Columbia River and Tributaries

Home , Blaeberry River, Illecillewaet River, Nelson Range, Pert (sidewheeler), Rocky Mountain Trench

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REVIEW REPORT ON COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES

APPENDIX A COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN CANADA

Prepared by SEATTLE DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS October 1, 1948

347

CONTENTS

Chapter I-Introduction: Page Scope of report ------..---....------. 3.51 Treaties ------351 Acknowledgments------353 Chapter II-General Data: Geography and locations ------354 General topography-.------354 Streams ------357 Clark Fork-Pend Oreille River ..-.------357 Kootenay River---.------359 Columbia River ------363

Kettle River ---.------.. -----.. ----- ..- 365 Okanagan River-, ------365 Geology------368 Soils and cover------. 369 Climate------370 General ------370 Records ------371 Storms ------373 Hydrology ------...... -373 General.------.------.--. 373 Records ---.------.----...... --.....------374 Surface-water supply -.------.------... 374 Ground-water supply -.--, ------, - -377 Flood history and character---,------,. -377 Water rights ..-.------...... ---.378.. .. Chapter III-Economic development: Population ----379 Resources and industries------381 Agriculture ------..-.- --- .------381 Forestry-,------383 Minerals and miring, 384 Manufacturing 388 Power ------.---.------. 389 Recreation, fish and wildlife ------390 Transportation and commerce---.------..-- 390 Railroads ------.------391 Highways ...-....------.--., 392 Airways ------392 Navigation ------..------.- .------.----- .- 392 Chapter IV-Problems: General ------.------...--- - 393

Flood control ------. 393 Fish conservation------394 Stream pollution ------.----- .- ..-- 394 Irrigation ------,,--..-----...... 394 Power development ------..- 394 Chapter V-Potential development: Existing storage------395 Potential storage ------^------395 Columbia .-----,--,--.------River, main stem------396 Kootenay River ------397 Clark Fork-Pend Oreille River------397 Kettle River------397 Similkameen River------398 Effects in the United States------400 ------402

Conclusion..------..------402 Summary-. 349 350 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES TABLES No. Title Page 1. Lakes of the Columbia River Basin in Canada ...... ------... 357 2. Tributary rivers and watershed areas of the upper Columbia River..- 358 3. Stream data ------..- ....366 4. Stream slopes and elevations ------3------...--. 367 5. Relative.humidity data. ------371 6. Summary of climatological data------...... 372 7 Mean monthltl, nd annual precipitation and temperature data--... 373 8. Summary of stream-flow data .------.---.--- .-...--.-A --.. 375 9. Mean monthly stream-flow data ------376 10. Population and activities of the principal cities of Columbia Basin in

British Columbia -----.---.....---- - 380 11 TIimber out--by species in British Columbia------.------384 12 Tiilber outt-by land status, Nelson and K(amlooos districts..,..- ._ 384 13 Value of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc produced by divisions in British Columbia ------...... - 385 14 Quantity and value of minerals produced in British Columbia- -..- 386 15. Mineral production in basin ------.. 386 16. Returns to mining investors------..-...... 387 17 IIEmployees a1nd costs of mining industry, British Columbia ..-._--_.-- 387 18. Data on manufacturing establishment s ------. 389 19. Water-power development ------_---.----..---...... ----..-- ...... _--___- ..----.389 20. Potential storage sites in Canada ----.------.- .._-.399 21. Effects of various combinations of storage on dependable flow: A. At Grand Coulee D)amI------.....------400

B. At McNary Dam --...------... -- . ..--_ . 400 PLATF` (After p. 403) No. Title 1. Basin map. 2. Profile. 3. Isohyetal map. 4-5. Kootenay Rtiver hydrograph at Glade, British Columbia. 6-7. Columbia River hydrograph at Birchbank, British Columbia. 8. Runoff map. 9. Stream-flow characteristics. 10, Stream-flow hydrographs and storage yield curves. APPENDIX A-COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN CANADA

CHAPTER I--INTRODUCTION. SCOPE OF REPORT 1, No report of a comprehensive nature on the development of the water resources of the Columbia River Basin in the United States would be complete without consideration being given to the large portion of the drainage area of the river in Canada and the large runoff from that area. Consideration also should be given to the economic development in the Canadian portion of the basin, particu- larly in those areas near the international boundary wherein problems may arise from' developments near the boundary. Because of the importance of these considerations, the presentation in some detail of certain data in a separate appendix was believed necessary for the following reasons: (a), The geography, topography, and climate are important factors in estimating the probable runoff in the various international streams and their tributaries. (b) The location, annual and seasonal runoff, and general character of the more important streams are likewise important in estimating the quantity and character of their probable runoff. (c) A knowledge of the economic development of this portion of Columbia River Basin is of prime importance to any long-range planning program involving the exploitation of its water resources in either country. Presentation of these data is believed conservative. (d) The discussion at this time of existing and potential storage in Canada is undertaken only because some estimate as to its probable quantity, location, and rate of discharge is necessary in the consideration of long-range plans for developments downstream. No attempt has been made to evaluate the benefits that would accrue either directly or indirectly to Canada from development of storage in that country. While these would be real and of great magnitude, their realization and proper evaluation is dependent upon many factors, the determi- nation of which is a prerogative of Canada and beyond the scope of this report. Similarly, the brief discussion of some of the existing problems in Canada is undertaken not to point out their obvious existence and importance but rather to mention only those of mutual interest where united action of both countries might provide their best and most satisfactory solution. TREATIES 2. "The international problems of water use within the Columbia River Basin are subject to the provisions of two treaties between the Government of the United States and that of Great Britain on behalf of Canada which date from 1846 and 1909." 1 I Preliminary Report to the International Joint Commission by the International Columbia River Engi. neering Board, Oct. 1, 194, par. 1-02, p. 1. 351 352 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES The Treaty of Washington, 1846, defines the boundary between the two countries west of the Rocky Mountains and provides navigational privileges to all British subjects on the Columbia and the great northern branch of the Columbia River from the forty-ninth parallel to the ocean, on the same footing as citizens of the United States. 3. The International Joint Commission was created by the treaty of January 11, 1909, between the United States and Great Britain. Under article 3 of this treaty, both parties agree to the establishment and maintenance of this Commission, to be composed. of six commis- sioners; three commissions from the United States, appointed by the President; and three on the part of the United Kingdom, appointed by His Majesty on the recommendation of the Governor in Council of the Dominion of Canada. This Commission has authority to deal with a wide variety of situations that may arise between the nationals or the Governments themselves. 4. First, it becomes a final court for settlement of all questions involving use or diversion of boundary waters, of rivers flowing from boundary waters or of rivers flowing across the boundary as defined in the treaty and agreed upon in articles 3 and 4-all according to certain procedures as set up in article 8 thereof. 5. Second, the Commission acts as an administrative body, under article 6 of the treaty, responsible for the measurement and division of the waters of two minor international streams, the St. Mary and Milk Rivers, between the farmers of Alberta and Montana. 6. Third, the Commission may function as an investigatory body for other classes of cases not specifically covered by articles 3 or 4, such as water-pollution problems, damage from smelter fumes, the St. Lawrence deep waterway, or any other questions or matters of difference arising between them along the common frontier. This function of the Commission is outlined in article 9 of the treaty, under which it is authorized to examine into and report upon the facts and circumstances involved, making its report and recommendations back to the two Govibrnments, thus ending its responsibility in the matter. 7. Fourth, the Commission is given the responsibility and authority, under article 10 of the treaty, as a court of final jurisdiction, to adjudicate "any questions or matters of difference arising between the High Contracting Parties * * * either in relation to each other or to their respective inhabitants," that may be referred to it by the consent of the two parties.1 Its conclusions and recommendations are subject only to the restrictions or exceptions that may be imposed by the terms of the reference under this article, and "a majority of the Commission shall have power to render a decision or finding upon any of the questions or matters so referred" (ibid). This article 10, in reality, makes the Commission a tribunal for the peaceful settlement of any problems or disputes between the two countries that cannot otherwise be dissolved and also sets up the procedure for the selection of an umpire to render a final decision in case the Commission is unable to arrive at a decision on a reference under this article. 8. The most significant features of this treaty may be briefly summarized as follows: (a) The fact that two sovereign powers trans- ferred to a common international tribunal a measure of their sover- eignty. (b) The fact that two sovereignties, differing so greatly in power, agree to such an arrangement upon absolutely equal terms with I Treaty between United States and Great Britain, art. X. COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 353 each other. (c) The unique provision (under art. 2) whereby a citizen of one nation is permitted the same legal remedies against a citizen of the adjoining country, in the courts of the latter, for damages caused by actions of his neighbor, but suffered in his own country, as through the injury took place in the same country where the acts were committed. (d) This treaty prescribes the order &f precedence for the use of boundary waters and waters flowing across the boundary, and no use shall be permitted that tends materially to conflict with or restrain any other use that is given preference over it in this order (art. 8): (1) Uses for domestic and sanitary purposes; 2) Uses for navigation, including the service of canals for the purposes of navigation; (3) Uses for power and for irrigation purposes. 9. This Commission has functioned effectually since its first organizational meeting in 1912, solving and resolving many problems and disputes referred to it. Some of these references have come from the Columbia River Basin, which is the subject of this report, and one reference regarding this basin is still pending before the Commission. (See par. 10.) There are also several applications pending before the Commission. The Commission has established, at various times and for various projects, an International Board of Engineers, responsible to the Commission and charged with specific duties. One such Board was appointed in Washington, D. C., April 4, 1944, designated as "The International Columbia River Engineering Board." The functions of this Board are to assist the Commission, by studies and investigations, in obtaining data necessary for the Commission to properly discharge the above-mentioned pending reference under date of March 9, 1944, by the two Governments. 10. Briefly, this reference under article 9 of the treaty was for an exhaustive study of the water resources of the Columbia River system to determine if more beneficial uses thereof could and should be made for (a) domestic water supply and sanitation, (b) navigation, (o) effi- cient development of water power, (d) the control of floods, (e) the needs of irrigation, (f) reclamation of wet lands, (.g) conservation of fish and wildlife, and (h) other beneficial public purposes. These studies would include estimates of costs damages, and benefits of any projects they consider desirable, as well as how the same should be apportioned and also report on existing works in the basin if germane to the subject under consideration. Numerous investigations and minor projects have already been undertaken by various governmental and private organizations in both countries as a result of this reference, and a great many mutual benefits will undoubtedly result from the findings presented at its conclusion. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 11. Liberal use of data contained in many publications of Provincial agencies and governmental agencies of both countries has been made in preparation of this appendix. In addition to those listed in the bibliography, appendix R, the following Canadian publications were especially helpful: British Columbia Department of Agriculture, various circulars and reports British Columbia Department of Labor Annual Report for 1945 354 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES British Coltumbia Department of Lands and Forests, Report of the Forest Service (1945) British Columbia Minister of Mines, Annual Report for 1946 British Columbia Department of Finance, A Review of Resources, Production and (ovcrnmental Finances, seventh edition, May 1, 1947 CHAPTER II-GENERAL DATA GEOGRAPHY AND LOCATION 12. That part of the Columbia River Basin in British Columbia, Canada, may be described as a triangular area on the Pacific-slope si(le of the North American cordillera, whose base extends along the international boundary a distance of approximately 276 miles from the vicinity of Akamina Pass, in the Rocky Mountains on the cast, to a point near Firosty Mountain, in the Cascade Range on the west. The apex of this triangle is in Mount Robson Provincial Park in the Rocky Mountains, 270 miles to the north. (Water drains from this apex north an(l east into the Arctic Ocean; northwest, west, and south into the Pacific Ocean.) The easterly side of this triangle is the Continental Divide along the Rocky Mountain system and is also the boundary line between Alberta and British Columbia. The westerly si(le of this triangle is a more irregular line separating the drainage of the Columbia River system from that of the Fraser River system. The subbasin contains 39,500 square miles; lies within the Rocky, Purcell, and Selkirk Mountain divisionss of the cordillera; is bounded on the north and west by the Fraser Plateau; on tlhe south by the artificial line of the international boundary, alnd on the east by the frontal ranges (f tle Rocky Mountains, which descent rapidly to tile east, to thle p)laills of Alberta. The general location and important feat ulres of tlls aret aire shown oil the basin lmat) (plate 1). GENEtAL'TOl)OGltA PItYY 13. T1le easterly two-thiirlds of the Canadian watershed(l is occtupied sl(ccessively by tlie Itocky NMountain system, the Selkirk-liurccll mountain system an(d tlie Monalllshee M¥tountains, with their separating valleys. 1The Rocky Mountainls are generally a series o.f nortlh- nortlhwest-tIrcn(linLg ranges in linear, echelon arrangement, occasionally offsetting to theC west ias thely progress northweste(rly.I Tlhe topography of tl(esn ranges is bo)l and( rugged(. MIany peaks between 10,000 andl 12,000 feet in elevation have large snow fields and per- petual glaciers draped( around their summits. Tihe ranges are separated by wide, sleepp (Ie)prssions containing streams which, with their tributaries, resemble a trellis in pattern. The Continental Divide follows first one and then another of the more prominent ranges and connecting saddles or passes of this system. Tlie supporting minor ranges to tlhe west are not so high or rugged as the Divide, generally not exceeding 8,500 feet in elevation. Typical ranges of this group are, from south to north, the MacDonald, Hughes, Stanford, Brisco, Mitchell, and Vermilion. Flathead River, tributary of the Clark Fork, flowing south, drains ,the most southeasterly intermontane valley between the Lewis and Livingstone Ranges on the cast and minor Whitefish and MacDonald Ranges on the west. The extension of this valley to the north is drained by Elk River, a tributary of the Koote- COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 355 nay. The headwaters of Kootenay River drain a similar valley between prominent ridges of the Rocky Mountain system. (See plate 1.) These typical intermontane streams flow in comparatively broad, flat valleys as they progress longitudinally; but they change immediately into narrow, steep-sided valleys or canyons where they turn to break through these ranges. Their gradients then become greater, often with rapids and falls, especially near their entrances to the major valleys. This is a characteristic pattern for most of the rivers of this basin. These mountains are wooded wherever there is sufficient soil and the altitude is not too high, the timber line being generally at about elevation 7,500 feet. Tile forests on the western slopes of the mountains are much denser than those on the eastern slopes. 14. The great Rocky Mountain Trench is one of the most unusual topographic features of this entire region. This trench, and the Purcell and Selkirk Trenches, which are branches from it, are the controlling features in the drainage pattern. The Rocky Mountain Trench lies westward of and parallel with the Rocky Mountain chain, separating it from the Selkirk and Purcell Mountain Ranges. It is an extensive depression extending 1,000 miles from the Yukon River system in the north to include tihe valley of the Bitterroot-River in Montana in the south. It varies in width from 2 to 20 miles, the widest portion being just north of Cranbrook. Here it is an expanse of open meadows dotted with lakes, and Kootenay River meanders through it. The valley gradually narrows, north from Columbia Lake, but with these same parklike characteristics to Surprise Rapids on the Columbia River, where the gradient increases rapidly an(l the valley narrows to a widltth of about 2 miles. The elevation of the trench floor in the Columbia Basin in Canada varies from about 1,950 feet near the Big Bend at Boat Encampment to approximately 2,800 feet at thle divide near Valemount to the north. The trench is occupied in this basin from north to south by the southerly flowing Canoe River, the northwesterly flowing Columbia from Columbia Lake to Boat Encampment, and by the southerly flowing Kootenay from Canal Flats to the international boundary. As a rule, tle sides of the trench rise rapidly from the bottom lands, which rarely exceed a mile in width, to heights of 200 or 300 feet, then extend back to the mountains in a series of gently sloping benches, broken by stream gulches or ridges. This valley is fairly well timbered, but has some stretches covered with sagebrush, chiefly on the upper benches along the eastern side where moisture is deficient. 15. The Purcell Trench diverges from the Rocky Mountain Trench by an acute angle at the mouth of Beaver River. This trench separates the Purcell Mountains from the main Selkirk system. It is occupied by the north-flowing Beaver River, the south-flowing Duncan River and Kootenay Lake an(d River. The valley narrows at Koot- enay Lake, which is closely bordered by mountains rising steeply from the lake shores to heights of 6,000 feet or more. The original Purcell Trench probably was eroded in Tertiary times by a stream flowing south. This valley was later widened an(l deepened by the great cordilleran glaciers of Pleistocene times, excavating the main valley below the level of its tributary streams. 16. The Selkirk Valley, or Trench, diverges from the Rocky Moun- tain Trench by a sharp angle at the "Big Bend" in the Columbia River 356 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES where it cuts through the mountains between Hallam Peak and Mount Chapman. The trench strikes nearly due south and contains that portion of Columbia River in Canada which flows south, together with Upper and Lower Arrow Lakes. Columbia River has eroded a rather narrow, steep-sided channel in the glacial till occupying the floor of the trench. The watershed is very narrow, and the tributary streams are small with the exception of Illecillewaet River, which drains a rather large area around Glacier National Park in Canada. Upper and Lower Arrow Lakes, which with the connecting waterway occupy the trench for more than 100 miles, have rather uniform widths of about 2% miles and 1% miles, respectively. The surrounding ground generally rises steeply from the river or lake edges to benches that vary in height above the water from 200 to 600 feet. These benches then rise slowly to the bases of the surrounding mountains and vary greatly in width from a few feet to a mile or more. 17. The Purcell, Selkirk, and Monashee Mountains form three principal ranges in the basin and occupy most of the area between the riascr Plateau on the west and the Rocky Mountain Trench on the cast. Elevations in the Purcells, which parallel the Rocky Mountain Trench on the west, are generally below timber line and the slopes are well forested. A few peaks, ranging from 10,000 to 11,342 feet in elevation and supporting extensive snow fields and glaciers, are found in the area west of Columbia and Windermere Lakes. The Selkirks, which occupy the area west of the Purcell Trench, include wide plateau areas, but to the north they rise to massive, snow-covered peaks exceeding 11,000 feet in elevation. The Monashees mark the northern portion of the west boundary of the basin. They are less lofty than the ranges to the east, their highest peak reaching elevation 9,500. Most of their area is below the timber line and is well forested. 18. The westerly portion of the Columbia River Basin in Canada is the southerly end of the Fraser Plateau system. This plateau area is 100 miles vwide near the international boundary where it joins the Columbia Basin lava plateau, and it widens to the north. The mean elevation is 3,500 feet, at the south end, the plateau sloping gently to the northward for a distance of 500 miles to an average elevation of 2,500-feet at north latitude 53° 30', with occasional peaks rising from minor ridges to elevations ranging between 6,200 and 7,500 feet. The Columbia Basin portion of this plateau is drained by the Kettle and Okanagan River systems flowing south in deeply cut valleys that increase in depth to the south. There are several lakes in these valleys, of which Okanagan is the largest and most important. 19. The lakes in this basin are numerous; and many cover considerable areas, playing an important economic role as links in the over-all transportation system. As they occupy portions of glaciated valleys, many of them are deep, long, and narrow-characteristics of lakes created by glaciation. The storage in these natural reservoirs, which occupy more than 1.5 percent of the area of the Canadian portion of the basin, is very effective in regulating the flow of the river systems. Data on the larger and more important lakes in the basin are shown in table 1. Table: Table 1.--Lakes of the Columbia River Basin in Canada

COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 357 TABLE 1.-Lakes of the Columbia River Basin in Canada Average Area Name Stream Elevation Length width (miles) (miles)miles)(square

Kootenay ....- ...... --- K-.Kootenay------.------1,745 66 3 170 Okanagan----_ -----. Okanagan ....--....-..------1, 119 67 2 132 Upper Arrow ------. ...---.. Columbia --- ...------1i 386 47 2 88 Lower Arrow ------Columbia -.------..... 1,382 63 1¼ 60 Slocan ...... -...... ------.--.Slocan (Kootenay) -..--...-- 1, 762 25 1 24 Long...---...------..- Okanagan...-...... -....1,293 14 1 13 Trout -...-- .------Lardeau (Kootenay) -.----.. - 2,400 16 1 12 Columbia.....------..Columbiolumbia------. 2, 652 10 1 11 Christina--. . .------.-- . Kettle------1,631 11 1 10 Windormere...:-. --.--- Columbia -----..- -- ...-. 2, 607 8 1 7 DIuncan .....--.---.---- Duncan (Kootonay) --.-.---. 1,835 9 110 Moyio....------Moyle (Kootenay) ----.---. 3, 047 8 4 Skaha ...------.------Okanagan.....------...... -'1,107 7 1 7 Kinbasket.. ------Columbiaa-. 2, 235 8 1i 11 Osoyoos X------Okanagan------913 106 1 10 Whatshan--....----.------. Whatshasan-..------.. 2,100 11 4 Fortress ...------. Wood (Columbia)..-.-...- 4,384 6 6 ------... -- . . 60

Total area------.....-.-. ....---.- ...... -- 28

1 Osoyoos Lake extends 4 miles into the United States. X Elevation is controlled within limits by outlet works. Others...I Some maps show this lake at approximateVarious--.------elevation of 1,475. STREAM8 20. The five principal drainage basins in Canada are, from east to west, those of the Clark Fork-Pend Oreille River (Pend d'Oreille in Canada), Kootenay River (Kootenai in United States), upper Colum- bia River, Kettle River, and Okanagan River (Okanogan in United States). Each of these drainage basins extends across the international boundary. A brief description of each entire basin is given in order to describe adequately that portion in Canada. Table 2 shows the mileages and watershed areas in the two countries. Tables 3 and 4 present other data on the principal streams and their tributaries. 21. Clark Fork-Pend Oreille River.-The combined length of Clark Fork and Pend Oreille Rivers is about 490 miles. They drain an area of 25,960 squaremiles in southeastern British Columbia, western Montana, northern Idaho, and northeastern Washington, and the Pend Oreille (the continuation of Clark Fork) delivers a normal annual run-off of about 18,824,000 acre-feet to the Columbia. Clark Fork rises near Butte, Mont., and flows across the northwesterly corner of this State, being joined in transit by its largest tributaries. Flathead River, its largest tributary, drains the Canadian portion of this basin as it flows southerly from its source near Flathead Pass, British Columbia, crossing into Montana to join Clark Fork about midway of its reach. The Flathead River, with its tributaries, drains an area of 9,101 square miles, or 35 percent of the Clark Fork-Pend Oreille basin. Clark Fork continues northwest to its mouth on Pend Oreille Lake in Idaho.

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460406968.9 Table: Table 2.--Tributary rivers and watershed areas of the upper Columbia River

tI0 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES TABLE 2.-Tributary rivers and watershed areas of the upper Columbia River

. -1.-·11.--- __ .---LII_--.______LI . Canada United States River basin Tributary Trihbutary ILengl Lcnpth areas (square (miles) area(squaremiles) (miles) iles) Clark Fork-l'end Oreille Rivers: Fltllhead in Canada .... (35) 45) 199 24,721 551 36 16 Total...... -- ...-..------.- -...------.--- I.6 1, 203 474 21,757 Kootenav River: Ileanlwaters to first crossing of international botindary.... 1'9 7, 610 50 Kootenai River in United States 805 Itis") 4,677 I)owustream basin inCanadaill.:I------.--.... 103 6', OS5 73 TIotal...... -...... --- 29) lif5 4. 00 (oltial1i:; minii stem in Canada: Ileadwaters to £Coldlen...... --- 03 2. 505 (lol1den to Canoe Rliver ....------...-.. --..------.. 98 5, 471 ..--...-...... --.....--...... _- lCanoe River to Revelstoke.... 97 2, 185 Revelstoke to international boundary-....----...... 174 4, 280 Total main stern Ilustream from international boundary 462 14, 440 Canadian porl io of Sh(eepl Creek: Area bet ween Columbiazand Kettle drainages ....------...... --.------IS5 T'ota:l main-stelni drainage area in (Canadall.....-..-...- 14, 625 I------";[L .- Kettle River: I lead(waters to first crossing of inlernat onal boundary..-- . 11' (Bet ween first and second crossinwgsof international boundary. 1,395:333 -- 27 Between second andi third crossings of international bound- 92 :ary.-...-...... -- .-- .- ---.-...... - 24 1,OS9 2i6 Third crossing to Columbia River ...... 15 371 TIotal.-...----...---.-...... 122. 3, (Kx) 58 1070 Ok:anagan River: I headwaters to P'enticton--...... - 87 2,340 Penlteton to international limundary..a ...... -.. 4( 918 Simliilkameeln Ri\ver at out ...... (11:3) 2, 8:10 (25) International hollnidary to Columbia: River...... 2 731 1, (i ) 'Total-.....-- .....- ...... -- ...... ------127 t;, o(1) 73 2,325 .... SUNMMARY...... __ ~ ~ . _ ------_ --- -- 111Can1ada United States Total River basin --..-...... -...... Length 'ributary Length Tribultary Length Area area (sqluart area squaree (square (mifels)(miles) rimiles) (miles) miles) (miles) miles)

Clark Fork-Pend Oreille Basin -....-..... 10 1,203 474 24,757 490 25,90N Kootenay Basin...... ----...... , 299 14, 500 165 4, 800 404 19,300 Colutmbia mail stem ill Canada...... 462 14, 625 402 14,625 Kettle Basin ...... 122 3, 090 58 1,070 180 4, 1I( Okanagan BasinSl ...... ------. 127 6, 09 73 2,325 200 8,415

Total Columbia River Basin ...------462 39, 508 745 219,492 1, 207 259, 000

----- . --- _I_

-22. P1(nd Oreille ILakeiis in the Purcell Trench and covers an area of 150 square miles. Its outlet is Pend Oreille River, which flows west into Washington, thence north to the international boundary. North of the boundary it turns and flows west to the Columbia. In1 the 16 miles of riverl iln Caa(lat the fall is about 390 feet. Thep area tributary to this reach contains mIost of the 554 square miles comprising the portion of the lower basil that is in Canada. Appendix C of this

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460406968.9 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 359 report contains a more detailed description of this basin and its streams. 23. Kootenay River.-Kootenay River is the most important tributary of the Columbia in Canada. The only tributaries exceeding it in length are the Snake and Clark Fork-Pend Oreille Rivers of the United States; the Snake only exceeding it in quantity of water delivered. It drains a watershed of diversified character, varying from such semiarid areas as the Tobacco River Plateau in northern Montana to regions of heavy precipitation along the west flank of Selkirk Mloun- tains, and from the relatively low elevations and mild climates of the trenches and valleys to the frigid and rigorous climates of the lofty mountain areas. The Kootenay has its headwaters in the high mountains of the Brisco, Vermilion, and Mitchell ranges of the Rocky Mountains in Kootenay National Park. It flows southeasterly 73 miles through intermolntane valleys parallel with the Columbia River until opposite the headwaters of that stream near Canal Flats, where it turns to the southwest and breaks through the mountain ridge to enter Rocky Mountain Trench within a mile of Columbia Lake. Tlhe Kootenay River then follows this great trench southerly for 113 miles until, about 10 miles south of the international boundary, it leaves the trench to sweep in a wide semicircle around the south end of tlhe Purcell Range to enter the Purcell Trench near Bonners Ferry, Idaho. It then flows northwesterly in this trench, again crossing into Canada, and empties into Kootenay Lake, which, with its northern tributary stream, Duncan River, occupies Purcell Trench for 180 miles. About midway up the lake the outlet discharges westerly to join the Columbia River 25 miles to the southwest. Kootenay River has a total length of 464 miles, of which 299 miles are in Canada. It drains a total area of 19,300 square miles, of which 14,500 square miles are in Canada. The normal annual flow at its mouth is 28,100 cubic feet per second. This river has a mean annual run-off of 20,272,000 acre-feet, ranging from a minimum of 12.,163,000 to a maximum of 28,401,000 acre-feet for the 30 years of record. 24. The Kootenay River drainage system may be divided into three parts for convenience in describing its tributaries as follows: First, the headwaters and main stream lying between Continental Divide and Purcell Mountains; second, that part which lies in Purcell Trench; and third, the lower reach between Kootenay Lake and its mouth in Columbia River. 25. The first, or upper, part of this system drains a watershed bounded on the east by the Continental Divide for 175 miles from Flathead Pass in the south to a point 7 miles south of Kicking 'Horse Pass in the north. The upper reaches, upstream from Canal Flats, are separated from the headwaters of the Columbia by the Brisco and Stanford Mountain Ranges. In downstream order, Vermilion, Cross, Palliser, and White Rivers, all entering from the east, are the most important tributaries in this upper part. Vermilion River and its tributaries drain most of Kootenay National Park. Its stream valleys are broad where they follow the strike of the mountain ranges, but narrow and steep-sided where they cut across the ranges from one intermontane valley to another. The watershed area slopes steeply from the snow and ice fields of the high ridges and mountains, which mostly exceed 9,000 feet in elevation, to the valley floors at elevations

91088--52-vol. 2---2 360 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES from 4,000 to 6,000 feet. Vermilion River drops 750 feet in the lower 30 miles. 26. Cross River drains the area between Assiniboine and White Maln Passes and the Kootenay. It cuts sharply across the strike of the mountain ranges in a very narrow canyon 60 to 160 feet deep, with almost perpendicular walls. Three falls occur in the last mile above its confluence with Kootenay. It drops 175 feet in the last 3 miles, and a total of 1,775 feet in the last 19 miles. Its valleys are generally narrow and steep. 27. Palliser River drains another segment of the western slope of the Rocky Mountains. The upper 10 miles of this stream are in a broad, north-south valley ranging in elevation from 5,000 to 6,000 feet and rising on both sides to peaks over 11,000 feet high. From the outlet of this valley the stream flows westerly to the Kootenay. In this reach it is confined in many narrow box canyons with falls and swift rapids interspersed. Illustrative of the steepness of the stream slope are a descent of 104 feet in 2,000 feet of distance between falls of 42 feet and 30 feet, respectively, and a descent of 175 feet in the last 4,500 feet upstream from its mouth. 28. White River joins the Kootenay about 20 miles northeast of Canal Flats at a point upstream from where the Kootenay leaves its intermontane valley to enter Rocky Mountain Trench. It is 55 miles long and drains an area of 515 square miles between the headwaters of Elk River and the Kootenay River. The upper reaches of its drainage area are in wide, relatively flat, valleys. Its outlet from these valleys cuts sharply to the west to enter an extension of the valley occupied by the Kootenay. It flows north about 20 miles through this valley to its junction with the Kootenay. The transverse reach contains most of the fall in the river. 29. All of the above-described tributaries have numerous small lakes in their headwaters, formed by glacial action. 30. The divide between the Kootenay River and Columbia Lake, which is the source of Columbia River, is flat and only about 1 mile wide. It is known as Canal Flats because a canal was once dug across this divide for the use of small river craft plying the two streams from Golden on the Columbia River to Jennings, Mont., on the Kootenai River. The elevation of the Kootenay is 16 feet above that of Colum- bia Lake where this old canal started and part of the floodwaters of the Kootenay are known to have spilled across the "Flats" into Colunbia Lake on one occasion. The Kootenay meanders for 35 iniles south from Canal Flats through a parklike valley, 20 miles wide, with short, minor tributaries joining from both east and west. The river floor is only about I mile wide and has a gradient of 4 feet per mile, rising on the east to benches 200 to 300 feet above the river that extend back for 2 or 3 miles before rising steeply to the mountain ridges. Similar flat-sloping benches exist on the west side, but they are much wider and the general rise to the Purcell Mountains is more gradual. These benches, onI both sides, are cut by the deep valleys of the small tributary streams. The valley in the remainder of the reach of the Kootenay from Canal Filats to the international boundary has tlhe same general characteristics, but the floor of the trench through which the river ias carved a second valley is but 4 or 5 miles wide. 31. St. Mary River is the most important tributary from the west side. It penetrates the Purcell Mountains for a distance of 57 miles COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 361 and drains an area of about 980 square miles. The upper valleys of this river system are broad and U-shaped, but change to narrow canyons with rapids and falls in a short reach upstream from the main valley. In the main valley the St. Mary meanders widely for a part of its length over a broad valley floor, which in one reach is called a prairie. This valley is flanked by abrupt, steep walls rising to 4,000 or 5,000 feet before sloping back more gently to the upland surfaces. Other reaches contain small falls and rapids. This basin is in the dry belt and receives inadequate summer precipitation for most agricultural crops; therefore, irrigation is practiced generally. 32. Elk River is a south-flowing stream and is the largest tributary entering the Kootenay from the east. Its drainage basin is 115 miles long and contains 1,740 square miles. The headwaters of this stream are in two mountain valleys close to the Continental Divide. The upper ends of these valleys are rather narrow and their slopes rise steeply to the lofty ranges on each side. The tributaries cut through to the main stream in typical narrow canyons, in which are falls and rapids. The main stream in its lower reaches flows southwesterly toward the Kootenay and winds through the lower MacDonald and Galton Ranges. This lower valley passes through the important coal fields near Fernie, is occupied by a highway and the Canadian Pacific Railway, and has important power sites in the lower reaches where the stream drops rapidly to the much lower Rocky Mountain Trench. Wigwam River is a minor tributary whose source is about 5 miles south of the international boundary in Montana. 33. The average gradient of Kootenay River varies from 2.8 feet per mile for the 43-mile reach between St. Mary and Elk Rivers to 5.1 feet per mile for the 20-mile reach between Elk River and Tobacco River, which is south of the boundary, in Montana. The Kootenai River changes character as it leaves the Rocky Mountain Trench near Rexford, Mont., to swing southwest and west through the mountain ranges before entering the Purcell Trench near Bonners Ferry, Idaho. It becomes a swift, turbulent river, confined by abrupt rock banks that rise several hundred feet. Between Jennings and Troy the valley becomes a canyon in which Kootenai Falls is found. The total fall of the Kootenai between Tobacco and Moyie Rivers is over 500 feet. The Yaak and Moyie are the only tributaries of note in this reach, and they require description chiefly because they are international streams. 34. Yaak River rises in southern British Columbia between the McGillivray and Yahk Ranges, flows generally south between ranges, but breaks west through the Yahk Range before continuing south to join the Kootenai River. The stream is 61 miles long, with 16 miles of its headwaters and 21.5 percent of its total drainage area of 790 square miles in Canada. The Yaak drains an area of relatively low rainfall in a well-timbered, rough, mountainous region. The river falls about 770 feet in the lowermost 10 miles of its course. About one-third of this fall occurs at Yaak Falls. 35. Moyie River likewise rises in Canada, just south of Cranbrook, in typically glaciated intermontane valleys. It flows through Moyie Lake, which is in a wide, mature valley bordered by a series of benches stepped up to 2"0 feet above the lake. The tributaries are short and steep. From Moyie Lake, at elevation 3,047, the valley slopes gradually to elevation 2,550 at the international boundary. The gradient rapidly increases a few miles farther south, and in its lower- 362 COLUIMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES most 10 miles the stream falls a total of 670 feet to the Kootenai at elevation 1,770. Fifty-two miles of the length and 565 square miles of the total drainage area of 767 square miles, are in Canada. 36. Tle second or central part of Kootenay River drainage system lies in Purcell trench anl is called the Kootenay Lake district because the Inke is the dominantt feature. 'The lake is 66 miles long and from 2 to 3 miles wi(d, with at west arm 18 miles long, from which the lower Kootenay flows to tlhe Columbia. This lake has a flat, sleepp bottom from 380 to 395 feet below the surface, from which the mountains rise steeply to elevations over 6,000 feet on each side. The tributary streams from east and west, with the exception of Goat River, are short and steep, generally producing deltas of considerable size where they (debouch into tlie lake or valley. Kootenay aIJke has an average yearly rise and fall of 19 feet, but in abnormal years has been known to rise 32 feet alove low water level. Kootenay River enters the lake at tlhe south endc, which is 18 miles from the international boundary, after following a meandering course for 72 miles through the flat, fertile valley below Bonners Ferry, Idaho. River stages in this reach are intimately associated witll those of the lake, and they create a major flood problem on both sides of the boundar'r. :37. l)uncan River rainss 63 miles of the Purcell Trench extending from the low divide ati the south end of Glacier National Park (Canada) south to Kootenay lake. It is joined( 3 miles upstream from its mouthl}y Lardera River, which (drains an adjoining glacial valley to the northwest. I)uncl(an Lake occul)ies about 9 miles of Duncan ]liver Valley about 11 miles upstream from Kootenay Lake. Its surface elevation is about 90 feet a)ove that of Kootenay Lake. The tributaries of both )uncanl and Lardeau Rivers debouch from typical hanging valleys, often with high falls. Lardeau River drains the solutherly 40 miiles of a minor glacial trough, the north end of which (Iratins north into UIJIper Arrow Lake. Trout Lake, at elevation 2,400, occupies 14 miles of the river valley, and, although seldom more than a mile wide, has (lepths exceeding 700 feet. It is 96 feet (eep at its outlet, where Lardeau River issues through a narrow rock channel. 38. The tllird, or lower, section of the Kootenay Basin is the 40-mile east-west section between Kootenay Lake and the confluence with Columbia River. The easterly 18 miles of this section is occupied b)y the west arm of the lake. This arm extends in a narrow valley through the Nelson Range of the Selkirks, contains shallows and has a considerabl(le current. The important town of Nelson is located at the west end of thle arm at the intersection of a tributary valley from the south. 'I'he westerly 23 miles of this reach downstream from Nel- son contains the most inmlortant water-power sites on this river and has a normal total (lrop of 363 feet. Practically all this fall is developed( I)y five (lams of the Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co., tlel dam at, UIpper Bonnington Falls being used also by the city of Nelson power plant. TIlle river channel, in this lower reach of 23 miles, is flanked by benchlands on the north side. 39. Slocan River is the only important tributary of this lower reach. It drains an area of 1,320 square miles of the lower Selkirks north of Kootenay River between the Valhalla and Slocan Mountain groups. This drainage area is about 65 miles long. It drops rapi(lly from ridges and mountains averaging more than 8,000 feet in height into narrow valleys, wlhichl in turn fall rapidly into the main valley. Slocan Lake, COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 363 which occupies the main valley for 25 miles, is over 900 feet deep at the southern end and has a normal elevation of 1,762 feet. The river falls about 270 feet in a distance of 27 miles between the lake and its mouth. Elevations and slopes of the Kootenay and other basin streams are given in table 4 and shown on plate 2. 40. Columbia River.-Columbia River at the international boundary carries the drainage from an area of approximately 14,440 square miles, exclusive of the areas of the Kootenay and Clark Fork-Pend Oreille Basins. The Columbia has its source in Columbia Lake near north latitude 50° in the Rocky Mountains Trench. It flows northwesterly in this trench for 191 miles to the mouth of Canoe River and is joined in this reach by numerous minor tributaries, of which Spillimacheen, Kicking Horse, and Canoe Rivers .are the largest. At Canoe River the Columbia makes a sharp, hairpin curve to the west and south (the "Big Bend") to enter Selkirk Trench, in which it flows nearly due south to the international boundary. In tils latter reach it is joined by numerous minor tributaries, of which Illecillewaet River is the most prominent, and successively by its larger tributaries, Kootenay and Pend Oreille Rivers. Columbia River eilters the United States near the northeast corner of the State of Washington. It flows across the State in a southerly direction, then turns westward along the boundary line between Washington and Oregon to discharge into the Pacific Ocean at the forty-sixth parallel. Data on tlhe streams in this basin are contained in tables 3 and 4. 41. The 93-mile reach of Columbia River upstream from Golden drains a narrow watershed between the Purcell Range on tlie west and the minor Brisco and Stanford Ranges on the east. The elevation of the river in this reach ldrops from 2,652 at Colulnmbia Lake to 2,540 at Gol(len. This portion of the river is navigable. 1The tributaries entering from the( east are very short, drol)pping ablruptly into the trench from the mountain ranges nearly 8,000 feet lligli. The tribu- talries from tlie west have deeply eroded the long, terraced eastern slopes of the Purcell Range into which tley penetrate. 42. Spillimacheen River is the largest tributary of this reach. It (Irains 585 square miles on tile eastern slopes of tile Purcell Range. Tlie upper headwaters occupy minor internlontane valleys between 4,000 and 5,000 feet in elevation whose outlet streams drop abrupt'y in places. Tllle lower reaches of this stream are flanked by gently sloping terraces from 200 to 300 feet higher than tlie river bed. 43. Kicking HIorse River, entering at Golden, is the first important tributary from the east. It penetrates the Rocky Mountain ranges for 46 miles and drains 710 square miles of their valleys north of the Kootenay River headwaters. These longtudinal valleys, at elevations between 4,500 feet and 6,000 feet, are comparatively broad, ofmoderate gradients, and have numerous small tributaries that rise in tihe snow and ice fields around the summits of the lofty peaks of Yoho National Park. Kicking Horse River, into which these valleys drain, is confined to a narrow, deep canyon with many rapids and falls where it cuts through the mountain ridges. It falls more than 2,600 feet from its source near Kicking Horse Pass to its mouth. The canyon and pass are used by trans-Canadian highway No. 1 and the Canadian Pacific Railway to cross the Continental Divide. 44. Tlhe 98-mile reach of upper Columbia River between Golden and the "Big Bend" drains the widest watershed on the Columbia River in Canada. It has a width of 59 miles between the Continental 364 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES Divide on the east and the top of the Selkirk Range on the west. The valley floor continues its low gradient as far as Surprise Rapids. Here the gradient increases and the valley rapidly narrows to a width of about 2 miles at "Big Bend". Beaver River is the only tributary of note entering from tire west, and the Blaeberry River is the largest tributary front the east. 45. Beaver River drains anl area of 440 square miles on the eastern slopes of tlhe Selkirk Mountains. The main stream occupies the north 40 miles of Purcell Trench and is fed by innumerable streams originat- ing in the high mountains and glaciers at either side. The valley is broad and flat for about 10 miles near its northern end. The Canadian Pacific Railway enters this valley from the west by way of Connaught Tunnel, then progresses downsteam to the main valley on its way eastward. Valley elevations range from 4,700 feet at the southern pass to 2,430 feet at the river mouth. 40. Canoe River drains the most northerly area of Columbia River Basin. Its basin is 62 miles long and has an area of about 1,350 square miles lying between the Continental Divide and the northern portion of IlMonaslce Mountains. It flows south in the Rocky Mountain Trench from its source near the divide that separates it from the Fraser River, to its mouth on the Columbia, with a total fall of about 850 feet. The lower reaches are swift and navigable only by expert, canoemen. Tlhe canoe route of the Hudson's Bay and Northwest Cos. followed Columbia River upstream to the mouth of Canoe River. Thie voyagers then packed their cargoes northeasterly to Athabaska Pass, a distancee of about 25 miles, thence followed the Athabaska River to points east and north. 47. Columbia River is confined to a narrow valley and a narrow watershed in the reach from the "Big Bend" to the international boundary, a distance of 271 river miles. The upper part of this reach, for 97 miles, between Canoe River and Revelstoke, is swift-flowing but is navigable by shallow-draft steamers. The gradient averages about 5.7 feet per mile. The gradient between Revelstoke and Upper Arrow Lake, a distance of 27 miles, is about 1.4 feet per mile. The next 108-mile part of the reach is occupied by Upper and Lower Arrow Lakes and their connecting river section. Upper Arrow Lake, although relatively narrow, has a depth of 700 feet. An 18-mile section of navigable stream joins Upper and Lower Arrow Lakes. A discernible current is normal, becoming swift and dangerous during summer freshets. Lower Arrow Lake is bow-shaped, 53 miles long, and about I % miles in width. It is relatively shallow and a current is perceptible at several points during high-water stages. Canadian Pacific steamers run regularly from Arrowhead at the head of Upper Arrow Lake to a point near Castlegar at the lower end of Lower Arrow Lake, connecting railheads at these points. The shores of the Lakes and of the connecting river rise steeply to heights of 200 to 600 feet above the surface. There are scattered benches, which vary considerably in width; and, in some places, there are steep, rocky bluffs. Tributary steams have cut deeply through these benches and ridges, forming sizable deltas. The streams coming from the high Selkirk Mountains on the cast are larger and longer than those from the lower Monashee Mountains to the west. In the lowermost 40 miles of its course in Canada, the Columbia is joined first by the Kootenay and next by the Pend Oreille, which enters only one-half mile upstream from the international boundary. COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIEe 365 48. The Illecillewaet River, which enters the Columbia from the east at Revelstoke, is the most important tributary between Canoe and Kootenay Rivers. It penetrates the Selkirks for 40 miles and drains the highest snow- and glacier-capped parts of the Selkirk Range around Glacier and Mount Revelstoke National Parks. The Illecillewaet occupies a narrow, deep valley and is a swift-flowing stream from its source to its mouth. The main line of Canadian Pacific Railway follows this valley from Revelstoke to Connaught Tunnel. 49. Kettle River.-Kettle River drains the area between the main stem of Columbia River on the east and the Okanagan River Basin on the west. The area contains the southern end of the Monashee Mountains and the southeastern part of Fraser Plateau. The north end of this area is very rough and broken, but rather heavily timbered. The river valleys are characterized by bottom lands from % to 2 miles wide, flanked on one side and sometimes on both sides by extensive benchlands about 200 feet high. The upper river system comprises three main, south-flowing streams: the Kettle, the Westkettle, and the North Fork, or Granby River. The valleys of these streams deepen to the south. The Westkettle joins the Kettle just before it turns easterly a few miles north of the boundary. In this easterly flowing reach the river occupies a broad, fertile valley, crosses the international boundary, flows 27 miles in the United States, reenters Canada, and is joined by the North Fork. The valley of Kettle River narrows about 5 miles below Grand Forks, enters a narrow canyon containing a series of falls near the town of Cascade, British Columbia, and is joined by the creek from Christina Lake as it turns abruptly to the south. The river then crosses the international boundary the third time and continues south to join the Columbia near Kettle Falls, Wash. Kettle River is 180 miles long, with 122 miles of its length in Canada. It drains an area of 4,160 square miles, of which 3,090 square miles are in Canada. Most of the watershed, especially the southern part, has low rainfall. Consequently the normal annual runoff of the stream is relatively small, being 2,120,000 acre-feet at Laurier, Wash. (See table 8.) 50. Okanagan River.-The Okanagan and the Similkameen, its principal tributary, drain the westerly part of the basin between the Kettle River Basin to the east and the Fraser River Basin to the west. The Cascade Range, on the southwesterly side, separates this drainage from that of the Skagit River in Washington. 51. The watershed of Okanagan River extends from Mount Ida on the north, 175 miles south to the Columbia near Brewster, Wash., 63 miles south of the international boundary. It drains an area of 8,415 square miles, of which 6,090 square miles are in Canada. The valley of the Okanagan is generally broad and flat and contains considerable agricultural land bordering the river and the Okanagan Lake, although the mountains rise steeply from the Lake shore in some places. As the watershed of the Okanagan upstream from the Simil- kameen is narrow, there are no other important tributaries. The Okanagan watershed is well timbered in the upper reaches and at higher elevations where there is considerable snowfall, but, because the amount of precipitation is small, the valleys and lower elevations are often nearly barren. Data on the stream are given in tables 3 and 4. The main stream has a normal annual runoff of only 286,000 acre-feet, or 2.1 inches on the watershed above Okanagan Falls. (See table 8.) Table: Table 3.--Stream data

366 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES Table 3.-Stream data

Main streamI ITributary stream

Stream e__ Tributary Length Trlhuary area from area From From (square source (square inouth source miles) (miles) (miles) (miles) milese) Clark Fork-Pend Orotlie: Flathead River at international boundary...--- 35 6N9 Flathelad River at mouth .-.....------.. 253 9,101 Pend Oreille River at international boundary ...... 6 474 25,370 Salno Iiver lt mouth...-.....--.-..------..-- 490

...-.....-. l'end ('()reillc at mouth O 490 25,960" ...... Kootenay: I)ownstream front Vermilion Riverr. --.. 442 22 584 40 410 (ross River at mouth ...... ------.. 231 :340 I'alliser Rivcr at mouth..-...... 31 270 W hite River at mouth...-.-.-- .------.------515 Downstream from WhiteRivebier.....---.... 391i 73 1,9'55 At Canal Flats ....-...------...... -....-...... ------..-..-- 370 94 2,040 St. Mary River at m south..-----.---..--..---- 57 I ownstreami from St. Mary Rivcr...... 139 4,310 Hull River at moutth ..------.- 5f) O)620 Up)stream from Elk River ...--.------.------. 283"283 5,450 (I) Elk River at nmoth...... ------..------...... - 181 1,740 Ilownstream from Elk Rilv(cr..------2--- 181 7,7.119() At first crossinig of international boundalry...... 268 19.. 7, (66 ) Yank River at International boun(dary..--...... I6 170 Yaak liver at mouth...... ------.----...... 790 1 ovie 1iver at itlcrnaltionaitbotndry--...... -. 5(i5 MloyIhi iver at lmouth...... --. -----..----. 7ti7 At secoi(d crossing of international boundary ... 13, 142 Ooat River at mouth...... ------.------...... 46 D)unicaln River at mouth.------11 1, 230 l,lardealu River at mlouthl....-... ------.--..-- 4:1 6;20 Slocantii iver at mouitlh... ------..-.. ----- 1,320 Downlstream from Slocan tiver---.------..-.. 10 93 Kootetlly aIt mIlllutt ...------..-- () 19, ...t ('0olulnl)il: tl tI;lslreallm from Atllmllllre ..-...... ----- 1,188 19 5IX) SI)illimallhccltn iver at mouth ...-.....-....-... 51 DIow lstrealll from S)illillaehen- ----...-..-.-- 2,19,0 Kickinig Ilors( River at molt h..-.....------.. 74 ..... 710.i6 Lownstream from K picking I orse...------"i,i"'1,114 HBaver River 13 43 lat ... mouthlt..-..------.-----...... C(anoe River at moi(th ..------.---- Dow!istreain from (Culloer.....iver....-..-. 7,97.5 Illleillewmltt River at moulth ....--...... --..-- 515 I)owunstreami from Illcillelwaet River...-.. .-. 2 I), 675 iver at moIluth --. Kout(etly -....---...... : I)ow IstrealU fromll oot;nay Rive-r --...... :13 , m;0 ..1) l'p)strram from l'mlld Orcille River--....--..... 33, 740 I'eid (Orcille River atmoith-ll-t...--.---.-... 4(11.5 Ipstreaml from international )oumtdary-...... --- 7145. :1 401..7 59, 7)00) Kettle: 'tit )ownstreamn from Westkettle River-----...... 104.6 7f;.1 1,491 MNyers ('reek at moutht....--.------.----- >24 710 98 At first crossing of internatloml boundary - .... 82 2,671l At second crossitgl of international boundary.. 55 125 2, 59 8.) (Iranby River (Norlt Fork) at mouth.------.-- )ownst ream from (Iranby River-----..------.. Chrlstina Lake ('reek at mouth .....------. ------'-200 At third crossing of international boulidary.--..- 149 "3,'774 Kei tie River at mouth (Columb)ia Rivcr mile 706). 0 18) 4, I W Okanagan, main sterl: Trout Creek at mouth.------..------.--. 40 240 Upstream from I'enticton.... 2,'340 lUpstream from Okanogan Falls.-----..--.. 12. .5 2, 550 lUpstream from international houlndary--. 78.3 43.7 3,258, Similkamneen River at mouth-.-...... 38 3,475 l)ownstream from Similkamreni.-.-.--... .727: 6, '30 Okanagan River at mouth (Columbia River mile 633).-...... -----.------.--.----- 0 122 8,415 ...... Similkanteen: I)ownstream from Princeton ---.------...- 88 1,283 42 553 Ashnola River at mouth.------... 37 400

i)ownstream from Ashnola River-. 2, 833' . .-- -- At international boundary...---..-. ..-... 24 114 3,106 .---- At Nighthawk .-...... ---- .---..-- 13.6 124.4 3, 440 .- - - Simllkameen River at mouth...... 0 138 3, 476 --

' Water Resources Paper No. 90, Ottawa, Canada, gives a different figure for this station. 3 This drainage area above Revelstoke, as derived by this office from recent Canadian maps, is 1,160 square miles more than the amount ..----...... given In Canadian publication listed in footnote 1.

9.869604064 ..----......

460406968.9 Table: Table 4.--Stream slopes and elevations

COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 367 TABLE 4.-Stream slopes and elevations

Miles from Elevation Slope (feet Stream i~mouth (feet) ler mile) Kootenay: At source. -...... -.. 464 4,150 1. 9 At mouth of Vermilion River...... 442 3, 800 At mouth of Cross River -...... ---..-...... -...... 423 3, 500 15 At mouth of Palliser River ...... 4....--.. .------402 3,078 14.3 At mouth of White River...... - 391 2,921 12 At Canal Flats ..------.------.------371 2, 66 12.8 At mouth of St. Mary River--...... -----...... -. 325 2, 54 3. At mouth of Bull River .- ...... ------308 2, 448 2 At mouth of Elk River..---....-...--...... -..... 282.5 2, 383 2. At mouth of Tobacco River...... -..2...... 262 . ..2, 280 4 14 At brink of Kootenat Falls.---..------..- ..------190. 6 1,980 3 At foot of Kootenul ------190 1,915 ., At mouth of Yaak RiverFalls.-..--...... -----.... 174. 7 1 832 , At of ...... -...... 158 mouth Moyie River...... ------....-.... 1,770 3,4 At Bonners Ferry-...... ------...... ------16, 751 , At Kootenay Lake ...--.----..-...------...... 75. 1, 743 Near Nelson at Orohman Rapids.------..23 1, 743 21. At mouth of Slocan River ---.-... --.--- .------..-.- 10 1, 470 9.0 Kootenay at confluence with Columbia River -...-...... 00 . 1,380 Columbia River: At Columbia Lake..-.- ...------. 1, 207 2, 652 4 At Windermere Lake .------...-...... --.--.---.....----.... 1,197-1,188 2, 607 At mouth of Spillimacheen River-..--...--.------...-- 1 154 2, 585 1. At Oollen (mouth of Kicking Horse River)...-..-..-- . 1,114 2, 540 . 2 At mouth of Beaver River..--..---..-----... 1, (83 2,430 3. Above Surprise Rapids-..-.....---.-----.------...-- 1, 061 2, 350 3 7 Below Surprise Rapids ...... ------.-- 1,058 2,255 1 At Kinbasket Lake .. ------. 1,044-1,036 2, 235 14, 1 At mouth of Canoe River..-...... ----...... 1,016 1, 952 4 At Revelstoke (mouth of Illecillewaet River)...... 919 1,425 1.5 At Upper Arrow Lake (low water) --.--...... -...... 893-856 1,386 .22 At Lower Arrow Lake (low water)---.---.------. 838-785 1,382 .17 At mouth of Kootenay River ...... ---- ...... 773 . 1,380 3 2 At mouth of Pend Oreille River -..--...-..-...... - . 745. 8 1, 294 At international boundary--.....-..-. ------:- .-- --- 745.3 1, 292 Kettle River: At mouth of Westkettle...... -- -...--- . 105 2, 050 7. 5 At mouth of Rock Creek .....-...------.------.- 9 1,975 6 At international boundary (first crossing)...... 82 1,80 At Grand Forks -...... --.-..--- 49 1,695 9 . At head of Cascades-.--- ....--..-----..--- 34.6 1,600 24. 0 At foot of Cascades...... -...... -.------.-.-- ...... - . 34. 1 1, 480 4.5 At international boundary (last crossing) ..-..... 31 1,466 Near high-water line of Franklin I). Roosevelt Lake...... ---- 10.8 1,300 8 Okanagan River: At source (outlet of Okanagan Lake) ---...... -----.. 122 1,119 2 4 At Skaha Lake (low water)-...----...-.-..---..--.. 117-109.5 1,107 Drop Below Okanagan Falls 109. 5 1,092 . 4 At Vaseaux Lake (low water) ...... -.. . 106-103. 1, 073 8.9 At Osoyoos Lake-. ...-.-..--...- - ..- ---...---. 85-74.5 913 3.2 At mouth of Similkameen River-..-...... ------..- ---. 72 905 2. At confluence with.-..--...... --...... ----Columbia River ---.------0 737 52. Similkameen ...... -with a watershed of square miles,'of River, 3,475 which 2,830 square miles are in Canada, has its bhadwaters in the Cascade Mountains on both sides of the international boundary. It flows northerly 50 miles to the town of Princeton, where it is joined by its largest tributary, the Tulameen River. From Princeton it flows about 88.....----.miles to its with the southeasterly.....---...-...... --- junction Okanagan at Oroville, Wash., which is about 5 miles south of the boundary. From Keremeos, British Columbia, to within 2 miles of Nighthawk, Wash., the Similkameen meanders through a broad, fertile valley. Near Nighthawk it enters a narrow canyon through which it falls more than 200 feet in the 13 miles to its mouth. One small power dam is located near the mouth. This tributary furnishes about 70 percent of the run-off of the Okanagan subbasin with a normal annual flow of. 1,650,000 acre-feet, or 8.6 inches on the watershed above Night- hawk, Wash.

9.869604064

460406968.9 368 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES GEOLOGY 53. The Columbia River Basin in Canada reflects geologic history from the older pre-Cambrian gneisses, limestones and schists to the recent alluvial tills in panoramic views and cross sectional display which in some localities rival those shown anywhere on the continent. The oldest rocks in the basin are the Shuswap group of the sedimentary deposits, later altered and intruded. The next oldest rocks are the late pre-Cambrian argillites and quartzites of the Purcell series, 20,000 feet thick in places and now thrown up on edge to form the Purcell Mountains. 54. Deposition of sediments continued over this area from Cam- brian to .Carboniferous times, with minor local raising and lowering of the ground surfaces. These deposits, which are essentially limestones and shales with occasional sandstones, are exposed to a thick- ness of 18,000 feet along Kicking Horse Valley and in the Mt. Robson district., The Carboniferous beds were deposited next, succeeding the Devonian deposits in many places. The Carboniferous series is 5,000 feet thick around Banff and, in the Kootenay Lake section, it rests unconformably on the pre-Cambrian rocks. 55. Sedimentation and volcanism occurred on a vast scale from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean during Triassic and Jurassic ages. But distinctly mountain-forming processes occurred near the close of this period, in early Cretaceous times, producing the Selkirk and Coast Ranges. The C5oast Range batholith was intruded at this time, as were also intrusives elsewhere in this entire district. These intrusives and their accompanying magmatic solutions are the source of most of the mineral del)osits of this region. These formations are called thle Okanagan intrusive in thle western part of this basin. The coal beds of the Fcrnie district are tentatively classified as early Cretaceous in age. 56(. Late Cretaceous sediments were then deposited on both sides of these uplifts, coming from tlhe high neighboring mountains, which were thus. eroded to a peneplanc at the close of this geologic era. This erosion exposed the granite cores of some of these mountains in places. 57. Next came the great mountain-forming period of Eocene time known as tihe Laramide Revolution,' which produced the Rocky Mountains. This was accomplished chiefly by great folding, accompanied by thrust faulting that forced great layers of older rocks to slide up onto geologically younger rocks. Local igneous intrusives are also evident, and cross-faults with considerable throw give the Rocky Mountains their echelon arrangement. 58. Great volcanic eruptions in Miocene times then came up through fissures and weakened zones. -This was followed in the Pliocene era by additional volcanism accompanied by general uplift and subsequent valley cutting. Many of these older stream beds are still discernible. The Okanagan Valley, which is probably in a fault zone, and the Co- lumbia south of the Big Bend, are examples of preglacial valleys. The depression now known as Rocky Mountain Trench also existed as a river valley before the advent of the ice age, whose glaciers deepened it and planed its slopes. 59. Glaciers of Pleistocene age covered most of the Cordillera except the higher peaks and mountain ranges, cutting out new valleys, changing the shape of existing valleys, and depositing tremendous COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 369 quantities-of material along their sides and around their ends, These glacial deposits often completely mask the original underlying land forms. The subsequent reworking of these glaciated materials and the erosion caused by the great rivers flowing from the rapidly melting ice fronts gave this district its present appearance. These glacial deposits and glaciated areas are important factors the run-off from most of this basin. influencing 60. This area is highly mineralized at numerous places, notably in the southern ends of Purcell, Selkirk, and Monashee Mountains, and in the Okanagan Mountains. Most mineral deposits are related to the Coast Range batholith and are found along its borders, where older beds were surrounded by it, or where magmatic solutions from these intrusives penetrated the surrounding or overlying formations to deposit their valuable mineral cargoes by precipitation or replacement and cooling processes. The streams and glaciers eroded away many valuable deposits, probably covered up some, and exposed many others. These river and glacial gravels have been the source of much of the early placer gold production of this and other regions, and are still being worked for this precious metal. 61. As this basin contains large areas that are relatively unexplored, and as heavy timber in some places, together with deep overburdens of glacial or alluvial tills, masks the underlying formations, it is im- practicable to give more than generalized geologic information about the district. SOILS AND COVER 62. Soils in great variety exist in this basin, few of them residual in nature. Oldest soils are found on the few upland plateau areas that were not disturbed by ice invasions. These soils were mostly airborne by prevailing westerly winds and contain volcanic ash from Cascade eruptions. The soils of intermediate age are those deposited by the glaciers and their rivers both while advancing and receding. These soils are very thick in some places and are found filling preglacial valleys or lake bottoms; as rough, uneven masses in great terminal moraines, or as lateral moraines high on mountain slopes. The youngest soils are those deposited in recent geologic time in the present valleys, representing essentially reworked materials from the older soils. 63. The most productive soils, and the best from an agricultural standpoint, are naturally found in present valley bottoms adjacent to streams or lakes. They vary considerably in nature from one locality to another but may be generally described as glacial and/or alluvial tills often covered with, and impregnated by, fine-grained topsoils of aeolian origin subsequently enriched by decomposed vegetable matter in varying amounts. Many of these soils have collected in the larger valleys where tributary streams have spread their sediments. The areas around Penticton and Kelowna are typical examples. Soils of this type are found in all the main river valleys and generally are utilized for farming or grazing. Much of this valuable soil is subject to seasonal flooding during high-water stages. One notable exception to this general classification is the Kootenay Valley at both ends of the present lake. These valley deposits are typical of lake and delta deposits, as this lake was originally at least 200 feet higher than its present water level. Frequently, small lakes and considerable swampy land are found, resulting from the meandering of the streams 370 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES such as the Columbia above the Big Bend and the upper Kootenay, and from the glacial action previously mentioned. 64. The next most productive soils, representing the largest acreages of potentially cultivable soils, are those on the terraces and benchlands flanking the present rivers and lakes. These soils often attain thicknesses of several hundred feet and the )benches may lie from 100 to 300Q feet higher than the present valley floor. The main stream itself usually has eroded its present, relatively narrow channel through depositss in'the bottom of a much wilder an older valle. This has often been done by fotming a series of progressively narrower valleys, thus leaving terraces of varying widths on olne or both sides of the stream. The tributary streams are likewise often in deep vwnlleys near their mouths, where they have cut through these same thick deposits to enter the main stream. 65. These terraced areas are generally composed of typical glacial sanlls, gravels, and occasional boulders, often containing annually deposited clay beds which are really rock flour rather than tle (clays resulting from uisial (decomllpositioni by weathering processes. They support a good vegetal cover andl trees, depending entirely upon amount of moisture available. Consequently, the cover varies from sagebrush and scattered spruce or pine in thel semiiarid regions to heavy I)ouglas fir and( dense undlerl)rush in areas of heavy precipitation. These soils extend up the mounltainsides, blanketing many of the platealus an(t lower mountains. 66. Bare rock with scant soil cover is found over considerable areas of this basin, notably on the higher mountain ranges and peaks, and in those few places in the southern and southwestern parts where basaltic flows are on the surface, or where any such deposits have been scraped clean of original soils either b)y the glaciers or their rivers. (7. Most of the soils in tlis basin are porous and well drained, I)beca lse of their origins andl( topography. However, many of these glacial tills are very retentive of water, wlich is also typical and, together with the numerous lakes filling natural depressions in both the moraines and( in country rock, make a large, natural storage. The heavy cover of trees and other vegetation over all except the semiarid portions also restricts the possibility of flash floods from heavy precipitation. CLI MATEi 68. General.-The climate of the Columbia River Basin in Canada varies greatly with elevation and location. Because of its geographical location, the basin is subject to modified meteorological influences both oceanic and continental. Oceanic influences are strongest during the winter, and cause heavy snowfall as warm, moisture-laden air masses from the Pacific Ocean are cooled on passing over mountain ranges in the basin. Continental influences are stronger during the summer and cause semiarid cond(litions in the valleys, and more fre- quent showers in the mountainous regions. Mean annual temperatures in the basin vary from a minimum of 35° F. at Hedley (Nickel Plate mine), to a maximum of 50° F. at Oliver. Several stations report minimum temperatures of -40° F. or lower. Maximum temperatures exceeding 110° F. have'been reported. 69. Normal annual precipitation varies greatly throughout the basin. Much of the area in the Okanagan and Kettle Valleys in the western part of the basin is semiarid because of the masking effect of the Cascade Range. Precipitation increases with elevation to the Table: Table 5.--Relative-humidity data

COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 371

east and north until a maximum is reached in the mofintains north and cast of Kootenay Lake, where, in some small areas at high elevations, it exceeds 100 inches annually. Much of the precipitable moisture in the air masses is deposited on these mountains, and they continue eastward with moisture content greatly reduced. Tlhe Rocky Mountains, which form the eastern boundary of the basin, are the final barrier to be crossed by the air masses. These mountains are as high as or higher than the mountains northeast of Kootenay Lake, but receive less precipitation because of the reduction of moisture content mentioned previously. The 52-year normal annual precipitation at stations having five or more years of precipitation records varies from 9.6 inches at Oliver, at elevation 995, to 49.6 inches at Glacier and Ferguson, at elevations 3,778 and 3,050, respectively. The normal annual precipitation on the (lraillge area tributary to the Columbia River at Birchbank, British Columbia, is 44.7 inches. Tle normal annual precipitation on the Kettle Basin upstream from Laiurier, Wash., and on the Okanagan Basin is 26.5 inches and 21.6 inches, respectively, as determined from the normal annual isohyetal map. Most of thelpreciipitation stations at the lower elevations in the western part-of the basin report the greatest monthly precipitation (luring tlhe sulnmer months, indicating that continental influences are stronger then. Stations in other parts of the basin where oceanic ilfiluenlces are strong report tlhe greatest monthly precipitation during the winter. Annual snowfall varies from 18 inches at Penticton, elevation 1,132 feet, to 396 inches at Glacier, elevation 3,77:3 feet. 70. The prevailing wind throughout the basin is from the west. however, topographic features at a single station inay cause tile prevailing win(l to be predlolinantly from another direction. 71. Relative-humidity data obtained at Nelson and Vernon are shown in table 5. TABl,E 5.-Relative-humidity data Relative humidity Relative humidity (percent) (percent) Month Month Nelson Vernon Nelson Vernon (elevation elevationo (l ion (elevaelevatettion 2,235 feet) 1,383 feet) 2,23t'feet) 1,383 feet)

January-.... . 88.. 89. August ...----.--. 62 54 February ...-- 84 84 September -.....-.. 72 66 March .----..- .. - 75 72 October . ...--.... 83 79 April .----...--.--- . 62 58 November. ....---.. 87 87 May .--....----- 69 55 December ----- 88 88 -- June ....-.---.- 5 66 July 68 48 Annual -74 70 72. Records.--Clirnatological records have been kept at 95 stations. Of this number, 20 existed for a period of only a few months or years and( for these tlle records are fragmentary; 53 are currently operating. S)eventy-five stations have reported precipitation data for a period of five or more( consecutive years. Normal annual precipitation values, based on the period 1892-1943, were determined for these stations andl use(l in preparing a normal annual isohyetal map (pl. 3). A summary of precipitation and temperature data recorded at 12 Representatives stations is presented in table 6. Mean monthly and annual precipitation and temperature dlata are shown in table 7. Tliese representative stations are shown on the basin run-off map (pl. 8).

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460406968.9 Table: Table 6.--Summary of climatological data at representative stations in British Columbia

TABLE 6.-Summary of climatological data at representative stations in British Columbia

Precipitation (inches) Snowfall (inches) Temperature (°F.)

__.. I; _ I Length of Elevation Annual Extreme growing Station (feet) season Period of Mean 52-year Years of MTean Years of Mean (days) record annual normal Maxi- Mini- record annual record annual Maxi-6 Mini- mum mum mum mum () (1) 0 Creston.------. 2,000 1'r12-43 8. 39 16.4 (0) (') (1 56 31 44 (') (1) (1) 0 Fauquier --- 1,600 19U9-43 19. 7 IS. (1) (1) (1) 56 45 )> 0 (0) {-< Fernie ------3. 305 1915-43 3S.63 40.3 5. 53 29. 65 (1) 126 30 40 (1) (1) (0 c Golden------2. 5&3 191y2-43 17. 9S 18.6 26.30 12.62 73 40 39 (') (') (') (') (a) (1) Greenwood ------.-----.---- 2.40(0 1919-43 15.67 24.2 (2) (2) (2) GO 31 43 (0) W:t Hedley (Nickel Plate Mine).---- 4,500 1904-43 23.61 22.0 (') (') (1) (') 18 35 (2) -It Kaslo . -----..------1.930 1894-43 26.14 27.6 (') (1) (O) 78 32 44 (')()('} (')(i) (1) Keremeos (bench) --_.------1,372 1913-43 8.81 8.7 0) (1) 26 27 49 (1) (') Newgate---.------. 2,800 1913-43 13.63 13.2 (I) (1) 43 29 43 (1) (1) Oliver-..------.------. 995 1920 43 9.13 9.6 (1) (a) (1) 22 20 50 (') (1) (0) Revelsteke------1.494 1898-43 39. 97 38.4 48.30 21.94 (I) 141 42 43 (1)(' (1)() (1) d Rossland.------3.400 1904-43 27. 5 31.0 (1) f1) (l) 120 35 42 (1) (1) (1) Wi-4 I Record not available. I*- WtV3

W It

M co

9.869604064

460406968.9 Table: Table 7.--Mean monthly and annual precipitation and temperature data at representative stations in British Columbia

COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARMIE 373 TABLE 7.-Mean monthly and annual precipitation and temperature data at representative stations in British Columbia MEAN MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES)

Station Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Anu

1.25 2.00 2.57 18.39 Creston- - .. .. 2.21 1.44 1.43 0.89 1.43 1.70 1.02 0.86 1.69 Fauquier-1-8...... --. 1.78 1.16 1.11 1.15 1.70 2.41 1.34 1,17 1.80 2.20 1.55 2,41 19.77 Fernie- ..------. 4.99 3.66 3.30 2.21 2.66 2.87 1.63 1.48 2.60 3.74 3.96 5.64 38.63 Golden 25...... 2.25 1.18 .93 .71 1.06 1,69 1.38 1.43 1.45 1.58 1.88 2.44 17.98 . 1.05 1.11 1.17 1.28 1.85 16.67 Greenwood .....0...--.-1.82 1.14 1. 1.33 1.87 1.97 1.04 Hedley (Nickel Plate.----....Mine).. 1.94 1.66 1.37 2.81 2.95 2.68 1.70 1.45 1.48 1.73 1.93 2.01 23.61' Kaslo ------3.65 2.16 1.86 1.39 1.55 2.10 1.07 1.49 1.78 2.37 2.96 3.87 26.14 Keremeos -----1.-1.08 .81 .49 .43 .68 .78 .60 .70 .62 .69 .90 1.23 8.81 (bench). .81 .87 1.07 1.26 1.67 13.63 Newgate .------1.49 1.07 .93 .77 1.27 1.60 .86 Oliver ----- .82 .76 .60 .54 .66 1.18 .60 .57 .71 .82 .85 1.02 9.13 Revelstoke-6.49 4.09 2.94 1.83 2.14 2.62 2.09 1.97 2.81 3.97 4.69 6.33 39.97 3.62 Rossland -...... -.------.-. 3.65 2.42 2.19 1.63 2.47 2.27 1.14 1.13 1.82 2.40 3,21 27.76

MEAN MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURES (°F.) 44 Creston ...------23 27 36 46 63 69 66 64 6 44 33 27 Fauquier.-.....- 24 27 36 46 64 0 6 63 4 44 36 29 45 Fernie -.. .. .------17 20 30 4M160 66 60 61 41 29 20 40 28 17 39 Golden.-----1218. . 30 42 60 586360 51 41 Greenwood ...... 19 26 36 45 63 6 66 63 66 43 32 22 43 Kaslo.---- 25 28 35 46 62 68 65 63 64 46 36 28 44 36 28 49 Keremeos (bench) .-.- 26 30 41 51 68 64 71 70 60 60 .- 19 24 36 45 53 69 6 63 4 44 31 23 43 Newgate ------.- 60 Oliver.-.. 26 31 425 6 774 1 61 50 37 30 Revelstoke . 21 26 34 44 63 60 65 63 63 44 33 25 43 Rossland .. .-...... ---- 21 25 32 43161 67 64 62 64 43 31 2 42 73. Storms.-Rainstorms of high intensity are of short duration and they occur only over small, isolated areas in the basin rather than over major areas. The principal storm center in the basin is on the western slopes of the mountains northeast of Kootenay Lake. Major widespread storms center in this region during the winter and con- tribute to the formation of the heavy snow pack. The frequency and intensity of the storms are greatest in the northern part of the mountains. 74. Another large storm center is on the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains. Storms occurring over this area are less intense than those occurring on the mountains northeast of Kootenay Lake, because the air masses contain less precipitable moisture. Most of the storms in this area occur during the winter, and build up a snow pack. Summer storms may be of high intensity, but they cover only small areas, and do not produce any major floods. HYDROLOGY 75. General.-The larger portion of the basin's annual precipitation falls on high, mountainous terrain where it accumulates through the winter in extensive snow fields and glaciers. This fact, together with the annual precipitation cycle as previously described in paragraph 68, accounts for the character of the annual stream-flow cycle in this basin. It is characterized by subnormal flow in late fall and winter months, a rapid rise beginning in March, maximum discharge in late May or early June, and a slower decline through the summer and early fall. This annual cycle is illustrated on the hydrographs of key stations in the basin as shown on plates 4 to 7, inclusive.

9.869604064

460406968.9 374 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 76. Although Kootenay Lake, tle river below it, and the Columbia River below Revelstoke, are generally open all year, the streams above these points and the higher reaches of all their tributaries are generally icebound from the middle of November to the end of March. This winter icing, together with tle fall an(l winter pre.cipi- tation as snow in these same areas, as previously mentioned, results in subl)orlmal stream flows in the months November through Manrch. Sometimes widespread and extended col(l spells throughout thei basin freeze over the rivers and most of the lakes, thus holding back sufficient water andl ice to cause local flood damage when rapidly released by a spring tlaw. 77. Rainstorms (1o not cause floods on the Columbia proper, although small tributaries may experience sliarp rises because of intense rainstorms centering over their basins. Thllese high flows do not cause noticeable changes in the regimen of tlhe main stream. Flood flows on tll Columbia and its larger tributaries occur only duringg the snow-melt period( ,(iri ng which the precipitation accumulated from many winter storms runs off. TheI magnitude of the flood flows (1Iuring this )prio(l is ldepen(dent upon tlhe quantity of snow accmlllulated andtl tiemtel)eratllres that l)revail (luring the melting p)erio(l. 78. Record.s.--Thel earliest record of stream flow for tlie reach of the Columbia in Canlada is tliat for the gaging station at Nicholson, British Colulmbia. R(cor'ds were begun at this point in 1903 and are continuous to (ate. Stream-flow records for the Columil)iia River Basin in Canada are now being obtained( at 92 stations. (f these stations, 4( record stage only. Since 1903 there have been 223 stations in tie basin with records varying in length from a few months to years. The locations of the most important representative stations are shown on plate 8. A summary of discharge data for 12 of the important stations is shown in table( 8. Mean monthly and annual discharge data for these stations are shown in table 9. Maxi- mum daily discharges occurred at some of these stations during the 1948 flood. Only preliminary an( fragmentary (data are available as yet for this flood. 79. Surface-water .supply.-A general characteristic of all western mountain ranges is tlie greater precipitation on the western slopes c(opl)are(l with that on tile eastern slopes. This is reflected in the pre(lominant rin-off from watersheds (draining the former. Columbia River rises in the Rocky Mountain trench, which is east of the high mountain range that intercepts Inost of the moisture in the eastward- moving air masses. Run-off records at the Nicholson gaging station on tll Columbia near Golden, whose tributary area is largely on the eastern slope of tlis range, show a normal ' annual flow of 4,080 cubic feet per secon(l, or 22.3 inches from the watershed. Downstream, on the reach of the Columbia that flows south along the western slopes of these same mountains, the rate of run-off is much greater, as shown by recor(ls of the gaging station at Revelstoke, British Columbia. About half thle area tributary to this station is on the western slope. 'l'he normal annual flow at this gage is 33,900 cubic feet per second, or 51.3 inches from the basin. 'Pihus, although thie watershed above Revelstoke hlas 3.6 times the area of that above Nicholson, the run-off is 8.3 times as much. I The normal animal flows of streams in tils watershed are ealculate(d for the 52-year period 1892-1043 and are considered nmrlhhl tttr figures than tile mlrean annual flows for comi)arini,thle runoff of the respective sireamns. These normals are shown in table 8 and on the watershed area and runoff diagram of plate 8. Plate 8 also shows the mean annual runoll at these same stations. Table: Table 8.--Summary of stream-flow data (through water year 1946)

TABLE 8.-Summary of stream-flow data (through water year 1946)

Extreme daily discharge Annual runoff (cubic feet per second)(cubicfeetpersecond)trubic feetdilr second) 0o0 Drainage River Station Type gage squareqrinae record AnnualAnnu lo miles 0 -Ieyneae|nornormal . m Maximum Minimum Maximum MIinimum Co co Pend Oreille ....---.----. Below Z Canyon. Wash-...... Recorder...... 25,200 1908-10 25, 0i 25. 00 :38,200 13,680 139,000 2,500 G 00 1912-46 -i 080 493 I Columbia------...- At Nicholson, British Columbia- Nonrecorder__ 2.490 1903-46 3,872 4. 4. 670 2710 21,300 d Do ...... At Revelstoke, British Columbia,----do...... 9,000 1913-22 31.280 33,900 38. 700 24,700 171,O000 1,800

D)o --..-- ..------.- At Birchbank, British Columbia. Recorder. --.. 34.000 1913-46 69.020 74, 500 86, 730 48. 000 312, 000 8, 940 Kootenay --...... At Wardner. British Columbia.- 'Nonrecorder_ 5,200 1914-46 6. 71 7. 840 8,780 4.18 t 67.500 f00 Do ---- ....-----.At Newgate, British Columbia------(ldo..-.- .. 7,660 1930-46 9.173 11.100 12,700 6, 110 80,0 994 )Do--...- ...... --At Porthill, Idaho....------Recorder..... 13, 700 1928-46 14. 0640 16. 500 21,270 8, 205 93, 200 1, 30 Do .------.--At Glade, British Columbia- ...... do ..... 19,100 1913-44 2, 100 28.100 39, 200 16, 800 154, 000 3,900 1913-16 tz Slocan ...------. Near Crescent Valley, British .-..do----.-- 1,270 1925-46 2, 905 2,950 3,690 1.860 24,000 300 Columbia. Kettle---.- ...-- .-Near Laurier,...... Wash....-. do .-- 3.800 1929-46 2.652 2,930 4,005 1,250 25,900 110 Okanagan .-- At Okanagan Falls, British Co- --.- do-...... 2,550 1915-46 466 394 1,370 50 2,680 5 ...... lumbia. tv Similkameen ...-.--..- Near Nighthawk, Waash ....- ...... do.-..-- 3, 420 1928-46 1.996 2, 1603,588 1,150 26,400 152 Manyi of these maxima were exceeded during the 1948 high water. td 1-3

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460406968.9 Table: Table 9.--Mean monthly stream-flow data, records through 1946

TABLE 9.-M-ean monthly stream-flow data, records through 1946

.. ___ Observed discharge in second-feet River and station ___ _ Annual Novem- Decem- October ber ber January February, March April May June july August Sieerm- - r--c.----i-----I---.).;- P'end Orei!le: Below Z Canyon, Wash... 10.290 12,140 12, 5.30 11. S,40 13.170 23. 770 54,54.180ISO 74. 30 45,920) 18.60C 11.340 25.060 Columbia: At Nicholson. British Columbia...... 2.141 1.378 964 722 770 S63 1.612 9,961 11. 907.g 3.918 3, 872 0 At Reveistoke, British Columbia..- 17. 950 11. 030 7. SS5 5. s71 4.971 5. 72) 13. 670 44. .0) S3. 910 S5. 70 59. 741) 32, 73l 31, 2,' 0 At Birchbank, British Columbia... 42, (K)0 23. 890 19. 18) 16.940 17.51 1 34.770 108.620 190.150 167, 580 105, 640 66, 040 69,020 Kootenay: At Wardner, British Columbia.... 3.612 1.919 1.679 1.517 1.552 4.260 15. 210 23,160 14.190 6.624 4., 62 6.751 At Newgate. British Columbia...-- 4. .66 2. 89S 2.415 2.25S 2. 604 7 9751 24.190 30. 030 I t. 180 7. 4f8 5.491 9. 173 At Porthill, Idaho...... --. 5. SS; 5. 764 5. 2,S 4.332 4.057 5.3.34 17 670 40. 6iSO 42. 3SO) 21.230 9.119 6.519 14. t06 At Glade. British Columbia..--.----- 13. 40 10.420 S. 93, S.2 8.S75s 19.140 55.300 87. 30 t.3. 580 29. .59 17. S0 28. o0) citri Slocan: Near Cresent Valley, British 1,911 1,358 1,015 830 693 74S 2.501 7,285 9.752 5. 16 2. 027 1 457 2. 905 Columbia. Kettle: Near Laurier, Wash.....-...... 598 711 616 485 499 925 5.595 11,050 7.S43 2.261 617 544 2, 652 Okananaa: At Okanagan Falls, British z Columbia-...... -...... --...----.- 349 355 362 346 3.30 389 447 684 819 f662 470 371 466 Similkameen: Near Wash. 639 812 6;0 512 598 677 2,510 7. 118 6.972 2.240 685 477 Nighthawk, 1,996 M:z

1-4 0

=0 tcj W

9.869604064

460406968.9 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 377 80. The water supply of the tributaries to the Columbia River in Canada increases as their geographical locations progress east from the Cascade Range to the mountains north and east of Kootenay Lake. The run-off from areas lying between this mountain range and the Rocky Mountains is somewhat less. 81. The water supply of Columbia River in Canada is abundant for all foreseeable irrigation and power requirements. This is true also of the Kootenay River. The supply on the tributaries west of the Columbia is inadequate for present needs at some points during periods of low flow, especially on the Okanagan and its main tributary, the Similkamecn River. 82. The normal annual run-off for the Similkameen River near Nighthawk, Wash., an international gaging station located just south of the border, is 2,160 cubic feet per second, or 8.6 inches from a tributary area of 3,420 square miles. The Okanagan River at Okanagan Falls, British Columbia, has a normal annual run-off of 394 cubic feet per second, or 2.1 inches from its 2,550-square-mile watershed. Kettle River near Laurier, Wash., has a normal annual flow of 2,930 cubic feet per second, or 10.5 inches from its 3,800- square-mile basin. These low values are in sharp contrast to the areas of comparable size draining the western slopes of themountain barriers lying to the east. 83. Ground-water supply.-There are no special ground-water conditions of significance to the supply of water in the Columbia River or its tributaries in Canada, so far as has been ascertained from Cana- dian literature. 84. Flood history and character.-The valley of Columbia River in Canada is characterized by steep banks with plateau lands above any floods except those of extreme stages. There are, however, extensive reaches of broad, flat, valley through which the river meanders widely with a low gradient and where it floods considerable areas of rich bottom lands, especially during extremely high stages. This is also true of the Kootenay River Valley between Canal Flats and Wardner and especially in the area between Bonners Ferry, Idaho, and Koote- nay Landing, British Columbia. Columbia River and its major tributaries are quite regular in behavior, being regulated by many lakes and the snow and ice storage in the mountains. Only one high water occurs during the year, that being the spring peak caused by the melting snows. The magnitude of this peak depends upon the rate of melting of accumulated mountain snow packs, as well as on the amount of these packs. The smaller tributaries normally follow the same run-off pattern, but occasionally have high water in other seasons of the year as a result of local conditions. 85. The flood of June 1894, the largest known general flood, occurred at a time when but few records were kept and therefore all of the con- tributing factors are not known in detail; however, a general description of the events and conditions preceding this flood and estimates of its magnitude at many points are available as a result of the re- covery of high-water marks and studies by several agencies. 86. Records indicate that the ground water content was higher than usual throughout the basin at the beginning of the winter of 1893-94. In September, October, and November 1893, there was a marked excess of precipitation accompanied by temperatures slightly less than normal. In the following 4 months the snowfall was less Table: [No Caption]

378 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES than normal in December, greater in January, nearly normal in Feb- ruary, and again greater than normal in March. Thus, in six out of seven months, above-normal snowfall occurred. The low temperatures )prevailing throughout the winter kept run-off to a minimum andl tle amlouInt of water acculnulated in the snow pack at the end of April was exceedlingly large. Sudden and prolonged warm weather during the latter i)art of Mlay melted the snow pack rapidly and the greatest flood known resulted in most parts of thle basin, the peak occurrring about June 1, 1894. The peak flow of the 1894 flood in Canaida is not known iln detail built las been estimated as 680,000 cubic feet per se.on(l at, tlhe international b)oiundary.1 Many lesser floods have occurred since that year. Tlhe ratess and peak flows of those recorded at. Bir(chbank, British Columbia, are as follows: Cubic feet per second

June 14-15, 1913 ------312,000 Junel 30, 191,6.-----..------306, 000 May 30, 1928 ------300, 000 June 11, 1918 ------370, 000 WATERIRIIGHITS 87. Tle Dominion Government llas jurisdiction over the waters of the national parks and other crown lanlls of British Columbia, controls all navigable waters under the Navigable Waters Protective Act, providing against infringement upon their navigability by anly interest whatsoever, and Iprovides, maintains andl controls all 1navi- gattioinal facilities thereon. Thle Provinciall Goverinment has jurisdiction over other waters of British Columl)ian aild administers most of the wters under crown on('l'shil) lthrlgh approval ofthl e Nillister of the Interior of Canada and( according to the Water Act of 1914 atnd subsequent amendments. The laws governing the acquisition and subl)sequent use of water in British Columbia are unique in pre- venting speculation in water titles, in securing actual )elleficial use of water, an(l in providing for the formation of "irrigation communities." Water l)rivileges through licenses and annual rentals are granted for a limited term of years, with a maximum life of 50 years, so that the terms thereof maly be re('cosi(lered periodically. Contiliu- ouls, beneficial use is necessary to keep a license in effect. Water licenses are divile(l ilto classes A, B and C, according to tle uses to which the water is to be put, the quantity to be used( and the ownership of the license. Class C means "a license l)y virture of which water is held in gross, * * * or anl appllication or license for 'power,' 'hydraulicking,' 'c leaning streams,' or 'fluming purl)oses,' where tolls are to be charged, or for 'waterworkls' or 'conveying purpose'." (Water Act, 1914, Amendment Act, 1917. Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B. C.) Class B is an application or license for water: For mining or miscellaneous purposes where more than 100,000 gallons per day is to be used; or for more than 640 acres of Jan(l; or for the development of more than 100 horsepower of power for use of applicant only; or for storage, hydraulicking or fluming purposes by applicant only; or for lowering water purlposes-an(l especially if the nature I Columbia River Reservolr Backwator Studies by Engineer Advisors to 1. J. C., July 1941.

9.869604064

460406968.9 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 379 of the works for any of the above classifications is such as to require the submission of detailed plans. Class A inclu(les all domestic, mineral trading, and steam purposes; for mining or miscellaneous uses if not over 100,000 gallons a (lay; for irrigation if not more than 640 acres, or for power if not over 100 horsepower is developed for use of applicant only. There are approximately 69 hydroelectric plants on the various streams of tlis basin, each operating under license. The larger of these installations are discussedd more fully in chapter III, paragraph1 13, on "IPower." Consolidated Minling & Smelting Co. lias received Provincial licenses and permission of thlle Iternational Joint Commission to store water on Kootenay Lake betweenel(va- tions, 1,739.32 and 1,745.32 under certain conditions. App)roximately 52 irrigation projects are licensed, 32 of them being in the Okanagan Valley. CHAPTERI III--ECONOMIC DEVIELORPMENT POPULATION 88. 'The total )pol)llation of British Columbia is given as 817,861 by the 1941 census. This figure has increased to 1,003,000 in 1946, according to the latest estimates, the increase being about equally divi(ldel betweelt rural andl urban populations. 'That portion of Britishl Columb)ia in the Columllia River Basin had a population of 119,600 in 1941, \which has probably increased to 140,000 in 1946, as all indications are that this area has hadn nearly as great an increase as the average for British Columbia. 'lhe average lcensity of popula- tioin has therefore increased from 3.0 to 3.55 people per square milo in thisIperiod. It is estimated that, 66 percent of the 1941 l)opulation and about 68 percent of the 1946 population reside in rural districts, including all communities with less than 2,500 people as rural. Table 10 lists the larger colmminlities, their populations an(l the principal activities of tlle vicinities. Most of tle population il this basin is conceIntrated in the valleys along the main rivers an(l around the principal laIkes, or around a few large mineral and industrialized areas. Consequently, large areas are sparsely populated andl many in the high mountains and Ippl)er stream reaches have no Ihuman inhabitant. 89. Only four communities are listed ol official census reports prior to 1901. 'l'abnle 10 clearly shows the rapid growth of many communities, as well as the fluctuations in population of some of the Imining communities. NMost agricultural districts show substantial increases, although complete information is lacking. The continued activity ill all the mining districts of the basin would indicate a substantial )population increase over the 1941 figures, but no recent figures are available. 90. The Okanagan Valley has the heaviest concentration of po)ula- tion, with an estimated total of 33,000 in 1941, increasing to 40,000 in 1946. The( cities and villages of this valley show a substantial growth, and Vernon, its largest city, is second only to Trail in population. This is the principal fruit-growing district of the Province, and is also noted for its vegetables; the fruits and vegetables are processed by numerous plants in the larger towns. Table: Table 10.--Population and activities of the principal cities of Columbia Basin in British Columbia

C0 TABLE 10.-Population and activities of the principal cities of Columbia Basin in British Columbia GO 0 Population Name Activities 19 6 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 (estimate) 1.! ----- I-'- Cranbrook...... ,19,9>, 3,090 2,725 3.0fi7 2. ,;S ; 13) Miinin. miliinz. diversified farming. Creston ...... I- 695 1.153 (3) l diversified farming. Fernie- ...... ------1- -- 3,14f' 2. ,2 2.732 2.'45 P) Coal mining and processing. 0 Grand Forks ...... --....-- 1,012 1,577 1,469 1.l9S2591 P(3'}f I)iversified farming. sed: raising. 0 4 t14 Kelowna...... 261 1, 663 2,521) 4, 655 5. 11S 7. 000 Fruit and vegetable farming, canneries, trading. Kimberley and ---I------3. 500 {) Mining and Chapman Camp ------.1 ° milling. Michel ------...... /I------...... 1. (3) Coal mining and processing...... (3) Nelson...... -. 5. 23 476. _------5,2301--O------5. 992---O------15. 912I Mining, farming, trading center, transportation. ....-...I h-4 Oliver ...... 2. 500 Fruit and vegetable growing and processing, lumbering. 4 Ci Penticton ---..-. -----..--- --..-.---- 3,000 7. 500 Fruit raising and resort, .------...... -.i------I n industry, transportation. -,I . ) Princeton--...... --3--1.: (3) Metal mining and milling, stock raising. Revelstoke 1,tio " 3.017 2.782' 2 ,736 2.106 recreation...... -...... (3) Transportation, lumbering, M>- Rossland -....- ..-----...... 6.156 2. S26 2,097 2.S4S 3. 657 (3) Mineral industries, farming. 4 c3 Summerland...... : II------. .-_ 1. 500 2,500 Fruit raising and processing. lumbering. 4 Trail...... 1,'3 0 1, '460 3, 020 7. 53 9, :392 (3) Mining and mineral reduction industries. w 4 t1W Vernon ...- S02 2,671 3,685 3, 5, 209 9.000 Fruit and vegetable raising, processing, packing; cream- eries. trading center. Lii ______W,

1 Figures for 1901-41 inclusive, except as noted, are from Canada Year Book (1945 edition). S-3:z 2 Those figures given in round numbers are estimates. 3 Not available. 4Report, Joint Board of Engineers, "Okanagan Flood Control," 1916, vol. I. pp. 77 and ff. 0 M 93

9.869604064

460406968.9 Table: [No Caption]

COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 381 91. The next largest center of population is around( the city of Trail, and tlhe formerly more populous town of Rossland. rThis district contains labIit 20,00() people. mostly elgagle( ill the mineral industries or supliortle(l b)y them. 'I'lhere are smaller concentrations of population in tie Nelsonl-Slofcain ('i.stli(', tlle Cl'nll)rool k-Kiml)erley, Fernie-Micihell, and Priil(eton-Ife'dlle;y mining (distlriets-althlough Cranl'brook is also the center of a goodl fatlming district. 'The fact that the population of the lbasin is concent.rated( in a few localities separated Iby nla'ge areas with little or no populationo, is a significant factor that will continue to influence economllic development of this area. RESOUIRCES AND INDUSTRIES 92. Tle )principal ind(lstries of this basin are: Miinig, with its associated millneral indllstrlies; yagrii(,lll('e,lhydroel(ctr.ic power generation,,lurinl)ll, aln mantIllact111ltri. 'l}The liilmerous recreational attractions, wildlife, aflld natluiral scenic. g(anhdeur are also important natural resources andt will become increasingly important as tlhe needed ad(litions anll improvements of Imotor roadtls make thern available to vacationists and( tourists. Rail connections to all outside centers of busilless and(l population, together with rail and water transportation within the )asin, have been very important in this region's (levelopmenlt. Chnlap hydroelectric power generation close to the large centers of demand has also aided and even ma(le possible much of thie mineral industry of tilis basin. WXatfer power probably is the bl)sii's most importalllt iun(leve(loped resoIurce. 93. A(lncultIrle.-- lie value of tile agricilltillral I)production of British Columbnia for 1946 \wtas 15 p)(ler'(iet greater thnl iln 9)45, the I)r'vious hlighl of record, accol(lilng to B1ritish Columbia, Deparitment of .Agricul- ture's Statistics Rel)ort for 19!)41, an(i is distributedd as follows: Livestock---$..._..--..-_...... ------..---__..._-,__-. $13, 926, 000 Poultry and (.ggs ---.. ------.------..------.-----.. -- 14, 722, 000 Dairy products..--..-...... ---_-_------__.----,_,20, 180, 000 Flruit, and veg(etaiblvs ...... _,---_-----..34, 828, 572 Field crops- .------2--.------.------28,738,000 Hops .-----. ------.. ------.------1, (98, 235 Field, flower ianld vi(g able sceds. ...--______.---_ __- _---- 2, 064, 863 Miscellanleous products ------_------2, 431, 107

Tolal .--- _------_---_---_------118, 588,777 Detailed data are not available to show the proportions of all tihe above items that were produced in tile Columbia Basin, but some estimates and figures are availal)e. It is known that thle fruit and vegetable production was about $27,600 000; that 400,000 bushels of grain were threshed; that 13,727 head of cattle and 15,656 hides were shipped out; that about 1,000,000-pounds of honey were produced; that most of tlhe seeds produced in the Province came from this basin, and that both dairying and poultry raising are substantial industries. These figures, and tlhe following data, clearly indicate the growing importance of agriculture in tlis basin. 94. The principal agricultural districts in tlh British Columbia portion of the basin are confined to tle larger tributary river valleys and their contiguous benchlands. This farming is nearly all done where irrigation is either necessary or desirable to assure the best, regular crop production. Most of tile lands are irrigated by gravity

9.869604064

460406968.9 382 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES flow glitches, but water also is pumIped from neighboring lakes or streams to the higher b)ench(es nearby, and this tylpe of project will prol)ably become increasingly more prominent in future because such 1)enches contain the bulk of undevelol)ped,Iotentially irrigable land. T1he rich river-bottoni land(ls south of Koottnay Lake, all the way to Bonnetrs Ferry, Idaho, require (Irainage and1 floo(l-conltrol measures to make tell pro(luctive, some of tils acreage already is tlhus b)lenficiallv dlevelopedl. andl 9)5. ()kanagan Valley, from Armstrong to the international boundl- ary, is lhighly eve(llo)e(l agricullltulral districtt, producing about 40 'l)'cent of all Calnadianl tree fruit, )principallyapples, (besides notnb)le atmiounts of otlier fruits, vegetal).les, tomatoes, and Illons.''The value, of the flrit and( vegetal)e crops produceded)l ill 1)44 was app)lroxi- matelyv $21,(000,000.' 'Ihe agric(lltlralt industry supl)oro'ts nilmel'rouls r(lted(l proce)(ssiIng1(1a marketingt indlustrlies. At least, $10,000,000 ltas been invested in irrigation works in this valley anl nearly all productive lands requirei irriganti ll.I ll(re fire :33 1mjoj irrigation l)rojectls suptl)plying water( to 34,487 of the 50,!74 irrigable anclres tun(de their (lit'ches. 'T'lis total does nott ilul(ldlf tile nlumeroous indliviidal pitchess al(d thl(e afcreages by o(f which n() 'record(t is at handle. Sll)l)li(ed t'hemt, 90'.e'1' Kttl' River Nalley (owliStlreami from Rock (1r1eek, tl(1a ('specially around(tl1Gran(l Forks, is also a very p)o(uIctive irrigated district an(d lot(ed for its commercllial see(l prod(lctioI. Simnilar crops are grown in tle( Sinlkamleen Valley, mostly below Kerei eos. Lower Slocan Vailley anll(l Kootently \alley below N(eson iare' prominilent frilit-growi ng (listlricts, as areIalso some areas along tlhe( mainly C(olumllbia River and Lower Arrowl ake. Pro(lucl(tion of honey is an important relate(l.din(dustry ill parts of tlle l)bsin. 9)7. '1'The 11oo control, kingn, filn(l(hdi)rainlge projects along tlhe ioot()tley ul)pstIreanll from Rlootnay__1a1i;(e hi\av reclaimed about 17,000 of tIlh :0(),000 acres of fertile lland said to be r(eclaimatll le be)twe(\nl the lake aInl t1li,in1t(lrnational )boun(lary. In Ilalho, more than 32,00() acres ha vce been similarly rc(lailime(l. lo\wever, this richly intelrnatiollil districtt is in)de(qluately p)rotl('ct(( from major floods. This is discilssedl in mnor(e (detail in chapl)ter IV, pl.ngral)ph 127. Other( areas aref'( farmlled around ]Kootenafy likeland norlt t ereof aloi(n )Dunallna a1lndar(ldeat Rivers. The'1 following plerlhtinent statmeiltllts are fromll a rece((nt govern(l'lenttll pul)i(cation: Th(e acreage (in Blritish C(olullbia) undltr tree and fruits att prese)lt (19-16) is 50,000 acres, although at 11much larger acreage call )( tit ilize(l. Irrigat ion costs are a factor in anyll stch development but. generally availability of water is restricte(l only by th(l necessity for cheap power to rth(raise it to land.2 98. '11he benchlalnds along thel( Rocky Mountailn Trench from Fort Steele to (Ca1nal Flats on the Kootenay, an froml Canal F'lats to the( neighborhood of Surlprise Rapi(ds on Ciollumblia River, together with the river-bottonm lands in the same areas, arle only partially (tevelol)pe( at tih('e present tilml. This district probably contains the largest acreage of undevelopedd(, potentially pro(luctive land in this basiii, although there ar(e sizable. acreages distributed elsewhere. 'The British Columbia Department of Agriculture Circular No. 42, on Okanagan Flood Control, Replort of Joint Board of Engineers, Canada, l11(6, vol. I, p. r6. 2 A Review of Resources, I'roducton and (lovernmcntal Finances, seventh edition, Mav 1, 1917, by tile l)epartrment of Finance, Province of British Columbia, pp. 12 and 13. COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 383 "The Columbia-Kootenay Valley," speaking of that portion of Rocky Mountain Trench from the "Big Bend" of the Columbia to the international boundary, states, "This area of the valley proper is about 1,000,000 acres, and at a modest estimate from 20 to 30 percent is available for crops of hay, grain, vegetal)les, and the hardier fruits while nearly all the rest is good pasturee" Some of this potential acreage may be irrigated by gravity-flow ditclhes from neighboring streams; some may best b)e served by pumping projects from closer sources andl some of the river-bottoin lands willlreqluire floo(l protec- tion and/or drainage to l1ring them into production. 99. Potatoes, alfalfa hay, clover and grain hay are the principal field crops grown in the basin. Stock raising and (lairying are important adjuncts to many farm operations. It is estimated that a total of 75,500 acres are now under irrigation and that 100,000 acres eventually will be irrigated. A total of 305,400 acres are under cultivation ant( an additional 395,000 acres are in use as open grazing lands.' 100. Allowance for future irrigation nee(ls has been made in estimating depletion of stream flows and its effects on downstream (de- velopmlents. It is estimated that 3.0 acre-feet of water would be required per acre of irrigable, land, of which 1.4 acre-feet would later return to the stream..- This leaves a depletion figure of 1.6 acre-feet per irrigable acre, which, multiplied( by the 100,000 acres of total estimated acreage, gives a total stream deopletion of 160,000 acre-feet. Such depletion, spread through the irrigation season, which coincides largely with that of higl stream flow, is insignificant in comparison with the total runofT. As a matter of fact, the return flow from irrigation reaches the stream throughout tlhe late fall and winter season of low flow, thus acting as ground storage and increasing the dependable flow downstream. Therefore, the more water eventually diverted for irrigation in this part of the basin, the better the downstream regulation will be in the United States. It is, therefore, relatively un- important whether this allowance is accurately estimated or not, so long at it is within any reasonable limits that may be presently forecast. 101. Forestry.-Forestry has been an important industry in this part of British Columbia since very early (lays, because of the fine growths of good merchantable timber within easy access to good water transportation. Both the Kootenay and Columbia Basins still contain large stands of merchantable timber, much of it in either National or Provincial parks or on Dominion or Provincially owned lands, where its orderly and planned harvesting furnishes a steady annual income. The northern part of Kettle River drainage is also heavily timbered. This basin contains merchantable stands of Douglas fir, western red -cedar, western hemlock, Engelmann spruce, ponderosa pine, white pine, lodgepole pine, and other coniferous species. Best timber stands are found on the western slopes of the main mountain ranges and on those plateau areas where elevations range from 3,000 to 7,000 feet. Most of the timber crop is sawed locally in small mills located at points convenient for transportation on the large lakes or railroads. The industry supplies all local needs of building and other activities such as the manufacture of boxes, mine timbers, and other finished products, and ships the rest of its product to markets in the United States or to Pacific coast ports for export. i Columbia River Basin Report, U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, June 1046. Table: Table 11.--Species cut, all products, in British Columbia, 1946

Table: Table 12.--Timber cut, by land status, Nelson and Kamloops Forest districts, 19461

384 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 102. Table 11 gives the timber cut, all products, by species, in the various forest districts of British Columbia during 1946, which is the latest year for which figures are available.1 Production is quite con- TABIE I 1.-Species cut, all products, in British Columbia, 1946

''imber cut in thousands of feet board measure II Timbler species Prince Ru- Coastal pert and Ka.nlloops Nelson Total (list ricts Forl (eoroge

Fir...... ------.-....-. 1, 0'0. (103 18,859 100, 735 55. 3Sfi 1,235,38,3 Cedlari .i...... ------8. 152 22, 717 41, 227 ill, 508 Sprllcr. --.-.--....-----..--...... 149, (t17 17, 725 25, 819 210, 185 I ,lllol k ...... --. 6, (516 1, 00 11,336( (35, 217 ]l si111; -...... -..... 4, 701 1, 219 1 6S, 598 'ellw pine -..-...... ------12, 791 33.8(1 W hile piltt 1 8, 252 2, 819 5, 7X) 2(1, S01 .---...------.... . Lodtl..-...-...ol pine-...... 56, 873 11, (X)2 I(, 0()1 71, 134 (tlIh 21, 05S 6t, 786 85;, 844 ('tloilwood..-.-l....---..-...... --...... 7,177 2, :314 2, 263( 7:11 12, 86i 1M iscwellh lleols ..... 3:19 90 16 5(390 20 ;,{1 Total-...... --..-- ...... ------. 2, ,' (),6S2 247, 191 201, 611 225, 175 3,193, 6Gi5

sistent, as the 10-year...... average (1936-45) was 3,219,851 thousands of feet board measure and the largest year's production (1940) was 3,693,155 thousands of feet board measure.. It is believed that all of the productioll in the Nelson district, and much of that in the Kamlool)s district comes froln the Colulnbia Basin and that very little, if tany, of this timber is use(' in paper or pulp wood manufacture. The above cuts flron thle Nelson and Kamloops Districts came largely from timber sales, as shown in the following tabulation: TABLE, 12.--7Timber cut, )by land stttlus, Nelson and Kamloops Forest districts, 191t6 1 Cut in 1,000 feet board mesllure Land status Nelson Kam1loo1ps

'I'ittmber licenses ---... ------..---...- -...---..-... -- 14, 464 5, 602 'Timther berths ...... --.---.--...---..------.------.. 3,092 10, 571 T'imi'iwr lenses----.....------....------133 2 I)ominion...... n...... ---.-----.-----l inds .----- ..-.------. .----, 337 1, 710 'imber sales...... -... ..--.. .---.. ------133, 686 123, 338 'l'eerilptiols andl miscellaile-ous.------.-.------.----- 1,133 4, 272 Crown grants--,.....-..-..- ...... 58, 329 56, 121

'Total ------225, 175 201,614

I British C'olumbia Department of Lands and Forests, IReport of the Forest Service, 1946, table (8), p. 65. 2 This includes only timber from those lands still under the jurisdiction of tho D)ominion Government. The Nelson District had 209 sawmills an(t 3 shingle mills operating in 1946 whose estimated( 8-hour daily capacity was 2,359 thousands of feet board measure of lumber and 50,000 shingles peCr 8-hour day. The figures for HKamloops district are 321 sawmills and 2 shingle mills witl a daily capacity of 2,000 thousands of feet board measure of lumlbr and 28,000 shingles. 103. AMinerals and mining.--Mining and its associated mineral industries...... -....------have been the most important factors in tlhe settlement and I British Columbia Depat tment of Lands and Forests, Report of the Forest Service, 1946.

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460406968.9 Table: Table 13.--Value of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc produced within Columbia River Basin by mining divisions and total for British Columbia, for the years indicated1

COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 385 development of this part of British Columbia since 1860. The Annual Report for 1946 published by tile Minister of Minels, Province of British Colum}bia, Victoria, 1947, gives the value of mineral production as $71,807,951, which was 13.3 percent higher than the 1945 figure and was exceeded only in 1937, 1940, 1941, and 1942. The production in 1942 was the highest of recor(l, valued alt $78,441,180. But quantity figures were somel.vllnt lower in 1946 tihanl te dollar values indicate, owing to tle rise ill prices. Tlle quantities of copper and lode gold produced in 1946 were\ 32 and 33 percent lower, respectively, than the 1945 I)roduction, )but tils was caused prillarily by labor strikes. Coal production also was less than il 1945 because of the labor shortage and strike. Table 13 shows tile production value of p)lacer gold, lode gold, silver,, copper, lead, stand zillc from tlhe principal mining (livisiolls of Brlitish Columllnbia that are wholly or mostly within Columbia River Basin, for the years indicated. TAnrBL 13.-Value of gold, silver, copper, leal, anld inc produced within Columbia River Basin by miinig divisions and total for British Columbia, for the years indicated 1

Values in thousands of dollars 2 MIinin division 1911 1913 1915 1916 inclusive1 -46,

Fort Steele ...... ------...... 31, (13 :30,32S :37, 6,i56 418, 382 653, 122 (ollder.n.....i...... 7(1 '103761 260 8, 967 (reenwlloodl ....- ...... ------...... 712 221 112 403 10(i, 128 Irdeaul --..-...... -....-..-..12 ...... ,2214 Nelson .------.------. .-.------....---- 3:,()Si 53 12 318 4(,000 Osoynos .-.-_.-.-..-_-__ ...... _.. 2,173 1, I I ! 2, 1002 1,021 31, 262 levelstol e ....-...... -- -..- -.- . . 3 i i 1 177 Simnilkniln ------...---- 4. 351 3.010 , t67 1, 457 45, 885 Slocan ..---...-.--.----.------..--..- . t;"(IS(9l, 95. 628 54, 294 Trail Creek 3 ...... --...-..__ ...-... -. 322 319 6 10 80,810 Vernon....------.- ...------30 1 __ 1 236 Total of above...... -....I-,I:3, :) :17,657 43. .118 52,184 1,,032,395 . Total for British Columbia ....-- 03, 602 41 537 5 1),3911 56l, 15 1, 531. 068

1 British Columbia Minister of Mines, Annual report for 1016, tables IX I and IX C. 2 Caniadi.infunds. For details of yearly average metal l)ri(ws used, refer to publie.tion listed in footnote 1. 3 Includes zinc and lead recovered at the Trail smelters, from current and reclaimed slags, derived from mines in several mininiii divisions. These figures indicate that at least 87 percent of the 1945 production and 92 percent of the 1946 production of these metals in British Columbia came from the Columbia Basin part of the Province. The production of these same metals from these same mining divisions prior to 1900 is estimated to have been more than $104,000,000 which gives a total production of about $1,137,750,000 from the Columbia Basin part of the Province for these metals. By including a conservative estimate for the prodllction of minor metals, coal and other mineral products, the total mineral production of this subbasin is about $1,422,500,000. Tlis sium is composed of 181l millions from gold, 1914 millions from silver, 133 millions from copper, 373 millions from leal, 259 millions from zinc, 17% millions from miscellaneous metals, 16 millions from nonmetals, 346 millions from coal and 5 millions from structural materials.

9.869604064

460406968.9 Table: Table 14.--Quantity and value of principal minerals produced--British Columbia, 1945 and 19461

Table: Table 15.--Canadian value of total mineral production within the Columbia River Basin of British Columbia, by Mining Divisions, 1945 and 19461

386 COLUMBIA RIVEL AND TRIBUTARIES 104. Table 14 gives thle B11itiish ColumbI)ia production of the principal metals and minerals for 1945 and 1946, their 1946 dollar value, 11nld conl)parison in (quantity produced. '1.\ n,; 14.---Quantiy and value of principal minerals produced---lritish Columbia, 19)9: and 19/f6 t

Quantity in 1,000 eValueercentago Untal i-ncre-- se or dicr]

ilismlll(h...... -...-. ....--....-...... --.--. 328 +25. 9 (':tdlniui-:-...... -....7..-- ...... 772 +52.7 Pound 852 501 4 C(opler;"old: ...... 2, 17, 2, 2-10 -32. Ld . . . . Ounc 171 -, 322 --:3. 0 'rn1,' Ilcer.... . do. 13 1( 473 +2-1. 9 Lead- ...... id.....' 33, 4S 347, 990 23, 489 -1.6 Silver...... )Ounce. I, 157 t, 366,2)243. Tin ...... 181 -.7 Zincl P....I..u..."oiil - - 01, 71Si78 270, 21, 143 -10. 2 M iscell:nleous 1 l-tallies ...... 97

Tol:tl i:.etillics .. 5...... 72 i\Noliiivtlallics (mostly s!flfui r, ilicit, :andll ..-...... --...... 1, 716 +10(.7 pi'qt iul ss). C(Iiy anitd clnyI2 rod( ictCs ...... 815 +32.6 ( )lli(r sltatirialsImet tuinil..r....-- ..-.--... -. .. 41,3151 + 57. 5 <'oal, Iuog tos-...-...... -.--... 1, 518 1, -141 (i, 220 -3.6 0ClrndI I(IIolal ...... -.-..-- ..-- . 71, 808 +13.3

I British (Colulii hMi n ister of Nil nes, Annual Ileport for 19146, table I. Ca( muliiln fields. !hIecoverud I i nci'i):1lly from Sullivan t'linie ores. 105. The exact, amounts of met als and minerals that were produced in tli e Columbia IBasin are not. availal)Ie, but table 15 gives data for tl.li years 1945 aItnd 194,6 for Mlining Il)ivisions thatl Iare known to be almost. wholly within tlie basin, and tlie total is a close approximation of b1lsiln p)oduclltion value. 'A-L 1.I C(anadian value of total mineral production within the Columbia Iliver Ilsil'of lMri(ish (C'olumbia, by Alining )ivisions, 19)5J anid 1.946 1

V;lue of production in dollars Miningl division ______- 1945 19416

I'ort selrl ...... --...... - 42, 910,466 54, 256, 000 hOoldc'n ------.-...... 825, 803 290,443 (Ireenwodl ...... 191, 767 48.1,670 .N:lsll ...... 51,283 372,005 Osoyoos 2 9, 1 , 157,802 l'lstok ...... 5,94 39, (58 8iliilkanitii -- -- 2,205,091 1, l3-, 831 Sloc --96...... 2...... 951,, 479 62S,415 Trail Creek 2...... -.. 1,247, NO 1, 274, (»3 V(rno -...... 1, 8 ::3,049, Tot-l...... ------....- 50,958,412 014, 206 I British Columhbii Minister of Mines, Annual Rlport 1906, tablo VIII. 2 Inrcludtls production from minos as well as recoveries froin the snmelters of'rail which could not 1bo allocatedI by divisions. A comparison of these figures with the total Provincial Iproduction, as given in table 14, indicates that the. Columbia Basin produced 80.5 percent. of the. 1945 and 83.5 percent of the 1946 totals. The coal

9.869604064

460406968.9 Table: Table 16.--Returns to mining investors of British Columbia since 1897

Table: Table 17.--British Columbia mining industry employees and costs, 1946

COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 387-L L production which is included in the above figures, amounted to about $3,967,000 in 1945 and about $3,842,000 in 1946 or over 62 percent of the total Provincial coal production in 1946. More than 95 percent of the coal produced in Columbia Basin in Canada comes from the East Kootenay district where the Michel colliery produced about 67 percent of tllis district's output in 1946. The only other district producing coal commercially is the Nicola-Princeton district, near Princeton and Merritt, where the Tulameen Collieries, Ltd., near Princeton, was the principal producer in 1946. 106. The mineral industries of British Columbia have paid substantial amIounts back to their investors as dividends and return of capital disbursements as shown in table 16, which also contains fan estimate of the amounts paid by concerns located in the Columlbia Basin: TABLE, 16.-Ieturnr to mining investors of British Columbia since 1897 Total dividends land is- bursentlllns made Industry British C'olumtll)i Columbia iBasin 2

Lode-gold mihnilg ...------.-..-.--... ..-...... $70, 033, 0841 $18, 000,000 Silver-lead-zine mining andl smelting ------..-...... 1...... IliO, 293, 4t8 150, 000, 000 Copper mining3...... -...... 9, 448, 325 27, 1(10, (Xo Coal mining-...---...... -....--....-.---...... - 29, i13, 434 14,I001,t0 Miscellaneous, structural, and placer gold -...... 3,112, 886 Unlknown

Tootal ...... --- .---.---.------303, 101, 197_000215, 000. Total dividends paid in 19Olli...... --...... 15, 56, 047 2 1.1, 287, 000 British Columbia Minister of Mines, Annual Report 19401, table XVII and text. 2 Estimated. 107. A detailedd breakdown of the operating properties ill the Columbia River Basin, the number of their employees, an(l similar data, lhas not beenmade, but table 17 gives figures for all of British Columbia from the annual report of the Minister of Mines for 1946 and it can be used to give a close approximation of in the basin. operations TABE,l.17.-British Columbia mining industry employees and costs, 1946 Amounts paid out, dollars Average ______Class nIlllhber emi- ployees Sal1aies, Fuel, elec- I'roeess sup- wages triel y plies Lode mining-...... ----.....---....-.... 3, 735 17, 441,272 4, 173;, 699 5,018,341 Placer miniingi -...... 347 232, 259 18, 774 35 093 Coal mining---...... - ...... ---.. 2,305 5, 262, 990 294, 414 1, 34,173 M iscellaneous --.....- ...... 079 1,2( 9, 12 162,110 2, 023,937 Structural materials industries-.. .--..----.-.. 1,382 1,984, 547 778, 401 256, 161

Total, 1946.--.--...... --...... - ... 8, 448 26, 100, 200 5, 427, 458 8, 37, 706 The smelters and concentrators employed 3,485, which plus 8,448 (table 17) make a total of 11,933 employed in the industry in British Columbia. A total of 3,705,375 tons of ore was produced in 1946 by the 50 shipping lode mines, which tonnage contained a gross

9.869604064

460406968.9 388 COLUMBIA RIVEI AND TRIBUTARIES mineral value of $48,920,971. Freight and treatment charges on the above tonnage amounted to $2,904,130, leaving a net value to shippers of $40,016,841. 108. The famous Sullivan mine near Kimberley, which employed an average of 1,465I(ersons in 1946, is the world's largest silver- lead-zinc mine. It produces most of Canada's lead and zinc and is the center of the most important mining district in the basin. Prior to, 1920, the West Kootenay district,, which is centered around Ross- lan(l but 1has many pro(lucers in thle Slocan-Kootenay Lake area, was theIlost, important mining districtt. The Princeton area is another important source of metals, andnltumerous smaller minelral-producing properties are s(cattlere over tlhe basin. The rich players, which attracted(l and sup)l)ort(d tihe first settlers, have given way to tile lodes p)res(ently woirk(e(. 'These are foulllnd as fissure( veins; as large, low-grade impll egllntions; and as richl replacement deposits producing lead, zinc, clloper, gold, silver, and many, otkler mineral products. HIeavy overl)tbrdens makeli prospecting (litficult in many areas and ari (doubltl(ess still hi(liing va1llle(' mineral deposits. The urgency of wrl causeue exp'loitaltion of miany'-l(ew minerals a11(1 deposits in this basin, such ns crefitd metallic magniesillm and magnesium sulfate. There iare also important. (deposits of stbmetallics, and the Flathead Vall(yv is 1a )promising oil field. 109(. Some of tlle Irge(r nlls andl atll of the smelters and refineries )buy ores and conce:nt rnatcs from other properties, many of them as far distantt as Alaska and the State of Colora(Io, and thus serve to sul)p1ort and e(nco('rage minllgir in a 1mu(ch larger area. Theseplants also foster related d ependlent, indust ries, such as extensive sulfuric acid andll fertilizer mnanuifact uring plants. lThe Trail lead and zinc refineries have lrat(el annual capacities of 205,000 and 145,000 tons, respe)(, i\elt y. 11(). T'1h largest coal mines anll tllie only p)roduc(rs of metallurgical coke i, west(ern Canada are( in tle East Kootenav districtt, near Ferni(, where t li( coal fil(lds cover an area of :370 squartle miles, and the (estintaIt((l (reserves are 56,878,000,000 tons of good bituiminous coal. (therhonemer(lcinl ldeplosits of coal are found in the vicinity of Me(rritt aflnd l'rilc((tonl andl (els(n\lewle1. Thi'e tevelol)ment of all these miiii(ral in(ltsltries )broughlit railroads into tlie west(erl part of the areaf at theendtli of tl(,lill eteenth cel(iti ry, and1 later they were extended across tlie soitl(hern(iel(1 of tlie )asil.Th, e construction of tlhe tranls- ('oitili(nlntil li(e of tlie C('analiall Pac'lific allilwav ali(led tlie ral)i( (('evelo'(1l)l11t of' this co()uiltry 1 inlprovinig its a(ces''sil)ility. 111. l,1,ft(ctrinyl.--- .Manlifa(ctuling pIlanlts of tl(i Columbia Basin part, of BIritish (Coltiumlia a(re tlose engagedd in tlhemalrklting and processing o farm proIu(lc'ts, tl)(linelnutlactl( ring of fi isl((ed )irod)llts mn(lde l)riil)ilUlly of woo(l, tlhe refining (iid mlanutfacturing of mer- chantil)bl( metals or metallic ('om1il)ollils, nia( th(e producingg of paints, fruit a(ndI \vgettable spllrays, 11and ilsecticide(s. 'IlThere arie a few small l)oat, a1(1 slipul)lilding facilities an1(1d repair shiops ai(n otl(er mniscella- i0eous sniall ill(luistries. l1(l1lstri(es rI'latd(( to lag'i('ic lttilre incl(iide c(old- storage( p1intts, c'amri, is,, ol('iltcese-m1lantlfacturing, )lants, ('llninlg I)lalts, and ftruilt and vegetable Iprocessin)g pltlis. 112. Tab'le 18 shows those cities of the basil ec('h with a gross pro(lld('tion of over $1,000,000 alnd(ithtIhI11((r or Imollr (stabllishil(ents Table: Table 18.--Data on manufacturing establishments in the larger cities of British Columbia in the basin, for 1944

Table: Table 19.--Water-power development

COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 389 in 1944, the latest year for which official figures are available. (Canada Year Book, 1945.) TABLE 18.-Data on manufacturing establishments in the larger cities of British Columbia in the basin, for1944

Cost of Estab- Gross City lish- Salaries Wages value of ments triscityFuel, elec- Materials products

Cranbrook-- ..- ...... -----11 $57,632 $281,708 $41,917 $658,119 $1,303,838 Kelowna.------25 124, 558 695,060 59, 937 1,567, 730 2, 964, 231 Nelson--...------24 120,796 311,641 34,163 822, 402 1,741,611 Vernon...... ------.----. 21 125,959 604, 383 81,338 1,343,979 2,500, 851

Totals ....-.-.-----.-.--- 81 428,945 1,792,792 217,355 4, 392, 230 8, 510, 531

In 1941, there were only three cities listed, with a total of 67 establishments producing a gross of $4,555,829. These figures represent only a part of the basin's manufacturing plant but are sufficient to indicate its growing importance. 113. Power.-Water power is the chief source of electrical energy in the basin part of British Columbia, there being only a few stand- by steam plants in isolated communities. This development has grown rapidly from 1,000-horsepower capacity in 1897 in the Trail- Rossland district to the present installation (1945) of about 286,400 kilowatts in 69 plants. This development has been largely in connection with the mining industry, its associated metallurgical and chemi- cal developments, and with municipal lighting. Twelve plants, whose total installation exceeds 283,000 kilowatts, are listed in table 19. Most of the small plants not enumerated serve mniing, sawmill, or municipal interests. TABLE 19.--Water-power development

Owner and plant Stream (feet){feed Installed capacity

Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co.: Corra Linn ..-..-..-.---. Kootenay River-...... --..53 42,500 kilowatts. Upper Bonnington 1------..--do --.--7t..70 61,200 kilowatts. Lower Bonnington ------do .------.------. 70 44,800 kilowatts, South Slocan .------.---.--- l... o .---.------..-.70 56,000 kilowatts. Brilliant ....--...(..1------.------.do-....-...... --.--...--..-82 56,000 kilowatts. Erickson ------.------(oat River (Kootenay)-.-..----.- 70 825 kilovolt-amperes. Cascade-.------.------Kettle River------. 156 2,250 kilowatts. City of Nelson '-----...------Kootenay River...-...---. 60 4,900 kilowatts. City of Revelstoke------Illecillewaet River-- 62 900 kilowatts. East Kootenay Power Co., Itd.: Aherfeldie ------.---- Bull River (Kootenay)-.. ...- 2275 5,000 kilovolt-amperes. Flko-...... -- Elk River (lootenay)--._.-- 190 11,200 kilowatts. llcdley ((old Mining and Mill- lIedley Creek (Similkameen)--.-- 412 400 kilowatts. ing Co.

I These plants use the same dami, 114. Th3eBritish Columbia Power Commission, an agency of the Provincial Government, was instituted under authority of the Electric Power Act of 1945 for the purposes of constructing, acquiring, and operating such plants or systems as from time to time may be neces-

9.869604064

460406968.9 390 COLUMBIA RIV'ER AND TRIBUTARIES sary to lprovitle electric I)ower within the Province at the cheapest possible rate. At the presenttime it is mainly concerned with the extension and development of rural electrification andl has already taken over existing facilities in the Nainmo-Duncan and Alberni areas of Vancouver Island, parts of the Okanagan, around Golden and Nakusp, parts of the Kamloops area and other districtss.' This Com- mission also lhas several large construction projects un(ler waty, one of which is the Whatshan-Arrow Lakes hydroelectric project under which construction work was started in tJune 1948; Tills is a 4/2- million-dollar project involving a ditan at Whattshla Lake connected to a powerhouse near Needles oln I.ower Arrow Lake by tunnels and drop shafts. Two 12,500-lhousepower generating units are projected for the scheme, according to i recent news release.2 A secondo project, not in the basin, is on the Campbell River, Vancouver Island. This is designed for six units of 25,000 horsepower. These developments, together with several others by private concerns, indicate the wide- spIreadl an(d 'ra)idly expanding neet(lds for electric power in the common- wealtlh generally. 115. RIecrertion, fish, anld willife--The recreation a(l fishf and wildlife resources of this biasiln are so extensive as to play an in1mportlant part lil thle e(conomly of many communities. A total of 1,715 square miles has been set asi(e iln tlhe National Parks of Yoho, Kootenay, Glacier, and NMounlt Reltvlstoke, and more than 4,000 square miles are illn rovilncial parks such asl lamlbe, Kokanee Glacier, Mount Assiniboine, and others. Several fish hatcheries are maintained for pl)olpagaltion of game fishl. ()kanagan River' and its lakes are olne of tlihe cllief splawnling grounds for the sockeye salmon of the Columibi River system, since t lie building of Grand Coulee I)am. Tlie numerous streams aln lakes Iprovi(de fishing, boating, waterfowl hunting, and other sports. IFr-bearling animals are inumlerous andl are comllmler- cially traplped1 ats well as raised( oil fllr farms. M\Iany of the parks are b)ig-gamle sanctularies. h'ltiey also conltailt some of Canala's most noted all)ilie areas and world-flamous scenic spots, which are accessible b)y tl'ail or car. '11te Selkirk Mountains contain at least seven I)eaks ofiiciailly listed as over 11,000 feet hliigh; whereas there alre 22 peaks along the Itocky NMountain Ranges, ranging from 11,000 feet to the 12,972 feet of lofty lotunt Roblsont. Most of these 22 peaks are within -British Coliumbia, )but some ar'e onl tlhe Coltillental Divide separating Alberta and British Columbia. The rugged scenery, per)etiual glaciers, alpine flower beds, an(d beautiful lakes, as well as the O)l)portunities fo' fisling, l)oating, lhuntiig, anld other sports, are aIttlrtiing increasinrg n1umlbers of visitors eachl year from the United Stalts ast well as from tlie rest of Canada. The commercial value of these recreational, fish, and wildlife resources is large, ant the amount (ex)pel(ndel by sI)ortslmen an( tourists ill increasing annually. TRANSPI'OTATION AND CONMMERCE 116. All the implortalt centers of population and industrial production are reasonably well served( by existing transiportattion facilities. (See plate 1.) MIanly communities 1are serve' d y combinations of rail, I British Columina)i l)artmcent of Finallce, Review of resources, Production anld governmental Finances, seventh edition, 1I 17, pp. ,19,19,o it. 3 Engineering News Record, May 20, 1i9i. COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 391 water, motor, or air transport. There are 1,387 miles of railroad lies, 1,768 miles of highways, and 1,090 miles of navigable lakes and streams, of which 280 miles are presently served by steamers or other commercial craft. Canadian Pacific Airlines makes regular stops in the basin on their flights between Vancouver and Calgary, where connections are made with planes to all important world centers. Most of the larger cities and many smaller towns are served by chartere(l, licensed, and local flying services. There are 20 landing fields, and the numerous lakes provide convenient facilities for planets equipped with pontoons. 117. Railroads.-The railway systems, through their interconnec- tions with other transcontinental lines in United States, give this region excellent rail transportation to and from all parts of Canada and the United States. Their connections to excellent port facilities in both Canada and the United States give the products of this basin quick, cheap access to worl(l markets. 118. The main transcontinental line of the Canadian Pacific enters Yoho National Park from Lake Louise, Alberta, over Kicking Horse Pass. It follows Kicking Horse River to its mouth at Golden, passing through tile famous Spiral Tunnels en route. It then cuts across tll "Big Bend" of the Columbia River by going through and under the Selkirk Mountains by way of Glacier National Park and Connaught Tunnel, recrosses the Columbia at Revelstoke, and leaves the basin a few miles to the west on its way to Vancouver. A branch of this system leaves the main line at Lethbridge, Alberta, and enters the basin at Crowsnest Pass to wind lack and forth to the north and south along first one (drainage course and then another as it goes westerly across the southerly portion of the basin. This branch line serves most of the mining, milling, and agricultural sections of the basin before crossing into the Fraser River drainage basin at Brookmere to rejoin the main line at H-ope. These two lines of the Canadian Pacific, together with their interconnecting branches, spurs, and connections with lines into Meonltana, Idaho, and Washington, account for 88 percent of the railroad mileage in the basin. 119. The main line of Canadian National Railway from Vancouver to Edmonton touches the extreme north end of this basin for a few miles near the headwaters of Canoe River before reaching I'ete Jaune Cache, where it turns east through the Continental Divide. A branch taking off at Kamloops enters this basil west of Armstrong to go south to Kelowna, with railhead on Okanagan Lake. A branch line from tlhe Canadian Pacific Railway at Sicamous connects a t Armstrong to this line and uses the Canadian National Lracks south to Vernon, where it has a railhead on Okanagan Lake. 120. The Great Northern Railway has the second largest mileage of track in this basin, consisting of three branch lines serving the southern part. One branch taps the Kootenay Lake and Valley (listrict by a terminal and connection with Canadian Pacific near Nelson, whence it goes south to Spokane, Wash. As Spokane is tlhe largestalnd most important city in the upper Columbia Basin, it is an important dis- tribution and supply center for an extensive area, including much of the south central part of tlhe basin in Canada, witl good rail and air connections both east and west. A second branch of the Great Northern follows the Olanagan alnd Similkameen Valleys from

91088-52-vol. 2 -4 392 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES Wenatchee, Wash., to tlhe town of Hedley, British Columbia. The third branch follows the Kettle River to connect with the Canadian Pacific at Grand Forks, British Columbia. 121. The Spokane International Railroad supplies another rail connection with the United States. From its terminus and connection with the Canadian Pacific Railway at Yahk, British Columbia, this line enters the United States through the M/oyie River Valley and continues to its southerly terminus at Spokane. 122. [ighways.-Trans-Canadian Highway No. 1 and Highway No. 3 traverse, respectively, the northern and southern ends of the basin in an east-west direction. These two highways are connected within the basin by north-south roads No. 4 and No. 5, which, with minor roa(ls and connections with highways in the United States, give this basin outlet to the rest of Canada and to the important adjacent centers in the United States. About 500 miles of these roads are paved, all-weather roads, according to latest available maps. Most of Highways 1, 3, 4, and 5 are graded and surfaced; the minor, connecting roads are generally graded; however, short stretches on most of these highways are narrow or poorly maintained(. The great distances, extremely rugged terrain to be crossed, and the dispersion of population are factors that have retarded roa(l buildings. Highway transportation will continue its recent, rapid increase in importance and will materially aid the economic development of the basin as the mileage of good, all-weather roads is increased. 123. Airways.-Air transportation of both passengers and freight has developed rapidly and is most important in this basin, principally owing to the rough, inaccessil)le nature of the country. Much of the current airway service is furnished by relatively small, chartere(l com- panies and individuals. Tlle daily flights of Canadian Pacific Airlines between Vancouver and Calgary stop at Penticton, Castlegar, and Cranlbrook. I'lel closest stops of Trans-Canada Lines are Vancouver and Lethb)ri(lge. Good connections are made at Calgary, Lethbridge, or Vancouver with planes to all Canadian and American cities of inlportance. Spokane, Wash., is the closest connection with United Air Lines and Northwest Airlines. A total of 20 landing fields are found in the basin, 7 of which are Dominion-owned or operated at tlie towns of Kimb)erley, Kitchlener, Yahk, Oliver, Penticton, 1'rinceton, and Salino. Seven airports are municipally owned or operated at the towns of Castlegar, Cranbrook, Crestonl, Fei'nie, Grand Forks, Kelowna., and( Vernon. Four are privately owned( at Cresc(n(,t Valley, Trail, Carini, and Windermenre, andl a.t Rock Creek anld MNi(lway two are owned by tle Provincial Government. Eiight of the total lnulll)er are listed either as emergency fields or for summer use only. Good flanchorages for seaplanes are listed on Skaha and OknlangaRn 1i(akes near l)eiiticton , oni Kootenay Lake near Nelson, and on MNloyie like near Cranlbrook, andl many lesser lakes are use(l for lalt(ling seap)lanes in summer anl skli-eqlil)ped planes in winter. lMost of tN1(,town\s with a irfiel(ls, lmentionllled above, h ave local flying service an(ld ninny of them sllPl)ort good, chartere(l but nonsihe(lduled services to otll(er towns in Canauda. Similarly, chartered services from cities ,otll in Unit(ed States and( Canlada I)rovi(le passenger and freight service to ill I)arts of the basin. 124.. NaiaT'iftion..-Water' transportation is still very iml)ortant for consi(leralble arans of tlis l)basin, especially on tihe larger lakes that COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 393 have railheads. Okanagan Lake is very important (during the harvest season in moving the valley crops to market. The Canadian National and Canadian Pacific Railways both operate tugs and car barges, and both have spur tracks leading to transfer slips at Kelowna andlPentic- ton. Therelll are transfer slips at seven other points around the lake, some of them with car sidings. A provincially opl)erate ferry connects Kelowna with a ferry landing on the opl)osite side of the lake. The lake and Okanagan River as far (ownstream as Oliver are used to transport logs to sawmills. The lake is also navigated by numerous small privately owned pleasIure and commercial vessels. 125. Ippl)er andl( Lowcer Arrow Lakes and their connecting reach are still used extensively for transportation. Cain(ldian.n Pacific steamers carry both passengers an(n freight 'regularly l)etween' railroad connections at Arrowhead, near Castlegar, and at Naknlsp. Slocain Lake also provides a. connec(tilng water link between rail lines at either end. Kootenay Lake is a very important means of travel for an area 100 miles long from 'Trlout Lake on Lardeau River in the north to Kootenay Landing ill the south, acting as a connecting link to the roads along its sides and from its ends. Both ferries and steamers have regular sche(lules. There are good wharves and landings at numerous points on the lake, with railhead connections at three points on its shores. The total freight moved in 1944 on these waters and on Okanagan Lake was 167,000 tons by vessels and 50,000 tons by rafts. A total of 13,429 passengers were carried. All the larger rivers and lakes and many of their tributaries are used in certain places for transporting logs either to sawmills or to loading stations. They are also used extensively by pleasure craft and for access in small boats to areas not yet adequately served by roads. CHAPTER IV-PROBLIEMS

GENNEIRAL 126. The only probleIms to b)e outlined here are those of water- resource (leveloel)mient whos( solutions ilmayl )('est b)e worke(l out by cool)erative action of bothl (colintries. :'loo(1 control in tile Kootenay River Basin and allong the Columllbia River, fish colnservtltion, pollution )problems at low-watt(erl st ages on the vnaious inlternatiolll streams, irrigation along the Siniilllameell nl()lOkanagan Rive'rs inl both countries, as well as power develop)llenlt problems in both couintries-all fall within this category andl are brieflyy pIointedl up in thle following paragraphs. FLOOD CONTR'OL 127. Tlihe entire Kootenay RiveNr Valley from C(lanal Flats to its moultlh oil tlil Colullmbia Riv,er is subject to Iigh s)lring floods that caulse collsi(lerable (d1lalage ollnn nvi (era( of ()1e \yeri ill five andl that occalsionallly cause lleav\v (Itlnage, (espec'ilIly ill t teirit(,rimt,ional reach bt)(wee\ l Bon11i,'s Ferr1, I,I1dao,anld KootellnyLning, ritish, Co- Illimbill. The spring flood0 of 194.S, which apl))ears to have exce eded(l the Iiistorical flood of 1894 alt sonle p1la'('es, I1as (Ide(lonst rat (d tlh(e necessity for log-rn-11nge floodI-conltrol pli)n s o01 this stIr('ni a-; well as elsewhere in the Columbia ]River Basin. The(' ex(eisiv'e(da111lnge to conimnunities. to highly developed and vNaluable farm lands, to roan(s and railways, 394 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES and tell high loss of farm animals, even in alreas where considerable m1110'S have b)een expe(ned)( for levees, accenltuates the gravity of the sitiuatioln. 'llis, in addition t t te appalling loss of life in the lower Columbia River Basin aroull Portlandrl, Oreg., to which the Kootcenay floodwaters contribllttel, give the leop)le(s and governments of this basin timlyl warning. It, will be months before the full cost in money iandl in lives, of this flood on thl( Kootenay, upper Columbia, Kettle, anl(l Sillilkall('ill Rivers in Canadl, an(l elsewhere in the basin in the United States, (canl be fully estimated. Flood control is an ilnter- naltionall problemm of priIme implolrtance. FISH CONSERVATION 128. T}lie increasing imlortanlce of Okanagana1nd( Osoyoos Lakes as spawninlg grotunl(! for blueba(k salmon runs of tlhe lower Columbia River (m)lphalsizes tl neld(l for incr(easing the low flows of this tributary. As this plrob)lem also afetcts ilrrigatiolnal interests an(l their watet(r rights, it, will require(' commlno1 action both sides of thle boundaryr. If tlhe fish Irun1sIareI to beI(aintainedl,iaudt11(they are( of great im)porltalcll(, certain )rovisiolns for scr(ee1ing (litch intake works a1nd for maittitainig ade- ( Ilat( wa ttri inl t te st rea mis (diduring the lo\w-wat(er season atre nece(ssary. STIREA NI POL)IUTION 129. This problem will become of increasing iml)ortal(nce ;i tlle (n- suing earsas1 t (ie basin bl)(colils miore populous. Tihe importance of tllis )problem) on illt(ntiatiolnal st reams ani( boundary waters was recogniized( by h)othl nations ill tlie tlreat of 1909 and pIrovisionls were tmade for its solution through tlie Intellrnational Joint Commission, where necessaryy' Pollution b(IconI s more a)ppllarcnt during low- water strags, a111( its albaten('iment is furtllhretl by anyv mean11 that w-ill illcr(''ase(' lll1 1 (liS('lchall'g s. IRRIGIATION 130(. Certaiill arablet lnitds, conltigiuous to tlhe Kettil RIiver and mIostly in Canadlla, requireiirrigationt valliter whicll can best be supI)Ilied by ditches olr other works located partly onl lands of tlhe otiler nationals involved. Irrigation 1prob)leils along tlie main stiem of the Okanogan taind oil tli(' Similkamieell Rivers also reqtuiir joint action for their best solutioll n1l(1 one such application is )Ir('lently )before tlie IlInter- national loitlt Commission. All other irrigation l)roblems of this subbasin are essentially Canadian in natureaIl( are not discussed in this report. POWER DEVELOPMENT 131. Tlhe ilcreasig demand for lectl'ic power in tlih Canadian port i)ll ofjColumbtia River Basin lits )been (demonstrated by a continu- oIs growth inl hyd(ro-gellnerating installation which has been axvital factor ill tlihe conl(olic (ldevlopmnent of this region. Thl( great ex- pansioni of 1hlroelec(tric industry ill tlie Unitedl States portion of tlie basin also has clearly shown thle nee(l for long-ralnge planning if the needs of ia 1ral)ilyd esxpandling economy are to be met. There is no doubt tlat availability of large amounts of (cheap Celectric power has exerte(l a lowerfull and positive influence for (devolopmlclnt on this region of thll ('Oltinl(nt, tthle compl)OnIent parts of which in tihe two nations arte close(l associated economically. Per capital consumption COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 395 and industrial reliance on electric power onl both sides of the boundary in this basin and its contiguous coastal centers have outstillpped those in other regions. This development is a direct outgrowth of the low energy costs and the unequaled potential for further cheap power in this region. In fact, the probable eventual inability of projects within tie United States to satisfy the power loads of the futulret raises the question of tle pIossibility of obtaiiinig electrical energy directly from Canada, or of obtaining greater ldeI)end(lable. stream flow for power generation in the United States through Canadian develol)ment of storage regulation, or both. The develop- mnent of at-site power andl storage at sites ientiolned in tlhe following chapter of this appendix could serve both these ends and might be' mutually advantageous. The following discussion of the effects that. such Canadlian developmentss would have in the United States may assist in tlhe eventual consideration of the power aspects of water- resource developmenllt in studies undertaken by the Ilnternational Joint Commiission and Canadian authorities. CHAPTER V---POTENTIAL DEVEI,O'PMENT EXISTING STORACGE 132. The Coliumlbian River Basin in Canada contains a large number of lakes, the total surface area of which is approximately (25 square miles, or roughly 1} l)ercent of the entire area. The natural storage capacity of these lakes is unknown, but it is sufficient to modify appreciably the stream flow of the tributaries. Little of this lake storage is controlled by works of man. The most important controlled storage is in Kootenay Lake, where a capacity of 817,000 acre- feet is regulated by the Corra Linn Dam of the Consolidated Miining & Smelting Co., for power production at that danm and at, the four (lownstreal.ll lheadl developments of the same coll)palny. Many of the smaller lakes have low dams at tihe outlets partially to control the flow, mainly for irrigation, but these (lo not represent a significant amount of storage. POTENTIAL STORAGE 133. It appeals possible to develop a large amount of additional storage in Canada. The heavy run-off and mountainous topography of the headwaters make the Canadian portion of the Columbia Basin favorable for large storage reservoirs. Such storage would greatly increase the use of the Columbia River water resource. The rcgula- tion of flow would firm the power at all points below the respective ,reservoirs, would accomplish flood control to an extent not possible by any other means, and would improve stream flows for the purposes of navigation, irrigation, water purification, recreation and other conservation uses. The development of major storage reservoirs in Canada in many cases would be of such international importance as to require coordination of operation with reservoirs in the United States having similar international importance. A sound plan acceptable to both countries will b)e necessary to achieve this coordination. 134. A number of clam sites are being investigated by the Canadian Government. Data concerning results are not presently available; therefore, little is known specifically about the various sites. Table 20 is a list of possible storage sites on the Columbia River system in Canada, compiled from a few preliminary reports and from study of 396 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES available topograp)hic maps. The figures shown are, at best, rough approximations. Pending tile recipt of accurate data from Canadian authorities, they are used as a basis for necessary assumptions concerning tile potentialities for storage development in Canada.. Such assumpltions arie necessaryyby reason of theclose relationship between storage an(l all other developments for water use on a. stream system, andl the consequent illfllence of tlhe Canadian potentialities on the develop)llent of the Columnbia River system within the United States as p1roosed(l in tills rel)ort. 135. (Columbia Iiver,-nain stem.-A large reservoir could b)e de- velopedl by constructing a dam(l near each enl of Columbia Lake. 'rhe (dami site at thenliorth end, known as Fairmont, is located about 2 miles niortlm of t.le lake an(l would require a structure about a mile long. Thle south d(an could b)e located either at the Torrent site, mile 356 on Kootenay River about 10 miles south of Columbia Lake, or at a site nlear tihe town of W'ardIner, river mile 303. A dlam at the Torrent site coulddevelop a total storage of some 2,000,000 acre-feet to elevation 2,700, raising (olumb)ia Lake about 50 feet . A dam at the \Ward(lier site to tile same elevation would be capable of storing about 8,000,000 alcre-feet, acco'rdliig to the aerial topography, an(l would have. a maximuln head of 260 feet. Thle anbutmnts at both sites are b)e(llock, blut the slll)surface conlditiions in tlie stream )bed are Ilunknown. Few people live il the reservoir ar and little disturbance would result, 1but relocation of branch-line railroad and highway woulll be requlire(l. ]Thlis storage pl)robably would 1e rather expensive in itself, because the upper valley is wide and two damls would be nedeld. IHowever, tle available potential headl for power at the site and downstream to ti(lewater totals 2,200 feet. Considered on the basis of over-atll cost, in(lti(ling tlle storage (amns an(l a seies of head develop- Ilentis lowestt ,'eamll to utilize tlie a(l(le(d dependable flow, such a coIpllrehllnsiv e developmentt might prove to be economical. 136(. 'TlieB1ig 1Beld site, located jlst downstream from C1anoe River, apl)pealrs favorable for a ( lain over 600 feet lligh, which would )back Niate'r uplstlre\at-to D1)o ald(, whel'e tihe Canadian Pacific Railway main li1e( cVrosses. 'The1 )(eatn Itl.api(s site, located 4 miles above Downie (CrI(ek, also appears p1)romising for a danm over 200 feet high to back water(ttolie Big 1(Bend site. Tlie Steamtboat Rapids site, 3 miles north. of I(evelst.oke, lapl)arelntly woull(l only provide for a run-of-riverl head development w\itlIout, seasonal storage. It is not included in the table. Several small comllunllities, a few scattered houses, and tihe highway woml(lle affected by developmeInt of these sites onl tlle Columbia River. Tle Columbia at Big Bend lhas a mean flow of about 27,000 cubic feet per second. The potential power a0 the site anidl downstream through more than 1,200 feet of liead is enormous. 137. Flartlher downstream, thle Arrow Lakes make a very attractive reservoir site for a (lail near Roblson. The surface area is 148 square miles, providing ta usal)le storage capacity of 4,000,000 acre-feet for tlle 45-foot maximum range l)etweendthe natural high and low waters, and about 9,000,000 acre-feet if tlhe lakes were.backed ul) to the city of Revelstoke. Because of tile small head at low 'reservoir stages, a power plant at the site might not be feasible. The higher (lam would greatly increase, flowage costs, as there are several populated areas along tile borders of tlhe lakes and in tmhe vIley from Arrowhead to Revelstoke. The highway and railroad between these points also would have to be relocated. COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 397 138. Whatshan Lake appears economical for development of about 100,000 acre-feet of storage. A head of 600 feet also may be developed at this site by placing the powerhouse on tlhe sore of Lower A'rrow Lake and driving a 2-mile tunnel for the penstock through the inter- vening ridge. A project is being developed here by the Power Com- mission of British Columbia, as previously mentioned in paragraph 114, but the details are not known. 139. Kootenay River.--In addition to the contribution of the Kootenay in combination with the Columbia at Canal Flats, mentioned in paragraph 135, the Gibraltar site, at river mile 389 on thle upper Kootenay River about 16 miles northeast of Canal Flats and 2 miles downstream from the mouth of W'iite River, at first appeared to b)c favorable, judging from surface conditions. Both abutments are solid rock extending to a height of 400 feet above the river surface, at which point thie width of the valley is only 1,000 feet. The total storage capacity of a (lam to this height would be about 1,500,000 acre-feet, as estimated from aerial topography. However, several holes drilled by Canadian authorities in thie stream bed to a depth of about 200 feet did not encounter rock and tile site may not prove to be feasible for construction. 140. Duncan, Slocan, and Trout Lakes, tributary to the lower Kootenay River, apparently could provide sufficient storage fully to regulate those tributaries at moderate cost. Flowage costs might be large, however, because of existing developments along tie lake shores. 141. A (lam at tlie Libby site in the United States, described in considerable detail in appendix B, would back water to tlie tail water of the Wardner site previously mentioned, and provide 4,250,000 acre-feet of usable storage. With Libby reservoir and the possibilities mentioned that lie entirely in Canada, the Kootenay would then approach complete regulation. This would eliminate tihe downstream flood problems on the Kootenay previously mentioned in (chapter IV of this- appendix. Kootenay River has tlhe unique feature of rising in Canada, passing into the United States, and returning to Canada, after which its waters again become available for use in the United States as a component of the Columbia. This gives each country the double opportunity of headwatcr development, and also of profiting from that development by downstream utilization of the improved flow. The benefits of such regulation to each coui-try would be impressive both in terms of flood control and power resource. 142. Clark Fork-Pend Oreille River.-The only parts of the Clark Fork-Pend Oreille watershed lying in Canada are the extreme headl- waters of Flanthead River andt the lower 16 miles of the Pend Oreille. Neither offers attractive storage prospects, but a run-of-river plant with heada of about 300 feet could be developed by a dam at the Waneta site, lying in tile (eep canyon just upstream from the mouth of Pend Oreille River. This site could develop at least 575,000 kilowatts of prime power, as tlhe mean flow for the critical period of 1929-32 is estimated at 26,900 cubic feet per second after regulation proposed in the United States. 143. Kettle River.--The mean flow of Kettle River where it first crosses the international boundary is about 1,300 cubic feet per second, increasing to 2,650 cubic feet per second at Laurier. There are several possible dam sites on the upper Kettle River in Canada. A promising site is located near tihe town of Westbridge, about a mile 398 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES (lownstreLaml from tihe confluence of the Westkettle. A dam 150 feet high at. this point wolll black water about 12 miles pl) tlhe main streamin and( 7 miles. lup the Westkettle. Flowage costs woull incltl(le tle relocation of about 10 miles of railroad and 25 miles of highway, but little farming (developlment would be affected. 144. in the loop of Kettle River south of the boolnldary, additional storage cotil(l )ec obtained by a ldai at tlhe Curlew site, about 3 Iniles lowestt ream from the townl of Curlew. (See appendix F.) Tilhis dam wouill 'back water into a Ctlaldiian area1 colntaiinig few farms, but some railroad and( highway relocation would be required. 145. There alfpear to b1e I)ossibilities of dlvelol)pmenlt also on the North Fork, or (0rabl)y River, in Canada. 140. Near the Ilouthl of Kettle River in tihe United States, (levelo)- nmeIt of tlie Orient J)am site offers opportunity for a small amount of storage andi a hea(l (leveloplment. This site lies about :3/ miles above tlhe town of Barstow and al)ove tlle backwater effect. of Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake. A (lait here( abl)ot 160 feet high would back water to beautiful C(hristina Iake in Canada, which lias some resort developl)lllllt. 147. Combination of damns at the Kettle River sites could provide the 1,000,000 acre-feet of usal)le storage that would constitute( sub- stantially complete regulation of the stream and permit maximum utilization. Tlie three uplstreamn sites would store water that could be use(l for irrigational purposes in the adjoining and nearby areas and for power (lvelopl)Ienlt at the lower sites. 148. Simiilkamneen, RIiver.-Sites on Similkameen River near the town of -Hedley, about 25 miles north of the international boundary, and at other locations in Canada are under investigation by Canadian representatives of tle Internoational Joint Commission. No (lata are available at present concerning these sites, but surveys are in progress. 149. Similar investigations inl the United States have revealed a good site at river-mile 7.3, about 6 miles east of the town of Nighthawk (see appendlix F). A dam 260 feet lligh at this site with pool elevation at 1,289 feet, would back the stream uip into Palmer Lake and about 10 miles into Canada. Tle usable storage of 1,310,000 acre-feet thus provided would fulfill the irrigation needs of lands both sides of the bolundary, would provide water for power release during low-flow periods on tlhe Okanogan and the Columbia Rivers and would protect tlhe Okanogan Valley comlnunities downstream froIn widespread flood (lainage suchas occurred in the spring of 1948. It is estimated that at least 24,300 kilowatts of prime power could be developed at the site and that a much larger amount of prime power would be added at downstream sites on the Columbia River as a result of increased de- )pendable flow, which woull be effective through about :310 feet of developed and authorized head. 150. As shown in table 20, it may be feasible eventually to develop, on that part of the Columbia River system upstream from Grand CouleeDlam, some 25,000,000 acre-feet of usable storage at Canadian sites and at sites in the United States involving international storage. This would include 12,000,000 acre-feet on the Columbia main stem and minor tributaries; 12,000,000 acre-feet on Kootenay River; and 1,000,000 acre-feet on Kettle River. These capacities aggregate one- third of the average annual run-off at Grand Coulee. The Similka- meen storage possibilities would add about 2,000,000 acre-feet downstream from Grand Coulee. Table: Table 20.--Potential storage sites in Canada

TABLE 20.-Potential storage sites in Canada

Normal Pool Usable stor-i Normal Accuracy of eleva- Tail-water geahTtor-annual T)rainage run-off sltr;.ge River Site tion elevation I(100 run-aoT area3 per Remarks (feet) (feet) i (,l)0 (square squre-milt capacity acr-feet) (acre-feet)m estimate ._I

Columbia-...... ------. Big Bend------2, 540 1,920 0i, '900 21.0 0) 7,975 2. 630) Poor -....-- SO miles of main highway and 10 miles of railroad relocation. Backwater to (;olden.

Do.....------Death Rapids--. 1,1,92)09'23 1, 80 1. 000 24, SOO)SOO 9. 160 2.711)Iodo). 0 ------50 miles of main highway relocation. 2 0) I., l)o.-...... ------Arrow Lakes.--- 1. 460 1.370 (9.I, :32, 500 14. (O 2.320 Fair. Backwater to Revelstokc. C Do-...... -----. do.------.- 1,415 1, 37) 4.,i1H) 32.50 14.000 2320 .....do( Pool is natural high water. Columbia (Whatshan)-- Whatshan Lake... 2, 200 2,100 4,----i100 177 175 1.01 .....do..... C-El Total of Columbia 4 above Kootenav _0)12.1',-I8 2. 00 14.00 2.320 ...... tz Kootenay ...--.------Gibralter-.....--- 3.300 2. 890 1.0)I 2.510 1,9i0 1.2S42 ood ...... - Flowaze cost nominal. Foundation very questionable. fWardner- 2. 440 tilwc!4 Do.------Fairmont 3_---- } 2,700 {I 2,..45 } 5,. 0)( 5.4 4 5O0 1 90.....do SO miles of railroad relocation. 4 Do-...... V .. Libby ..._. - 2.44) 2. 10( 4. 2)54 9.:300 10. to930Fair..... e Kootenay (Duncan)... Duncan Lake--- 1.935 1. 835 t'i50 3.3:il 2.750.....do1.200 Kootenay (Lardeau) - - Trout Lake.---- 2.400 2. 345 1350 S20 320 2, . ....t do- tsl Kootenay (Slocan)...... Slocan Lake..---. 1. 800 1, 760 1.270 700 1.10 ...... 10 miles of railroad relocation.

Total in Kootenay 11, 750 20.!;001,300 1,070 ..... Basin. !00I,>0'l------Kettle.----.--....--.... Westbridge..---- 2, 220 2. 070 444 1X Do ...... - Curlew...... 1. 960 1.760 400 1.24S)0 2.200 .570 .....o...... Do--...... -Orient -.....----- . 1,,490·1'3) . :330 200 2. 241) 4. 00 50 .....do..- Storage to natural high water in Christina d I I I Lake. c;c3 Total of Kettle --- --I-.. . - -. l.(»01. 2.33010,:330,5604, .------z River. ~.~~~...... ~...... i...... 00 4--'. M Similkameen...-...... Hedley...-....--...-.-...... 700 I, f 2, 40 1 ti;, Pfoor...... WO Do.....------Mile 7.3 ...... 1. 2038 1 ,1.570 3. 420 4t0l ( ood....

Total of Similka- ...... ---- ... 010 1,.5 3.4.5 45 ...... meen River.

I Grand total ------l7..4ij...... --24-2,760 57, 110 40 995 ...... 1.390 ...... ood I These figures are based ...... upon the 52-year period,...... 1892-1943. 3 Alternative, not included in totals. 3 On Columbia River. * International storage, with dam proposed in United States as described in other apl)endixes of this report. COco

9.869604064

460406968.9 Table: Table 21-A.--Effects of various combinations of storage on dependable flow at Grand Coulee Dam

Table: Table 21-B.--Effects of various combinations of storage on dependable flow at McNary Dam

400 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES

EFFECTS IN THE, UNITED STATES 151. Storage-yiel( curves( for the Collumbia al)ove the Kootelnay, the Kmnootetlay ieIlar' its moulthl, and tlhe Pend ()Orille near the iriterna- tiollnal )()oull(larv are shown ol ph)lat 10, figilre 1. I'lwse ('curve'.s refel' to the thillee store(ams ('olsid'rc(I ildl(i d'l)l'll{elll.atInd,i, the storage. shown is assilmiled to b)e full effective at tihe ill(icat,ed poilt, on each, a con(li- tion l)ot (ltirely al)p)licablle if the storage were dlistril)ulted widely up- st'le l 1l. 152. The combined effects of Canadian storage in various amounts, an(l several differentt ,omlllatiiitlio)ns of the I)rojec(ts d(is(cussed(! ill tllis report, are slhown in table 21, il terms of dependable flow aft Grand Coilee andl M\cNary Dams. The storge-yildhi curves on plate 10, Aigulrl_2, show tl(hese e( fects giranliically. Tle corresplondling hyl(lo- graph)ls at (Irailnd Coulee are shownoll p)11te 10, figure 3, for tlie period 1928 -32, which includl(es the critical power period. 153. 'he "project groups" listed in table 21 are composed of tho following: Projects upstream from Grand Coulee A. Kerr, Corra Linn, Grand (Coulee, hungry Ilorse, Albelni Falls, (lacier View, Paradise--total, 18,2,8(,000 acre-feet. 1. Ninemile Prairic, Priest Lake, Spi)rigstomi---total, 4,420,000 acre-fet-. C. Koot(llnai lliver p)rol)osed or potential reservoirs: Lill, -I,'250,000 aere-fect; Canadian, 7,500,000 acre-feet-total, 1 1,750,000 acre-feet. 1). 7,000,000 acre-feet on Koot enai River above leonia, Idaho. I,. 5,000,000 acre-feet on lKootenai Rliver above Leon ia, Idaho. F. 15,000,000 acre-feet onl Columi ia River above mooitli of Klootlenay. £(. 12,000,000 acre-feet on Columbiia River above mouth of Kootlonay. II. 10,000,000 acre-feet on Columbia River above mouth of Kootenay. 'Alxn.: 21-A.--/l',fccts of va(riols /om/illionli,. otf .st'ora(J on (ihpcnIdailc flow at (1d1n ( 'o, 1lcel i)t

I)e- 1De- Tol , 'l__.ah . 'ol'fa.le_ ,I li, lNio: 1I'r.lProjectoupsgroS; ct s ( rl (colic (cuiuic feet) feetfvper fv(et per S((sonIdI) StCOl(ol)

I ..._ A-...-...---. 1S.28 fi,.-,10 7-... A+...:.70-- - 1 - 8),,0111) 2 ... A .---ITT.. *22.71) ] li9, 51)) ...... A-i - l-{ - 27.70 78, 500 .....- M-.:...... ( ! ..:A-. I+ -t - l .- _i:17.70 81,800 4I ... A\ -f- t-(1 t-' -...... - 1). .15i S9,:0 11(1 li0 ...-\+-A .. . 2 .28 75, 7() 5.') A + \ A--('+( -..... -...15 88,200 I 1: ll .281.8:1., 001) li . A...... \-I-i- 1) 29.70 7, 500(1 12 .. A-- I ) ...... 25. 28 7i, 8()0

TA,IIi,: 21-B.-Effects of various combinations of storage on (dependable flow at MlcNary l)a n

DI)e- D Total Ipend- Total plnld- storage abl1o sorage able oillt Project groups (uil- lonw-at Poinlt (lail- fhow at No. lions of McNnry No.growlsProjectroJct rops lions of MeNary acre- (cubic acre- (cubl)ic feet) feet lwr feet) feet per second) second)

13J 21. 98,600 171.'...-t...... J+EK+ -I -...... 41. 122,100 14...... J- ...... -2. 18, 91i; )) 18 ..-.. .4-C- 33. 31 112, 81)0 15 -1- -K ...... - 3:1. 3 11.5, 40 11 ...... I+ (+ F. .--..------4 1 121, 900 ;1---- J+ '+Il ------33. 61 120, 200.-.. . J+11+C+F+K+L.--. 60. 14 129,800

_ .1_1

9.869604064

460406968.9 Table: [No Caption]

COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 401 Projects upstream from McNary Dam J. Kerr, Corra Linn, Grand Coulee, Hungry Horse, Paradise, Alboni Falls, Glacier View, Iells Canyon-total, 21,560,000 acre-feet. K. 4,800,000 acre-feet in Nez Perce Reservoir on Snake River. ,. C'revice, Elkberry, Freedom, Bruces Eddy, all in Snake iiver Basin-total, 3,110,000 acrc-fcet. 154. The points listed numerically in tables 21-A and 21-B are shown plotted on figure 2 of plate 10 and their significance is briefly discussed in this and following paragraphs. Point 1 on figure 2 and line 1 on figure 3 show the effect at Grand Coulee Dam of the projects listed in group A which together will increase the dependable flow to 66,400 cubic feet per second during the winter months from October 1928 through March 1932, with higher flows during the months of Afay through August each summer. 155. Point 11 on figure 2 and line 2 on figure 3 of plate 10 show the further effect of adding 15,000,000 acre-feet of reservoir capacity in the upper Kootenay and the Columbia River in Canada. Tho dependable flow would be increased to 83,000 cubic feet per second, representing complete regulation throughout the 45-month period September 1928 through iMay 1932. Additional storage capacity is much less elftective on flow beyond this stage of development, amount- ing to only 386 cubic feet per second per million acre-feet of storage, as shown on the uIpper part of the storage-yield curve, figure 2. 156. Point 5 on figure 2 and line 3 on figure 3 are plotted from the following combination of storages in acre-feet:

Total storage In Canada

Oroup A .--...... ----- 18,280,000 817,000 Oroup 11 (tall in United States)--- .----.------4,420.000--( ..---.-.-- troup C-,---...... ------1150. 000 7, f0, 000 Group 0( (all inCCanada)..- . . ...------12, 000, 000 12, 000,000

Total..------. -....-- --...... -- - ..------46,450,000 20, 317,000

This shows the effect of adding on additional 4,420,000 acre-feet of storage in the United States and 8,750,000 acre-feet of storage in Canada to the storage indicated by point 11 and line 2. Thlis would increase the dependable flow by 5,200 cubic feet per second to a total of 88,200 cubic feet per secoInd for the same period as that shown on line 2. 157. The effect at M!cNary Dam of storage listed above as group J, totaling 21,560,000 acre-feet is shown as point 13 on figure 2. This would give a dependable flow of 98,600 cul)ic feet per second at McNary Dam. The addition of 15,000,000 acre-feet more storage on the upper Kootenay and the upper Columbia is shown at point 16, which would increase the dependable flow to 120,200 cubic feet per second. The further addition of 24,080,000 acre-feet of storage of which 11,750,000 acre-feet would be situated in Canada, is slown as point 20, with the dependable flow increased to 129,800 cubic feet per second. 158. Coordinated operation for maximum system prime power instead of uniform dependable flow shown on the storage-yield curve would modify the results slightly. For example: In coordinated power operation of the recommended system, the critical period is

9.869604064

460406968.9 402 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES only 30 months long, extendling from September 1929 through Febrlu- ary 1932, inst(ea(l of 42 Inonltihs for point 13 on the curve. Hence tle corresponding average flow at McNary through tihe critical power period will 1e illrelase(l al)out )5 percent over the curve value. 159). 'The curvess of figure 2 on plate 10 indicate that the increm(ental flow 1at(Gnrind( Coulee an(d Mc Nary IDams efrtected )by storage cal)a(cities above 3:3,000,(00 aclre-feet, (which is somewhat less tlhanl the conlbine(l capacity of all tlhe United States projects shown in tll table) will b)(e appl)loximat(ely 400 cubic feet per second per million acre-feet. 'T'l)e( 20 shows atlout 19,500,000 acre-feet, maximum assumne(l storage cl(a)acity solely in (.'ana(lal oln Kootenay an(ld Columblia Rivers, resutlt- ing in a11 inc(reas'el de(el)('n(ll)e flow of about 7,800 cubic feet per second at (Grill (''ollee, if anllde(l to tlie 33,000,000 ac(re-feet in the Un ited(l Statets previolusly mentionedd. 160. Slumm(tary/.---It is impossible to tabulate or estimatede at this tilie all tlie b(enefic ial oflec, ts tills ainolunt of storage in Cana(da would havee(ithe(r in tl(elUnited States or in C(anada since there are too many Iunknown facltolrs. lBit a few of thie more obvious )benefits lmaly be briefly outlined as follows: (a) This partial, if not complete I(regrlation of tlie strel(iam flows woulddlpra(ctic('ll y eliminate( all (disastrlous floods il1 all those popl)lolls )otunlld(ary areasl that at(e frequ(ientl'y 'perile(d and were s)o helvilvy (lamnagged )y tilhe (exce((ingly high waternls of 1948. Thi s would al)l)y partic('tlarly to the areas contiguoti(us to Kootenay 11,lke a1(1 thlie( Cloltmil)ia Rliver downst relia from (Castle(gar. It would likewise alid in reducing flood crests( and (lamnage all lte way down the ( 'oli(lnmbia liver to its lmoultlh. (b) 'I'lie increase of ab}outll 7,80() cubic feet per second,, in ('lepend)' )l(' flow wouldb( effective through 1,100 e'(et of lie(a( downistrea n ()on tlie1( aill C(oltillil)ia liver in tlie( United States in tlI( existng a d(1 ailthotlize(ld prtojec ts and1( tliose discuslssedl in Ithis report. -In addition, tlinl portion of tlhe storage from thel upp)(' Koot(enallt wotldl(e effec tiive thlirough al)bout 5()0 feet, more head in ti(le lit(,ed( Stl('vs. This wou\(ld all al(l 1Ip to tan irenasc in prime )ow('er at all project's ill tle tUnited(l States (cotnstrutcted(, auIthol'rized, alid di( liscusedl il tliis report) of about, 74(,000 kilowatts. lrimt power at existing anl( future power( sites in Ca(nada likewise would be) iln- ,erease((l. (c) Thle Ired(cl tion of t(li high flood peaks and thl)e resulting inc)(lrse( i)l low-wanl(tr flow would lhiav( a(l(litional salutary effects 11poll 111tierI()oi1s (lnt(l'l)ris(s (iowxlnstlream froln Grn(ld Coulee D1am, such as the lmnitell(natice of lighwally andI railway bridges, )benefits to stream navigation an( il (lie initeiniance of shore facilities attendant thereon.

CONCLUSION 161. It is concluded that it may be feasible ultimately to develop more( tliant 20,000,000 a(cre-feet of additional storage within the Columbia 1Basin, partially or wholly in Canalda. If this were (level- op)ed late--i. (e., after an assuIme(l 33,000,000 acre-feet in the United Stnt(es- tlie dependable flow of Columbia River at international b)oiuntl!ar would be i(ncrease(ld according to tle amounts of Canadian storage fh'om 4,000 cubic( feet,per secon(l of (lep)endable flow for 10 million acre-feet to 7,800 cubic feet per second for 19.5 million acre- feet. The potelltial stortages on Kettle and Similkameen Rivers woul(l increase the above storage figures for levelopmenlts downstream COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES 403 from their respective mouths. This potential Canadian storage combined with future storage available for development in the United States would provide a dependable flow at Grand Coulee of approximately 90,000 cubic feet per second or 92 percent of the mean flow for tlhe 15-year study period, from 1928 to 1942, inclusive. This combine(l Clanadian and American storage would give a depend(lable flow of 130,000 cubic feet. per second at McNary Dam below Snake River, representing al)out 88 percent of the corresponding mean flow. 162. The additional dependable flow made possible by this storage wholly or partly in Canada woull l)e effective for hydroelectric power generation through 630 feet, of head already existing or authorized for construction on the main stem of the Columbia River below the international boundary and would be effective through an additional 465 feet of head in projects discussed in this report. An additional dependable flow would be made available l)y this storage for effective power use in Canada through substantial heads, a small portion of which is already developed. In addition, large amounts of power could be developed at the various project sites. 163. Such development of storage in both nations would solve the serious flood probllelms of each country to a high degree of effectiveness not. possible by any other means. The increased low-water flows that would be made available for navigation in both countries woul( yield additional benefits. All computations of regulated discharge have included allowance for existing and possible future irrigation requirements throughout the Columbia River Basin. In some localities the storage projects would expand irrigation in thie vicinity by furnishing facilities not. now available, such as water, diversion facilities or power at a cheap rate for pumping. 164. Substantial storage ultimately must be developed in Canada if economic utilization of the Columbia River water resource is to be accomplished. Therefore, provision must be made in the projects now planned so that they may be able to use the added dependable flow from such storage when it becomes available. Although no attempt-has been made at this time to evaluate the benefits from Canadian storage, these benefits will be large to Canada as well as to the United States. By analogy with similar storage projects in the United States, the economic justification of substantial Canadian development can reasonably be assumed. Final analysis of these storage possibilities must await completion of the studies presently under way by the Canadian Government and by the International Joint Commission, but should be undertaken immediately after completion of these studies. COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN CANADA BRITISH COLUMBIA BASIN MAP COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN CANADA BRITISH COLUMBIA PROFILE COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN CANADA BRITISH COLUMBIA ISOHYETAL MAP PLATE 4. COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES KOOTENAY RIVER BASIN IDAHO, MONTANA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA DAILY DISCHARGE HYDROGRAPH KOOTENAY RIVER AT GLADE, B.C.

CORPS OF ENGINEERS UIERLTWNTOF THEt ARMY-...

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OEPRItRNETCETNTOF OP__THETHEARMY CORPSCOwS OPoFNrONCNWCEZm

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I411~ !e1Mot ftt - -.-- - - ··--·--. - - - - - .- __ I r _r APPENDIX__ A PLATE 5 )1 I0.S.-(--5.i -v--Iol. II PLATE 6. COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES MAIN STEM AND MINOR TRIBUTARIES CANADIAN BORDER TO MOUTH OF YAKIMA RIVER DAILY DISCHARGE HYDROGRAPH COLUMBIA RIVER AT BIRCHBANK, B.C.

GOWS OF [EOINM SI c EPrnrMT OF THE _ARMY - >1 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t(-I ~::1r` -· -tI -C· --...... ::/t ---t/ s.

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W P" ft. Or,,-..... OKlH,,** ITrm^biN», t5. 1w8. 8 L-l-2-7 LATE

Il()M )()-51--vIo. II COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN CANADA BRITISH COLUMBIA BASIN RUN-OFF MAP PLATE 9. COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN CANADA BRITISH COLUMBIA STREAM FLOW CHARACTERISTICS

OEPARTwKNT OF TME ARMY

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! 1 A R F- 4 t- 19^'tV.'^------:-- A ,:4 ...... lo I ao CO LL .8A RIVER AT C.SC . (GOL.CEN B | 5 ^ ° 7 NI*KL. . :^ j SV~ < - I :o if -I I I al 10 2j--- -n-n__rm 'i ft Y*o .r tE TNKC_ OLEXB o . _ _ __ ICLt'4;t...:.rz.,A'.. .Xi' BO "O".BRROf M CR S I fFHPib p.·X WATER.. lU iT[R Y[mI I'K1U-orr~ ,. 14tfiR t MIr 4 2 t ITtER YtmR MCLUL4Vt ITEI TfM~ 1'a-ro"I LUWl, II0l. T-f .L*29-l44 4riL. 1iTS-14 RUJ-OFF ANUfAL RUN-OFF ANNUAL RLN-OFF ANNUAL RU-OFF ANNUAL RU"-OFF AiMAL X. -0]F ) AG FT. it'FA-FF',N.'30 AC FT i'F i *FFf 4,30, C FT .°K -FFGf' tO AG FT I'UM. .'tl AT C. KOOTENAY AT & C. KOOTENAI VERR AT DAHO I M NEAR ENET mLLtEY. & C COLLUMEA RIVER AT REVELSTOKE, B C. KOOTENAY RIVER IWMER, B. RNER NEWGATE,S PRTILL,Ml MwVER s AM*a 1.270 IAIkJ AJNTHAY?4W DS A (9fi-2;F AIR'MA )t.). 540 ArA-c,2 O CurMAr AA',o,4 Me cOAfuP WMtAlN,0 SQ ODIAM _0 -- Ourfu uMl I Z.4 I -1111.11- 4uO4.iOrl -F-,--1-,- ,---1 2. ----4- .4 Ib ------t-4---I~. - 1- 4 r 1 i fi I A I i I 0 « w ' .--.2- -It- 4;- ' 9e-M.kC? A'. 9, !.kll 2. 9. 4.*. 0 '0)"Io S) co) *RcPtCET C T1 luAtoLKO Co EXCtEDED FLOW ODUATION CURVE ,,-, .44. .l«. - 96

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,5 COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN CANADA oF--I-1 RITISH COLUMBIA ,-. 0 * -- :. i I I I ,( I STREAM FL(O CHARATERICS 'o 1 1 ki I As '- 'ShW ScWb S'm Oc ,_ North RPocifc DOwew, PortIond.OOl ItobW I, 94 9.;le; _', It I'!, y i 9 91- TtmRYrtA r1T-- m CuV WATER Rrm-14 WATTR nYWlt -6*41 uCJLRF t1RSlAY 1t rS4.LU Vt YltR IIACAr *, OIW ANNAL RUN-OFF ANMUAL RU-OFF '..atC.Of.blo4t'.C4MH.*«trt*-t.t,..c t *i ANNUAL RUN-OFF ANNAL MU-OFF c FT AC FT ...... -.... MOF )4p0OAC lK" -OfIFF. 2.0 C"UR -c" ' IR'1), B. FT -WM* 0~ W RVER AT OKANAGAN B C RIVER NEAR MHGTHWK, WSH. I *( TresOldW 1 fls OKAAGAN SILKAMEEN - I-p FALLS, - - KOOTENAY RIVER AT GL-AE,' B.C. COLLMA A RIVER AT BIRCHBAN, B.C. A I WA ,420 Sw M ^tm 4 t'.(t *r '.0') s cPAAkf t SO COAW APl t.5 SQ54 fORAIAA ~L-ll 2 "*' S0plO --- ..- APPENDIX A PLATE 9 ! Ij.I' 4( -I ) vol. II ,,., COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN CANADA BRITISH COLUMBIA STREAM FLOW HYDROGRAPHS AND STORAGE YIELD CURVES COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN CANADA BRITISH COLUMBIA STREAM FLOW HYDROGRAPHS AND STORAGE YIELD CURVES