R. Penninx J. Schoorl C. Van Praag the IMPACT OF
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28 R. Penninx J. Schoorl C. van Praag THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION ON RECEIVING COUNTRIES; THE CASE OF THE NETHERLANDS This series of monograph!, essays tnd selected article* on population sets out to disseminile results of demographic research with special emphasis on the Low Countries. Il is aimed at an international audience interested or involved in the study of population. NIDI CBGS Publications contain analyses of past, present »nd future demographic treads » well u their detenni (tanu and consequences. The character of the scries is tnurdisciplinary, comprising both formal demographic analyses gnd Staates in social, historical, and applied demography. Manuscripts ire selected on the basis of their scientific scope or significance for policy. NIDI CBGS Publierions THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION ON RECEIVING COUNTRIES: THE CASE OF THE NETHERLANDS Netherlands Social and Cultural Planning Office Interdisciplinary I D 1 Demographii N A J-' A Institute SlClP CICRED Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography I0M International Organization tor Migration THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION ON RECEIVING COUNTRIES: THE CASE OF THE NETHERLANDS Rinus Penninx Jeannette Schoorl Carlo van Praag SWETS & ZEITLINGER AMSTERDAM • LISSE • BERWYN, PA ACADEMIC PUBLISHING DIVISION^ NIDI CBGS Publications This series of monographs, essays and selected articles on population sets out to disseminate results of demographic research with special emphasis on the Low Countries. It is aimed at an international audience interested or involved in the study of population. NIDI CBGS Publications contain analyses of past, present and future demographic trends as well as determinants and consequences. The character of the series is interdisciplinary, comprising both formal demographic analyses and studies in social, historical, and applied demography. Manuscripts are selected on the basis of their scientific scope or significance for policy. Editorial Board Gijs Beets, Editorial Secretary, NIDI Robert Cliquet, Director CBGS Gilbert Dooghe, CBGS Herman van der Haegen, Flemish Demographic Society Jenny de Jong Gierveld, Director NIDI Anton Kuijsten, Netherlands Demographic Society Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Pubtication Data [applied for] Cip-gegevens Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag Penninx, Rinus The impact of international migration on receiving countries : the case of the Netherlands / Rinus Penninx, Jeannette Schoorl, Carlo van Praag. - Amsterdam [etc.] : Swets en Zeitlinger. -NIDI CBGS Publications, ISSN 0923-3512; vol. 28) Met lit. opg. ISBN 90-265-1344-5 NUGI601 Trefw.: migratie ; Nederland Cover design by Harmine Louwé - Studio Dumbar Technical editor: Joan Vrind, NIDI Printed in the Netherlands by Krips repro Meppel Copyright © 1993 Swets & Zeitlinger B.V., Amsterdam/Lisse All rights reserved. No par! of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN 90 265 1344 5 NUGI 601 PREFACE This report has been prepared within the framework of a series of national monographs on the impact of international migration on receiving countries, initiated jointly by the Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography (CICRED) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The project was launched in 1988 and extended over several years; ultimately, reports were prepared for twelve countries. Based on these reports, a comparative study will be published separately, compiled by the co- ordinator of the project, Leszek A. Kosinski, in co-operation with Léon Tabah, Chairman of CICRED, and Jean-Pierre Gonnot of the United Nations Population Division. Particularly during the last decade a host of data and studies on international migration and immigrant populations in the Netherlands have become available. By far the majority of these studies are in Dutch; since Hans van Amersfoort's study (1982) on "Immigration and the formation of minority groups: the Dutch experience, 1945-1975", and the 1979-report of the Scientific Council for Government Policy, "Ethnic Minorities", no state of the art studies have been published on this topic in a foreign language. The authors estimate that such a more up to date publication will meet an audience and may facilitate international comparative studies in this field. The report combines both the demographic and the socio-economic, cultural and political impacts of migration on Dutch society. Part I, dealing with the demographic impact of immigration, is based on work carried out for the Working Group on the Demographic Aspects of Immigrant Populations, an international working group initiated by NIDI under the auspices of the European Association for Population Studies (EAPS). We thank IOM and CICRED for their stimulating initiative. Furthermore, we thank the Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics which made material available as much as we have asked and NCBS could supply. Thanks also to NIDI, The Hague, the Department of Social Methodology of the Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, and the Social and Cultural Planning Office, Rijswijk, for providing time of the authors, facilities, and funds for publication. The following persons have contributed significantly in the logistics of preparing the manuscript: Michael Wintle and Angie Pleit-Kuiper, the latter of NIDI, by screening drafts of the manuscript on correctness and fluency in English; Tonny Nieuwstraten-Prins of NIDI and Yolande Dorst for typing and correcting the manuscript; Joan Vrind of NIDI for contributing to the final lay- out of the publication. Rinus Penninx Jeannette Schoorl Carlo van Praag Amsterdam/The Hague/Rijswijk TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface v Introduction 1 PART I: Immigration and immigrant populations in the Netherlands ... 5 1. Introduction: the Netherlands as an immigration country 7 2. International migration: current trends and patterns 17 2.1. Size and composition of the immigrant population 17 2.1.1. Size 17 2.1.2. Composition 23 2.1.3. Geographical distribution 32 2.2. Immigration 33 2.2.1. Policies 33 2.2.2. Size and composition 36 2.3. Emigration 47 2.3.1. Policies 47 2.3.2. Size and composition 50 3. The demographic impact of immigration 61 3.1. Nuptiality 61 3.2. Fertility 66 3.3. Mortality 82 3.4. Changes of nationality 84 3.4.1. Naturalization policies 84 3.4.2. Size and composition 86 3.5. Population change 90 PART II: The position of immigrants and ethnic minorities in Dutch society 99 4. A framework for analysis 101 4.1. Introduction 101 4.2. The development of social-scientific research on immigrants 102 4.3. An analytical framework: concepts and definitions 104 4.3.1. The social versus the ethno-cultural position . 104 4.3.2. Minority-group formation versus emancipation . 106 4.3.3. Acquired versus allocated positions 108 4.3.4. Levels of analysis and a heuristic model 109 5. The social position of immigrants Ill 5.1. Introduction Ill 5.2. Labour, income and social security Ill 5.2.1. Unemployment, employment and sources of income Ill 5.2.2. The position of those in employment 119 5.2.3. Analysis of the labour-market situation of immigrants 126 5.3. Immigrants and education 130 5.3.1. The level of education of adults 130 5.3.2. Education of immigrant children 132 5.3.3. Analysis and interpretation of findings 137 5.4. Housing 141 5.4.1. Housing as an issue in government policy .... 141 5.4.2. Minorities and their housing history 142 5.4.3. Minorities and their housing situation 145 5.4.4. Housing policy 153 5.4.5. Concentration and segregation 155 6. The ethno-cultural position of immigrants 159 6.1. Introduction 159 6.2. General governmental and institutional policies 160 6.2.1. Policies before 1980 160 6.2.2. Policies after 1980 161 6.3. Political mobilization against immigrants 172 6.4. Mass media and collective images of immigrants 175 6.5. Attitudes of individual Dutch people 175 6.6. Immigrant organizations 176 6.7. Political mobilization of immigrants 180 6.8. Attitudes and orientations of individual immigrants 182 6.9. Inter-ethnic relations in residential areas 185 7. The position of immigrants: conclusions 189 7.1. General conclusions 189 7.1.1. Summary and conclusions relating to the social position of immigrants 189 7.1.2. Summary and conclusions relating to the ethno-cultural position of immigrants 193 7.2. Minority-group formation or emancipation? 195 PART III: The impact of migration on the Netherlands 199 8. Conclusions 201 8.1. The impact of immigration 201 8.2. The demographic impact 202 8.3. The economic impact 206 8.4. The cultural impact 210 8.5. The political impact 214 References 217 Appendix 1: Data sources 235 Appendix 2: List of terms 239 INTRODUCTION Although it is only gradually and grudgingly being admitted by the Dutch government, the Netherlands has in fact been an immigration country for most of the years since the Second World War. Until quite recently, the rates of immigration have been lower than in most other West European countries, but in the last few years the Dutch rates have overtaken those of several other countries. As a result, the immigrant population has grown significantly and continuously over the years. The number of foreign-born inhabitants and their immediate descendants is estimated at 2.2 million in 1990 (IS percent of the total population). However, this figure is not a very meaningful one because it includes many Dutchmen, in either the legal or the ethnic sense or both, who have simply returned to their home country. This is partly compensated for by the fact that as many as 600,000 Dutchmen live abroad at any given moment, and in the first two decades after the Second World War the Netherlands supplied great numbers of emigrants to countries like Canada, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. From the viewpoint of an external observer, both the factual information and the terminology relating to the immigration process and to the immigrant populations are often confusing.