it is in this very North gotten that the reports of the foreign steamship lines and the pro­ Atlantic Ocean in which our American fleet is hopelessly inadequate. nouncement of their operating officials indicate that the shipping indus­ The vessels operated by the United States lines comprise the most try of the whole world at the present time is unprofitable and, as a unbalanced fieet of passenger and cargo vessels in the world. result, great fleets of vessels are tied up, no business being available to It is physically impossible to give with this fleet a passenger and keep them employed. cargo service which compares in frequency and regularity of sailings The gradual increase in foreign trade--which is to be expected from and type of accommodation to that provided by the great foreign the increasing stability and reorganization of Government finance now lines. going on in Europe-as it increases will make the employment of If our American merchant fieet service in the North Atlantic is to :vessels more profitable and require an increase in the present operat­ be brought up to a reasonably competitive position, it is vitally im­ ing fleet to tnke care of the increase of trade. portant that two economical combined passenger and cargo vessels It is fair to assume, therefore, that the American ships which are of at least 20 knots sea speed be constructed to operate in conjunction operated in the foreign trade at the present time in both passenger, with the Le'dathaJ£ to British Channel ports, thus providing a weekly passenger and cargo, and cargo services are approximately a minimum service under the American flag for the transportation of mail, pas­ necessary to handle a reasonable proportion of our exports and imports sengers, and cargo. and thus meet the announced principles of this country " that an The construction of these two additional vessels, to enable us to .American merchant marine in the foreign trade is necessary." operate on the customary trans-Atlantic three-ship basis, is not adding As noted in the preceding paragraph, we feel that it is safe to as­ to our fleet any more than is au automobile maker " adding " to an sume that the present fieet in the foreign trade being operated by the automobile when he adds two more wheels to the two already on. Government and private individuals is a minimum to meet the require­ Without such addition there is no complete unit of effective operation ; , meut that a reasonable proportion of our exports and imports should with such addition a going, effective, competitive machine is c.ompleted. be carried in American vessels. It is true at the present time that a If this three-ship basis were not sound and a proven principle of large proportion of this foreign trade is moving in Govern.ment-owned successful North Atlantic fleet operation, it would never have been .vessels. With the exception of the Government vessels recently pur­ developed and maintained by the shrewdest ship operators of European chased by the Dollar interests and the Export Steamship Corporation, maritime affairs. privately owneu American vessels are only being operated in relatively These two vessels should be of approximately 30,000 tons each, smali numbers on the various foreign-trade routes, principally to South internal-combustion engines giving a speed of about 20 knots, designed America and the Orient (for the purpose ~ this discussion, we will so as to be convertible into airplane carriers, with accommodations for exclude the trade with the West Indies which will naturally flow to us a large number of passengers, and a cargo capacity of about 6,000 by reason of our geographical position and which it Is hardly fair to tons. Two ships of this type, with the Leviathan., would complete the include in the t erm "foreign trade," in the sense that it is used herein, standard three-ship basis, and . would make competition on an even namely, "world-wide trade"). basis-a basis in our favor, in fact-and would show substantial profits In order. however, to be amply conservative, we will assume that the from operation. So that if the Government continued to operate it combined fieet of Government-opet·ated vessels and those operated by would be at a profit instead of a loss or, if it wished to sell, it would pl'ivate firms, necessary to handle a reasonable proportion of our ex­ have a complete transport unit to sell. ports and imports, equals the Government-operated vessels and those It should be recalled, in considering this subject, that these are pas­ purchased recently from the Government. This is true with one ex­ senger vessels, and there is no reservoir of laid-up fieets from which ception, namely, that the passenger and cargo fleet in the North Atlantic can be drawn at will vessels to supply any deficiencies. will have to be balanced by the construction of certain vessels as dealt Moreover, as noted above, unless measures are taken looking to the with elsewhere in this report. In other words, let us assume that the replacement of these vessels-whether they be owned by the G()vernment minimum fieet comprises the vessels at present operated by the Govern­ or private Individuals-the time will come when they will be worn ment plus those purchased by Dollar and the Export Steamship Cot·­ out and scrapped, and nothing will be available to take their place. poration. It would be well to examine the particu11:1rs of this fleet The average age of the vessels under consideration is six years. As­ · and the replacement required under the two categories, (1) passenger suming that the life of the vessels is 25 years and that another three and cargo vessels and (2) cargo vessels. years must elapse before any replacements can be constructed and put At the present time the fieet of passenger and cargo vessels, including into operation, the replacement of the fleet will have to be accomplished those owned by the Government and those sold by the Government to within a period of 16 years, which will require the construction of Dollar, are as per the following llst : about 26,000 gross tons of passenger vessels per year. This is in addi­ tion to the construction of the two combined passenger and cargo liners Name Year IType Gross Line Route required for the North Atlantic service, which should be of at least 30,000 tons each. This addition, therefore, means the construction of Feet an average of 30,000 gross tons of passenger vessels per year during Leviathan______1914 59,956 United States ____ _ North Atlantic. the pet·iod from 1928 onward. George Washington_ __ 1908 23 788 _____ do ______Do. America ______1905 21; 144 ___ _ .do ______Do. CARGO VESSELS AND "REPLACEiUENTS Republic ______1907 17, 910 ••••. do ______Do. As of July 31, 1925, the Government-operated cargo vessels were President Roosevelt.. 1922 535 14,187 __ __ _do ______Do. President Harding ____ 1921 535 14,187 ___ __ do. ______Do. distributed among the various operators approximately as follows: President Grant ______1921 535 14,119 American Oriental Seattle-Orient. President Madison... 1921 535 14, 187 __ ___ do ______Do. Dead­ President Jackson. ___ 1921 535 14, 123 _____ do ______Do. ~- weight President McKinley __ 1921 535 1~. 127 ____ _do ______Do. tonnage President Jefferson . . . 1921 535 14, 174 _____ do ______Do. Southern Cross ______1921 535 13,788 Pan American ___ _ South America. NORTHERN EUROPE, UNITED KV.GDOM, AND IRELAND American Legion_____ 1921 535 13,736 _____ do ______Do. 141, 171 Pan America.------1922 535 13,712 __ ___do __ ------Do. American-Dixie Line .. _------.------15 Western World______1922 535 13,712 __ ___ do ______Do. American Merchant Lines .. ------9 71,645 President Lincoln. ___ 1921 535 14,187 Dollar ______Trans-Pacific. Mobile Oceanic Line.------4 33,109 President Cleveland.. 1921 535 14,123 ___ __do __ ------Do Oriole Lines .._------.------16 132,511 President Pierce______1921 535 14,123 ___ __do __ ------Do. President Taft______1921 535 14,123 ____ _do . . ------Do. 44 378,536 President Wilson_____ 1921 535 14, 127 _____ do._------Do. BORDEAUX-HAYBt:RG RANGE President Adams_____ 1921 502 10,558 _____ do._------Round the world. Americ-a France Line.... ------9 78, 1-H President Garfield____ 1921 502 10,558 _____ do __ ------Do. American Diamond Lines______12 President Monroe . . .• 1920 502 10, 533 _____ do ._ ------Do. 104,311 President Harrison ___ 1921 502 10,533 _____ do .. ------Do. Americ.an Palmetto Line ______------.... ------3 23,490 President Van Buren_ 1920 502 10,533 _____ do .. ------Do. Mississippi Valley European Line .. ___ ------3 25, 006 President Hayes______1920 502 10,533 _____ do .• ------Do. Mobile Oceanic Line . .. ------4 34. 373 President Polk._----- 1921 502 10,513 •••••do ______Do. Southern States Lines . •.• ------17 150, 337 1- Texas Star Line.------· ------5 45,262 Average.------· 1919 ------421, 294 Yankee Line .. ------.• ------.--.-- ~ 35,597 57 496,517 Total, 27 vessels. = .== 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECOR.D-SENATE JANUARY 2-:f

. the speed of our cru-go Jlllers should be enhanced; and second, to enabl~ · Dead­ them to succ~sfully compete with the highest type of speedy ship of Nu.m- weight ber tonnage onr competitors the speed of our vessels would have to be increased. In considering, therefore, the necessary replacements in connection witlt the cargo fieet now being operated it would seem ~01md to limit snell. SCANDINAVIAN AND BALTIC PORTS replacements to cargo-lhier types of ves eJs with a speed of at least 14 knots and a total dead weight of carrying capacity of not less than American Scantic Line.------65,740 11,000 tons. We can safely assume that at least one-hnlf of the trad('l!f SOUTHERN EUROPE, SPANISH AT-LANTIC, AND PORTUGUESE on which Government ships are now being operated will require the ~o-liner type of ves:-eL (See. note on last page.) Gulf-West Mediterranean Line .. ------2 15,650 In view of the fact that we have no vessels in the Government fteet SPANISH MEDITERRANEAN PORTS wllich correspond to the true cargo liner as outlined above, it is ap­ Gulf-West Meditezranean Line ___ ------3 24, 204 parent that we should concentrate on building a considerable number = of these vessels to the exclusion of the smaller and slower ships which FRENCH MEDITERRANEAN-WEST COAST OF ITALY .AND ADRIATIC SEA may be provided out of the reserve of vessels laid up for the time being, PORTS thus enabllllg us to concentrate on a higher and better type. To replace American Export Lines.------8 62,487 the cargo fleet of 2,000,()00 tons in operation during a period of 10 2 17,309 American Premier Line.------·------1---- years would involve the construction of 200,000 dead-weight tons per 10 79, 7S6 year. There is no doubt that during the first few years of any replac~ ment prob"l'am this figure of yearly replacement should be reached or GREEK .o\.ND BLACK SE.A PORTS exceeded in ordet· that the cargo liners may as rapidly as possible snper­ American Exports Lines·------11 86,680 frede the less efficient and desirable vessels on the various foreign-trade Ameri{lan Premier Line.------2 15, 6[j() routes. 13 102,330 As previously referred to, the Government vessels are being sold to private interests. Any plan, therefore, which contemplates the replace­ BRITISH INDIA ment of the present fleet should enable the vessels to be built by pri­ vate Interests as well as by the Government. American India Line.------~------­ 4.7,444 '==='==== It is obvious that S{)me method of equalizing the cost of' building AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ve -=els in this country with the cost of constructing them abroad will have to be found to enable these vessels to be constructed in the United Atlantic Australian Line------­ 55,857 Pacific Australia Line.------4.3,069 Statt>s. At the same time, it may be found that in the case of certa.ln of tbe lines which will have to be retained for the time being by the 11 98,928 Government, it will be necessary for the Government to order the re­ ORlliNT placement vessels itself. In any case the important thing is •• that the vessels must be re­ ;American Far East JJine. ------8 75,727 placed," and that this minimum fteet which we arc operating be not American Oriental Mail Line (cargo) •.. ------6 56,720 American Pioneer Line·------12 134.114 allowed to vanish from tbe seas. 86,527 Oregon Oriental Line. __ ------10 CO::o : " Due to the progress in the science and that we are in direct competition with skilled foreign operatoL"S. Thus the art of shipbuilding, the cargo liner of to-day has a normal speed it will be found that, in connection with vessels on the long vorage of 1;:; knots, and some of our competitors have placed in service 16-knot trades running to the Ot·ient and in connection with vessels on the cargo liners." 1 North Atlantic, we are forced to compete with the cream of the British, German, -and .Japanese merchant marines and that our competitors on EXHIBIT 4 the important liner routes are operating the highest type of cargo liners [Ft·om report of Subcommittee of Merchant Marine Planning Committee. and are adding thereto. 1!>~11-:17, services and construction program] It is the considered opinion of nearly all who have investigated the WORLD T!UDE ROUTES AND OCEAN SERVICES-SUMMARY OlJ' CO~"STRCCTIO~ subject closely that th.e possibilities of successful American competition REQUIRED in connection with overseas shipping rests in the development of the cargo liner as opposed to the tramp type of steamer. Speedy transport •\REA I. UNITED KI~GDOM A);D IRELA..'\"D of commodities as an inducement to shippers is essential :md it is, Service 1. ~cw York-LiYerpool: Four ves els, 20,000 gro s tons, 18 therefore, apparent that. first, as an inducement to American shipper-s knots sea speed, 500 cabin passengers, 500 third-class passengers,. 1928 COXGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE l949 minimum s,;>Oo d€-:Hl-welght cargo space including approximately 50,000 the actio·n- the Democratic Senate conference had taken regard­ cubic feet refrigeration. ing the situaoon with reference to me, and that the Senate Service 6. North Atlantic-Plymouth-Southampton: Two vessels ap­ Democrats in conference declined to pass on the position that proximately 40,000 gross tons, 22 to 24 knots sea speed, accommoda­ I took in the Senate or that the Senator from Arkansas [Mr. tions for 700 first-class, 400 second-class, and 1,000 third-class pas."'en­ ROBIYso-s] took, and that the action of the conference of the gers, limited cargo and refrigerator space. Democrats had no reference whatever to it. I stated that the AREA IL CONTI~EXTAL EGROPE New York World said the action taken was not a rebuke of me service 14. New York-Havre: Four vessels similar to Hog Island "B " and that it was a spineless performance. Now, the Washington boat type now in New York-London run including passenger accommoda· News quotes me as saying: tions, 15 knots sea speed, 3;:)0,000 cubic feet cargo space. He asked a vote of the Senate Democrats on whether he is right or Service 17. New York-Antwerp: Four ves els similar to Hog Island wrong. "B" boat type, including first-class passenger accommodations, dead­ I am not ask-ing any Senator to pass on the question of weight cargo capacity approximately 7,500 tons, in~uding 30,000 cubic whether I am right or wrong. That is a question for me to feet refrigerator space. decide as a Senator. I am a Senator from a sovereign State, Service 19. New Yol'k-Rotterdam: Two vessels similar to Hog Island sent here as one of two Senators to re-pres-ent the people of that •• B" boat type, including first-class passenger accommodations, dead­ State, and I, as one of their chosen spokesmen, am to determine weight cargo capacity of approximately 7,500 ton~. If Ha-rding and whether my position is right or wrong. I repudiate this state­ Roosevelt are not allocated here increase to four. ment as false, and the writer of it as one who knew he was Service 22. New York-Hamburg: Four vessels 25.000 gross tons, 18 writing a falsehood when he wrote it. knots sea speed, 650 cabin-class passengers and 1,000 third-class passen­ The News further had me saying in the Senate--and those gers, minimum of 9,000 dead-weight cargo capacity, including 40,000 in the gallery who were here yesterday, as well as Senators cubic feet refrigerator space. Services 25, 26, 27. Not-th Atlantic-Denmai·k, Sweden, Finland: Six present, know that no such remark was made by me: Diesel motor vessels, 13 to 14 knots sea speed, 7,500 to 8,000 dead-weight If you rebuke me- cargo capacity. Draft less than Hog Island vessels, if possible. Speaking to my Democratic colleagues-- Cognizance to be taken of Kiel Canal measurement roles. 'l'wo decks ! will quit the Democratic Party and millions will quit with me. ('tween and shelter). Accommodations tor about 25 passengers. AllEA UI. li!EDITERRA.:\'EA."i I did not say that. I challenged the New York World to haYe such action taken as it had sugge::.~ed, and if the New York No construction required. World could demonstrate a situation like that where the Demo­ AREA IV.--oniE:NT cratic Party were following 'Tammany and the Roman Catholic Service 44. New York-Singapore-Manila-Hong Kong: Four motor ves­ political machine, a nullifier of the Constitution, and a wet, sels, 15 knots sea speed, 9,000 dead-weight tons, 500 tons refrigerated that I would quit the Democratic Party. I wonder why they space, accommodations for 25 passengers. undertake to misrepresent me in this fashion right here in the Service 46. North Atlantic-Philippines-China-Japan: Five motor ves­ Capitol the day following my speech, when so many people sels, 15 knots sea speed, 9,000 dead-weight tolli!, 350 tons refrigerated present now heru·d what I had to say and the connection in space, tank space 1,500 tons bnlk vegetable oils, accommodations for 25 which I used that expression? passengers. Mr. President, I refer to that merely to let the people know Service 47. North Atlantic-Japan-China: Five motor vessels, 15 knots who read the RECORD in the country and to let the people know sen speed, 9,000 dead-weight tons, 350 tons refrigerated space, tank who are present that there is an effort being made to deliber­ space 1,500 tons bulk vegetable oils, accommodations for 25 passengeL'S. ately misrepresent my speeches in the Senate. This is a part Service 60. Los Angeles-San Francisco-China-Japan-Philippines-Straits: of the propaganda of the Roman Catholic political machine. Six motor vessels, 14 knots sea speed, 0,000 dead-weight tons, GOO tons If these misrepresentations continue I am going to ask t,he refrigerated space and tank space 1,500 tons bulk oils. Senate to take some action on certain representatives of news­ AREA V.-EAST COAST SOUTH AllfERIC.A papei-s in the Senate pre ·s gallery. No liar has a right to sit Service 62. New York-Direct Plate: Four motor vessels, 14 knots in the pre s galle1.-y and deliberately lie about a Senator on this sea speed, 9,000 dead-weight tons, 1,000 tons refrigerated space. floor, and if the Senate has any respect for itself it will not Service 64. North Atlantic-North Brazil : Four vessels, 6,500 dead­ permit such a thing as that to continue. weight tons, maximum draft 23 feet, 12--13~ knots sea speed, fitted for Here is an 3.l'ticle from the Washington Herald, written by limited number of passengers (15 to 20 persons). Fraser Edwards, I believe. The headline is: A..REA VI.-WEST COAST SOUTH AMERICA HEFLlli's blasphemy shocks Senators. No requirements. I was astounded when I was told that snch a statement was A..REA VIL-AUSTRALASI.A in the paper, and I could not remembe1· shocking the Senate in Service 82. North Atlantic-New Z-ealand : Five motor vesscls, 9,000 that way. I found after coming to the Senate this morning dead-weight tons, 14 knots sea speed, 25 passengers. that the official reporter who took down the statement where Service 83. North Atlantic-Sydney-Melbourne-Adelaide: Six motor I was quoting a newspaper man with reference to what I had vessels, 9,000 dead-weight tons, 14 knots sea speed, 25 passengers. said in fun about the taning and feathering in Al'kansas and Service 89. Pacific Coast-New zealand-AustralJa : Six motor vessels, Alabama of the Senator from Arkansas [1\fr. RoBINSON], when 0,000 dead-weight tons, 14 knots sea speed, 500 tons refrigerated space Mr. Fraser Edwards asked to see the stenogTapher's notes of and tank space 1,500 tons bulk oil. the speeCh he read it to him and told him twice that a certain

A..REA VIII. I~IA statement made by newspaper men was in quotations and that I had quoted it, and yet be went off and published it without Service 90. North Atlantic-india: Five motor vessels, 9,000 dead­ quoting it. He suggested that Senators were offended and weight tons, 14 knots sea speed, accommodations for 25 pass~ngers. were going to take some action regarding it. I have been AREA IX.-A.FRICA unable to find who the Senator was that told him that. Service 91. New York-West Africa, via Atlantic Islands: Eight Of com-se, no such thing is true. They are not only deter· motor vessels, 9,000 dead-weight toru, 14· knots sea speed, tank space mined to misrepresent me, but they have commenced to li~ 1,500 tons bulk vegetable oil, accommodations for 25 passengers. outright al.Jout things that occur in connection with me on this PERSONAL EXPLANATION-REPLYING TO l.IISREPRESENT.ATIONS OF floor. W ABHINGTON NEWS AND WASHDlGTON HERALD -1 want to sene notice on ~Ir. Hearst, because this is one of his Mr. HEFLIN. 1\Ir. President, I shall only consume a moment papers, that if this continues I will read some affidavits on this or two of the time of the Senate. I want to make reference floor which will open his eyes and move some of these little to an article in the Washington News. This paper in refer­ hickory nuts in his employment out of the press gallery. ring to a speech that I made on yesterday, in which I challenged [Laughter.] I had not wanted to do that because I do not care the New York World to have the Democrats of the Senate re­ to go into a man's private life. but William Randolph Hearst buke me for my defense of religious freedom and free speech, can not keep his hil"ed agents here in this gallery mispresent· said that I asked the Democrats to pass on the question. I ing, insulting, and slandering me. l"€'.ad from that paper: Now, I want to say for the benefit of this man Edwards that his father was my friend, a fine, manly man, Chal"ley Edwards. He asked a vote of Senate Democrats on whether be is right or He :was aftlicted in his declining years so that he could not wrong, work. He was hard pressed financially, and being afH.icted could I did not ask any such thing. I read an excerpt from _the not earn his living. . He did well when he was in health and New York World, and I said that pa~r was not satisfied with able to work. He was my friend, and I was his friend. He LXIX--123 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 24 needed assistance, :financial assistance, and I used to help him. " We are conscious of the many burdens resting upon you, but we He came to me frequently for help and he never came in vain. feel so deeply the need of clearing the misunderstanding which sur­ I would let him have $10 at a time. The last time I ever saw rounds this matter that we venture to urge upon you the taking of him I gave him $25. I regret to have to mention this, but all reasonable steps to make entirely clear the position of this country, feel justified in doing it now. This is his son who is joining and thus resolve the doubts and, m all probability, the difficulties in with my enemies to misrepre'Sent, slander, and lie about me that have prevented completing the adherence of the United States in the Senate. to the court." THE WO.R.LD COURT EDITORS, BANKilR.S, BUSINESS MEN, MANY OFFICIALS AMONG SIG:Io.'"ERS Mr. COPELAND. l\lr. President, I hold in my hand a state­ The 432 signers of the memorial represent a wide variety of inter­ ment made to the President regarding the World Com·t, together ests. They include leading members of both the major parties ; the list with a list of the signers. and by request of certain of these includes the. names of 11 governors and ex-governors (8 Republican, signers I ask permi88ion to have the statement printed in the 3 Democratic) ; 93 editors of · dailies throughout the country, among CoNGRESSIONAL RJOCJORD. them William Simms, foreign editor, signing on behalf of the 26 There being no objection, the statement was ordered to be Scripps-Howard papei'S; J. Lauriston Bullard, chief editorial writer for printed in the RECORD, as follows: the Boston Herald ; Melville Stone, counselor for the Associated Press ; (Issued by the presentation committee representing 432 citizens and the editors of the Los Angeles Times Mirror, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, signers in 47 States. Irving T. Bush (chairman), Frank H. Hiscock, Toledo Blade, Richmond News Leader, Wisconsin State Journal, Cin­ Franklin D. Roosevelt, Charles H. Carey, Howard Coonley, Kenneth cinnati Commercial Tribune, Baltimore Post, Atlanta Constitution, C. M. Sills, Mrs. Kellogg Fairbank, Ray Lyman Wilbur) Omaha Bee, Oklahoma City Times, Providence Tribune, Syracuse Post BELililYE " WORLD COURT" NEGOTIATIONS SHOULD CONTISL'E-DIFFER­ Standard, San Francisco Daily News, and many others. E)ICES NOT FUNDAM:ENTAI.r-CITIZENS OF 4 7 STATES CONVEY TO PRESI­ Bankers and business men whose interests extend well over the DE""T DESIRE THAT UNITED STATES COMPLETE ADHERENCE TO COURT country are among the signers. They include Richard Grant, former AS OBVIOUS STEP TOWARD PACIFIC SETTLEMENT president United States Chamber of Commerce, now of the M. A. Hanna Co. of Cleveland; Howard Coonley, president of the Walworth Co. of To-day an important communication bearing on the relation of the Boston, director of the Link Belt Co. of Chicago and of the "National United States to the Permanent Court of International Justice reached Malleable Steel Castings Co. of Cleveland; W. Irving Bullard, banker, the President over the signatures of 432 people from 47 States. The of Boston, treasurer of the National Association of Cotton Manufactur­ communication conveys to the President the belief of the signers that a ers; Henry Sharpe of Brown & Sharpe, Providence; A. L. Humphrey, vast number of people throughout the country are far from satisfied president Westinghouse Air Brake Co., Pittsburgh; Samuel Rea, of the with the present status of the question of the adherence of the United Pennsylvania Railroad; Cornelius Bli s, director Fifth Avenue Bank, States to the World Court. The letter reflects the view of the signers New York ; Daniel Willard, president of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail­ that the differences between the United States and the signatory road ; Sumner McKnight, president of the Produce State Bank, Minne­ States, however troublesome, are not sufficiently "fundamental or im­ apolis; E. J. Wallace, president Mid-West Retail Coal Dealers Associa­ portant to prevent the adherence of the United States to the court. tion, St. Louis; E. Wilbur Rice, hctor Connecticut Mills Co., the Transcript Co. ; treasurer National committee of eight representing the signers. This committee consists of Association of Cotton Manufacturers; Boston. Irdng T. Bush, president of the . Bush Terminal Co., chairman; Judge Frank H. Hiscock, former chief judge of the Court of .Appeals of Frank H. Hiscock, formerly chief justice of the Court of Appeals of New York, Syracuse. New York State; Franklin D. Roosevelt, former Assistant Secretary of James R. Angell, president of Yale University, New Haven. the Navy; Judge Charles H. Carey, of Portland, Oreg., former member Jo. eph R.· Grundy, president William H. Grundy Co., Bristol; pre i­ of the Republican National Committee; Howard Coonley, president Wal­ dent Pennsylvania Manufacturers' Association. worth Co., of Boston, former prE.>sident of the Boston Chamber of Henry D. Sha~e, president and treasurer Brown & Sharpe Manu­ Commerce, director, Link Belt Co., of Chicago, and of the National facturing Co. of Providence; first vice president Providence Journal. Malleable Steel Castings Co., of Cleveland; Mrs. Kellogg Fairbank. B. F. Yoakum, president San Antonio & Arkansas Pass Railroad ; member of the Democratic National Committee, Chicago; President director Seaboard Air Line; New York City. Kenneth C. M. Sills, of Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me. ; and Presi­ A. L. Humphrey, president Westinghouse .Air Brake Co., Pittsburgh. dent Ray Lyman Wilbur, of Stanford University, California. John H. Fahey, banker and newspaper publisher; former president COCRT EXPRESSES AMERICAN IDEAL, SAYS PRESENTATION COMMITTEE United States Chamber of Commerce; Boston. In transmitting the letter to the President the presentation com­ Everett .T. Lake, former Republican Governor of Connecticut; director mittee said : Hartford-Aetna National Bank; president Hartford Lumber Co. "Representing 432 thoughtful citizens in 47 States, we beg to trans­ Melville E. Stone, counselor Associated Press, New York City. mit on their behalf and our own the inclosed communication. The Marcus II. Holcomb, former Republican Governor of Connecticut (for United States could, we believe, take no more necessary and no more three terms) ; former attorney general of the State; president South- effective step toward promoting the pacific settlement of international ington Savings Bank. · disputes than that of adhering to the Permanent Court of Interna­ G. W. K. Forrest, Republican mayor of Wilmington, Del. tional Justice under proper reservations. Thomas M. Steele, president first National Bank, New Haven, Conn. "At the time when the delegates to tbe first and second Hague con­ Leslie H. Thompson, treasurer Winchester Repeating Arms Co., New ferences, acting under instructions, urged the establishment of a Haven. permanent tribunal, the United States announced a clear-cut attitude Thomas H. Robinson, attorney general of Maryland. in favor of the establishment of international agencies for the settle­ George A. Wood, Republican speaker of the !'lew Hampshire House of ment of international disputes. It is, we think, in pursuance of that Representatives, 1925. tradition that the United States would join the 55 nations which by .Jeremy R. Waldron, attorney general of New Hampshire. adhering to the protocol of signature of the Permanent Court of Iu­ Samuel D. Felker, former Democratic Governor of New Hampshire. ternatlonal Justice have formally indorsed the principle of applying Irving T. Bush, president Bush Terminal Co., New York City. the judicial procedure to questions susceptible of legal treatment. Samuel Rea, former president Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia. 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECOR.D-SENATE 1951.

Julius ll. Barnes, president Barn~s-Ames Co. (exporters of wheat) ; Robert Fechner, member executive board, International Association former president lJnited States Chamber of Commerce; former president of Machinists ; Boston. United States Grain Corporation, New York City. James M. Yeakle, mayor of Bethlehem, Pa. Alba Johnson, former president Baldwin Locomotive Works; director, Harold J. Hinman, judge of the Supreme Court of New York; Albany. Federal Reserve Ba-nk of Philadelphia; director, First Federal Foreign Mrs. John D. McCabe, president Delaware State Federation of Banking Association of New York; president Railway Business Asso­ Women's Clubs. ciation, Philadelphia. Walter S. Rilles, president Delaware Bar Association. Edward W. Bok, Merion, Pa. Kenneth C. M. Sills, president Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me. George W. Norris, governor Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. Henry D. Harlan, former chief justice Supreme Court of Baltimore 1 Henry F. Lippitt, former Republican Senator from Rhode Island; general counsel Fidelity Trust Co. ; Daltimore. president Manville-Jenckes Textile Mills; vice president Peoples Savings Frank C. Partridge, former Solicitor in the Department of State; Bank, Providence. former United States minister to Venezuela; president Vermont Marble Oliver J. Sands, president American National Bank; former president Co., Cla.rendon & Pittsford Railroad Co. ; Proctor, Vt. Virginia Bankers Association; director, Richmond & Failfield Railway Clifton D. Gray, president Bates College, Lewiston, Me. Co. Theodore Marburg, former ambassador to Belgium, Baltimore. Daniel Willard, president Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co., Baltimore. Mrs. .John L. Alcock, president Maryland. Federation of Women's ffi. Wilbur Rice, jr., honorary chairman of the General Electric Co., Clubs, Baltimore. Schenectady, N. Y. George Arnold Frick, State senator, Baltimore. Mrs. Bessie D. Altemus, president- Republican Women of Philadelphia Joseph N. Ulman, judge of the Supreme Court of Baltimore. County, Philadelphia. Howard W. Jackson, former mayor of Baltimore. John K. Beach, former associate justice Supreme Court of Errors of Moorfield St9rey, former president American Bar ~ssociation, Boston. Connecticut. · Andrew J. Peters, former mayor of Boston. Louis R. Cheney, of Cheney Bros., former Republican mayor of Hart­ John E. White, president Worcester Bank & Trust Co.; president ford. Worcester Chamber of Commerce; Massachusetts. H erbert Knox Smith, former Republican member of the Connecticut George Grafton Wilson, board of editors, Journal of International House of Representatives; former commissioner of corporations under law; delegate to international naval conference of 1919; Cambridge, the Department 'of Labor and Commerce of the United States.; Hartford. Mass. John Nields, former United States attorney for the district of Dela- Mrs. Roland Hopkins, chairman Massachusetts Council of the Fo.relgn ware for two terms, Wilmington. Policy Association, Boston. Walter Bell, president Park Bank of Baltimore. Ellen S. Ogden, president Massachusetts Association of Uni\ersity H. 0. Dunn, rear admiral, United States Navy, Baltimore. Women. Elmore B. Jeffery, president Equitable Trust Co. of Baltimore. Willis H. Flint, former mayor of Concord, N. H. J. Weston Allen, former attorney general of Massachusetts, Boston. William J. Ahern, Democratic floor leader in the New Hampshire Chandler Bullock, president State Mutual Life Insurance Co., Worces- House, 1925, Concord. ter, Mass. James P. Richardson, Parker professor of law and political science at Edward .A.. Filene, president William Filene's Sons Co., Boston. Dartmouth ; Republican member of the Honse of Representatives of George E. Farrand, State bank commissioner; vice chairman of State New Hampshire, 1926; Hanover, N. H. Democratic committee, Concord, N. H. Borden D. Whiting, president New Jersey Railroad Commission• Mrs. IIarriman N. Simmons, president New Jersey League of Women Orange, N. J. Voters. William Mikell, dean of ·the law school, University of Pennsylvania­ Mary Macfarland, president New Jersey Association of University Charles 1\{. Muchnic, vice president American Locomotive Sales Cor­ Women. poration, New York City. Mrs. Borden Whiting, president Essex County Women's Republican Gano Dunn, president J. G. White Engineering Co.; former chair~ man National Research Council ; former president American Institute of Club, New .Jersey. Electrical Engineers, New York City. George W. Wickersham, former Attorney Generlll of the United States in the Cabinet of President Taft, New York City. W. G. ~ramham, former cha.ixman Republican State committee of Charles Fiske, Protestant Episcopal bishop of cental New York, Utica. North Caronna. Livingston Ferrand, president Cornell University, Ithaca. William C. Hammer, Member of Congress; owner and editor Asheville Alden Chester, vice president Albany Exchange Savings Bank. Courier; Korth Carolina. Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt, vice chairman Women's Democratic John D. Bellamy, president North Carolina Bar Association. Committee of New York State. Francis B. Biddle, Philadelphia. Ada Comstock, president Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass. Samuel S. Fels, president Fels Naphtha Soap Co., Philadelphia. Peter Gaansvoort Ten Eyck, consulting engineer ; director, Chicago, Charles P. Vaughan, president Dungan, Hood & Co.; president Phila- Rock Island & Pacific Railway Co.; director, National Commercial Bank delphia Chamber of Commerce. & Trust Co., Commercial Insurance Co., and Albany Savings Bank; Charles S. Calwell, president Corn Exchange National Bank of Albany. Philadelphia. G. R. Parker, of Parker, Peebles & Knox, exporters and importers. Mrs. Samuel A. Bower, president Women's Republican Club of Harris- New York City. burg. Franklin D. Roosevelt, former Assistant Secretary of the Navy, New W. H. P. Faunce, presid~nt Brown University, Providence. York City. Richard Crane, former ambassador to Czechoslovakia; Westover, Va_ Arthur Kuhn, board of editors, American Journal of International Robert B. Tunstall, direetor, Norfolk National Bank; counsel for Law, New York City. Southern Railway, Virginian Railway Co., Richmond. Elmer Ellsworth Brown, chancellor Kew York University, New York Charles McCru.nic, former Republican member of the West Virginia City. House. .John Cousens, president Tufts CollegE', Medford, l\Iass. W. I. Evans, president Florida Bar Association; Miami. Lincoln Cromwell, of William Iselin & Co., textiles; member board Edgar Watkins, former attorney for the Interstate Commerce Com­ of directors, Merchants Association of New York; New York City. mission ; .Atlanta, Ga. John G. Agar, lawyer; trustee, Mutual Life Insurance Co., Farmers E. Marvin U"nderwood, general counsel United States Railroad Ad­ Loan & Trust Co.; New York City. ministration, 1920 ; Atlanta. L'rederic Coudert, lawyer; director, Lincoln Safe De-posit Co., Na­ R. B. Caldwell, president Commercial Bank of Chester;. South Caro­ tional Surety Co.; New York City. lina. Allen W. Johnston, executive vice president Schenectady SaYings Mrs. Harrison B. Freeman, former president Women's Republican Club Bank, New York. of Hartford. Philip Jessup, former Assistant Solicitor in the Department of State, Mrs. Herbert Knox Smith, former president Connecticut League of now at the School of Law and J'urisprudence of Columbia Uniyersity, Women Voters; Hartford. New York City. Charles M. Andrews, Farnam professor of American History at Yale L. P. Alford, member of the executive board, American Society of University; former president American Historical Association; New Mechanical Engineers, New York City. Haven. Frank Wickersham, judge of the twelfth judicial district of Penn- H. F. Beebe, manager of the foreign department, Winchester Repeat- sylvania, Hat·rJsburg. ing Arms Co. ; New Haven. J'ames E. Allen, president Davis and Elkins College, West Virginia. Mrs. A. D. Warner, president Delaware League of Women Voters. J. Willis }[arlin, jud~e of the court of common pleas, Philadelphia. Walter Hullihen, president University of Delaware. Frank .Aydelotte, president Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania_ James Garfield, lawyer, Boston. Roland Morris, former chairman of the Pennsylvania State Demo­ Elizabeth Tilton, secretary of the National Congress o!. Parents and cratie Committee, former ambassador to .Japan, Philadelphia. Teachers ; Boston. .Tames B. Littlefield, lawyer, Providence. 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE Edwin Alderman, pt·esident University of Virginia. Mrs. A. Malone, president Alabama Federation of Women's Clubs. Mrs. W. F. Morehead, president Virginia Federation of Women's Frank McVey, president University of Kentucky; Lexin.,aton. Clubs. Harry B. Mackoy, attorney, Covington, Ky._ Joseph Walker, former Republican speaker of the l'llassachusetts House, Anna H. Settle, former president Louisville League of Women \oters. Boston. Charles J. Turck, president Cenh·e Col_lege; Danytlle, Ky. Mary Woolley, president Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley. John H. Overton, Alexandria, La. Hoscoe Pound, dean of the Harvard Law School, Cambridge. J. H. Kirkland, chancellor Vanderbilt University, .Nashville, Tenn. Samuel B. WoodwaJ:d, president Worcester County Institution for D. A. Simmons, judge; Houston, Tex. Savings, Worcester. W. I. Baker, mayor of Nacagdoches, Tex. Harry A. Garfield, president Williams College, Williamstown, Mass. J. 'V. Terry, lawyer, Galveston, Tex. Ellen Pendleton, president Wellesley College, Wellesley. Mrs. H. C. Burke, president Texas Division American .Association Everett Colby, lawyer, former member of t},le Republican National of University Women; Fort Worth. Committee, New York City. Charles E. Selecman, president Southern Methodist University; Dallas, Willis H. Flint, former mayor of Concord, N. H. Tex. E rnest M. Hopkins, president Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H. THE PRESS IN ~'HE EAST AND TilE SOUTH ITenry \V. Taft, lawyer; delegate to Republican national convention, William P. Simms, foreign editor on behalf of 26 Scripps-Howard 1!)24 ; former president New York City Bar Association, New York City. papers throughout the country; Washington, D. C. Col. Bdward M. House, New York City. F. Lauriston Bullard, chief editorial writer, The Boston Herald. Raymond Fosdick, trustee, Rockefeller Foundation, New York City. Melville E. Stone, counselor, Associated Press; New York City. :\Irs. Frank Vanderlip, former chairman New York League of Women Arthur M. Howe, editor Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Yoters; New York City. Frank E. Gannett, editor and publisher the Gannett Newspapers, F . F. Sharpless, consulting engineer; secretary American Institute .of New York State. Rochester Times Union, Utica Observer Dispatch, Mining and Metallurgical Engineers; New York City. Elmira Star-Gazette, Elmira Advertiser, Elmira Telegmm, Ithaca S tanley Rose, vice president American Safan Corporation; New York Journal-News, Newburgh News. City. Hewitt Howland, editor Century. Charles F. Abbott, professor of political science, Middlebury College, Willis S. Woods, editor Literary Digest. Vermont. George W. Potter, editor Providence Tribune, Rhode Island. D. B. Carroll, professor of political science, University of Vermont; E. Robert Stevenson, editor in chief the Republican-American, Burlington. Waterbury, Conn. Mrs. Yorke Allen, Board of Directors New Jersey League of Women George F. Booth, editor Telegram-Gazette., Worcester. Voters. · Albert 0. H. Grier, editor Every Evening, Wilmington, Dl:'l. Calvin Rice, secretary American Society of Mechanical Engineers; William Baker, editor Syracuse Post-Standard, New York. New York City. Henry Goddard Leach, editor The Forum, New York City. "Virginia C. Gildersleeve, dean Barnard College; New York City. Robert W. Bingham, editor and publisher the Courier-Journal, Henry Jessup, lawyer, New York City. Louisville. Frank H. Sommer, dean law school, New York University; New York Wade Harris, editor Observer, Charlotte, N. C. City. Meh·llle F. Ferguson, editor Philadelphia Record. Frederick Gillmore, mayor of Utica, N. Y. Edward J. Lynett, editor and publisher Scranton Times, Pennsylvania. Willis K. Gillette, judge in the county court; Rochester, N. Y. Douglas Freeman, editor Richmond News Leader, Virginia. George Davis, president Hunter College; New York City. H. C. Ogden, editor Wheeling Intelligencer, West Vil•ginia. Erskine C. Rogers, judge Washington County court; Hudson Falls, Camden S. Taney, editor Wheeling Register, West Virginia. N.Y. J. Wisner Thorne, editor Sunday Call, Kewark, N. J. 1\lrs. Harvey W. Harmer, pre ident West Virginia Association of Uni- Clnrk Rowen, editor .Atlanta Constitution, Georgia. versity Women. Erwin Craighead, editor and vice president Mobile Registe1·, Alabama. Mrs. Fannie Fern Andrews, former president Boston Association of Paul B. Williams, editor Utica Daily Press, New York. University Women; executive secretary American School Citizenship Harold D. Jacobs, editor Baltimore Post. League ; Boston. E. D. Lambright, editor Tampa Morning Tribune, Florhla. Julian Park, dean Univer ity of Buffalo. R. F. Wormwood, editor Biddeford Journal, Maine. Kerr D. Macmillan, president Wells College; ..lurora, N. Y. Christian Herter, editor the Independent, Boston. Mrs. William Pratt Grabam, president New York State Division of Arthur J. Sinnott, editor Newark Evening News. American Association of University Women. Thomas J. Hamilton, editor the Chronicle, Augusta, Ga. Thomas Raeburn White, attorney; president Philadelphia Forum ; J. Logan Clevenger, editor Perth Amboy Evening News, .New J t> rsey. rltilndelphia. Harold B. Johnson, president and editor Watertown Daily· Times, nouert P. Esty, attorney; member American Society of International New York. Law; Philadelphia. George S. Crandall, editor Elmira Star-Gazette, New York. Mr . Lucretia L. Blankenburg, former vice president, General Feder­ Gorton V. Carruth, editor the Waterbury Republican, Connecticut. ation of Women's Clubs; Philadelphia. W. C. Chilton, editor the Gazette, Charleston, W. Va. Marion Edwards Park, president Bryn Mawr College; Pennsylvania. Walter H. Main, editor Union Star, Schenectady, N. Y. n. T. Irvine, member of the Virginia State Democratic Committee; Walter Wood, editor the American, Waterbury, Conn. Big Stone Gap, Va. Santford Martin, editor Journal, Winston-Salem, N. C. Gl'orge w. Lutz, director Security Trust Co.; former president Wheel­ R. Cbarleton Wright, editor Columbia Record, South Carolina. ing Doard of Trade; Wheeling, W. Va. William Geppert, editor Telegram, Clarksburg, W. Ya. Thelma J. Browne, president Virginia Association of University C. B. Gillespie, editor Houston Chronicle, Texas. Women. R. 0. Bardsdale, editor News Reporter, Washington, Ga. J. P. Frey, secretary-treasurer of the metal trades department of the Desha Breckinridge, publisher Lexington Herald, Kenhtcky. .American Federation of Labor; Washington, D. C. Frederick Sullens, editor News. Jackson, Miss. c. D. Terrell, former city manager ; Brunswick, Ga. T. W. Wallace, chief of the editorial staff of the Louisvme Times, llelen Woodsmall Eldrellge, president Tennessee Association of Uni­ Kentucky. versity Women; western Tennessee vice presidE-nt National League of James H. Skewes, editor Meridian Star, Meridian, Miss. Aml'rican Pen Women. Augustus E. Willson, former Republican Governor of Kentucky; dele­ THE MIDDLE WEST A:ND THE WEST gati' to six national Republican conventions; Louisville. Theodore Christianson, Republican, Governor of 1\Iinnesota. Huston Quinn, vice president Louisville Trust Co. ; former Repub­ William G. Mather, president Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co., Lake Superior lican mayor of Louisville. & Ishpeming Railway Co. ; director, Union Trust Co., Guardian Trust Ho"'an Yunc ~ y. mayor, Lexington, Ky. Co. ; chairman of the board of the Otis Steel Co. ; Cleveland. W. 0. Hart, member of the State bar examining board for three Royal A. Stone, associate justice of the supreme court of 1\Iinnesota. t <'. rm ~ ; treasurer, Commercial Law League of America; New Orleans. Hugh R. Ennis, former president National Association of lleal Estate llubert Fisher, former U. S. attorney for western district of Ten­ Boards; delegate to last Republican National Convention : Kansas nessee ; now a Member of the United States House of Representatives; City, Mo. 1\Iempbis. Joseph H. Defrees, president Windermere Co. ; former president Bolton Smith, investment banker, Memphis. Chamber of Commerce of the United States; member, President's Thomas H. Franklin, nttorney, San Antonio, Tex. conference on unemployment, 1921 ; Chicago. R. T. Moore, chairman of board Commercial National Bank of Shre.ve­ Sumner T. McKnight, p1•esident Produce State Bank: treasurer port. La. Minnesota Republican campaign, 1924; Minneapolis. Sprig!Jt Dowell, president Alabama Polytechnic Institute, .Aubum; John M. Cameron, former president Chicago Bar Association. former State superintendent of education. Clyde L. Herring, president Herring Motor Co., Des Moines. 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-8EN.A.TE fl953 Charles H. Carey, fornrer vice president American Bar Association; Mrs. Edward Hammett, president Wisconsin Federation of Women's former president State League of Republican Clubs; former delegate to Clubs. Republican National Convention; former member of the Republican E. J. Wallace, president Midwest Retail Coal Dealers' Association, . National Committee; Portland, Oreg. St. Louis. Carl Gunderson, former Republican Governor of South Dakota, Donald J. Cowling, president Carleton College, Northfield, Minn. Pierre. Mrs. Willard Bayliss, president Minnesota "Federation of Women's Newton Baker, former Secretary of War, Cleveland. Clubs. · Samuel Mather, director United States Steel Corporation, Cleveland. Edwin D. Dickinson, dean of the law school, University of Michigan. J. H. Puelicher, president Marshall and Ilsley Bank, Milwaukee. Ann Arbor. Evans Woollen, president Fletcher Savings & Trust Co., Indianapolis. Kenyon Butterfield, president l\lichigan State College of Agriculture; E. L. Carpenter, president Shevlin, Carpenter & Clarke Co. (lumber former president Association of American Agricultural Colleges, presi· manufacturers) ; director First National Bank, Northwestern National dent New England Association of Federal-State colleges and Uni· Life Insurance Co. ; Minneapolis. versities ; East Lansing, Mich. Clifford L. Hilton, attorney general of Minnesota. Edward Dimnent, president Thompson Furniture Co. ; vice president Mrs. Margaret Hill McCarter, vice president Women's Republican First State Bank ; president Hope College : Holland, Mich. Committee of Kansas, 1920; Topeka, Kans. Mrs. E. F. Hitchner, preside.nt Idaho Federation of Women's Clubs. John W. Spencer, former chief justice of the supreme court of Burr W. Jones, judge of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin, Madison. Indiana, E\ansville. Barton L. Parker, member International Law Association, Green Brig. Gen. Roy Hoffman, Oklahoma City. Bay, Wis. Euclid B. Rogers, member of the Illinois House of Representatives, James Wallace, president Macalester College, St. Paul. Springfield. J. A. James, dean of the graduate school, Northwestern University, · Joseph II. Shea, former ambassador to Chile; former judge, Indiana Evanston, Ill. appellate court ; Indianapolis. Julien C. Monnet, dean of the law school, University of Oklahoma. John W. Boehne, former congressman; former mayor of Evansville; Gertrude S. Kingsland, president of the Wisconsin Association of director Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ; Evansville. University Women. William A. Pickens, president Indiana Bar Association. Henry Wriston, president Lawrence Cbllege, Appleton, Wis. Dale A. Griswold, chairman Republican committee of Polk County, Mrs. W. C. Bleyer, chairman of the Women's Legislative Council of Iowa. Wisconsin, Madison. Frederick F. Faville, judge of the supreme court of Iowa, Des Moines. Charles F. Thwing, president emeritus Western Reserve University, William Allen White, Emporia, Kans. Cleveland. Stephen H. Allen, former associate justice, supreme court of Kansas, · Edward S. Parsons, president Marietta College, Marietta, Ohio. Topeka. Carl W- Friebolin, judge, Cleveland. William A. Johnston, former attorney general of Kansas; chief justice A. E. Mallon, foreign manager Pillsbury Flour Mills Co., Minneapolis. of the supreme court of Kansas ; Topeka. William H. Eustis, former mayor of Minneapolis. Walter Dill Scott, president Northwestern University, Evanston and Thomas C. McRae, former Governor of Arkansas, Prescott. Chicago. George B. Rose, former president Arkansas Bar Association, Little Frank S. Dunshee, lawyer, Des Moines. Rock. Willis J. Spaulding, commissioner of public works, Springfield, Ill. William M. :Nelson, mayor of Hastings, Nebr. Mrs. C. J. Evans, president Kansas State League of Women Voters. David Y. Thomas, head of the department of history and political Richard F. Grant, former president Chamber of Commerce of the science, "Gniversity of Arkansas. United States; vice president M. A .. Hanna Co.; president Susquehanna Mrs. W. E. Minier, director elect Nebraska Federation of Women's Col~eries Co. ; Lytle Coal Co. ; VirglnJa Ore Mining Co. ; director Cleve­ Clubs. land Trust Co. ; former Republican member of Minnesota House of Rep­ Fred S. Berry, president Nebraska Bar Association. • resentatives; Cleveland. James N. Clarke, president Clarke-Buchanan Investment Co., Hast· Mrs. Kellogg· Fairbank, member of exeeutive committee of the Demo­ ings, Xebr. cratic National Committee; Chicago. Henry Mon ky, lawyer, Omaha, Nebr. Alfred Lucking, former Congres8ID.a.n; president Detroit Vancouver Mrs. Walter S. Brown, president of the Women's Republican Club of Timber Co. ; Detroit. Des :Moines. Jesse Siddall Reeves, delegate to First Pan American Conference at Tracy W. McGregor, president, Provident Loan & Trust Co., Detroit Rio de Janeiro; lecturer Academy of International Law at The Hague; Community Trust Co., Detroit. member Pan American Commission of Jurists for the Codification of Lawrence E. Armstrong, delegate to Republican National Conve.ntion, International Law; Ann Arbor, Mlch. 1924, Rawlins, Wyo. Lemuel S. Hillman, vice president Old National Co.; Grand Rapids, J. C. .Ainsworth, president United States National Bank, Portland, Mich. Oreg. Willard P. Hall, judge, Kansas City, Mo. Heber HIU'per, chancellor University of .Denvel', Colorado. J. Lionberger Davis, chairman of the board Security National Bank; Edward E. Ruby, dean Whitman College, Walla Walla, Wash. st_ Louis. Andrew Kingkade, president Oklahoma Farm Loan Co., Oklahoma Robert Bulkley, president Morris Plan Bank of Cleveland; Bulkley City. Building Co. ; Clevela.nd. C. C. Rogers, secretary grand lodge Free and Accepted Masons, State Silas El. Hurin, former judge Court of Appeals of Ohio ; Toledo. of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. Mrs. Charles R. Faben, president Ohio Association of University Mrs. Charles E. Maw, president Utah Federation of Women's Clubs. Women ; Toledo. Stephen B. L. Penrose, president Whitman College, Walla Walla, Elizabeth Andrews, retiling president Oklahoma Association of Uni- Wash. versity Women. • A. Vinje, chief justice Supreme Court of Wisconsin ; Madison. William Mee, president Secmity National Bank, Oklahoma City. John B. Sanborn, fDrmer member Wisconsin Board of Bar Examiners; 1\lrs. 0. H. Mack, Nevada Federation of Women's Clubs, Reno. Madison. Jackson Ralston, American agent and counsel in the Pious Fund Mark E. Penney, president James Milliken University; Decatur, Ill. Case, first case submitted by the United States to The Hague Court ot G. F. Kay, dean of the College of Liberal Arts, University of Iowa ; Arbitration; umpire in Venezuelan arbitrations; Palo Alto, Calif. Iowa City. Edward Dana Durand, engineer; appointed by Department of .State W. J. Jameson, jr., secretary of the Montana Bar Association; as t1 member of the Amerfca.n Delegatio.n to International Economic Billings. Conference at Geneva, 1927; member President's Aircraft Board, 1925 ; Julius Amberg, attorney, Grand Rapids, Mich. Stanford Uni>ersity, Calif. Eugene Richards, vice president Old National Bank, Grand Rapids, Arthur Hodges; former Republican mayor of Boise, Idaho. Mich. Joseph M. Dixon, former Republican Governor of Montana; former Henry l\I. Bates, dean of the law school, "Gniversity of Michigan, Republican Se.nator; Missoula, Mont. Ann Arbor. H. L. Myers, former United States Democratic Senator, Billings, Karl DeLaittre, president Civic and Commerce Association, of Min­ Mont. neapolis. J". J. Weeks, former State's attorney, Bottineau Cou.nty, N. Dak. Mrs. Thomas G. Winter, former president General Federation of Estes Snedecor, former president Rotary International; Portland, Women's Clubs (national), Minneapolis. Oreg. Everett Fraser, dean of the law school, University of Minnesota. Oswald West, former Democratic Governor of Oregon; Portland. Mrs. W. W. Remington, Women's Republican Club, <>f Minneapolis. Clare.nce Caldwell, former attorney general of South Dakota; Sioux Mrs. Evarts Graham, former president St. Louis League of Women Falls. ,Voters. Lafayette Hanchett, president Utah Power & Light Co.; vice presi­ Forrest C. Donnell, lawyer, St. Louis. dent National Copper Bank, Bakers Trust Co.; member of the Board 1954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE· JANUARY 24 of Directors of the United States Chamber of Commerce; Salt Lake The VICE PRESIDENT. The amendment will be stated. City, Utah. The CHIEF CLERK. On page 1, line 3, after the word "policy," George F. Christiansen, president Bank of Stevenson ; member of the insert the words " and the primary purpose," so as to read : Democratic National Committee; Stevenson, Wash. Mrs. G. N. Campbell, vice chairman Republican State Central Com­ That the policy and the primary purpose declared in section 1 of mittee for the State of -Washington ; Kalama. the merchant marine act, 1920, is hereby confirmed, etc. Mrs. Helen B. Bell, vice chairman Republican State Committee of The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, the amendment Colorado ; Denver. is agreed to. Chester H. Rowell, former chairman Republican State convention; Mr. J"Ol\T]JJS. In line 4, page 1, after the word "confirm.ed," member Republican National Campaign Committee; Berkeley, Calif. strike out the comma and~ insert a period, and strike out the Franklin W. 1\I. Cutcheon, directm- United States War Finance Cor­ balance of the section. poration, 1920; attorney; Santa Barbara, Calif. The VICE PRESIDENT. The amendment will be stated. !lfrs. George D. Meston, president Colorado branch of the American The CHIEF CLERK. On page 1, line 4, after the word "con­ Association of University Women. firmed," strike out the comma and insert a period, and sh·ike Evelyn NeVI'Illan, dean Colorado State Teachers' College, Greeley. out the remainder of the section in the following words : Melvin A. Brannon, chancellor University of Mantana. And the purpose of the United States to maintain permanently a John P. Meadows, mayor, Tularosa, N. Mex. merchant marine adequate for the proper growth and the foreign and William F. Woodward, member of the State legislature for 18 years, domestic commerce of the United States and for the national defense is Portland, Oreg. hereby reaffirmed. Gen. E. C. Bellows, former consul general to Yokohama, Japan, Los Angeles. The VICE PRESIDENT. ·without objection, the amendment David Starr Jordan, president emeritus Stanford University, Cali- is agreed to. fo.rnia. Mr. JONES. On page 3, line 11, there is an amendment pro-­ H. B. Mitchell, mayor of Great Falls, Mont. posed by the committee which we think is really not necessary, Thomas F. Kane, president University of North Dakota. but it is offered simply through an excess of caution. It is to 1\I. 0. Thompson, judge, Lisbon, N. Dak. insert after the word " repealed " the words " to the extent of Mrs. A. B. Fairbank, president South Dakota :Association of Univer­ any such inconsistency." sity Women. The VICE PRESIDENT. The amendment will be stated. Dr. G. G. Cottam, former member of the Republican National Com­ The CHIEF CLERK. On page 3, line 11, after the word " re­ mittee, Sioux Falls, S. Dak. pealed," insert the words "to the extent of any such incon­ 1\Irs. T. S. Taliaferro, past president Wyoming Federation of Women's sistency," so as to make the section read. Clubs. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act are hereby William Thomas, president Harvard Law School Association, San repealed to the extent of any such inconsistency. Francisco. The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, the amendment Mrs. Parker S. Maddux, member of the California Republican State is agreed to. central committee; president Republican Women's Federation of Cali­ 1\Ir. JONES. I think those are all the amendments that are fornia ; San Francisco. not controverted, and that is probably all we can do on the W. W. Campbell, president University of California. bill to-day. Ernest J. Jaqua, president Scripps College, Claremont, Calif. Mr. COPELAND. Mr. President, what did the Senator do Ray Lyman Wilbur, president Stanford University; special delegate about new section 2? Did he bring that up to-day? to Pan American conference this coming January. Mr. JONES. No; I did not. It is involved in the contro­ D. w. Standrod, civilian aide to Secretary of War, 1922; former versy. chairman Idaho Young Men's Republican League; Pocatello, Idaho. Mr. COPELAND. As I understand it, the first section '"lms Robert McNair Davis, dean College of Law, University of Idaho. been changed to read : Charles H. Clapp, president State University, Missoula, Mont. That the policy and the primary purpose declared in section 1 of Mrs. Foster Wolfe, State president American Association of Uni- the merchant marine act of 1920 is hereby confirmed. versity Women, Montana. Norris H. Nelson, Finley, N. Dak. Mr. JONES. Yes. Levi T. Pennington, president Pacific College, Newberg, Oreg. Mr. . COPELAND. What other matters did the Senator have Charles E. Lane, member of the Wyoming House, Cheyenne. acted on? Thomas Amory Lee, former commander of the American Legion, Mr. JONES. On page 3, line 11. That was really not neces· Topeka, Kans. sary, but the committee out of abundant caution put in those Mrs. Serena F. Mathews, president Washington Federation of Women's words. Clubs, Pullman. Mr. COPELAND. Then, also, section 5 is stricken out by the committee. THE PRESS IN THE MIDDLE WEST AND THE WEST Mr. J"ONES. We have not acted on that, because it is in­ Ralph W. Trueblood, editor Times Mirror, Los Angeles. volved in the other amendment. That leaves yet to be con id­ H. w. Brown, president Commercial Tribune, Cincinnati, Ohio. ered all the amendments which are in controversy. Grover Patterson, editor Toledo Blade, Ohio. Mr. COPELAND. Is it the purpose of the Senator to leave Charles E. Morris, publisher Canton Daily News, Ohio. the matter at this point to-day? W. N. Burlillardt, editor Daily News, San Francisco. Mr. JONES. I understand there is no Senator who wants Archie McCrea, editor Muskegon Chronicle, Michigan. to speak now. This is the first day the bill has really been Walter M. Harrison, editor Oklahoma City Times and Daily Okla- before the Senate, and I do not want to take advantage o! homan. anyone. A. M. Brayton, editor Wisconsin State Journal. Mr. WILLIS. Mr. President, while the Senator from New John Kline, president and editor Green Bay Gazette, Wisconsin. York [1\Ir. CoPELAND] is here, may I inquire if there is any Stephen Bolles, editor .Janesville Daily Gazette, Wisconsin. understanding as to when the bill is likely to be taken up again? J. D. Dean, editor Glendora Gleaner, California. I understand it is the unfinished business. D. K. Hoopes, editor Evening Republican, Mitchell, S. Dak. Mr. JONES. I understand we are going to have an adjourn· W. Ward, editor Ohio Star, Lima. ment to-day, so that it will come up to-morrow at 2 o'clock. I Ballard Dunn, editor Omaha Bee, Nebraska. hope that Senators will be prepared to go on with the bill. I Harvey Ingham, editor Des Moines Register Tribune, Iowa. would like to dispose of it just as soon as possible. I am going John H. Kelley, editor Sioux City Tribune, Iowa. to press it as earnestly as I can, without, of course, unduly THE MERCHANT MARINE pressing Senators. Mr. WILLIS. Will the Senator from New York be prepared The Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, resumed the con· to proceed with the discussion to-morrow? sideration of the bill (S. 744) to further develop an American Mr. COPELAND. Yes; I think I will. merchant marine, to assure its permanence in the transportation Mr. WILLIS. Then we can probably reach a final vote of the foreign trade of the United States, and for other pur­ before the end of the week. poses. Mr. JONES. I hope so. Mr. J"ONES. :Mr. President, I ask that we may adopt cer­ Mr. COPELAND. Does the Senator from Ohio contemplate tain amendments reported by the committee as to which I think that the Senator from New York will speak on the bill the there is no opposition. It is merely desired to perfect the bill remainder of the week? so far as we can. The first amendment to which I refer is Mr. WILLIS. He has such a large appreciation of the ability on line 3, page 1, after the word "policy," to insert the words and continuity and eloquence of the Senator from New York "and the primary pm·pose." that he hopes he would speak that longt anyhow. 1928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE _1955 Mr. COPELAND. It is ·only presidential candidates who HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES speak so long. Mr. FLETCHER. Mr. President, may I suggest to the Sena­ TUESDAY, January ~4, 1928 tor from Washington that we have had now an opportunity to discuss the matter quite fully, and I think we ought to make The Bouse met at 12 o'clock noon and was called to order by progre s with the bill and ought to have a vote on it some time the Speaker. The Chaplain, Rev. James Shera :Montgomery, D. D., offered this week. the following prayer : Mr. JOI\'ES. Oh, I think so. l\Ir. FLETCHER. I hope we shall not give unlimited time Holy Spirit, come and Uft up the toiler; come and clothe the to consider other matters. Of course, I agree with the Senator ragged ; come and heal the sick ; and come and feed the starv­ that we do not wish to crowd other Senators; but we must ing multitudes wherever they are found. May we bring our keep in mind that it is important to deal with this subject this offerings to the very doorway of that humanity for which the week because after that we shall have other measures here Saviour died. The richest, the wisest, and the greatest of men which may cause delay and we may get no action on the owe a debt to their fellows. 0 may we not leave duty to the pending bill. · tide of events or be reluctant in the discharge of our sacred Mr. JONES. I think we really ought to pass the bill in two obligations. Let the thought of a personal God, who watches or thre9 days. over u.s, become the cheering passion of our grateful souls. Mr. FLETCHER. We must get action on the pending meas­ May we welcome to the bosom of our country the President of ure at this session of Congress or it will be too late. that Free State across the seas. Lord God of Nations, bless Mr. COPELAND. Mr. President, so far as I am concerned, that people and give great success and prosperity to that land I shall not delay matters at all. I also wish to have a vote, of sunshine and lovers of freedom. Through Jesus Christ our and so what I have to say will not be intended to be obstructive Lord. Amen. but constructive, I trust, and it can be said briefly. 1\Ir. SMITH. Mr. President, I should like to say to the · The Journal of the proceedings of yesterday was read and Senator having the pending bill in charge that the question approved. was asked here to-day if any of our transcontinental railroad CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN NATIONAL LIVESTOCK ASSOCIATIO:'i lines have contracts with foreign steamship companies as to the Mr. HUDSPETH. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to interchange of freight. I recall that in 1921 a resolution went address the House for three minutes. from this body · asking for such contracts. I did not know The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of tbe whether or not there had been subsequent legislation looking gentleman from Texas? toward modifying in any way the rights and privileges of the There was no objection. railroad companies. I called up the Interstate Commerce Com· Mr. HUDSPETH. Mr. Speaker and gentlemen of the House, mission this afternoon and was informed that nothing had beeu I have an invitation here from one of the greatest organiza­ done since that time. That is as far as my information this tions in the world to meet in the greatest city in the United evening goes. I wish to submit some of tho e contracts to the States or, I might say, in the world; a communication from the Senate during the discussion of the pending bill, showing the American National Livestock Association through its able nature of the relations of certain of our transcontinental rail­ president, 1\fr. Brite, who lives in my district, in which be roads with foreign steamship lines. extends an invitation in behalf of the livestock men of the. Mr. JONES. Mr. President, I wi h the Senator from South West-extends to you, that is, the Congress of the United Carolina would ask the Interstate Commerce Commission if States, a cordial invitation to attend the annual convention of they know if any of ·those contracts are still in force. There the American Live tock Association, which convenes at El Paso has been no legislation in r·egard to the matter, and I under­ on January 25 to 27. I read : stand that all those conh·acts have been abrogated, though I am not sure about it. AMERICAN NATIONAL LIVESTOCK ASSOCIATION, Mr. SMITH. I asked that specific question, and requested OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT, the commission to send do-wn to-morrow, if possible, informa­ Jlarja, Tea:., January 15, 191!8. tion showing the extent of the contracts and the nature of those COXGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, still existing, and whether or not any new contracts had been House of Rept•es~mtattves, Washington, D. 0. entered into. GENTLEIIIE. : In behalf of the livestock men of the West I am ex­ Mr. JONES. Of course, the contract appears in the CoN· tending to you a cordial invitation to attend the annual convention of GRESSION.AL RECORD of a few years ago, and its character is the American National Livestock Association that convenes at El Paso, there shown. Tex., January 25 to 27, 1928. Your presence would be most highly appreciated, not only by the INVESTIGATION OF SINKING OF SUBMARINE " S-4 " cattlemen and the livestock interest at lar·ge but also by the splendid Mr. HALE. Mr. President, as I can not obtain the unanimous and hospitable citizenship of the city of El Paso, the gateway to our consent of the Senate to consider House Joint Resolution 131, sister Republic, Old Mexico. ~ providing for a commission to investigate and report upon the Very respectnllly, facts connected with the sinking of the submaririe S- .~. I there­ LUKE BRITE, fore give notice that I shall move to bring it up to-morrow President American National IAvestocl' Associati on. morning immediately after the close of the routine morning Now, gentlemen of the House, I want to say to my Republican business. friends this is a convention that covers a great deal of terri­ EXECUTIVE SESSION tory, a~d there will be delegates there from practically every · :\Ir. CURTIS. I move that the Senate proceed to the con­ State in the Union, including the Dominion of Canada and the sidel·ation of executive busine s. Republic of 1\Iexico. Many of you gentlemen will bave friends The motion was agreed to, and the Senate proceeded to the down there. and I have a surance in advance-and I am talking consideration of executi\e bu iness . . After five minutes spent ju. t this minute particularly to my friends on the left-hand in executive session the doors were reopened and (at 3 o'clock side-you will feel perfectly at home at this great conYention and 25 minutes .P· m.) the Senate adjotuned until to-morrow, which meets in my home city, probably much more at home Wednesday, .January 25, 1928, at 12 o'clock meridian. than if you attended another convention which is to meet in a little suburb of El Paso on Buffalo Bayou in June to nominate CONFIRMATIONS a candidate who • will be tlle next President of the United E:cecutive n01ninations confirmed by the Senate Janttary 24 State . [Laughter.] Of course, if you can come to the Ameri­ (legislative day ot Jm~:uary 23), 1928 can National Livestock Association meeting we will keep you AssoCIATE JusTICE SUPREME CoURT OF PoRTO Rico over there and properly entertain you at our expense until the June convention, and then take you down to the little city on Jacinto Texidor to be a sociate justice of the Supreme Court Buffalo Bayou, Houston, our next-door neighbor, and do our of Porto Rico. best to ee that you are properly entertained there. POSTMASTERS We will join in with my friends, Bishop DANIEL GARRETT and MISSISSIPPI Brother EuGE::VE BLAcK, whom I see over there from the .Alfred F. Cook, Leakesville. "Piney Woods," and Senator BLANTON I see before me. Oh, NOETH CAROL! ".A he will he down there, and be will make· you a little ~eech if you insist strong enough. [Laughter on both sides.] . .James A. Grogan, Spray. And also tl1e chaparral cock from the lower Rio Grande. PENNSYLVANIA JoHNNY G..uu.~m, will be there and do his bit. You know he Barry C. Best, Enon Valley. is our leader, and he leads you sometimes also; and there is ~ ·